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Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Hans-Peter Gasser, Thilo Marauhn, Natalino Ronzitti - Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

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Andreas Fischer-Lescano (ed.), Hans-Peter Gasser (ed.), Thilo Marauhn (ed.), Natalino Ronzitti (ed.)

Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

2008

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Mary Ellen O’Connell Defending the Law against Preemptive Force S. 249-260

„… : Israel[’s attack on Syria] received only pro forma rebukes -- apparently because it had blocked a weapon …” „… conditioned on the requirement of an armed attack or Security Council authorization.54 As for Israel’s …” „… to a recent attack on Syria may give new life to the Bush doctrine.”4 The writer pointed out …”

Marco Sassòli Human Shields and International Humanitarian Law S. 579-590

„… attempt to deter or prevent attacks on persons and objects which may otherwise be lawfully attacked. Such …” „… against attacks and effects of hostilities. Space obliges me to focus on the legal problems without …” „… . Schmitt, “Targeting and Humanitarian Law: Current Issues” (2004) 34 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 59 at …”

Ruth Lapidoth The legal effect of Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) on cessation of hostilities in Lebanon S. 199-204

„… Hizbollah of all attacks and the immediate cessation by Israel of all offensive military operations". The …” „… 1949 Israel-Lebanese armistice agreement4 (para. 5). The Council called on the international community …” „… of its government; provision by Israel to the UN of remaining maps on mines in Lebanon. The …”

David P. Forsythe The United States and International Humanitarian Law S. 421-428

„… 1999, for example, there was debate about the wisdom and legality of U.S. attacks on such “dual use …” „… compiled a comparable record.) II. The U.S. and IHL after 2000 After the al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on …” „… , almost all of whom were civilians. By comparison, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 …”

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare S. 439-456

„… measures short of attack and on methods and means of naval warfare, espe- 1 San Remo Manual on …” „… . Freedom of Navigation?, 35 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 181-203 (2005). 6 In case of an …” „… Armed Conflict and the San Remo Manual: Maritime Rules Compared, 36 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights …”

Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov The End of Contractual Disarmament? S. 345-350

„… from launch of a response attack immediately upon impact on their territories of an isolated nuclear …” „… describe as its off-springs the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and …” „… Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BTWC) of 1972 and …”

Daniel-Erasmus Khan At the Edge of an „Inadvertent War“ – The 2007 British-Iranian Incident in the Shatt-al-Arab Annotated S. 155-168

„… Six- Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbours.3 The recent crisis between the United Kingdom …” „… and Iran, triggered by the seizure of 15 Royal Navy personnel by Iranian Revolutionary Guards on 23 …” „… Francisco/Oxford, 1991, at xi. 3 Although there is still no unanimity among historians on this point, many …”

Hanspeter Neuhold The International Community and „Rogue States“ S. 227-248

„… Iran and Iraq. The lukewarm response to his attack on Iran may have whetted Saddam Hussein’s …” „… such diverse areas as international security and environmental law. It is on an issue in the former …” „… ”. I have chosen this topic because Professor Bothe has made important contributions to the debate on …”

Djamchid Momtaz La participation directe des personnes civiles aux hostilités S. 505-514

„… d'Israël : Décision du 11 décembre 2005 Cf. supra note 7 § 30 et 40. 15 Interamerican Commission on …” „… durée de cette participation“2. On s'accorde généralement pour reconnaître qu'il n'existe en droit …” „… Croix-Rouge4, se sont avérées être très utiles. On peut désormais déterminer avec plus de certitude quels …”

Yoram Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict S. 387-402

„… concluded between Israel, on the one hand, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria respectively, on the other, in …” „… Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict Yoram Dinstein A. The present …” „… lighthouse in both World Wars. The more modern text is the 1958 separate volume on the Law of War on Land …”

Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities: Two Supplementing or Mutually Excluding Legal Paradigms? S. 403-420

„… Belligerent Occupation’, 28 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights (1999), 1-16 [9-12]. 10 ICJ, Legality of the …” „… on military operations other than war International humanitarian law is significant today even …” „… AP II was adopted, the international legal consensus on the qualification of internal disturbances …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209593

