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Niteleka Jacob Nichaenzi Jaconiah - The Effects of Trademark Rights on the East African Common Market

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Niteleka Jacob Nichaenzi Jaconiah

The Effects of Trademark Rights on the East African Common Market

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 16 2012

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Likelihood of confusion S. 118-131

„… 118 II. Likelihood of confusion Likelihood of confusion is central for determining whether some …” „… confusion” is given statutory recognition under Articles 8(1) (b) and 9(1) (b) of the CTMR. 412 It must …” „… , however, be made clear at the outset that while likelihood of confusion serves as a relative ground for …”

Scope of CTM protection S. 112-118

„… the sign, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public”. It follows that, 392 …” „… . Likelihood of confusion – a concept referred to in section E (II) of this chapter – needs not be proven in …” „… the law presumes existence of trademark confusion in every double identity cases. 394 Given the …”

Trademark use as a condition for infringement S. 131-133

„… stipulation that “likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association”. Some concerns may be …” „… “likelihood of confusion”. Since likelihood of association is included in the likelihood of confusion, then …” „… likelihood of confusion is a genus while the likelihood of association is a species. Thus, likelihood of …”

Interaction between trade mark coexistence and unitary principles S. 242-243

„… national trade mark. In this sense, the solution to trade mark confusion provided by the principle of …” „… national and regional trade mark systems. Thus, the principle does not solve the likelihood of confusion …” „… of national trade marks inter se. It instead exacerbates the danger of national trade mark confusion …”

Acquisition of trade mark rights and the extent of validity S. 256-261

„… 256 This may lead to post-sale consumer confusion 947 and thus allowing one of the two trade …” „… trade mark confusion is multiplied in the event the exception (under section 30(2) of the Extension …” „… similar mark(s) in a single territorial market. On the one hand, the risk of confusion inherent in the …”

Integration of the existing national trade mark rights into the EAC trade mark regime S. 261-264

„… in the EAC common market – a situation which will lead to trade mark confusion and the consequences …” „… stemming thereof. 955 To avoid the danger of trade mark confusion, the cross-extension of national …” „… 955 The consequences of trade mark confusion include the following: (a) restriction on the free …”

The principle of Coexistence of trade mark rights S. 241-242

„… trade mark. In this sense, the solution to trade mark confusion provided by the principle of unitary …” „… regional trade mark systems. Thus, the principle does not solve the likelihood of confusion of national …” „… trade marks inter se. It instead exacerbates the danger of national trade mark confusion. In this …”

Modifications to the principle of co-existence S. 249-256

„… confusion could be avoided. In this regard, the Extension Law offers a two-tier solution. In the first …” „… completely solve the problem of trade mark confusion: Pursuant to the general rule regarding the solution at …” „… lead to post-sale consumer confusion 947 and thus allowing one of the two trade mark proprietors to …”

Table of contents S. 7-14

„… . Likelihood of confusion 118 1. CTM function and likelihood of confusion 118 2. In whose view is the …” „… likelihood of confusion determined? 120 3. Thresholds of likelihood of confusion 122 a) Similarity of …”

Scope of protection S. 36-39

„… likelihood of confusion or deception. 72 However, the testifying consumer is not entitled to say that the …” „… offending mark so nearly resembles the registered mark as to be likely to deceive or cause confusion. It …” „… signs are similar and whether that similarity causes consumer confusion or deception. 73 To discharge …”

Grounds for trade mark refusal S. 27-35

„… to “cause confusion as to the nature, geographical or other origin, manufacturing process …” „… transcriptions, liable to create confusion of trade or service marks and business or company names which are …” „… cause confusion or otherwise, be disentitled to protection in a court of justice, or would be contrary …”

Opposition against CTM registration S. 152-160

„… respect of which the opponent’s mark is protected.603 Where the danger of confusion is not dependent on …” „… opposition is to avoid consumer confusion where the earlier and junior trademark rights are more or less the …” „… of the Opposition Division the existence of eminent danger of confusion. The opposition proceedings …”

Modifications to the principle of unitary character S. 243-249

„… scenario will give rise to three legal problems. Firstly, the likelihood of trade mark confusion cannot …” „… movement problem but will not solve the danger of trade mark confusion. These problematic aspects of the …” „… , consumer confusion would not be avoided since similar or identical trade marks could be applied to …”

Principles of trade mark law S. 51-67

„… . To avoid consumer confusion the trade mark proprietor would be inclined to set up some control …” „… of the trade mark proprietor causes consumer confusion.181 Thus, “to the extent that products are …” „… (South Centre, Geneva 2000). 181 See the standards of proof of the likelihood of confusion in …”

Trade mark opposition and cancellation procedure S. 35-36

„… deceive or cause confusion, with business or company name already used in Tanzania by a third party”. d …”

Protection of a CTM with reputation S. 133-137

„… with the mark with a reputation there may be a likelihood of confusion” 490 ; hence a trademark …”

Limitations to CTM rights S. 137-142

„… of the CTMR, are worthy of verbatim quoting: (1) all acts of such a nature as to create confusion …”

Principles developed by the ECJ S. 209-217

„… without any possibility of confusion to distinguish that product from products which have another origin …”

Absolute Grounds S. 90-111

„… , without any possibility of confusion, to distinguish the product or service from others, which have …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845242156

Richard M. Fried - A Genius for Confusion

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Richard M. Fried

A Genius for Confusion

2022

doi.org/10.5771/9781538145784

Shafiah F. Muhibat - Evolving Approaches to Regional Security Cooperation

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Shafiah F. Muhibat

Evolving Approaches to Regional Security Cooperation

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 208 2013

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Problems and Confusion S. 19-20

„… Security”, The Pacific Review, 7/1 (1994). 1.2.3. Problems and Confusion The term “cooperative security …” „… and confusion, as the same word can mean different things in different contexts. In this respect, the …”

Comparison with Other Concepts of Security Cooperation S. 17-19

„… Security”, The Pacific Review, 7/1 (1994). 1.2.3. Problems and Confusion The term “cooperative security …” „… and confusion, as the same word can mean different things in different contexts. In this respect, the …”

Scholarly Usage S. 66-73

„… , thus compromising analytical and prescriptive clarity. Cohen, for example, acknowledges this confusion …” „… confusion, as the same word can mean different things in different contexts. In this respect, the use of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… and Confusion 19 1.3. Methods and Design 20 1.3.1. Conceptual Analysis 20 1.3.2. Case Study 24 …”

Conceptual Analysis S. 20-24

„… would be entangled in vagueness and confusion and talk past each other. Conceptual analysis is an …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246932

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

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Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… . 4.5. Israel’s aims in the negotiations 4.5.1. Confusion over Israel’s goal Despite Israel’s …”

Exploratory talks S. 144-146

„… EC finally commenced negotiations. 4.5. Israel’s aims in the negotiations 4.5.1. Confusion over …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . Exploratory talks 144 4.5. Israel’s aims in the negotiations 146 4.5.1. Confusion over Israel’s goal 146 …”

Remarks on Israel’s policy style S. 221-225

„… 1994.694 In e?ect, nothing came out of this Peres-Kinkel agreement. There was confusion about what the …”

Sign or keep negotiating? S. 179-186

„… feasible.586 The fortnight after the exchange of letters confusion reigned. As a result of Peres’ declared …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219189

Durrell Bowman - Experiencing Peter Gabriel

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Durrell Bowman

Experiencing Peter Gabriel

2016

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2 “The Chamber Was in Confusion” S. 23-48

doi.org/10.5771/9781442252004

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