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Joseph Marko, Hedwig Unger - Research and Tertiary Education in Central and South-East Europe

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Joseph Marko, Hedwig Unger

Research and Tertiary Education in Central and South-East Europe

Series: Schriftenreihe der Europäischen Akademie Bozen, Bereich »Minderheiten und Autonomien«

Volume 17 2010

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The Political, Economic and Cultural Context: The Agenda for Change S. 15-18

„… 15 I. Introduction: Research Problems, Hypotheses and Project Goals 1. The Political, Economic and …” „… Cultural Context: The Agenda for Change Research and tertiary education face new challenges, not only in …” „… population, high figures of unemployment and low rates of economic growth. This has left its impact on the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… , economic and cultural context under the programmatic title “Agenda for Change”, the analytical framework …” „… , Hypotheses and Project Goals 15 1. The Political, Economic and Cultural Context: The Agenda for Change 15 2 …” „… of Universities in SEE and Its Challenges 55 1.1. The Political Context 55 1.2. System-wide …”

The University System S. 127-129

„… organization of research and tertiary education in the triangular context of state, market and civil society …” „… relations between universities and economic actors, which paradoxically broke down in the post-communist …” „… economic surroundings. Therefore, links between universities and businesses are still seldom and mostly …”

Political Integration of South East Europe by the Means of Research and HE Cooperation S. 52-53

„… . Therefore, the SAP is based on strict criteria, namely political and economic conditions which have to be …” „… Europe in the Context of European Integration. Vienna 2006, 17-25 (18). 122 For an overview cf. Barbara …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845221564

Julia Lieb, Nicolai von Ondarza, Daniela Schwarzer - The European Union in International Fora

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Julia Lieb (ed.), Nicolai von Ondarza (ed.), Daniela Schwarzer (ed.)

The European Union in International Fora

Series: Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V.

Volume 72 2011

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Daniela Schwarzer A consolidated representation of interests in the context of Europe’s relative economic decline – drivers and obstacles S. 137-156

„… 137 A consolidated representation of interests in the context of Europe’s relative economic …” „… international policy agenda and the evolving economic governance context all provide reasons to assume that …” „… decline – drivers and obstacles Daniela Schwarzer The global governance context and the external …”

Bregt Saenen, Jan Orbie Challenges to coherence: exploring the European Union’s role in the International Labour Organization S. 157-174

„… considered in a wider context, including the Union’s economic governance, the functioning of its Social …” „… voice in the context of the ILO?; (2) are the EU norms promoted in the context of the ILO inspired by …” „… Union succeed in coordinating Member State positions and speaking with one voice in the context of the …”

Analysing external representation beyond traditional foreign policy S. 21-28

„… in the context of the institutional reforms of the Lisbon Treaty, research interest in the EU’s re …” „… : Negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements”, Journal of European Integration 30, 3 (2008): 363-380. 15 …” „… the EU to successfully promote its interests in such a context, it would have to link its climate …”

Clara Weinhardt The EU as a friend of the developing world? Self-portrayal and outside perceptions in the negotiations of EPAs S. 99-114

„… negotiations of Economic Partnership Agreements Clara Weinhardt This contribution analyses the role of the …” „… EU in the negotiations on Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with African, Caribbean and Pacific …” „… British colonies, allowing them preferred market access in order to maintain the close economic …”

Sami Andoura A modern European external Energy Policy: from pixelisation to high definition S. 35-52

„… geopolitical, economic, environmental and social concern for the European Union. In the unstable energy …” „… policy has to be viewed in a global context not only because of the global dimension of energy issues …” „… unprecedented scale. Indeed, the future of energy policy has become a major long-term geopolitical, economic …”

Rudi Delarue Employment and social policy: From the internal to the external dimension S. 175-182

„… from. 176 The strengthening of the EU economic governance, aimed at ensuring a better interplay …” „… between macro-economic policies and thematic structural policies, such as employment, education, skills …” „… the FTA with South Korea, and the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Cariforum. Employment …”

Antonio Villafranca, Antonio Pavanello The EU role within the changing governance of climate change S. 71-84

„… with the changing global context. 2 The three-level governance model in international climate change …” „… Fund (IMF), G8, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) – and United Nations …” „… Liberalism in Crisis? European Economic Governance in the Age of Turbulence eds. Carlo Secchi and Antonio …”

