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Jörg Philipp Terhechte - OPEC und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht

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Jörg Philipp Terhechte

OPEC und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht

2008

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Fragmentation of International Economic Law S. 102-103

„… 102 K. SummaryK. SummaryI. Introduction1. Fragmentation of International Economic Law International …” „… economic law seeks to provide rules for international business activities. Nowadays, those activities have …” „… international economic law. Even in the case ofrestrictions of competition caused by states, there are no …”

Fragmentation of International Economic Law and Private Enforcement S. 125-126

„… worth keeping in mind. 3. Fragmentation of International Economic Law and Private Enforcement It turns …” „… problemof fragmentation of international economic law (or international law in general).Its application …” „… on the level of international law. In this context strengthening of WTO lawrepresents an alternative …”

The Ban on Cartels in Art. 81 ECT S. 111-116

„… that OPEC mightbe in such a position in the future.VI. Obstacles and Immunities by International Law …” „… international law in order for those interventions …” „… affected by thequotas. Consequently these quotas fall within the scope of EC competition law.The quota-made …”

Alternatives S. 124-125

„… International Economic Law and Private Enforcement It turns out that EC competition law is applicable to OPEC …” „… rules could furthermore advance solving the problemof fragmentation of international economic law (or …” „… international law in general).Its application could lead to a convergence of the different systems of laws …”

The Role of European Competition Law S. 103-104

„… international economic law. Even in the case ofrestrictions of competition caused by states, there are no …” „… fields of international law, European law and national economic law that have yet to be resolved.289Is …” „… I. Introduction 103It is important to mention that international law does not provide clear …”

Application to OPEC or its Members? S. 110-111

„… Fusionskontrollverfahrensrecht, § 10 para 10.13.316 H. Kronstein, The Law of International Cartels (1973), p. 41. 317 As well R …” „… 110 K. SummaryEconomic theory identifies a number of elements of a cartel: • Agreement: parties …” „… ? Possibilities include: (i) OPEC as an international organization, (ii)OPEC Member States, or (iii) national oil …”

The Concept of Cartels in General S. 109-110

„… due to technical questions and concerns in relation to international law.314 IV. OPEC and Cartel …” „… , The Law of International Cartels (1973), p. 41. 317 As well R. Parker, Solutions to Competitive …” „… fundamental rules of USantitrust law and makes it much easier for US competition authorities to take …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021. Fragmentation of International Economic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022. The Role of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243. Fragmentation of International Economic Law and Private Enforcement …” „… rely on somepermissive rule of international law.«PCIJ, France v. Turkey,PCIJ, Series A, No. 10, 19 …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 127-132

„… The International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1981), S. 745 ff.Fraser, S., Political Economic …” „… , J./Wilmhurst, E., State Immunity: The United Nations Convention and its effect, Chatam House International Law …” „… , Oxford 2004Francis, L. B., Producers' Associations in Relation to the New International Economic Order,30 …”

Alternative Approaches S. 123-124

„… Energy«,COM (2006) 105 final.359 See J. Moore, The Natural Law Basis of Legal Obligation: International …” „… conduct cannot proclaim the protection of long-established doctrines of international law. Thisconclusion …” „… should rather be solved by international law, e.g. within the framework361 See F. Schorkopf, »Energie …”

General Remarks S. 104-105

„… supranational law? These questions lead us to several fundamental issues in the fields of international law …” „… , European law and national economic law that have yet to be resolved.289Is European competition law …” „… avail themselves of established doctrines of international law such as the doctrine of state immunity …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 15-18

„… International LawVanderbilt J.Transnational L. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Lawverb. Rs. verbundene …” „… Presserecht)AJIL American Journal of International LawAmerican Univ. L. Rev. American University Law …” „… International Law JournalUN United NationsUniv. Pitts. L. Rev. University of Pittsburgh Law Review US United …”

OPEC and European Competition Law S. 124

„… conduct cannot proclaim the protection of long-established doctrines of international law. Thisconclusion …” „… should rather be solved by international law, e.g. within the framework361 See F. Schorkopf, »Energie …” „… and European Competition LawThe intention of this issue was to point out the problems that may arise …”

Zum Begriff des Kartells S. 46-49

„… ökonomischenTheorie eingeordnet werden. 76 H. Kronstein, The Law of International Cartels, S. 41. 77 Vgl. D. Elliot/R …” „… InternationalAntitrust Doctrines and Defences, 60 Antitrust L. J. (1991), S. 543; S. Fraser, Political Economic …” „… Formel H. Kronsteins ist ein Kartell »a coordination ofthe economic behavior of independent partners …”

The Importance of OPEC in the World Oil Market S. 107-108

„… III. The Economic Importance of OPEC 107naturally have very different interests.304 OPEC is well …” „… OPEC. III. The Economic Importance of OPECThe Member States of the European Union are net importers of …” „… the economic strategy ofOPEC, so that its actual influence is quite strong. OPEC’s influence over most …”