Peggy Wittke - The Bush Doctrine Revisited

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Peggy Wittke

The Bush Doctrine Revisited

Series: Völkerrecht und Außenpolitik

Volume 88 2018

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5. Kapitel – Staatenpraxis vor 9/11 S. 156-209

„… attack on the Fort was a] protective action. […] It indeed would be a strange legal doctrine which …” „… , to take action directed to prevent the recurrence of such attacks on its ships. Preventive action in …” „… : “The Government of Israel was duty bound on this occasion to take appropriate action in self-defence …”

7. Kapitel – Staatenpraxis nach 9/11 S. 225-348

„… means. They know such attacks would fail. Instead, they rely on acts of terror and, potentially, the use …” „… , dawn.com, 6. April 2003. Siehe auch India Pressed on Kashmir Attacks, The New York Times, 9. April 2003 …” „… territory for launching attacks on us will not be tolerated, and that there would be a cost if suitable …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 459-478

„… 11 Attacks on Jus Ad Bellum, International Lawyer, Vo. 36, 2002, S. 1081-1102 Arend, Anthony Clark …” „… ., Israel’s Airstrike on Syria’s Al-Kibar Facility, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2011 …” „… Silence in Israel Over Sudan’s Accusations of Air Attack, The New York Times, 25. Oktober 2012 …”

8. Kapitel – Rechtsprechung des IGH nach 9/11 S. 349-370

„… of self-defence in the case of armed attack by one State against another State. However, Israel does …” „… right of self-defence on a previous armed attack without saying that this armed attack must come from …” „… these attacks, direct or indirect, of the Government of the DRC.” Case Concerning Armed Activities on …”

9. Kapitel – Auswirkungen der Bush-Doktrin auf das Völkerrecht S. 371-454

„… (“it has now been determined that the attack against the United States on 11 September was directed …” „… Impact of the September 11 Attacks on Jus Ad Bellum, International Lawyer, Vo. 36, 2002, S. 1081 (1095 …” „… international law that states must not permit their territory to be used for the purpose of launching attacks on …”

4. Kapitel – Geltendes Völkerrecht vor 9/11 S. 81-155

„… burden of proof of the facts showing the existence of such an attack rests on the United States”, Oil …” „… ‘armed attack’ includes not only acts by armed bands where such acts occur on a significant scale but …” „… 2. Kapitel. 240 Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and …”

3. Kapitel – Die Bush-Doktrin S. 43-80

„… , Reagan Vows 'Swift Retribution' For Any New Attack on Diplomats, NYT, 28. Januar 1981, A6; Starr-Deelen …” „… our cities, attack us when we gather at special events and prey on our citizens overseas. The United …” „… , authorized, committed, or aided the terrorists attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such …”

2. Kapitel – Völkergewohnheitsrecht S. 23-42

„… ; Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 2. Auflage, 1984, S. 19; Ford, Legal Process of …” „… Change: Article 2 (4) and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, JCSL, Vol. 4, 1999, S. 75 (96 …” „… Recommendations on Counter-terrorism and International Law, 1. April 2010, para. 28. 19 Legal Consequences for …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845287478

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Corinna Gayer

Gendered Intractability

2012

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Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict S. 89-113

„… Northern Israeli towns. Even though these attacks did not influence Israel’s superior military might on a …” „… attacks on Jewish settlements during the Great Arab Revolt between 1936 and 1939, the Zionists started “to …” „… , the disadvantage was on the Arab side. First of all, the Arab states sent fewer forces to Israel than …”

Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict S. 138-153

„… , Fateh performed a series of attacks against Israel from the Jordanian border during the following years …” „… . Following an attack on an Israeli 80 With the defeat of Pan-Arabism and the subsequent rise of Palestinian …” „… Ailul al-aswad81, allegedly an armed wing connected to Fateh, exerted various attacks on Jordanian …”

Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict S. 113-120

„… Israeli society. It led to Israel’s siege mentality, which is mainly based on the perception that Israel …” „… , and that Israel needs to rely on itself (or have a few great allies) for its survival (Arian, 1995 …” „… collective in the new state. Through the conquest of the territories, a settlement on all of Greater Israel …”