Gisbert Brinkmann EU participation in ILO standard-setting S. 183-190

„… EU’s role in the context of ILO standardsetting. It underlines the strengths of the current external …” „… with workers and employers in the ILO context. 3 The cooperation of the EU with the ILO is based …” „… at its level” (Art. 152 TFEU). The Economic and Social Committee, which brings together …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Clara Weinhardt 1 Introduction 99 2 What are Economic Partnership Agreements? 101 3 Analytical …” „… emulate trade policy? 134 4 Conclusion 136 A consolidated representation of interests in the context of …” „… Europe’s relative economic decline – drivers and obstacles 137 Daniela Schwarzer 1 Introduction 137 …”

List of Contributors S. 191-198

„… public settings across Europe. Areas of expertise: European monetary, economic and political …” „… integration, economic governance and reform of the governance framework, crisis management, European …” „… multilateral context. Before his current research function, he was employed as an intern at the Brussels …”

Stephen Woolcock EU Trade Policy and the Treaty of Lisbon S. 85-98

„… to the non-economic aims such as the support for democracy, rule of law and human rights, but also …” „… ). Trade policy is henceforth to be conducted within the “context of the framework of principles and …” „… democracy, rule of law and human rights as well as the slightly more specific aims of sustainable economic …”

External representation under the Lisbon Treaty – the way ahead S. 29-34

„… . In this context, he argues that the EU should remain focused on a coordinating role in order not to …” „… international negotiations. For instance, in the context of the Copenhagen climate change talks, the EU’s …” „… UN Security Council, the IMF or the G8 given their relative economic, military and political weight …”

EU external action and the reforms of the Lisbon Treaty S. 15-20

„… changing global context. The EU’s presence in international organisations is not directly affected by these …” „… policy. For the fields of climate and energy policy, trade, economic and finance as well as labour and …” „… , both policy areas build upon the economic strength of the Union as the largest economic area of the …”

Simon Schunz The EU’s representation in global climate governance: lessons from the past, prospects for the future S. 53-70

„… change is today just as much an environmental and energy issue as an economic challenge: sustainable …” „… is, essentially, ‘foreign climate policy’ more in line with the global context it operates in.4 This …” „… impacted on its performance. Representation is understood in this context as both an institutional …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845233024

Wilfried Loth, Nicolae Paun - Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe

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Wilfried Loth (ed.), Nicolae Paun (ed.)

Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe

Series: Veröffentlichungen der Historiker-Verbindungsgruppe bei der Kommission der EG

Volume 16 2014

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NAUMESCU Valentin Between the Economic Agenda and the Need of Strategic Security: East-Central Europe in the Context of the Transatlantic Relation’s Disruption S. 254-263

„… with the United States in the context of fulfilling the EU economic agenda. While the national economic …” „… 254 Between the Economic Agenda and the Need of Strategic Security: East-Central Europe in the …” „… Context of the Transatlantic Relation’s Disruption Valentin NAUMESCU Abstract: The end of the Cold War …”

BĂRBULESCU Iordan Gheorghe, POPA Andra-Maria Crisis of the European Model? Reflections and Projections S. 331-351

„… analyses the impact of the crises on the European economic governance framework – as the most decisively …” „… effects, the EU crisis, European economic governance Introduction The talk about the European model in …” „… the context of the crisis which has affected the European Union (EU) for the last 5 years is a debate …”

Introduction S. 9-12

„… have left aside the prominent economic perspective, which ultimately turned out to be the driving …” „… force of European Construction, albeit the balance between the political and the economic realms has …” „… entitled to call a genuine paradigm of economic development in the region, during the 1920s and 1930s …”

PĂUN Nicolae paradigme du développement économique en Europe Centrale et Orientale pendant l’entre-deux-guerres. Des contributions françaises en Roumanie S. 60-77

„… opened up new ways towards the economic modernisation of East-Central European states, albeit the …” „… telle question doit être placée dans le contexte historique approprié, afin de permettre la mise en …” „… . Good, Economic Transformation in Central Europe: The View from History. In: Working paper 92-1 …”

GONĚC Vladimír “New Central Europe” in Co-operating and United Europe. Czechoslovak Ideas in 1920s and 1930s and Attempts at Coordination with Austrian and Hungarian Ideas S. 78-92

„… more or less common economic area; often in the solution of „central Europe within Europe”. Some …” „… civic society suppressed heavily. Indeed, the economic area of Austro-Hungary was not united. On one …” „… it is necessary to mention the development of industrial centres in Austria-Hungary and on economic …”

JUCAN Marius Rethinking Cultural Relations between the European Union and United States in Age of the Transatlantic Rift S. 230-239

