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Jonas Frank - Decentralization in Ecuador

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Jonas Frank

Decentralization in Ecuador

2007

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Actors, Interests, and the Collective Choice Arena S. 209-213

„… 18:02:3427.06.2007 18:02:32105.1. Actors, Interests, and the Collective Choice ArenaIn August 1992 the reform …” „… 2095. Hidden Agendas: Veto-Players and Free-Riders – Actor Equilibrium Five, 1993 to 1997 –One day …” „… was blocked by a single actor vested with informal veto-powers.The events that unfolded in February …”

Individual Actor-Level S. 72-76

„… ActorsAggregate ActorsCollective Actors Corporate ActorsCoalition Club Movement AssociationAction Individual Joint …” „… (regional governments) and hence can be qualifi ed as collective actors. They have devised a complex set of …” „… the following two reasons: (i) actors operate within institutions of collective choice that provide …”

The Explanatory Framework and its Principal Elements S. 65-72

„… Collective-Choice-Level that explains how and under which particular rules actors carry out collective choices on …” „… an actor perspective and collective choice:ENTRY/EXIT RULESAssumption 1: “Decentralization becomes …” „… transactions between autonomous, organized, collective actors with divergent/competitive/antagonistic, but …”

Collective- Choice Level S. 76-99

„… . Depending on the institutions and participating actors, collective choice arenas have different impacts on …” „… rules of collective choice: they defi ne favorable bargaining positions vis-à-vis other actors (decision …” „… proposed by Scharpf (Scharpf 1997), where he identifi es four “actor sets”. I term them “collective …”

Summary S. 19-26

„… -Level” and “Collective-Choice Level”.“Individual Actor-Level.” For actors to know whether decentralization …” „… participating actors, collective choice arenas have a different impact on decentralization. I focus on fi ve …” „… institutions actors use to make collective choices in support of decentralization.(i) Entry and exit rules …”

Entry and Exit Rules S. 280-283

„… 280Conclusion and Outlook: New Twist to the Old Game? The Role of External ActorsAt the turn of the …” „… . All actor equilibria have led to sub-optimal outcomes: throughout much of its history, Ecuador …” „… success of a decentralization process, for Ecuador the challenge remains what can be done so that actor …”

Conclusion S. 63-65

„… Collective-Choice-Level that explains how and under which particular rules actors carry out collective choices on …” „… capture the underlying dynamics of competing actors.Following their propositions, actors devise …” „… 63First, human actors as decision-makers are largely excluded from its analysis. With its exclusive …”

Conclusion S. 206-209

„… and eased the distributional pressures for domestic actors.That actors became victims of their own …” „… roughly 92 percent.53The tragedy is that actors could have decentralized given the favorable conditions …” „… actors form an equilibrium? Actors formed an equilibrium because widespread agreement about the need for …”

Conclusion S. 184-187

„… reciprocal change of institutions and actors.The breakdown of the hierarchy arena following the return to …” „… able to dominate the arena and defend their stakes. Actors also formed equilibrium because they remain …” „… municipal government. Surprisingly in Ecuador, the opposite was true.3.3. ConclusionWhy did actors form an …”

Reform Attempts S. 192-206

„… pressures for domestic actors.That actors became victims of their own reforms becomes evident in two areas …” „… local government.Once actors obtained a clearer picture of what benefi ts and costs were associated with …” „… across provinces as well as overcome collective action problems. This helped to develop a bargaining …”

Consolidation of the Arena of Hierarchy: 1972-1978 S. 142-157

„… individual actors.(ii) It altered interaction rules since horizontal exchange among groups was weakened, one …” „… several populist presidents that were in charge of the national government during this time. Actors …” „… , regime change – and changes to the actor arena – was also triggered “from below,” from the threat that …”

Indigenous People S. 231-233

„… when there is a high number of veto actors.Such veto-players existed at both national and local levels …” „… actors were not willing to bear the cost associated with decentralization.Table 13: Spending and Own …” „… reforms that were introduced. The decentralization process, though still ephemeral, signaled to all actors …”

Conclusion S. 233-237

„… decisions: decentralization is less likely when there is a high number of veto actors.Such veto-players …” „… build on their past achievements.5.7. ConclusionWhy did actors form a new equilibrium? Actors formed an …” „… not seriously challenged in their position. Employed in collective contracts, their bargaining power …”