Political Consequences S. 122-123

„… representation), whichis to a certain extent contrary to international law.356 So, how is this Gordian knotto be …” „… international law, especially theprinciple of state immunity. Furthermore, it matches the regular practice of …” „… , Austria is obliged under EUlaw to avoid conflicts between international treatises and EU law, see Art. 307 …”

Private Enforcement S. 123

„… Energy«,COM (2006) 105 final.359 See J. Moore, The Natural Law Basis of Legal Obligation: International …” „… from an economic perspective, the EU depends on OPEC, even thoughthere are approaches like the »mix of …” „… enormous economicchallenge – arising inter alia under German law – is to specify the amount of thedamage …”

The Importance of OPEC for National Markets – Example: Germany S. 108-109

„… questions and concerns in relation to international law.314 IV. OPEC and Cartel Theory1. The Concept of …” „… provisions. Whethercommon principles of EU law, e.g. the principle of loyalty, may help in this situation or …” „… not, mustbe doubted in the light of the enormous economic and political meaning of oil resources and …”

OPEC und das System der internationalen Rohstoffabkommen – Abgrenzung und Begriffsbestimmungen S. 49-50

„… New International Economic Order, 30 The Internationaland Comparative Law Quarterly (1981), S. 745 ff. …” „… III. OPEC und das System der internationalen Rohstoffabkommen 49Akteure des Weltmarktes für Rohöl …” „… , internationale Organisationen oder gar Staaten wettbewerbsbeschränkende Vereinbarungen miteinander eingehen.87 …”

Anwendungsbereich S. 53-65

„… internationale Organisationen grundsätzlich nichtausgeschlossen. In dem Vorabentscheidungsverfahren »Eurocontrol …” „… « aus dem Jahre1994119 ging es maßgeblich um die Frage, ob eine internationale Organisation (Eurocontrol …” „… , Political Economic Cartels – An Alternative Approach to the World Oil Market, S. 110 ff.123 J. Schwarze, Der …”

Weitere zwischenstaatliche Produzentenkartelle und ihr Scheitern S. 50-52

„… New International Economic Order, 30 The Internationaland Comparative Law Quarterly (1981), S. 745 …” „… : Bis vor dem Zweiten Weltkriegwurde die internationale Wirtschaft durch Rohstoffkartelle dominiert, d …” „… Bodenschätze. Weitere Beispiele sind die Confe-97 Internationales Zinn-Übereinkommen i. d. F. des 6 …”

Ziele und Aufgaben S. 34-35

„… 34 B. Die OPEC als internationale Organisationzügige Konzessionen eingeräumt. Dies führte letztlich …” „… : Two Years ofOperation, 42 Yale Law Journal (1933), S. 702 ff.; G. D. Libecap, The Political Economy of …” „… CrudeOil Cartelization in the United States, 1933-1972, 49 Journal of Economic History (1989), S. 833 ff.;M …”

OPEC Statute S. 133-149

„… Organization shall devise ways and means of ensuring the stabilization ofprices in international oil markets …” „… necessity of securing a steady income to the producing countries; anefficient, economic and regular supply …” „… years of age.b) A degree from a recognized university in Law, Economics, Science, Engineering or …”

Historische Kontexte der OPEC-Gründung – von den »seven sisters« zum Weltoligopol S. 32-34

„… 32 B. Die OPEC als internationale Organisationrichtsbarkeit o. Ä. kennt das OPEC-Gründungsstatut …” „… . Die OPEC als internationale Organisationzügige Konzessionen eingeräumt. Dies führte letztlich zu einem …” „… : Two Years ofOperation, 42 Yale Law Journal (1933), S. 702 ff.; G. D. Libecap, The Political Economy of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845207278

Shira Becker-Alon - The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

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Shira Becker-Alon

The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 83 2011

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Economic sanctions in international law S. 204-206

„… . Economic sanctions in international law Most of the sanctions imposed by the EU Member States are sanctions …” „… that the EC must respect international law in the exercising of its powers.898II. Economic sanctions in …” „… there is no way to confer such a direct obligation under international law on these intergovernmental …”

The Community’s express external competences S. 28-33

„… international law. According to its narrow formulation, the existence of a given competence also implies the …” „… competences. This case law is partially reviewed later in this chapter. IV. The existence of Community …” „… to conclude international agreements in different areas, for example, monetary and foreign exchange …”

Bibliography S. 299-312

„… European Community. Fordham International Law Journal, 22, pp. 149–173. Brownlie I (2003). Principles of …” „… Public International Law. Oxford University Press. Bunk A (1999). Die Verpflichtung zur kohärenten …” „… . Connecticut Journal of International Law, 19, pp. 359–384. 301 Chalmers D et al. (2006). European Union Law …”

List of abbreviations S. 16-18

„… Rev European Foreign Affairs Review EJIL European Journal of International Law ELJ European Law …” „… Law Quarterly Intergovernmental Conference Interinstitutional Agreement ILO International Labour …” „… Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management CMLR Common Market Law Report CML Rev Common Market Law …”

Economic sanctions in the EU legal framework S. 206-208

„… that the EC must respect international law in the exercising of its powers.898II. Economic sanctions in …” „… order, it “would not entail any challenge to the primacy of that resolution in international law”897 and …” „… 206 obligations of the Member States under UN law, the Court of First Instance (CFI) found that the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-15

