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Bernd Kuzmits - Borders and Orders in Central Asia

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Bernd Kuzmits

Borders and Orders in Central Asia

Series: Weltregionen im Wandel

Volume 15 2013

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State and Nation Building in Tajikistan S. 140-146

„… state and nation building in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 4.4.3. State and Nation Building in Tajikistan …” „… . Governance is exercised mainly through informal channels and power building is prioritised over state …” „… politicised regional identities by building interests and capacities based on regional affiliations, but had …”

State and Nation Building in Afghanistan S. 130-136

„… returned home or has been resettled to third countries.125 4.4. The State of State and Nation Building …” „… building in the three countries since 2001 and their current state. 4.4.1. State and Nation Building in …” „… surrounding villages. 4.4.2. State and Nation Building in Central Asia The discussion of the state of state …”

State and Nation Building in Uzbekistan S. 146-153

„… the local ground. 4.4.4. State and Nation Building in Uzbekistan In neighbouring Uzbekistan, the …” „… consecutive terms only. Karimov relies heavily on security forces. Nominally, the state has the strongest …” „… of laws and decrees, Karimov introduced the State Control Committee under the President of the …”

State and Nation Building in Central Asia S. 136-140

„… surrounding villages. 4.4.2. State and Nation Building in Central Asia The discussion of the state of state …” „… historical identity. State building in Central Asia accompanied nationalisation buttressed by the …” „… and Pre-Soviet Legacies Another aspect of state building relates to the functional continuity of …”

State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border S. 98-103

„… logic, immigrants from beyond the river were resettled to southern provinces. 3.2.5. State Building …” „… pertaining to nationality, identity and ethnicity taboo (Mousavi 1997: 5). State building essentially …” „… ’ vigorous state and nation building was new in this region that had hardly known any national consciousness …”

Summary: Drivers of and Constraints on Cross-Border Interactions S. 338-346

„… Opportunity State/Nation Building Internal Sovereignty State Interdep. Sov. Border Management Tajikistan …” „… as a nation-building and state-building objective. In Uzbekistan, this strategy is compounded by a …” „… neighbours in opposing tracks of state building. The authoritarian Uzbek regime shows little willingness to …”

Summary: The Production of States and Borders S. 153-158

„… character of its military, policing, economic, and identity. In terms of coercion, Uzbek state building is …” „… state capacities have fallen short in building up capacities and have collided with the traditional …” „… . Furthermore, the worsened security situation beyond Kabul makes state-building endeavours even more …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-10

„… 2.3.3.2. Problems of State Building Outside the ‘Western World’ 45 2.3.3.3. Territoriality and the …” „… Independent Afghanistan 97 3.2.5. State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border 98 3.2.6 …” „… 110 4 State and Nation Building since 1991 113 4.1. ‘Who Are We – And If So, How Many?’ The Ethnic …”

Effects on Border Management S. 82-88

„… out a four-tier classification of border-control strategies that mirrors the degree of state building …” „… extractive strategies of state building are likely to deploy customs officials to the border before police …” „… state-building policies high boundary regime unilateral (non-cooperative) policing low ad hoc policing …”

Study Outline S. 21-24

„… Afghan wars and the impact of transborder war economies on borderlands and state building (Cramer and …” „… of borders, the interrelationship between cross-border interactions, state building and nation …” „… consolidation of the Soviet Union in conjunction with vigorous state-building endeavours including fortification …”

Borders, Orders and States S. 38-56

„… states that emerged immediately after the Cold War, state and nation building could hardly have been …” „… ). With regard to the latter, critics of the modernisation approach to external state building object that …” „… discourse that is directed towards neighbours (current nation-building processes). ? ... state formation …”

Bibliography S. 347-388

„… Ray Taras (eds.). New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations: 602–27. Atzili, Boaz …” „… . 353 Buisson, Antoine. 2007. State-Building, Power-Building and Political Legitimacy: The Case of …” „… Leviathan. Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge UP. Eschment, Beate …”

Summary: The State of Regionalism in Greater Central Asia S. 311-318

„… , geographical position and post-conflict state-building have compelled the regime to seek international and …” „… Afghanistan, however, regional cooperation is part and parcel of state-building efforts and not perceived as a …” „… crossing points. 6.5. Summary: The State of Regionalism in Greater Central Asia This depiction of …”

Summary S. 222-238

„… relations with key district-level state actors; building legitimacy with societal groups; deploying …” „… degree of state building). In none of the three countries is there something like a special borderland …” „… through Turkmenistan can be seen as part of a state-building project to avoid dependency on difficult …”

Why Study Borders? S. 15-21

„… nation building. The history of the state can be told on the basis of the same given narratives of …” „… . Yet to date, there has been no comprehensive study that links the state of state and nation building …” „… (2009) has added an outstanding work on border control as a (dys-)function of state building. There are …”

Borders as Markers of Sovereignty – the Power-related Narrative S. 319-326

„… 3). I then outlined the various roles of borders in state and nation building in the three countries …” „… state-building endeavours to the north of the river that included fortification measures. Translocal exchange …” „… state-building trajectories with alienating borderlands. Transborder relations began to have an official …”