The “How” of Decentralization: Ineffi ciencies S. 272-279

„… Role of External ActorsJ_Frank_Layout.indd 279J_Frank_Layout.indd 27 27.06.2007 …” „… empirical evidence of all actor equilibria identifi ed in the Ecuador case show exactly the opposite. I …” „… outcomes.First, there are stakeholders in ineffi cient institutions. There are actors who benefi t from poorly …”

Bibliography S. 303-327

„… Deville. 1985. Man, Decisions, Society. The Theory of Actor-System Dynamics for Social Scientists, New …” „… ). 2003. “Local Economic Development: New Generations of Actors, Policies and Instruments for Africa …” „… . Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, The Political Economy of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… – ..................................................................... 2095.1. Actors, Interests, and the Collective Choice Arena ................................... 2105.2 …” „… Equilibria, 1830-2003 ................277Tables:Table 1: Aggregate, Collective and Corporate Actors …” „… Jonas FrankDecentralization in EcuadorActors, Institutions, and IncentivesNomos1. Auflage 2007 …”

Structure S. 36-38

„… development of my own explanatory framework. I divide this into an Actor-Level and a Collective-Choice Level …” „… . The latter is a set of actors and institutions in which collective choices are performed. A key …” „… semistructured interviews with different decentralization actors in Ecuador. This provided rich fi rst-hand …”

Conclusion S. 157-161

„… other means to achieve their goals.2.4. ConclusionWhy did actors form an equilibrium? Actors between …” „… government and a wide range of social actors into an arena of hierarchy.This imposed fundamental changes on …” „… the rules of collective choice. The military had the political capacity to control entry and exit …”

The “How” of Decentralization S. 104-108

„… on their path towards decentralization, actors can realign institutions of collective choice – and …” „… actors, institutions and incentives. Although this framework enables complexity to be simplifi ed, the …” „… the path towards decentralization. By looking at the dealings of real-world actors, each competing for …”

Actors, Incentives and the Sequencing of Decentralization S. 99-103

„… game.93 This is all the more complex because rules of collective choice can provide actors with …” „… 99Why do actors move through these different arenas? What explains and determines this sequence …” „… decisions in more than one collective-choice arena. They must be sequenced in a way that increases the …”

The Reform Coalition and the Collective Choice Arena S. 187-192

„… 1874. Successful Failure – Actor Equilibrium Four, 1988 to 1992 –Three weeks after President Borja …” „… of mayors were affi liated to the ID party he headed and communication was fl uid.Other actors joined …” „… . Actors formed an equilibrium because, while there was widespread agreement on the need for reform, there …”

Conclusion S. 135-137

„… unitary state. This had fundamental consequences on the rules of collective choice. No actor was able to …” „… 1351.4. ConclusionWhy did actors form an equilibrium between 1830 and 1963? Actors formed an …” „… actors did not have a tradition of sharing information; group interaction negatively affected the …”

Majority Decisions S. 296

„… hierarchical decisions of the military formed one remarkable feature of collective choice arenas. The military …” „… accepted, and in a constantly changing actor set, the military were among only a few actors with stable …” „… objectives and goals.In the future, however, it is unlikely that a single actor will be able to unilaterally …”

Hierarchical Decisions S. 296

„… hierarchical decisions of the military formed one remarkable feature of collective choice arenas. The military …” „… accepted, and in a constantly changing actor set, the military were among only a few actors with stable …” „… objectives and goals.In the future, however, it is unlikely that a single actor will be able to unilaterally …”

The “Why” of Decentralization S. 103-104

„… actors, institutions and incentives, it is possible to gain a new perspective on the “why” and “how” of …” „… protagonists of the game to understand the “why” of decentralization. Actors have particular interests that …” „… of government. Actors, interests and incentives explain the “why” of reform.With this new look at …”

Veto-Players and Implementation S. 296-297

„… hierarchical decisions of the military formed one remarkable feature of collective choice arenas. The military …” „… accepted, and in a constantly changing actor set, the military were among only a few actors with stable …” „… objectives and goals.In the future, however, it is unlikely that a single actor will be able to unilaterally …”

Weak Budget Constraints and Fiscal Responsibility S. 299-300

„… GDP growth. On examining these data, it became clear that actors at all levels of government have …” „… declaring themselves “autonomous” or sovereign. It would be necessary for other actors to minimize this risk …” „… rent-seeking. The dilemma for potential sanctioners is that all actors are better off if they unilaterally …”