„… 204I. Economic sanctions in international law 204II. Economic sanctions in the EU legal framework 206 …” „… . EPC under the SEA 541. Scope of EPC 542. Instruments 553. EPC legal nature 56a. International law …” „… in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private …”

The legal personality of the EC S. 25-26

„… States’ laws and, like in the case of the international legal personality, as long as it is within the …” „… into a major economic power (especially as trading partner and donor) and, subsequently, into an …” „… important international (civilian) player, the external aspect of its internal policies and competences had …”

The question of the EU’s legal personality S. 84-85

„… should be addressed. Not qualifying as a State, the natural subject of international law, the ability of …” „… is that they have to be recognized under international law in order for them to have the capacity to …” „… international agreements; to impose economic sanctions; to engage in international relations; and to become a …”

Introduction S. 19-24

„… the basis of public international law, rather than on the basis of the committing supranational …” „… primary form as the European Economic Community (EEC) – which, with the extension of its role in the …” „… world trading bloc2 and a major provider of economic, financial, technical and humanitarian assistance …”

Enhanced cooperation S. 83-84

„… State, the natural subject of international law, the ability of the EU to act and operate at the …” „… law in order for them to have the capacity to act (Von Bogdandy 1999, p. 892). An international …” „… , which may include the capacity to enter into international agreements; to impose economic sanctions; to …”

The legal implications of Article 301 of the TEC for the Commission S. 213-216

„… -1111). Other cases concerned the compliance of Community sanctions’ practice with international law (C …” „… of decisions made within the framework of the EU law to the framework of EC law.933 In the case of …” „… . Thus, the EU secondary law (Common Positions, Joint Actions and Common Strategies) can not affect the …”

The role of different institutions and bodies within the EPC framework S. 60-66

„… provisions in Title III are obligatory under international law was that disputes could be resolved through …” „… the different methods of dispute settlement under international law.1874. The role of different …” „… judicial settlement within international law. 188 On the different bodies involved within the EPC …”

Provisions in Community law, authorizing Member States’ unilateral actions regarding export control of dual-use goods S. 231-233

„… necessarily fall under the requirement of being “urgent measures”.1016 Moreover, whereas economic sanctions …” „… CFSP, it can be argued that Article 301 of the TEC is applicable.10183. Provisions in Community law …” „… exportation from the European Economic Community (EEC) to third countries (Article 1), while at the same time …”

The double function of the Council and its legal implications S. 211-213

„… actual categorical obligation under international law.When it comes to CFSP Decisions on sanctions …” „… international law.925 While Kugelmann refers to Articles 14(3) and 15 of the TEU,926 Cremer refers to the …” „… commitments under international law that stem from the TEU and can vote against an EC regulation. 926 …”

Summary and conclusions S. 283-298

„… European Economic Community (EEC) Member States marked the beginning of the dualism of the European …” „… perceived as mostly handling economic issues. Despite the original intention to keep these two frameworks …” „… be submitted to the Council, together with the Commission. The economic aspect of the ESDP – bearing …”

Justiciability of the imposition of sanctions by the EU and the procedure under Article 301 of the TEC S. 216-218

„… Community sanctions’ practice with international law (C-162/96 Racke v. Hauptzollamt Mainz [1998] ECR I …” „… well as compliance of the Community measures with the principles of public international law, to which …” „… by the Council Regulations and the balance between the economic sanctions they impose and basic …”

Article 133 of the TEC as a legal basis for export control of dual-use goods: the European Court of Justice (ECJ)’s approach S. 228-230

„… international agreements that influence the identification of dual-use goods. Supplementary to these legally …” „… regulate a large part of the trade and economic relations of the Community, along with Article 301 of the …” „… TEC, subject to which economic sanctions are imposed, as export controls may be considered as …”

The assistance to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe after the collapse of Communism: the shift to financial and economic diplomacy. S. 72-73

„… .253The Commission perceived such an act as being in breach of public international law, and as one …” „… financial and economic diplomacy. In the examples discussed up to this point, it was hard for the Commission …” „… economic diplomacy”.251The fall of the communist regimes in 1989 launched a series of negotiations towards …”

Involvement of the EC in the ESDP S. 156-167

„… Economic Relations and Politico-Military Affairs (Ehrhart 2005, p. 221). 665 See CIVCOM’s “Recommendations …” „… public access – such as public security and international relations – is invoked (Article 3 of Decision …” „… Community measures”.687 Similarly, in its decision regarding the Union’s European Rule of Law Mission to …”

Introduction S. 25

„… into a major economic power (especially as trading partner and donor) and, subsequently, into an …” „… important international (civilian) player, the external aspect of its internal policies and competences had …” „… also granted with a legal personality (Article 281 TEC, Ex Article 210 European Economic Community (EEC …”

The threat to terminate the Lomé-Convention with Haiti: pressure on the Commission in European political cooperation to act against the interests of the Community. S. 73-74