„… economic crisis, military or terrorist threats. Underlining the politicization of religion and its …” „… overlooked any longer after September 2001. 231 The economic worsening conditions of the recent past years …” „… reemerge in the 21th century as an appeasing factor of the political and economic crisis? How will the …”

LOTH Wilfried The European Union as a Pan-European Project S. 13-21

„… continent; the preservation of economic productivity in a time of national markets in Europe becoming too …” „… sovereign states, into a closer political and economic association” which was to be joined by “other …” „… of common ministries of Foreign affairs, Defense and Common Economic affairs as well as the …”

CICEO Georgiana Hard Core Europe? Possible Scenarios for the Prospect of Differentiated Integration? S. 315-330

„… increasing heterogeneity of the political, economic, social preferences and capabilities of the Member …” „… Economic and Monetary Union. As part of the solutions put forward, an even clearer distinction between …” „… Union. Proposals for a profound restructuring of the architecture of the EU’s economic governance have …”

Woyke Wichard Germany and the EU-Eastern Enlargement S. 305-314

„… , Luxemburg, France, Italy and Germany. 1957 followed the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European …” „… pressure and market forces within the EU’s internal market (economic criterion); – the ability to take on …” „… communautaire, and adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union (acquis criterion). The …”

VARSORI Antonio Italy’s attempts at integrating East-Central Europe in a new continental balance: an early response to the crisis of the Communist bloc (1989-1991) S. 293-304

„… exerting political and economic influence. Such an ambition faded with Italy’s defeat in the Second World …” „… neighbors. The pillars of this policy was on one hand the “Adriatic Initiative”, which envisaged economic …” „… economic problems and political instability. The Italian authorities showed increasing concern about this …”

GEHLER Michael Austria. The Revolutions in Central and South Eastern Europe. Austrian Perceptions and International Reactions 1989-90 S. 186-204

„… ”.2 The extent of the Polish debt constituted the country’s largest economic and political problem …” „… respective economic and political positions. Németh spoke of a “reform era” in Hungary, a process that had …” „… begun in 1986 when it was recognized that economic reforms were no longer feasible within the old …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… 121 Jerzy ŁAZOR, Wojciech MORAWSKI Autarkic tendencies in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance …” „… European Security in the ‘New Global Order’ Valentin NAUMESCU Between the Economic Agenda and the Need of …” „… Strategic Security: East-Central Europe in the Context of the Transatlantic Relation’s Disruption 254 …”

LEUŞTEAN Lucian The Late Start of the Little Entente. Regional Cooperation within East-Central Europe in Times of Adversity (1920-1921) S. 31-43

„… advantages – material, political, economic, cultural, psychological or prestige-related ones –started almost …” „… actions of those political, military and economic leaders – of both the successor states and the great …” „… . If Romania’s only interest was to discuss juridical, economic and civic issues, the major topic of …”

GASPARINI Alberto Future Scenarios for United Europe S. 357-374

„… economic crisis that does not allow to practice a positive internal “soft power”, the lack of charismas of …” „… will to some extent strengthen their economic, cultural and social ties with countries of German or …” „… factors interact with one another: 1) growing economic interdependence between nations, 2) organizational …”

DIMITROV Georgi Ever Closer or Diverging: The Relationship between EC and the Latecomers (Bulgaria and Romania) Seen Through the Prism of CVM S. 205-215

„… 253.42 771.40 Doing Business rank (e.g. 1 is best and below 180 worst) 59.00 72.00 Economic Freedom score …” „… consequently selecting various implausible principals as main actors to change the regime”. (Contextual …” „… Mungiu-Pippidi, Al. еt al. – Contextual Choices in Fighting Corruption: Lessons Learned, Norad, the Hertie …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845254227

Ulrich Becker, Anika Seemann - Protecting Livelihoods

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Ulrich Becker (ed.), Anika Seemann (ed.)