Israeli national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs S. 221-234

„… and contested beliefs Consensus beliefs On a general level, the consensus in Israel evolves around …” „… land with the survival of their in-group, giving up on the right to Greater Israel would be tantamount …” „… the self from the group. As such, giving up on Greater Israel, from the perspective of particularists …”

National identity constructions, gender, and inter-group violence S. 298-308

„… heroes’ to avert the continuous attacks on their nation. Correspondingly, the security-related beliefs …” „… sections have concentrated on the cognitive, affective and conative aspects of national identity …” „… findings support the assumed instigating impact of particularistic identity constructions on the …”

Israeli and Palestinian national identity constructions compared: Corresponding and competing meanings S. 246-249

„… the human sphere and branding them as ‘despicable’ due to their deliberate attacks on the in-group’s …” „… national identity on an intra-societal level, this section compares Israeli and Palestinian identity …” „… constructions in order to define corresponding and competing societal beliefs on the inter-societal level. In …”

National identity constructions and gender-role ideologies S. 285-298

„… . In both Israel and Palestine, the invidious and racist elements of particularistic national identity …” „… , 1972). The Attitude Toward Women scale (AWS) is not based on subtle or covert insinuations of …” „… that comply with idealized notions of masculinity. This hegemonic masculinity relies on the complicity …”

Palestinian national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs S. 234-246

„… belief in the superiority of the Palestinian’s right to the land and the anger about the attacks on the …” „… reject the delegitimization of a whole group, namely ‘the Palestinians’, based on the deeds of radical …” „… noisy and barbaric. -3 -4 0.06 Im (33) The Palestinians would like to make peace with Israel, but there …”

Final Q-Sample S. 201-207

„… (Haredim) and the Palestinian citizens of Israel. These two groups rely on different societal beliefs for …” „… attack our women and children. The Palestinians are despicable because they attack our women and …” „… Eretz Israel, we would be signing the end of the Israeli people. (11) The …”

Statement collection S. 195-198

„… study in Israel and Palestine began (5.5). On a more subtle level, the empirical process was also …” „… step was to merge into the concourse surrounding national identity constructions in Israel and …” „… were then put to the test in Israel and Palestine and were subsequently categorized by domain experts …”

Gender-explicit beliefs in the construction of national identity S. 249-252

„… particularist and liberalist factors on a cross-national level. The contestation of certain societal beliefs …” „… of characteristic beliefs. 250 liberalist identity constructions in Israel and Palestine. Table 14 …” „… : Location of explicit gender statements in Israel and Palestine Content and Belief Belief Isr. Fac 1 Isr …”

Methodological approach S. 21-34

„… ; Tickner, 1996). This understanding can be traced back to political sciences’ traditional focus on the …” „… on a phenomenological perspective, political psychology emphasizes the importance of subjective …” „… and form the socio-political and ideological discourse within a given society. Social psychology, on …”

Discursive and symbolic constructions of Palestinian femininity and masculinity and its tangible reverberations S. 159-178

„… attack women’s political involvement and their presence on the streets by restoring disciplinary …” „… , 1994, p. 45). Despite of the direct attack on women’s freedom, the women’s movement merely reacted in …” „… considered an attack on Arab honor in general and male honor in particular, and could only be remedied by …”

The ethos of conflict S. 56-64

„… way, but instead excludes some particular nations. This exclusion may either be based on pure …” „… authors refer to the seminal theories on identity by Sigmund Freud (1921), Erik Erikson (1959), and George …” „… members share the same belief system has implications on the individual and the collective level. On the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845241975

Nico Fuhrig, Kevin Kälker - Israel und das Szenario eines Präventivschlags gegen den Iran