„… breach of public international law, and as one that may eventually serve as a precedent for the 252 When …” „… was entrusted by the Western Economic Summit meeting in July 1989 (the G-7 Summit) with the task of …” „… coordinating the international assistance efforts to Poland and Hungary and, later, to all countries of Central …”

The inter-pillar procedure S. 208-211

„… to be considered as an exception to the rule that Union law has no binding effect on the Community …” „… measures concerning economic relations with third states and include all economic sanctions, whether or not …” „… Community actions imposing economic sanctions under Articles 60 TEC and 301 TEC and the objectives of the …”

Instruments S. 55-56

„… . International law aspects versus Community law order The SEA represented a legally binding international …” „… sense of international law, not being granted any Community law elements and characteristics.The …” „… economic aspects of security.1572. Instruments The instruments the SEA provided, through which coordination …”

Article 301 of the TEC as a possible legal basis for export controls of dual-use goods S. 230-231

„… several occasions Community law provides Member States with the possibility to deviate from the …” „… Community intervention in the economic relations with third countries – that is, 1010 See Opinion 1/78 …” „… 1921, paragraph 32, and Case C-174/84 Bulk Oil v Sun International [1986] ECR 559, paragraph 31. 1013 …”

The principle of conferred powers S. 26-27

„… – was a response to the wide and expanding scope of Community law-making competence and the increasing …” „… 26international agreements or participating in international organizations or when conducting …” „… Establishing the European Economic Community (EEC Treaty)) to be relevant and also relating to the external …”

The 1960s sanctions against Rhodesia – the origin of the “Rhodesia doctrine” S. 66-68

„… implementation of economic sanctions on third countries by the members of the EEC was conducted individually …” „… under national law on the basis of Article 297 of the TEC (Ex Article 224 EEC Treaty), which allows …” „… – under certain international circumstances – deviation from Common Commercial Policy (CCP). These …”

The principle of subsidiarity S. 27-28

„… – was a response to the wide and expanding scope of Community law-making competence and the increasing …” „… a legal person of public law and to this effect it has the necessary legal capacity to exercise its …” „… of Community competences. This case law is partially reviewed later in this chapter. IV. The …”

The Treaty of Lisbon: the integration of the pillar structure? S. 246-251

„… in Chapter III and in Chapter VIII. 247 act in any form acknowledged by public international law. It …” „… democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the principles of international law; and preserving peace …” „… could thus be a party to international agreements and become a member of international organizations …”

The conclusion of Interinstitutional Agreements (IIAs) in the TFEU and their influence on the role of the EP within the CFSP. S. 275-276

„… international agreements. For example, it has been agreed that the EP will also be immediately 1171 Khan, In …” „… conduct of negotiations and the conclusion of the negotiations”) with regard to international agreements …” „… relevant institutions and it cannot stand in opposition to the EU law in force.1178It is left for the EP …”

Is there a Community obligation to finance the CFSP actions? S. 134-136

„… international law, it cannot 564 As advocated in Pechstein & Koenig (2000, p. 63). Yet, a restricted …” „… part of the provisions amending the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC),563 …” „… interpretation of what can be considered as “provisions amending the Treaty establishing the European Economic …”

The Commission S. 118-124

„… the need to draw a line between economic issues, on the one hand, and political or security issues on …” „… through reports and paperwork – rarely before the ECJ. In general, it is in areas of economic nature in …” „… that the majority of secondary law adopted under Title V and Title VI originates from Commission …”

Adoption of restrictive measures by the EU against third countries S. 276-279

„… the negotiations”) with regard to international agreements the conclusion of which does not require …” „… opposition to the EU law in force.1178It is left for the EP and the Commission to argue in return that, as …” „… or completely, of economic and financial relations1179 with one or more third countries – the Council …”

Article 60 of the TEC S. 218-219

„… the CFSP.959Further, judging from its case law on export control of dual-use goods, the Court is …” „… imposition of economic sanctions by the EU, other provisions of the TEC should also be considered in this …” „… October 2004 concerning the freezing of funds and economic resources of certain persons indicated by 219 …”

Evaluation of the integrated system S. 236-239

„… of economic sanctions, there was no hierarchy between Council Decision 94/942/CFSP and Council …” „… Regulation (EC) 3381/94 and protect their national export interests, which are essentially of an economic …” „… competences, considering that export controls of dual-use goods primarily seek to regulate the international …”

Binding effect of Common Positions on the Community and its institutions S. 197-198

„… regard are Common Positions imposing economic sanctions or financial sanctions under the procedure of …” „… case of a breach of Community law by a Common Position or in case of an encroachment on Community …” „… . International Agreements 1. Treaty-making competence of the EU Article 24(1) of the TEU, supplemented to the TEU …”

Scope of CFSP S. 79-81

„… enlargement, introduced the possibility for the EU to conclude international agreements by qualified majority …” „… transport283 or export policies;284 the objective “to promote international cooperation” (Article 11(1 …” „… “common rules applicable to international transport to or from the territory of a Member State or passing …”

The 1980 sanction against Iran and the question of using EEC instruments as legal basis for European political cooperation S. 68-70