Protecting Livelihoods

Series: Studien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik

Volume 77 2022

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Michael Fletcher XVI. Government’s Social and Economic Protection Responses to COVID-19 in the Context of an Elimination Strategy: The New Zealand Example S. 361-376

„… Government’s Social and Economic Protection Responses to COVID-19 in the Context of an Elimination …” „… , mantra has been ‘a strong public health response is the best economic response’2, albeit, of course, like …” „… in public spending to support economic activity and protect livelihoods.To date (1 February 2022 …”

Anika Seemann XXIII. Conclusions – On Risk and Solidarity in Times of Global Crises S. 521-538

„… difficult one to answer and will need to be debated in the specific context of a society’s values, economic …” „… cushion the effects of such a rapid economic downturn as that seen in the first quarter of 2020. Economies …” „… , and possibly short-lived, economic shock would have also damaged companies themselves by causing …”

Ulrich Becker IX. The Community Steps Up: Changing Responsibilities in Germany S. 201-228

„… on social distancing, washing hands and protecting the nose and mouth, in which context also Lüften …” „… appreciation of the legislature.11A certain federal diversity was also noticeable in terms of economic and …” „… package with an amount of EUR 103 billion.17 Although the long economic upswing in recent years has left …”

Ingo Wolfgang Sarlet, Jeferson Ferreira Barbosa III. Social Security in Times of COVID-19 in Brazil S. 49-74

„… BarbosaIntroductionBy the end of 2019, Brazil had already been going through an economic crisis, facing difficulties in …” „… largest economy in the world.3In addition to the negative indexes mentioned above, the levels of economic …” „… fight against the pandemic.In this context, already in the initial months of 2020, the state of the …”

Maarten Bouwmeester XV. All Hands on Deck: Dutch Emergency Support Policies in the COVID-19 Pandemic S. 337-360

„… Ministers of Economic Affairs, Finance and Social Affairs presented a letter to the House of Representatives …” „… containing the introduction of economic support measures to counteract the negative economic impact from the …” „… imminent economic threats, the realisation that additional intervention was necessary followed soon. On 17 …”

Ulrich Becker I. Social Policy and Social Law in Times of Crisis:An Introduction S. 11-28

„… of vehemence. In this respect, the corona crisis is no different from any other economic slumps …” „… different social policy approaches. I.1.1 In its Spring 2020 Economic Forecast, the European Commission was …” „… . Projections went down in the Summer 2020 Economic Forecast with an expected decrease by 8.7% in the euro area …”

Nai-Yi Sun XXII. Consolidating Solidarity in Taiwan during the COVID-19 Crisis S. 497-520

„… addition to a months-long shutdown of public and economic activities. Even the community outbreak in May …” „… relief and tax reduction. Particularly in light of the socio-economic impact of the pandemic, Paragraph …” „… planning designated by the Executive Yuan for economic stimulation, had also been approved by parliament6 …”

Letlhokwa George Mpedi XX. Protecting Livelihoods in the COVID-19 Crisis: The South African Experience S. 453-474

„… Economic Context of Law in Africa (Routledge (2022)) 264.14 Rautenbach IM “Unruly Rationality: Two High …” „… South African Experience455Economic and Social Measures in Response to COVID-19The restrictions flowing …” „… and rampant unfavourable socio-economic factors, such as inequality, abject poverty, unemployment, an …”

Anika Seemann VI. “Collective Agreement”– Danish Social and Labour Market Policy in the COVID-19 Crisis S. 121-146

„… economic reopening. This picture changed again in September 2020, when, given a new surge in case numbers …” „… . The labour market and economic policy measures have mirrored this approach, with several of the …” „… of the pandemic, so as to provide support when needed but without hampering long-term economic …”

Linxin He VIII. Living with COVID-19: Entering the “New Normal” Era in France S. 181-200

„… benefits. The basic idea behind these measures is obvious: the pandemic has paralysed economic activity …” „… important changes in the economic structure (from 4 In the economic and the social sector, see Art. 11 of …” „… economic and social life in a status where COVID-19 should only play a minor role. This “New Normal” is …”

Olga Chesalina XVIII. Russia: The Path Dependence of Old Concepts and Targeted Support Measures in the COVID-19 Pandemic S. 405-426

„… persons in the RF.5Many social and economic support measures for citizens and the real economy in response …” „… Loses Momentum Amidst COVID-19 Resurgence, Awaits Relief from Vaccine. Russia Economic Report. December …” „… reasons) due to an unfavourable economic situation.25 During the downtime, the employer in accordance …”

Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez XIV. Mexico: Between the So-Called “Fourth Transformation” and Protecting Livelihoods in the COVID-19 Crisis S. 313-336

„… the context of poverty and labour informality have made managing the health and economic consequences …” „… receiving medical care, but also for obtaining economic wage replacement benefits (e.g., unemployment …” „… , is unfortunately evident.On the other hand, the administration strengthened its delivery of economic …”

Nikola Wilman VII. (Still) Too Little, Too Late? – Crisis Management in England S. 147-180