Hypotheses on Drivers for Cross-Border Transactions S. 26-28

„… security discourse that is directed towards neighbours (current nation-building processes). ? ... state …” „… sovereignty and of borders as markers of sovereignty do not collide (state-building strategies). ? ... state …” „… degree of state building). ? ... transnational relations are not hostile, and trust and reciprocity …”

Regional Interdependence and Regional Cooperation S. 330-333

„… the scope of their power. The state- and nation-building aspect, however, is more valid for explaining …” „… 330 Despite differences in their state–border relationships, there is one commonality in the region …” „… democratic regime quality. The post-Soviet successor states are young political entities whose rulers …”

Borders as Markers of Identity S. 328-330

„… United States and Europe already promote the transit potential of the region and the building of …” „… state–border narratives. In Uzbekistan, borders are clear defining lines for the project of building a late …” „… them reluctant to self-constrain the scope of their power. The state- and nation-building aspect …”

The Degree of Regionalisation: Higher in the Mountains S. 333-338

„… nation-building, regionalism and geopolitical inclination compete with each other, while cycles of polarizing …” „… Central Asia. Nation-building processes are designed in dissociation from previous empires, e.g., Tsarist …” „… Russia and the Soviet Union, as a move towards psychological disintegration. Thus, nation building …”

Migration S. 128-130

„… third countries.125 4.4. The State of State and Nation Building Now that I have finished describing …” „… borderland region, I will next look at the development of state and nation building in the three countries …” „… since 2001 and their current state. 4.4.1. State and Nation Building in Afghanistan The military …”

Summary S. 110-112

„… inflexibility.96 In the following chapters, I will complete this rough picture of state building and the …” „… became a dividing line between two diverging state-building trajectories with borderlands that were …” „… party leader of the Kyrgyz SSR, Askar Akayev, was the only one to clearly state his opposition to the …”

Borders as Membranes – the Economic Narrative S. 326-328

„… ill-coordinated agencies operating at borders. From the state- and nation-building perspective of the Tajik regime …” „… United States and Europe already promote the transit potential of the region and the building of …” „… necessarily in the state’s interests to substantially tamper with current enforcement practices and alienate …”

‘Who Are We – And If So, How Many?’ The Ethnic Ascriptions of the Population S. 113-116

„… 113 4 State and Nation Building since 1991 When thinking about state and nation building, one first …” „… the state of state and nation building in the three countries under consideration. 4.2. New States …” „… three states since the early 1990s. 4.1. ‘Who Are We – And If So, How Many?’ The Ethnic Ascriptions of …”

New States and New Borders S. 116-120

„… building in the three countries under consideration. 4.2. New States and New Borders With the dissolution …” „… states, which posed some additional political challenges for the pending state-building processes. The …” „… towards the east, where the Tajik share increases. But now let us look at the state of state and nation …”

Producing and Reproducing Borders S. 30-38

„… crucial to peaceful state and nation building, i.e., the creation and maintenance of functioning state …” „… system. Borderlands can be margins if one takes a state-centred perspective. But, as this work will show …” „… state-oriented stances but move in different normative directions. Realists focus on the production of borders …”

The Bigger Players – USA, Russia and China S. 239-247

„… seen as free-riding on NATO-led state-building efforts (Norling 2008). In any case, relations between …” „… continues to follow the argumentation of the economic narrative of nation-building when maintaining that ‘it …” „… United States concentrated mainly on fostering intraregional trade in Central Asia and abandoned its …”

Between Uzbekistan (Surkhondaryo) and Tajikistan (RRS and Dushanbe) S. 165-176

„… would be able to see the tall building of the provincial administration (‘hokimiyat’) of Surkhondaryo in …” „… Afghan–Russian state enterprises, in which the Afghan side held 51% of the shares. The Afghan government has the …” „… each entry. One trader states that he paid a lump sum of USD 2,250 for a one-year multi-entry visa.172 …”

… between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 309-311

„… level, Uzbek–Afghan relations have lost steam. With the slow process of state-building and the …” „… assessments on the quality of border control by the Russian Federal Border Service, see chapter 4.4.3 State …” „… Afghanistan and ill-treatment at the five official border crossing points. 6.5. Summary: The State of …”

Research Objectives S. 25-26

„… these border sections not only as a function of state formation but also from the perspective of the …” „… and stability of inter-state and state–societal relations, especially in conflict-prone and landlocked …” „… gauges the quality of state sovereignty in these borderlands on the one hand and the potential for …”

Between Kulob (Khatlon Province, Tajikistan) and Takhar (Afghanistan) S. 206-211

„… 206 In the customs office building, people already know me, which could explain why I am not …” „… airport were repaired, and new prestigious buildings with fancy facades were built. The city received a …” „… transport’.257 He further announced the building of two more bridges to Afghanistan, in the Shurobad and …”