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Nico Fuhrig, Kevin Kälker

Israel und das Szenario eines Präventivschlags gegen den Iran

2017

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Anhang S. 245-303

„… tute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyNote11.pdf, Abruf vom 12. April 2014). Ford, Peter S., Israel’s Attack on Osiraq: A Model for Future …” „… rest.org/feature/irans-master-plan-retaliate-if-israel-attacks-13476, Abruf vom 20. April 2016). Elis, Niv, Netanyahu, Lapid reach agreement on 2015 state …” „… Long Range Land Attack Guided Projectile MCoD Ministerial Committee on Defense MFA Ministry of …”

Die konstruktivistische Antwort: Zur Kultur militärischer Prävention S. 18-106

„… Interessensphäre einen territorial saturierten Nationalstaat zu schaffen, denn »Israel’s security depends on its …” „… personal security on 52 Somit kann die israelische Bedrohungswahrnehmung als ein dynamisches Amalgam …” „… Nachmittag des 7. Juni 1981 brachen acht F-16 Kampfflugzeuge der israelischen Luftwaffe von der auf dem …”

Die logistische Antwort: Angriffsszenarien S. 206-239

„… for buddy air-to-air refueling in case of attack on Iran?, in: The Aviationist, 23. März 2012. 234 …” „… zeable attack force would be required.«978 Unklar ist allerdings, inwiefern die israelischen …” „… - 994 Vgl. o.A., Israel, Saudi Arabia Cooperating to Plan Possible Iran Attack, in: Haaretz, 17 …”

Die realistische Antwort: Sachzwänge des Sicherheitsdilemmas S. 176-205

„… emphasis on maintaining Israel’s technological superiority, especially in missile defense, intelligence …” „… military option, on the other hand, would be a unmitigated disaster. Israel simply lacks the capability to …” „… MacFarquhar, Hassan M. Fattah, At Crossroads, Hezbollah Goes on the Attack, in: The New York Times, 16. Juli …”

Die liberale Antwort: Über den innenpolitischen Entscheidungsprozess S. 107-175

„… : Netanyahu says 9/11 terror attacks good for Israel, in: Haaretz, 16. April 2008. 452 Für 2012 vgl. Sam …” „… . o.A., Netanyahu ›determined to attack Iran‹ before US elections, claims Israel’s Channel 10, in: The …” „… konfliktträchtigsten Regionen der Gegenwart ist der Nahe Osten.350 Seit seiner Gründung 1948 ist der Staat Israel einer …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845287195

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

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Israel’s motivation to agree S. 89-97

„… proposal additionally envisioned Hizbullah refraining from attacks on Israel’s and its ally’s troops in …” „… Middle East policy making. For Israel, an EU stance on Lebanese a?airs and a plain French stance must …” „… the determinants of Israel’s behaviour. 212 On the campaign, see e. g. Gaebel, 1996. 213 The …”

Sanctions, threats and retaliation S. 193-195

„… Islamist deportees, which put a considerable strain on EC-Israel relations at the time.629 Half a year on …” „… undermining Israel’s competitiveness and sharply attacked the Europeans for dragging their feet on upgrading …” „… stepped up his criticism in October and November 1993, issuing various angry attacks on the Europeans for …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… into any military action. Israel’s restraint in the face of unprecedented attacks on 372 See e. g. the …” „… issue to sanction Israel’s comportment in the peace process may well have been on the minds of European …” „… part of Eretz Israel and should never be given back to anybody. For details on the American initiative …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… on the US, which in e?ect finances the deficit. Israel is very much aware of this dependence; one of …” „… favouring European imports over US ones, 1995. 617 On the nature and causes of Israel’s trade deficit, see …” „… of the Oslo Accords, Israel lifted its 26-year ban on allowing Palestinians to export their …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… Israel was established in 1948 on the basis of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 181, which …” „… Islamic 22 I am drawing on Shpiro & Rynhold, 2003 in this section. 23 Weiner, 2004. Israel was admitted …” „… dictate the Arab side’s conditions.26 Israel, in contrast, has always insisted on direct negotiations with …”

Internal operational environment S. 42-48

„… impression of waves of Palestinian terror attacks within Israel, the withdrawal from further areas however …” „… Israel’s military capability has not much of an influence on its behaviour vis-à-vis Europe. 2.1.2.2 …” „… domestic market as well as Israel’s regional isolation have made Israel dependent on overseas exports from …”