„… the UN but also through the “appropriate international agencies of which they are member”, the EEC …” „… boosting the profile of Europe at the international level, the Member States preferred using national …” „… as well as ensuring the Member States’ compliance with EPC economic measures,240 or whether it was …”

The European Commission S. 260-263

„… Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), along with other international organizations …” „… international security in accordance with the principles of the UN-Charter, as defined in Article 42(1) of the …” „… international security in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter (Article 42(1), amended TEU). 1124 …”

Common Strategies as a cross-pillar instrument S. 179-180

„… to in Articles 12 and 13 TEU, but also to the conclusion of CFSP-related international agreements …” „… issues of democracy, rule of law, stability and security, the CS-Russia also set out as objectives the …” „… economic dimension of cooperation, including supporting Russia in establishing a market economy and in …”

The 1982 sanctions against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): action within the Community after disagreement within the EPC. S. 70-71

„… States’ compliance with EPC economic measures,240 or whether it was merely due to the “pressure of events …” „… ” that obliged effective uniform action,241 Member States’ activity at the international level after the …” „… within the Community after disagreement within the EPC. In reaction to the imposition of martial law in …”

Article 296 of the TEC S. 221-222

„… basis for economic sanctions imposed individually by the Member States under their national laws …” „… launched to bring together the Community and all those involved in the international trade in rough …” „… implementing the Kimberley Process certification scheme for international trade in rough diamonds (OJL358/28 …”

Article 297 of the TEC S. 222-223

„… economic sanctions imposed individually by the Member States under their national laws, following a UN …” „… 297 of the TEC allows Member States under certain international circumstances to deviate from the CCP …” „… Security Council Resolution.980The later practice, under which economic sanctions were imposed on the basis …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231198

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Ulrich Beyerlin, Thilo Marauhn

International Environmental Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2011

Results in this title

Environmental Protection and International Economic Law S. 424-439

„… 423 Part VI: Other Areas of International LawInternational Economic Law 28 Environmental …” „… Protection and International Economic Law 28.1 Confl ict or Complementarity? Debates on the implementation …” „… natural resources in the territory of another state. 28.2 WTO Law The main body of international economic …”

Sustainable Development S. 74-85

„… organizations with a view to reaching agreement on meeting the possible national and international economic …” „… international environmental law community. Taken together, all these documents already contain the key elements …” „… organisation International Law Association (ILA) published its New Delhi Declaration on the Principles of …”

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities S. 62-73

„… developing countries was on the wane in broad fi elds of international economic law, particularly in …” „… Marauhn, Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference …” „… Lawyers’ (2000) 11 Yearbook of International Environmental Law 52, 70. C O M M O N B U T D I F F E R E …”

Environmental Protection and Human Rights S. 390-411

„… International Economic Law (Oxford 2005) 93–115. JG Merrills, ‘Environmental Rights’ in D Bodansky et al (eds …” „… 391 Part VI: Other Areas of International LawEnvironmental Protection and Human Rights 26 …” „… Part VI Relationship between International Environmental Law and Other Areas of International Law …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Obligations 418 27.5 Conclusions 419 28 Environmental Protection and International Economic Law 423 28.1 Confl …” „… International Law ODS Ozone-depleting substances OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OJ …” „… INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW International Environmental Law is a new textbook written for …”

Index S. 448-453

„… 190, 373 Counter-measures Reprisal 317–318 Retorsion 317–318 Customary international law 281–286, 345 …” „… 6, 148 New International Economic Order 34, 35, 61, 62 North-South divide 8–10, 70, 71, 83, 276–277 …” „… , 379 Mediation 377, 379 Negotiation 378–379 Dumping of wastes; see Marine pollution Economic law …”

Flora, Fauna and Biological Diversity S. 178-211

„… intrinsic economic value and if their sustainable use is protected by international law, then a state on …” „… International Lawyer’ (1993) 4 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 141 and Koester …” „… Conservation Regimes to Global Governance’ (2001) 1 International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and …”

Private Environmental Governance S. 300-315

„… international environmental law-making, both in the context of treaty-making and with regard to the development …” „… Environmental Law-Making In just a few decades, private entities have become actors in international …” „… public international law is primarily concerned with the formal aspects of law-making and the results …”

Johannesburg and Beyond S. 24-31

„… existence. In fact, notwithstanding some remaining lacunae in international environmental law-making, such …” „… , International Environmental Law, and International Environmental Lawyers’ (2000) 11 Yearbook of International …” „… Rights?’ (2005) 1 Journal of International Law and International Relations 121, 122. 13 In this sense U …”

‘Key Concepts’: Meaning, Underlying Ideas and Classifi cation S. 32-39

„… Part II Key Concepts in International Environmental Law 33 Part II: Key Concepts‘Key Concepts’ 5 …” „… from the outset that the Rio Declaration belongs to the sphere of international ‘soft law’2 and does …” „… norms, others are located in a ‘twilight’ zone at the bottom of the international environmental law …”

Polluter Pays S. 58-61

„… Recommendation on Guiding Principles Concerning the International Economic Aspects of Environmental Policies,1 …” „… Accidents,6 both pointing to PP as ‘a general principle of international environmental law’. The 1992 …” „… that are needed for gaining the status of a norm of customary international law. Regarding the …”