Adapting to the Multiplicity of Actors S. 257-259

„… building in border management and improved facilities and customs procedures are also a focus of EU funded …” „… Afghanistan), for capacity building for governance in provinces (Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund), for …” „… from member states, some of whom contribute troops to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF …”

Withdrawal from Afghanistan and Upheaval in Soviet Central Asia S. 107-110

„… rough picture of state building and the political and socioeconomic achievements since 1991 in …” „… the Geneva process of negotiations with Pakistan, the United States and the Afghan regime to reach a …” „… regime, citing the friendship treaties of 1921 and 1978. Nor did the United States stop its military …”

Regional Players S. 247-257

„… . Apart from the global players of the United States, Russia and China, but partly instrumentalised by …” „… for shipments to the Gulf States and Africa and Gwadar as the main port leading to India and Southeast …” „… geopolitical manoeuvring in the region. Given the United States’ goal of thwarting Iran’s energy exports …”

Failed States and War Economies S. 120-125

„… state-building processes. The border between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), based on …” „… the newly independent states, which posed some additional political challenges for the pending …” „… the state borders between the PRC and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, respectively. Border …”

Arrangements in the post-Soviet Realm S. 259-264

„… past, Dushanbe has also cultivated closer relations with the PRC, the United States, the EU and major …” „… of Uzbekistan’s President Karimov as oscillating mainly between Russia and the United States.332 But …” „… be accomplished in cooperation with the United States, the EU, Pakistan, India, Turkey or Iran …”

Between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 181-204

„… building, local private interests infiltrate state positions because official positions are regarded as a …” „… should contribute to ‘building trust and dialogue between the opposing border control agencies and …” „… have to add my name to three lists: one before entering the main building, one at customs and one at …”

From Shaartuz (Tajikistan) to Termez via the border post at Gulbakhor S. 176-180

„… chatter that he had been in the United States for training. For- 200 Conversation with Amanullo Valiev …” „… facilities are in much better shape. There is a spacious concrete building instead of small sheds. The border …” „… the building and to the barrier, I see one of the Tajik border guards, who had come over the …”

The Relevance of Borderlands… S. 56-67

„… political and societal relevance of borderlands and borders to state and nation building with the economic …” „… population experiences the quality of crossborder transactions and inter-state relations on a daily basis …” „… . Borderlands are also crucial in terms of a state’s objective of upholding the features of rule and control …”

Water and Energy Interdependence S. 264-270

„… upstream states acknowledge in principle that upstream storage is an economic service and that an exchange …” „… salinisation, especially in downstream states. Water scarcity in much of the region owes less to availability …” „… resources and impedes sustained capacity building. As in the past, all of the relevant structures of the …”

Externally Induced Regional Initiatives S. 276-281

„… project’s goals are assessing and monitoring links between environment and security, building capacity and …” „… financed by the European Union. Since 2004 financing has gradually been taken over by the member states to …” „… . It is paralleled in this endeavour by the United States International Narcotics and Law Enforcement …”

Boundary, Border or Frontier? S. 28-30

„… 28 interactions (internal sovereignty as an aspect of the degree of state building …” „… geographical relevance is the term ‘limit’, which denotes dividing lines between spaces in which states do not …” „… allocate maritime spaces to different coastal states has the advantage of taking into account the fact that …”

Cross-Border Interactions between Cooperation and Control S. 67-82

„… ., regular interactions across borders with at least one actor a non-state agent or not operating on behalf …” „… 1962). On the comparative macro-level, the assumption is that states that share borders tend to have a …” „… the relevance of borderlands ? ... borderlands are peripheral to the state centre, i.e …”

New States: Soviet Union and Independent Afghanistan S. 97-98

„… logic, immigrants from beyond the river were resettled to southern provinces. 3.2.5. State Building …” „… 97 lution in 1917 and the independence of Afghanistan in 1919. But its character and the states it …” „… separated continued to change several more times. 3.2.4. New States: Soviet Union and Independent …”

Geographical Context S. 89-91

„… independent. State and nation building since then will be covered in chapter 4. 3.1. Geographical Context …” „… borderlands – with the exception of Tajikistan’s Khatlon province – are cut off from their respective state’s …” „… look at the history of the region first. 3.2. History of States, Borders and Interactions on the Amu …”

Weak Political Orders – Strong Translocal Ties S. 93-95

„… state of war with one another. Closely knit economic and societal relations persisted across the river …” „… structures or building up an identity that would create a centripetal force.72 Thus the legitimacy to rule …” „… structure of the Afghan state, see Noelle (1998), Gregorian (1969) and Saikal (2004). On the Central Asian …”

Uzbek Interventions S. 125-128

„… highlights the various tendencies of post-conflict state building in Tajikistan (Torjesen and MacFarlane 2007 …” „… recruits from among refugees, diaspora or allied states. A perpetual momentum in which parties are never …” „… independence in September 2006, Tajik state television repeatedly showed a clip of Massoud and President Rahmon …”

Impediments to Enhanced Regional Trade? S. 290-305

„… and mobilisation and jeopardises state building, sustainability and security. It is therefore vital …” „… ideological competition’ (Mihalka 2007: 21). In this sense, the United States aims to exert influence on the …” „… concen-291 tration on trade between the Soviet successor states has greatly diminished. At the same time …”