Resistance to sanctions/limited compliance S. 58

„… exclusively been based on hard power, whilst Israel has put no trust at all in its potential soft power to …” „… cooperation with Israel in protest to the closure of Palestinian universities.96 92 On the e?ect of history …” „… on Israel’s security conception, see e. g. Zuckermann, 2001. On the memory of the defeat at Masada …”

Victims nevermore S. 57-58

„… rest of the world have had a profound influence on Israel’s foreign policy and foreign behaviour. In …” „… . Israel’s perception has been that it can only stand a chance against its enemies if it can deter attacks to …” „… exclusively been based on hard power, whilst Israel has put no trust at all in its potential soft power to …”

The actors S. 87-88

„… Israel-EC relations, for their part.205 On total it has thus rather been concern with the EU’s stick than …” „… help to protect Israel in the event of an Iraqi attack: Shamir assails Levy’s remark, 1990. 205 …” „… 87 As a matter of fact, there have been other occasions where Levy’s interpretations of Israel’s …”

Levy’s perception of what was agreed upon with the EC in June S. 85-87

„… figure in Israel’s relations with the European Community, Primor himself, and most likely on other …” „… : HaTsofe, 2; Davar 1990, September 18. 199 Ahlswede, 1998v. On the e?ect of European sanctions on Israel in …” „… , did Israel turn the argument around, did Israel make its acceptance of a European role conditional on …”

The attitudinal prism S. 48-50

„… 48 From 1984 to 1988, Israel had a national unity government formed by a broad coalition centred on …” „… prism of the processors in Israel’s European policy system. We will instead concentrate on the images …” „… strong impact on Israel’s society, all the more since the Israeli elite continued to recruit itself from …”

Why has Israel been successful? S. 218-220

„… turning point: Israel’s restraint under attack from Iraq created a wave of sympathy in Europe which paved …” „… matter-of-fact understanding on Israel being an out-of-Europe, Middle Eastern country. This disparity has not …” „… 218 fested by the EU’s Essen summit acknowledging Israeli special status. More or less, Israel is …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 215-218

„… original aims at the outset of negotiations returns a somewhat mixed picture but on total Israel’s …” „… origin with Arab states however have remained unchanged, despite considerable e?ort on Israel’s part. The …” „… point, it fails to make Israel anything special amongst the Mediterranean non-member countries. On the …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… unprovoked attack on Lebanon and particularly by Israel’s arsenal of nuclear weapons that made Israel rather …” „… hopes crumble, witnessing that the “Israel lobby” was not even in a position to exert some leverage on …” „… ” – based on a sense of shared values and a perceived likeness. By the end of the eighties Israel’s image as …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… mit Israel, 1993. Rabin gets good start on EC deal, 1993. 425 [Die Beziehungen Israels zu Europa …” „… ; Shimon Shitreet in Three views on the future. 1992: How can Israel prepare?, 1990; [Die EG-Kommission hat …” „… capital. Restrictions on capital flows enabled Israel to have an independent monetary policy. In view of …”

Images – Israel’s self-perception S. 50-57

„… states refused the US overflight rights for its airlift to Israel when Israel was under attack during the …” „… . Its economy is the only highly developed one in the area, on par with West European economies. Israel …” „… contemporary Middle East. Israel is also unique inasmuch that – whilst other nation states developed on a …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… vague or not too hard on the EC.172 The EC-Israel Cooperation Council had been established by the 1975 …” „… about in the negotiations. See e. g. Kol Israel, 1991. 80 initiative was based on, and the EC would …” „… In fact, the connection between economic welfare in Arab societies on the one hand and Israel’s …”

Index S. 323-331

„… , 127, 128, 129, 218 EC-Israel Cooperation Council 67, 68, 79, 126, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 159, 176 …” „… , 90, 98 General Agreements on Tari? and Trade (GATT) 145, 164, 166, 193, 214 General Agreements on …” „… Morocco 33, 73, 107, 127, 216 Motor of Israel’s integration into the EU 184, 196, 199 Multilateral talks …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219189

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