Wastes and Hazardous Substances S. 212-227

„… International Law Governing Hazardous Waste Transport’ in RM Bratspies and RA Miller (eds), Transboundary Harm …” „… in International Law: Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration (Cambridge et al 2006) 181, 187 …” „… hazardous substances, however, these substances have increasingly been addressed by international law …”

Perspectives S. 440-447

„… Environmental Lawyers’ (2000) 11 Yearbook of International Environmental Law 52, 54. 5 Ibid, 60. 6 U Beyerlin …” „… system of international environmental law is still far from perfect and shows severe gaps. They may also …” „… International Law (Heidelberg/Oxford 2011), para 2, available at www.mpepil. com. 440 P A R T V I I : P E R S …”

From the Beginnings of International Environmental Law to the Stockholm Conference (1972) S. 2-7

„… Environmental Law 1 From the Beginnings of International Environmental Law to the Stockholm Conference (1972 …” „… ) 1.1 Early Stages and the Interwar Period Instruments of international law that focus on the protection …” „… elds of international law, such as the law of armed confl ict, the law of diplomatic relations or the …”

From Stockholm to the Rio Conference (1992) S. 8-13

„… further development of international law. Principle 1 needs to be highlighted here, as it clearly and fi …” „… 2.2 Impacts of the North–South Divide on International Environmental Law As already indicated …” „… International Economic Order,7 as well as the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States.8 These …”

From Rio to the Johannesburg Conference (2002) S. 14-23

„… , Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference (Berlin 1997 …” „… ) 16 Wisconsin International Law Journal 353–419, 390 et seq. 4 As to the normativity and the (legal …” „… generally qualifi ed as being ‘soft law’ instruments, ie agreements without immediate international binding …”

Responsibility and Liability S. 360-377

„… Introduction The breach of an international obligation arising from treaty law, customary law or any other …” „… source of international law by a state creates a responsibility with respect to any other state whose …” „… accepted rule of customary international law and also applies to international environmental law. State …”

Compliance Assistance S. 344-359

„… International Lawyer’ (1993) 4 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 141, 164. 19 A …” „… effectiveness of international environmental law. Rather, there is a need to assist states in the …” „… ), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (Oxford 2007) 947, 948–950. 344 P A R T V …”

Freshwater Resources S. 86-115

„… Part III Key Issues in Current International Environmental Law 87 PART III: Key Current …” „… : A Challenge to International Water and Human Rights Law (Leiden et al 2008) 3–5. 4 MA Giordano and …” „… allocation and protection of groundwater.6 In 2008, the International Law Commission (ILC) adopted its Draft …”

International Environmental Governance S. 242-265

„… Marauhn, Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference …” „… law-making process. The continued relevance of states as authors of international environmental law remains …” „… Sommer, ‘Environmental Law-Making by International Organisations’ (1996) 56 ZaöRV 628. 22 D Bodansky …”

Compliance Control S. 316-343

„… , Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after the 1992 Rio Conference (Berlin 1997 …” „… the same principles which apply to law-making powers of international organisations. Such law-making …” „… , ensuring compliance with MEAs is a major concern of international environmental law. Traditionally …”

International Environmental Treaty-Making and Treaty Regime-Building S. 266-281

„… 2005) 127–143. G Loibl, ‘The Role of International Organisations in International Law-Making—An …” „… Conclusion in General International treaties are the most frequently used source of international law in …” „… law which, by its very nature, remains rather abstract in substance. Before 1972, international …”

Oceans and Marine Resources S. 116-145

„… U Beyerlin and T Marauhn, Law-Making and Law-Enforcement in International Environmental Law after …” „… generally recognised principle of international law. This principle was upheld in the nineteenth century by …” „… develop international fi sheries law. 4 In 1967 the disastrous Torrey Canyon tanker accident greatly …”

Environmental Protection and International Peace and Security S. 412-423

„… 411 Part VI: Other Areas of International LawInternational Peace and Security 27 Environmental …” „… sustainable development. This illustrates that the interrelationship between international environmental law …” „… and the law related to international peace and security is multifaceted and complex. There is an …”

Air, Ozone, Climate and Outer Space S. 146-177

„… international environmental law, dealt with a severe air pollution dispute between Canada and the United States …” „… http://haze.asean.org/hazeagreement/status. 5 P Birnie, A Boyle and C Redgwell, International Law and the Environment (3rd edn Oxford 2009 …” „… September 2007) 3. Cf E Louka, International Environmental Law. Fairness, Effectiveness and World Order …”

‘No Harm’ S. 40-47

„… ), Transboundary Harm in International Law—Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration (Cambridge 2006). N Craik …” „… International Law—Defending Strict State Responsibility for Transboundary Damage (Leiden 1996). R Lefeber …” „… by stating that [u]nder the principles of international law . . . no state has the right to use or …”

Customary International Environmental Law; Environmental Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes S. 282-289