Between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan S. 159-164

„… of state building and border production in the Amu Darya region, this chapter focuses on the …” „… attitudes. But first, it will cover the integration of borderlands into the contexts of the states under …” „… socioeconomic situation and take a look at the existence of special policies as indicators of state …”

Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space S. 272-276

„… Council of the Heads of Member States in 2002 defined its goals, principles and structure in a charter. In …” „… other states to share observer status, such as Mongolia (since 2004), India, Iran and Pakistan (all …” „… states and Afghanistan on combating terrorism, illicit drug trafficking and organised crime, the …”

… between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan S. 305-308

„… regime perceives the major Islamist threat to their state as being conveyed by intruders from …” „… abroad (Fumagalli 2007b: 239). There is no diaspora policy, nor is there a state institution that cares …” „… citizens in ‘their titular state’. In addition to nationalist sentiments and ethnic perceptions …”

… between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan S. 308-309

„… official political level, Uzbek–Afghan relations have lost steam. With the slow process of state-building …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845245362

Emir Suljagic - Ethnic Cleansing: Politics, Policy, Violence

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Emir Suljagic

Ethnic Cleansing: Politics, Policy, Violence

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 199 2010

Results in this title

Alternative Approach: Ethnic Cleansing as Function of State-building and State-Consolidation Policies S. 11-20

„… Function of State-building and State-Consolidation Policies None of the definitions above, however …” „… http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/history/facstaff/Ingrao/si/scholars.htm 17elites in the state-building project20 – on which there was consensus in the Serb elites and …” „… hypothesis that state-building is related to Serb ethnic cleansing campaign in two instrumental ways: as both …”

Movement Expansion and the Emergence of the State-building Project S. 71-74

„… 712.3. Movement Expansion and the Emergence of the State-building Project The idea of a …” „… at that time. There are several points of importance to the emergence of the state-building project …” „… Serb-nation state is very often traced back to Na?ertanije (literally – outline, plan), a program drafted by …”

Ordinary People and Extraordinary Crimes S. 96-102

„… 963.2. Conceptualization of Ethnic Cleansing as Policy of State-building In October 1998, as …” „… of state-building attempt in Yugoslav context but rather the sole feasible option available to …” „… state-building project which hinged on the assumption of political and military control and large-scale use of …”

Crisis Staffs in Power: Complete Control of All Aspects of Life S. 215-219

„… of the decision in question states that “arable land and building lots, forests and forestlands …” „… its contribution as the crucial link between state and society in the process. 8.3. Crisis Staffs in …” „… state: “Another activity that we undertook at that time was to set up a municipal Crisis Staff …”

Killings S. 172-175

„… administration. He states that they were “willing participants” and “would beat other detainees with or without …” „… the presence of other guards”495. He states that one of them was appointed and appeared head of the …” „… : 493 Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ministry of the Interior, Sector SDB (State Security Service …”

Yugoslavia into Serbia S. 76-90

„… chapter will demonstrate that the central policy of the Serb state-building project which emerged in the …” „… plainly partizan and ?etnik223 factions within the Serb approach to state building, the conduct and course …” „… of the state-building project. Paradoxically it seems that hardly anything else could reveal the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Approaches 13 1.1.1. Alternative Approach: Ethnic Cleansing as Function of State-building and …” „… 64 2.3. Movement Expansion and the Emergence of the State-building Project 71 2.4. Conclusion: State …” „… . Conceptualization of Ethnic Cleansing as Policy of State-building 96 3.2.1. Ordinary People and Extraordinary …”

The Growing Gap: Cultivating Difference to the Point of Escalation S. 237-244

„… 237life it took different forms, from state-sanctioned apartheid in Kosovo to incrementally but …” „… introduction of the state of emergency in Kosovo mostly as a result of March 1981 protests, Kosovo Albanians …” „… state of emergency in 1991, Kadriu was one of thousands of Albanians fired from the job: the Serb …”

The Three Serb States S. 90-96

„… 963.2. Conceptualization of Ethnic Cleansing as Policy of State-building In October 1998, as violence …” „… state-building attempt in Yugoslav context but rather the sole feasible option available to achieve the goals of …” „… state-building project which hinged on the assumption of political and military control and large-scale use of …”

Deportation/Resettlement – differentia specifica of Ethnic Cleansing S. 104-112

„… state-building is based on ethnic cleansing and whether assumption of power translates into large-scale murder …” „… . Deportation/resettlement has been part of state-building efforts in Europe, beginning with the organized exchanges of …” „… underlying state-building drive, perpetrators of ethnic cleansing would be content to see everyone just leave …”

Torture S. 165-170

„… specious charges of terrorism or some form of “anti-state activity”467 – only escalated with the beginning …” „… and its vicinity and imprisoned in Smrekovica – seems to have been less lucky. Hajredinaj states that …” „… 1992, having spent several days in detention in the primary school building in town. The trial was …”