Bargaining: New Incentives for the Veto-Players? S. 294-296

„… repeatedly blocked the enactment of reform: AME, the military and León Febres Cordero.External actors are …” „… ” (Scharpf 2000, p.185) actors can reach an agreement that refl ects consensus. The episode from 1993 to 1997 …” „… is an example of this, with actors presenting several decentralization proposals spontaneously and in …”

Volatility and Short-term Incentives S. 297-299

„… , external actors may themselves play the role of veto-players and undermine the efforts of domestic actors …” „… self-enforcing. Actors involved in this process need sustained incentives in order to commit themselves to …” „… Ecuador.Decentralization actors have responded eminently to short-term interests in an extremely volatile environment …”

Non-cooperative Equilibrium: 1925-1948 S. 125-127

„… government’s fi nancing problem.For a large part, this policy reversal occurred because all actors entered into …” „… interrupted, distributional coalitions collapsed. And all actors faced incentives to rearrange and adopt new …” „… positions (position rules).But no actor accepted each other’s position for a sustained period of time. Some …”

Actors, Interests, and Decentralization Outcomes 1979-1987 S. 172-184

„… in terms of decentralization? 3.2. Actors, Interests, and Decentralization Outcomes 1979-1987The …” „… leaders, actors remained in equilibrium with regard to decentralization outcomes.Table 7: Actors and …” „… effectively defend their stakes. They organized themselves into unions39 and often bargained for collective …”

Centralization in an Arena of Hierarchy: 1964-1966 S. 137-141

„… 1372. Petropolitics: Attempts at Co-optation – Actor Equilibrium Two, 1964 to 1978 – On the morning …” „… developed until 1963, though overall suboptimal, was rational for the actors involved. Thus, to expropriate …” „… little room to maneuver, let alone oversight and control. The only actor that was able to effectively …”

Sub-game between Municipalities and Provincial Councils S. 222-224

„… with a wide variety of stakeholders before being submitted to Congress. • Third, actors had a neutral …” „… distribution of powers among stakeholders and the equilibrium that had developed.In this equilibrium, actors …” „… were able to block other actors, but were unable to enact and implement alternative proposals. Coastal …”

The Return to the Previous Regional Equilibrium: 1948-1963 S. 127-135

„… unitary state. This had fundamental consequences on the rules of collective choice. No actor was able to …” „… level, actors were able to organize at the local level. This worked in their favor once they returned to …” „… suddenly calmed, actors achieved a new equilibrium after 1948. Again, it was the coast that was the engine …”

The Sub-game and Equilibrium among Municipalities and Provincial Councils S. 237-248

„… 2376. Winners Take All– Actor Equilibrium Six, 1998 to 20031 –Provincial Prefects still remember 21 …” „… ceremony was symbolic of this new actor equilibrium. There was sustained pressure “from below” – from each …” „… because they portray actors and their proposals: (Muñoz 1999; Barrera 1999; Ojeda 1998; Ojeda 2000; Ojeda …”

Globalization and Localization S. 51-55

„… fact that networks of private and public actors in which decisions are adopted provide too low a level …” „… globalization, but avoid any reference as to how decisions are achieved, how actors bargain and negotiate to …” „… poverty normally goes hand in hand with a lack of collective self-esteem and a preference for centralized …”

Sub-game and Equilibrium between Sub-national and Central Government S. 248-263

„… incentives so they would accept the changes. By setting a fl oor to the amount of transfers, actors accepted …” „… is the principal risk underlying bargains as unanimous decisions: all actors can agree to introduce …” „… decentralization back on a fi scally sustainable track.New incentives for coastal actors. The decay of national …”

Social and Cultural Theories S. 55-59

„… statement: “Regional poverty normally goes hand in hand with a lack of collective self-esteem and a …” „… traditional actors, there is a missing link with political decisions that facilitate and explain …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845203904

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Industrielle Beziehungen

Browse Volumes: Industrielle Beziehungen

IndBez Volume 28 (2021) Issue 4 ISSN Online: 1862-0035

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Stefan Bär, Sebastian Starystach, Heike Hess Staff councils in hospitals as co-managers? A blind spot in codetermination research S. 407-430

„… structure within the corporate actor(staff council), if they would fully adapt the normative ideals and …” „… pressure. In this context the current state of research points out that co-determination actors are taking …” „… deutschen Universitätskliniken geführt und mit Hilfe der Collective-Mindset-Analyseauf kognitive und …”