„… economic and trade law, international environmental law develops quite dynamically. This is why the …” „… International Environmental Law In the view of Dupuy, the process of customary law-making in the fi eld of …” „… customary law-making process’7 in t his particular branch of international law. 19.2.1 The Dynamics of …”

International Environmental ‘Soft Law’ S. 290-299

„… Soft Law’ (1999) 48 ICLQ 901; id, ‘Soft Law in International Law-Making’ in MD Evans (ed …” „… Organizations as Law-makers (Oxford 2005). 30 AC Kiss and D Shelton, International Environmental Law (3rd edn …” „… Relationship of Treaties and Soft Law’ (1999) 48 ICLQ 901–913. ——, ‘Soft Law in International Law-Making’ in …”

Procedural Environmental Obligations S. 228-241

„… , International Environmental Law. Fairness, Effectiveness and World Order (Cambridge 2006) 120. 3 Similar Arts …” „… (2001). For the text see ILC, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 53rd …” „… customary international law.14 16.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) EIA, as defi ned in Article 1(vi …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265582

John H. Jackson, Peter-Christian Müller-Graff - Transatlantic Perspectives on International Economic Law

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John H. Jackson (ed.), Peter-Christian Müller-Graff (ed.)

Transatlantic Perspectives on International Economic Law

Series: Heidelberger Schriften zum Wirtschaftsrecht und Europarecht

Volume 53 2009

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John H. Jackson Sovereignty, the WTO and Changing Fundamentals of International Law S. 9-22

„… explicitly asked to talk about the interlinkage of international economic law and general international law …” „… economic law and international law. Thirdly, there are three references that I will mention to you, which …” „… International Economic Law, Georgetown University Law Center (GULC), Washington, D.C. 10 “Sutherland …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff The Rule of Law in the Relation of State and Market – German, European and US-American Approaches S. 79-92

„… labor law and economic law10. For good reasons neither position prevailed11. Eventually the discussion …” „… certain economic model in the Basic Law. 6 Gerd Rinck, Wirtschaftsrecht, 5. Aufl., 1977, S. 10 Rn. 34 …” „… Wirtschaftsverfassungsrecht, DÖV 1956, 97 ff., 135 ff., 172 ff., 200 ff. 82 II. Development of Economic Law Second …”

John H. Jackson Recent Developments in the WTO Law S. 73-78

„… well as international economic law; lessons particularly relating to the application of the WTO Treaty …” „… means to have the * University Professor of Law, Director, Institute of International Economic Law …” „… or more. There are lots of cases that really go to the core of the international law generally, as …”

Olaf Weber The Legal Character of the ECJ and the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanisms – A Comparison S. 55-72

„… fully-functioning treaty in international law. This was remedied only in 1994, when the WTO was founded. Unlike …” „… would establish the rules of the game for a growing international economy. Apart from the economic …” „… ” the common market. The EC is also open to the inclusion of law from international sources in its body …”

John H. Jackson, Peter-Christian Mpller-Graff Foreword S. 5-8

„… 5 Foreword A transatlantic dialogue on varying perspectives on international economic law was …” „… WTO and the Changing Fundamentals of International Law”. The volume also includes the text of …” „… Europäisches Graduiertenkolleg, the IGW, and the Faculty of Law of the University of Heidelberg, in June 2007 …”

Christian Watrin Social Market Economy – A Continental European Model S. 39-54

„… , economic and social systems; the rule of law; morals; and of citizens’ loyalty to a “strong” state with …” „… “social market economy“ (SME). Firstly, the term serves as a description of the economic policy initiated …” „… by the legendary Minister of Economic Affairs from 1948 to 1963, Professor Ludwig Erhard. Secondly …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-4

„… International Economic Law Nomos 1. Auflage 2009 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2009. Printed in …” „… similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff The Constitutionalisation of Europe: Law for Politics and the Economy S. 23-38

„… 1648, the birth document of modern international law – will not be pursued further2, it will not be a …” „… legitimacy according to the principles of international law in view of the Member States concerned, and on …” „… 23 The Constitutionalisation of Europe: Law for Politics and the Economy Peter-Christian …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845215655

Francesco Palermo, Giovanni Poggeschi, Günther Rautz, Jens Woelk - Globalization, Technologies and Legal Revolution

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Francesco Palermo (ed.), Giovanni Poggeschi (ed.), Günther Rautz (ed.), Jens Woelk (ed.)

Globalization, Technologies and Legal Revolution

Series: Schriftenreihe der Europäischen Akademie Bozen, Bereich »Minderheiten und Autonomien«

Volume 21 2012

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Federico Ortino From ‘Non-Discrimination’ to ‘Reasonableness’: A Paradigm Shift in International Economic Law? S. 13-60

„… 13 From ‘Non-Discrimination’ to ‘Reasonableness’: A Paradigm Shift in International Economic Law?1 …” „… been developed in international economic law with formal discrimination in mind. R. Hudec, ‘GATT/WTO …” „… international economic law, the concept of reasonableness may be used to protect foreign products and investors …”