Nationalism as a Form of Politics S. 20-26

„… worldwide inter-state wars, but rather as part of intra-state, state-building or state …” „… understand the movement essentially as “constantly kept in motion”31 – nationalist, state-building and …” „… theory offers is two-fold: it allows the analysis of ethnic cleansing as a function of state-building and …”

Conclusion: Ethnic cleansing – the policy of choice of Serb leadership S. 102-103

„… Serb leadership In summary, the nature of the Serb state-building campaign and the extent it relied on …” „… destruction of religious buildings is a war crime against civilians because of the way and circumstances in …” „… characteristic of the Army alone. Today it is present in politics, state organs and the economy.”302 In other …”

Co-optation of the Movement: The Party Shows the Way S. 64-71

„… . Movement Expansion and the Emergence of the State-building Project The idea of a Serb-nation state is very …” „… state, whereas the peak of Tanaskovi?’s expertise was to mock dietary requirements of Muslim recruits in …” „… rally – in the Assembly building of Vojvodina – was shut down. When protesters found a new source of …”

One State, One Camp-Network S. 151-163

„… remind of the central motive of ethnic cleansing – primary concern with state-building and implementation …” „… , because as shall be seen states/proto-states and authorities responsible for the operation of camps go to …” „… the camps could be qualified as small: the prisoners were held in school buildings, factory halls and …”

Crisis Staffs: Legal and Political Background S. 198-209

„… bringing about or building a state: a new state which bases its identity on radical severance of any and …” „… population that ethnic cleansing is in fact war: revolutionary, liberation or state-building. To succeed in …” „… destroying the existing state structures, but also building a new state and putting in place a structure …”

Ethnic Cleansing in Retrospect and Some Conclusions S. 259-266

„… analysis of ethnic cleansing as policy in the function of the (nation)state-building effort on the part of …” „… overall goal of state-building. And four and finally, to set the operation of ethnic cleansing in a local …” „… socialist states ethnic cleansing appeared to be viable policy option in former Yugoslavia for some, in this …”

Sources and Outline S. 38-40

„… associated with the Serb state-building campaign in the 1990s which provide a unique insight into the …” „… levels: a. ethnic cleansing in the function of state-building, state-consolidation and state …” „… the states of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1.5. Sources and Outline In the analysis of the …”

Intelligentsia Responds S. 52-64

„… state and party apparatus but Serbs were still overrepresented in both state apparatus and …” „… nings of the movement, they all agree that it was between 1981 and 1983. Bulatovi? states that the …” „… movement began to organize in June 1983 “And then at a meeting held in an old school building (…) of the …”

Conclusion: Murder for, in the Name of and by the State S. 148-150

„… section will focus on linking different organizations within the Serb state-building movement and …” „… Serb(ian) nation-and-state-building narrative as well as the fact that it already was part of Serbia make …” „… . 5.4. Conclusion: Murder for, in the Name of and by the State Before showing how each type of murder …”

Kosovo – Asanacija as Reason d’État S. 185-192

„… sanitary-technical measures taken in the field, inhabited places or buildings in order to remove anything conducive …” „… leadership of Serbia and Yugoslavia in March 1999. The report states that at the meeting held in Slobodan …” „… the meeting in Miloševi?’s office were made by General Radomir Markovi?, chief of the State Security …”

The Importance of the Local Community in Ethnic Cleansing: Degrees of Responsibility S. 248-253

„… the ground and building material removed and locations turned into garbage dumps. The author of the …” „… destruction of religious buildings was part and parcel of VRS units’ daily combat activities: “The mosques …” „… religious buildings is made not only because of their symbolic nature but because of their prominence in the …”

Srebrenica – Cconcealment and Destruction as Military Operation S. 177-185

„… in the narrative and interpretation of the community or state-as-it-used-to-be, concealment …” „… and state; only later – mostly in Srebrenica, in fact – it was motivated by fear of judicial …” „… removed together with corpses, old buildings torn down and/or re-constructed and refurbished with an eye …”

Conclusion: From Conflict to Cleansing – The Thin Red Line S. 40-41

„… levels: a. ethnic cleansing in the function of state-building, state-consolidation and state …” „… a Serb state in former Yugoslavia and b. centrality of ethnic cleansing policy in the implementation …” „… about a belated and fatal attempt to carve out a nation-state in the dying days of a multiethnic …”

Epilogue S. 267-268

„… exclude ethnic cleansing as an acceptable policy in pursuing state-building or state-consolidation. There …” „… seeking to build or consolidate an existing state – fall short of systematic and large scale violence. As …” „… . Depending on structural factors, both domestic and external, states may choose different measures with the …”

Ethnic Cleansing as Policy: Yugoslavia into a Common Serb State S. 31-34

„… parties” did not commit acts of violence in their own efforts at state-building, but because it argues …” „… : Yugoslavia into a Common Serb State This thesis is a study of a historical case of ethnic cleansing: the …” „… specific interaction between the Serb state, the Serb elites’ agenda within Yugoslavia and nationalist …”