„… pandemic is unprecedented in modern times: Economic output as measured by GDP declined by 9.7% in 2020 …” „… , and targeted measures” to support public services, individuals and businesses through the economic …” „… economic aid package worth a total of GBP 330 billion (around EUR 395 billion) (“equivalent to 15% of GDP …”

Yifei Wang IV. Measures to Protect Livelihoods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China S. 75-102

„… . Economic and social activities were to a large extent stopped. Another month later, starting from 21 …” „… prevention and control with economic and social development”.6 The focus then changed to poverty alleviation …” „… the case in areas where normal economic activities were not possible due to pandemic prevention and …”

Eva Maria Hohnerlein XII. Social Policy Measures to Mitigate the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy between Continuity and Change S. 263-294

„… economic activities and of social life XII.1.1 The first extension lasted until 15 October 2020, further …” „… by the end of 2021.The 2020 economic shock linked to the pandemic hit a country that had not yet …” „… of the labour force at the margins of social protection.To cushion the economic and social impact of …”

Anastasia Poulou X. Social and Labour Market Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece S. 229-242

„… Greek Labor Market, in: Monastiriotis/Katsinas (eds.), The Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Greece …” „… order to help employers and workers weather the economic consequences of the lockdown, the government …” „… and further implemented by detailed ministerial decisions. The main beneficiaries of the economic …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… PandemicXV.337Maarten BouwmeesterGovernment’s Social and Economic Protection Responses to COVID-19 in the …” „… Context of an Elimination Strategy:The New Zealand ExampleXVI.361Michael FletcherTable of Contents8 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748932819

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Andreas Grimmel

Kontextualismus

Series: Politik und Recht

Volume 2019

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4 When There Are No Winners, Only Losers: The European Crisis and the Interest Paradigm S. 81-96

„… , for example, even though it started out as a largely economic problem, posed a serious challenge to …” „… words, crises – understood here as acute disturbances of the functional context in which they take place …” „… adjacent functional contexts, where they in turn present different challenges to these contexts and their …”

14 Understanding Courts in Context: On the Embeddedness and Interaction of Judicial Bodies in a Functionally Differentiated World Society S. 255-276

„… contexts, but also from political, economic and other ones. To this extent, contexts are assumed here not …” „… taking part in certain political, economic, scientific, educational and other contexts when they …” „… , economic, and other legal contexts and their institutions, e.g. in cases when political bargaining …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… sozialwissenschaftlichen Kontextualismus .......................... 1 23 Wittgenstein and the Context of Rationality …” „… The Context of Rationality ..........................................2.4 54 A Practical-Linguistic …” „… ” ..............................9.3 166 The Context of Rationality ..........................................9.4 167 The Context …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 289-314

„… . (2009). The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context. Oxford: Calendron Press. Dewey …” „… . (2008). Agents or Trustees? International Courts in their Political Context. European Journal of …” „… Organization, 64(4), 563–592. Alter, K.J., Helfer, L.R., Madsen, M.R. (2016). How Context Shapes the Authority …”

7 There’s Life in the Old Dog Yet! Challenges as Catalyst for European Integration S. 121-132

„… agreed to integrate in order to achieve a perpetual peace and economic welfare; although there was …” „… , economic and societal integration, – based on a set of shared values and practices, and – foreseeing …” „… caused by the failure of the plans to establish an Economic and Monetary Union and the modest …”

2 Wittgenstein and the Context of Rationality: Towards a Language-Practical Notion of Rational Reason and Action S. 45-60

„… economic one. Although both contexts contain similar rules and include language-games with strong family …” „… would be recognized as a context-external action and rejected on this basis, or (3) it would, in extreme …” „… Wittgenstein and the Context of Rationality: Towards a Language-Practical Notion of Rational Reason …”

10 “This is not Life as it is Lived Here”: The Court of Justice of the European Union and the Myth of Judicial Activism S. 181-196

„… local context. Such a context is to be understood as an autonomous sphere of thought and action that …” „… abbreviation “CJEU” will also be used in a historical context and especially to refer to the European Court of …” „… take the legal context of reasoning and action seriously, and to figure it into theory-driven analyses …”

9 Judicial Interpretation or Judicial Activism? The Legacy of Rationalism in the Studies of the Court of Justice of the European Union S. 161-180

„… called context rationality.7 In such a contextual reformulation, rationality must be first and foremost …” „… the context-specific rules that delimit law as a social practice from politics and other frameworks of …” „… context-rational and therefore acceptable, regardless of whether the actor had an interest in the matter or not. It …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845299327

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