Francesco Palermo The ‘New Nomos’ of Cross-Border Cooperation S. 71-90

„… and minority studies, constitutional and economic law, comparative and European elements all come …” „… spectacular proliferation of international and supranational sources, the law of CBC, it is argued, still is …” „… international law mechanisms, the Convention only provides a programmatic context (outline) and a minimum …”

Michael C. Davis Chinese Policies in Tibet: Should India Remain Concerned? S. 91-112

„… made great efforts to justify its Tibet policies on the basis of international law and practice …” „… , arguing that its 1951 ‘liberation’ was justified by an international law claim of historical title; that …” „… status of both autonomy and indigenous rights in international law may also be a factor encouraging …”

Curriculum Vitae and Bibliography of Professor Sergio Ortino S. 539-546

„… professor of Economic Law at the University of Florence. He has taught at several universities in Italy and …” „… , University of Pisa. Visiting lectureship on Economic Law at the University of Tegucigalpa/Honduras (1978), on …” „… Lecturer in Economic Law at the Free University of Bolzano. 2002 to 2007 Lecturer in Economic Law at the …”

Authors and Editors S. 547-548

„… at the University of Virginia. Federico Ortino, Reader in International Economic Law at the School …” „… of Law at King’s College London. Matteo Ortino, Associate Professor of Economic Law and Private …” „… of Modern International Relations and International Law at the Institute for Advanced Study in …”

Mitja Žagar The Future of Federalism in Europe and Globally S. 345-370

„… , sociology, history, constitutional and international law, the project has been directed by Vojtech Mastny …” „… , such as the United Nations, as well as international economic and political integrations and …” „… knew and mastered his scientific disciplines and fields (law and economics, also social sciences in …”

Gabriel N. Toggenburg The Dark and the Bright Side of the Moon: Looking at Linguistic Diversity Through the Telescope of the Common Market S. 275-316

„… University 54th Annual Conference on labor (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2004) and is reprinted with …” „… permission. The copyright belongs to Kluwer Law International. Gabriel N. Toggenburg 276 suddenly and …” „… being considered ‘perhaps the most important right under Community law for individuals’ and ‘an …”

Michael van Walt van Praag On Solutions to the Sino-Tibetan Conflict S. 451-500

„… Praag, The Status of Tibet, History, Rights and Prospects in International Law (Westview Press, Boulder …” „… , Geneva, 1960), p. 5; R. McCorquodale and N. Orosz (eds.) Tibet: The Position in International Law …” „… Tibet in International Law’ in The China Quarterly No. 35, July– September 1968, pp. 141–142. But see …”

Andrea Simoncini Europe as a ‘3-D’ Constitutional Space: The Need for an Infrastructure’ of the Constitutional Dialogue S. 201-228

„… origin of the European Treaty and the ‘international law’ nature of the Community legal system did not …” „… International Law; J.H.H. Weiler, ‘The Community System: The Dual Character of Supranationalism’ (1981) 1 …” „… classical international law and international organization;it affirms the idea of the EU as a supranational …”

Giuseppe de Vergottini Technological Innovation and Energy Networks S. 61-70

„… services, to the point of constituting so-called network law. Hence Community laws on the liberalisation …” „… of the Constitution), and depends on laws pertaining to the single authorisation procedure (law no …” „… entitled ‘The structure of economic revolutions’, Sergio Ortino showed that change is a fundamental …”

Vojtech Mastny The Cold War and European Security Identity S. 317-344

„… Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton University Press …” „… , its project for an international conference that would lead to the establishment of a new security …” „… border; East Germany sought international recognition of its legitimacy as a state; Hungary desired …”

Jens Woelk Balancing ‘United in Diversity’: Federalism and Constitutional Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina S. 511-538

„… of States under international law. A different compromise between the two principles can be found in …” „… international Human Rights instruments as supreme source of law in BiH27 – and subsequently guaranteed by …” „… independence of the 17th of February 2008 did not violate general international law’ and that the act was not …”

David M. O'Brien Freedom of Religious Minorities and Federalism S. 443-450

„… conscience is a law unto itself or in which judges weigh the social importance of all laws against the …” „… interest in federalism.2 That is largely due to competing socio-economic and political forces ostensibly …” „… , international economics pull in the direction of emerging federative and confederative systems that promote …”

Fernand de Varennes The Challenges of Globalization for State Sovereignty: International Law, Autonomy and Minority Rights S. 113-140

„… 113 The Challenges of Globalization for State Sovereignty: International Law, Autonomy and …” „… evolutionary potential of international law and explored, and caused others to examine, the changing …” „… out changes in international law that challenge old ideas about sovereignty – and potentially may …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Earth’ From ‘Non-Discrimination’ to ‘Reasonableness’: A Paradigm Shift in International Economic Law …” „… Concerned? Michael C. Davis 91 The Challenges of Globalization for State Sovereignty: International Law …” „… machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies …”

Ranabir Samaddar Is the Constitution a Living Document? S. 141-168

„… colonial rulers, independent India’s rulers now rebuke the Indians for not being law-abiding, for being …” „… , the law-adjudicating institutions. 2. Given this interplay of the universality and specifics of law we …” „… fact that colonial regulatory and law-making practices were unique in the sense that these practices …”

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