Marginalizing the Other S. 120-123

„… , Bosniaks and Croats – was the true measure of the Serb state and proto-state structures. The new Serb …” „… land them outside the reach of Serb state/proto-state structures. The new authorities engaged in …” „… Serb state and proto-state structures took to ensure precisely that. It is the process here referred …”

Historical Background: Yugoslav Crisis and Serb Agenda S. 34-38

„… state-building campaign in the 1990s which provide a unique insight into the workings of ethnic cleansing. The …” „… 34ethnics” in another state.84 In other words, Serb campaign of ethnic cleansing should be viewed …” „… as policy and strategy used by Serbian state to “cleanse” minorities within the existing boundaries …”

Crossing the Boundary: Ethnic Cleansing Crossing Over into Genocide S. 145-148

„… different organizations within the Serb state-building movement and incidents of murder they have …” „… . Conclusion: Murder for, in the Name of and by the State Before showing how each type of murder that has been …” „… the process of fleeing so it is not capable of mounting any sustained challenges to the state of …”

Complicity and Responsibility S. 253-257

„… frequent occurrence, from Croatia to Kosovo. Ndrec Konaj states that a large convoy of Albanians from …” „… Radunovi?.”828. Josipovi? survived the ensuing detention in a school-building toilet and torture at the …” „… The Interior, Tuzla District Secretariat of The Interior, State Security Service Sector, No. 15-283 …”

General conditions S. 163-165

„… motive of ethnic cleansing – primary concern with state-building and implementation of conditions for …” „… of “anti-state activity”467 – only escalated with the beginning of wholesale ethnic cleansing of the …”

From Differing to Profiting: Serbs Take Advantage of Ethnic Cleansing S. 244-248

„… Kosovo it was an official policy of the state to arm the Serb and Montenegrin population and the …” „… Municipality of Sokolac782. But, while this could have been said to have been a state sanctioned and supervised …” „… implementation of regulations declaring all non-Serb property in Klju? Municipality and states: “For a long …”

Destruction of Documents, Revisionism and Denial S. 192-197

„… institutions of Serb states/proto-states engaged in activities aimed at destroying, tampering with or …” „… state/proto-state or one of its branches itself was involved in such activity. One of the startling revelations …” „… workers’ selfservice mess hall and food is prepared in the central mine building. A clinic is located in …”

Crisis Staffs: Mandate and Powers S. 209-215

„… how activities of Crisis Staffs related to the overall goal of building a Serb state in Bosnia and …” „… Municipality” of Bosanska Krupa on “the organization and manner of work under the conditions of state of war …” „… to state and private funds and goods. Seemingly paradoxically, the Crisis Staff was the body which …”

Establishing Political Domination S. 112-120

„… cleansing is so murderous because of its modern nature and the ability of modern state to mobilize …” „… when the state is bent on destroying an ethnic, religious, national or racial group in part or as a …” „… the moment when the perpetrators assume political control over a state, part of state or proto-state …”

The Starting Point: Political Support S. 229-237

„… Interventions in Revolutionary Situations”, Charles Bright and Susan Harding (Eds.), State-making and Social …” „… Kosovo before the ethnic cleansing, involving the head of the Serbian State Security Branch, Jovica …” „… . Kosovo Albanian journalist Baton Haxhiu stated that in October 1997 he was contacted by the State …”

Murder They Wrote S. 138-145

„… the state and the perpetrators – as there was not in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which …” „… full weight of the state of Serbia behind it. In addition, smallerscale murder is easier to conceal and …” „… December 1991 report of the JNA Military Police describes in detail the state and location of the victims …”

Murder of Opportunity: Vae victis S. 132-138

„… undermining the state-building effort itself? Part of the reason has been dealt with in Chapters 1 and 4 …” „… the usual and almost ritual humiliation. Thaqi states: “This policeman, whom I assumed to be the …” „… episodes. Because there was a direct link between the state and the perpetrators – as there was not in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226156

Theodor Hanf, Karim El Mufti - Policies and Politics of Teaching Religion

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Theodor Hanf (ed.), Karim El Mufti (ed.)

Policies and Politics of Teaching Religion

Series: Studien zu Ethnizität, Religion und Demokratie

Volume 16 2014

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Giuditta Fontana State-Building and Religious Educationin the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia S. 70-88

„… Identity-building is further problematised by the contested nature of the Macedonian state itself. Macedonia’s …” „… state-building and education policy in Macedonia. Beyond reforming the constitution, the agreement also tackled …” „… . State-Building and Religious Education in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 71 Religion, Identity and …”

Karim El Mufti Teaching Religion in a Multinational StateThe Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina S. 61-69

„… latter maneuver to impose a nationalist agenda. Seventeen years into an invasive state-building and …” „… Religion in a Multinational State. The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina 63 This forceful state-building slowed …” „… http://www.rferl.org/content/bosnian_court_rules_against_ethnic_segregation_schools/24565464. html State-Building and Religious Education in the Former Yugoslav Republic of …”

Annalena di Giovanni Capitalizing on Inequality?Religious Schools in Turkey and Israel S. 39-60