Markus Hertwig, Oliver Thünken Neue Akteure im Wandel betrieblicher Arbeitsbeziehungen: Die Rolle von NGOs und Netzwerken bei Union Busting und Angriffen auf Betriebsräte S. 449-470

„… . It is argued that two factors favor the emergence of new actors:First, a power imbalance between the …” „… , R. (2017). Resisting labour market insecurity: Old and new actors,rivals or allies? Journal of …” „… Arbeitsbeziehungen, institutionelle Macht,Arena-KonzeptNew actors in firm-level industrial relations: The role of …”

Walther Müller-Jentsch Entspricht die Mitbestimmung wirtschaftlichen Bedürfnissen? S. 369-383

„… ’ constellation after prolonged learningprocesses on the part of the actors (validity).Keywords: Co-determination …” „… den „zwei Gesichtern der Ge-werkschaft“: einem des Monopols und einem der Collective Voice. Dabei …” „… erzielende Niveau auf und setzen ihnen zum anderen die sich aus der Collective Voice-Funktion ergebenden …”

doi.org/10.3224/indbez.v28i4

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Industrielle Beziehungen

Browse Volumes: Industrielle Beziehungen

IndBez Volume 28 (2021) Issue 2 ISSN Online: 1862-0035

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Thomas Haipeter, Markus Helfen, Anja Kirsch, Sophie Rosenbohm, Christine Üyük Industrial relations at centre stage: Efficiency, equity and voice in the governance of global labour standards* S. 148-171

„… based on joint actions of two (or more) private actors(Müller-Jentsch, 2004; Pries, 2020). In so doing …” „… effective recognition of theright to collective bargaining (ILO, 1998). In addition, ILO conventions cover …” „… actors. Some scholars have already identified the emergence of a “global labourgovernance regime” (Hassel …”

Benjamin Herr, Philip Schörpf, Jörg Flecker Virtuelle Kommunikationsräume als Ausgangspunkt für Interessenartikulation in der Onlineplattformarbeit S. 172-193

„… collectives“, die den organisierten „collective actors“ ge-genüberstehen. Zentrales Merkmal in der …” „… different modes of interest articulation.Keywords: Platforms, global production networks, collective voice …” „… sein.LiteraturAleks, R., Maffie, M. D., & Saksida, T. (2020). The role of collective bargaining in a digitized …”

Maximilian Heimstädt, Leonhard Dobusch Riskante Retweets: „Predictive Risk Intelligence“ und Interessenvertretung in globalen Wertschöpfungsnetzwerken S. 194-211

„… predictions at the disposal of other actors – for example,companies – as a service. In this paper, we approach …” „… actors in the fieldof interest representation in value networks. Finally, we discuss possible solutions …” „… Segerberg, A., & Bennett, W. L. (2011). Social media and the organization of collective action: UsingTwitter …”

doi.org/10.3224/indbez.v28i2

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze - Caucasus, the EU and Russia - Triangular Cooperation?

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Michèle Knodt (ed.), Sigita Urdze (ed.)

Caucasus, the EU and Russia - Triangular Cooperation?

Series: Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V.

Volume 92 2016

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Alexey Gunya, Timur Tenov, Murat Shogenov, Aslan Chechenov Analysis of governance strategies in the North Caucasian republics with respect to conflict regulation and development S. 37-58

„… ) the weak and superficial study of local processes and interactions among actors, institutions and key …” „… , actors, key resources and institutions (Koehler/ Gunya 2011). According to the principles of the …” „… interest groups are frequently observed, and organized criminal groups offer their services to the actors …”

Chiara Loda Perception of the EU in Armenia: A view from the government and society S. 131-152

„… chapter aims to shed light on how the EU is perceived in Armenia by both political actors and the …” „… consider the different actors and perspectives separately. The question this chapter attempts to answer is …” „… governing elites and with the population. The necessity to look at these actors separately stems from the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845257402

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Manuel Fröhlich (ed.)

Sprache und Politik

Series: Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaft (DGfP)

Volume 38 2023

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Marta Kozłowska Comparing the concepts of solidarity of German political parties S. 169-200

„… , can be answered differently by differentsocial actors. Solidarity can also be exercised in practice …” „… for each party were identified. The main actors involved in solidaryinteractions were compared …” „… is also what allows for solidarityamong unequal actors, as long as they both contribute to the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748928027

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