„… erected overnight on land owned by the state, municipality or individuals in defiance of the building …” „… State of Israel came into being in 1948 in part of what had been the British Mandate of Palestine. Both …” „… schooling for the assimilation of these values: most of the states now part of the European Union built …”

Rüdiger Blumör Madrasa Education in AfghanistanBetween Reform and Militancy S. 127-144

„… until the twentieth century. The first attempts to bring madrasas under state control were made during …” „… , the focus of discussion has been on the state control of religious education and the role of Islam in …” „… madrasas under state control. The government had no influence over most of the country’s madrasas. The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… MUFTI State-Building and Religious Education in the Former Yugoslav Republic 69 of Macedonia GIUDITTA …” „… ANNALENA DI GIOVANNI Teaching Religion in a Multinational State. The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina 61 KARIM EL …”

Shreya Parikh Policies and Politics of Teaching Religion in India S. 145-152

„… independence, the policies governing the relationship between religion and the state were never defined; it was …” „… state whose attitude to religion was neutral. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent …” „… India, set out to create a nation-state along the lines of modernization theory: by modernizing through …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845256542

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2008

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.)

OSCE Yearbook 2008

2009

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David Aprasidze State-Building and Democratization in Georgia: Have the Limits Been Reached? S. 63-74

„… 63 David Aprasidze State-Building and Democratization in Georgia: Have the Limits Been Reached …” „… conflict between state-building and democratization? Have the limits already been reached? This …” „… year. The conclusion asks about the limits of state-building and democratization in Georgia with the …”

Anna Kreikemeyer Preparing for the OSCE Chairmanship – CORE Training Courses and Capacity Building S. 353-360

„… . through capacity-building projects. The German government was one of the first OSCE participating States …” „… Building The Centre for OSCE Research (CORE) at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy …” „… research on the OSCE and other multilateral organizations with on-demand capacity building. CORE provides …”

Gabriel Leonte, Saba Nordström Promotion of Security and Co-operation through Water Management Activities S. 295-310

„… states into opportunities for confidence-building and co-operation. Joining the OSCE in the ENVSEC …” „… security issues to a higher level on national and international political agendas and aims at building …” „… upon by the 56 participating States. Its objective is to give political stimulus to the dialogue on …”

Frank Evers OSCE Co-operation with China: Relevance, Benefits, and Downsides S. 369-386

„… Relations Between CICA Member States (1999) and a CICA Catalogue of Confidence Building Measures (2004). As …” „… participating States were supportive of entering into a formal OSCE-China partnership but in 2005 conditions …” „… informally” discussed with participating States. Equally, China has taken no active steps to initiate …”

Solveig Richter How Effective Is the OSCE’s Promotion of Democracy? Analytical Considerations of the Effectiveness of the Long-Term Missions in South-Eastern Europe S. 191-208

„… the OSCE to support all its participating States as they move towards democracy. The signatories …” „… taken on by its successor states. Yugoslavia also began to implement democratic reforms, although these …” „… were to lead to the disintegration of the Yugoslav state and were abruptly ended by the outbreak of …”

Jan Kantorczyk, Walter Schweizer The OSCE Forum for Security Co-operation (FSC) – Stocktaking and Outlook S. 283-294

„… of the OSCE participating States meet weekly to negotiate and consult on concrete measures aimed at …” „… in the areas of arms control, disarmament, and confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs …” „… ). - Implementing the commitments entered into by the participating States within the FSC context, verifying …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Military Operation in South Ossetia 45 David Aprasidze State-Building and Democratization in Georgia …” „… Zagorski, Moscow State Institute for International Relations, Moscow Editor-in-Chief: Ursel Schlichting …” „… Stubb Preface by the Chairman-in-Office 9 Ursel Schlichting Foreword 13 I. States of Affairs …”

Abbreviations S. 427-432

„… CBMs Confidence-Building Measures CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CEDAW Convention on the …” „… Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia CICR Committees for Inter-Community …” „… Commonwealth of Independent States CLMN Constitutional Law on National Minorities (Croatia) CoE Council of …”

Marc Perrin de Brichambaut OSCE Engagement with Afghanistan S. 361-368

„… Madrid Meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Council in November 2007, OSCE participating States acknowledged …” „… participating States. This effort is not new; the OSCE has already provided support to Afghanistan in various …” „… States. On the basis of this positive experience, Afghanistan has requested OSCE assistance in border …”

Bernhard Knoll The Kosovo Status Process and the Prospect of Sovereignty S. 121-160

„… Law 2006, pp. 423-463, as well as Armin von Bogdandy et al., State-Building, Nation-Building, and …” „… “building blocks” of sovereignty see Note 133 below. 87 Cf. James Crawford, State Practice and …” „… meeting between Special Envoy Ahtisaari, Secretary of State Rice, and Under Secretary Nicholas Burns …”

P. Terrence Hopmann The Future Impact of the OSCE: Business as Usual or Revitalization? S. 75-90

„… breadth of mandate or the number of participating States of the Organization for Security and …” „… participation by all states located within its geographic region, and its enlargement did not require any …” „… state or government from all participating States was held in Istanbul in 1999; throughout the previous …”

Hansjörg Eiff The OSCE Mission to Georgia and the Status of South Ossetia S. 35-44

„… in August 2008 over the restoration of Georgian state authority in South Ossetia, the territory’s …” „… declaration of independence, and its recognition as a state by the Russian Federation mark the failure of …” „… : the reintegration into the Georgian state, on the one hand, and independence from Georgia and union …”

Vladimir F. Pryakhin Tajikistan and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: Global Problems through the Prism of a Single Country S. 239-252

„… regional cooperation, and building the institutions of a democratic, secular state were of paramount …” „… Europe: Global Problems through the Prism of a Single Country1 By accepting the states of Central …” „… return, and to help the fledgling independent Tajik state come into being. With the signing of the …”

Michael Merlingen, Manuel Mireanu, Elena B. Stavrevska The Current State of European Security S. 91-120

„… 91 Michael Merlingen/Manuel Mireanu/Elena B. Stavrevska The Current State of European Security …” „… to include non-military issues (environmental, economic, etc.) and non-state referent objects (e.g …” „… deepen and widen the traditional state-centric and military security agenda. Finally, RSCT is informed …”

OSCE Selected Bibliography 2007/2008 S. 411-426

„… Security-Building Measures in the OSCE Area, Vienna, 24 October 2007, Consolidated Summary, Vienna 2007, FSC.GAL …” „… Domestic Violence. A Handbook, [Tirana] 2008. OSCE, Presence in Albania, State Police Law, Tirana 2008 …” „… Participating States on the One-off Information Exchange with Regard to OSCE Principles on the Control of …”

Kilian Strauss Economic and Environmental Security Should Remain Key Components of the OSCE’s Core Mandate S. 311-324

„… post- Soviet area, the Organization has field operations in every state, allowing it to play an …” „… Organization is mostly active in the post- Soviet space, its 56 participating States include all countries in …” „… Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as the United States and Canada, making the OSCE the …”

Elena Kropatcheva Russia’s Response to Georgia’s Military Operation in South Ossetia S. 45-62

„… buildings were destroyed, and there were many victims among the civilian population. Russia sent troops in …” „… intentionally leave out the exact timelines of military actions, numbers of buildings destroyed, displaced …” „… had similar plans to attack Abkhazia. The State Duma and the Council of Federation voted to recognize …”

Sebastian Dworack Macedonia and Its OSCE Mission 2006-2008: Trouble Making the Grade S. 221-238

„… , the government of any participating State, or the OSCE Spillover Monitor Mission to Skopje. 2 …” „… cent. Public sector wages were also raised, in order to increase the spending power of state employees …” „… the clearest examples of this process concerned the rector of the State University of Tetovo, which …”

Alice Ackermann, Christian Loda The Closure and Restructuring of OSCE Field Operations: The Case of the OSCE Mission to Croatia S. 209-220

„… OSCE Secretariat or OSCE participating States. The authors would like to thank their colleagues John …” „… legislative changes, reviews of proceedings, and capacity-building activities. The Mission’s extensive …” „… Mission and the participating States. The first concrete steps towards downsizing the OSCE Mission to …”

Alexander Stubb Preface by the Chairman-in-Office S. 9-12

„… turning points in the history of the OSCE and the relations between our States. In 1975, the “spirit of …” „… Chairmanship with a sense of the past, a clear-eyed view of the state of affairs in the OSCE area, and an …” „… . I am glad that despite the diverging views of the participating States on the status of Kosovo, the …”

Eva Biaudet The OSCE’s Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings S. 263-282

„… Trafficking in Human Beings (hereafter “Action Plan”) in 2003, the participating States have made efforts to …” „… accomplish many of its recommendations. States have developed national action plans, established national …” „… . The OSCE commitments are politically binding on the participating States; they are “more than a …”

OSCE Conferences, Meetings, and Events 2007/2008 S. 407-410

„… (Budapest) 26 February SPMU, Police experts workshop on good practices in building police-public …” „… co-operation among member states of the OSCE to combat transnational organized crime, Vienna 17-18 April …” „… States, Vienna 8-11 July HCNM visits Moldova 9-11 July SPMU/OCEEA, Workshop on seizing, confiscating …”

S. Neil MacFarlane Frozen Conflicts in the Former Soviet Union – The Case of Georgia/South Ossetia S. 23-34

„… serious deterioration in Russia’s relations with the West in general, and the United States in particular …” „… conflicts emerged in the successor states. In 1988-89, war broke out in and around the Nagorno-Karabakh …” „… – players (e.g. the EU and the major Western European powers, and the United States) in the region and in …”

Margit Hellwig-Bötte Kazakhstan’s OSCE Chairmanship – The Road to Europe? S. 175-190

„… its disentanglement from the Soviet Union and transformation into an independent state. Since 1999 …” „… tolerant, multiethnic state with no significant interethnic conflicts. As it received the unreserved …” „… states with the exception of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, and Turkmenistan.7 It contains a list of …”

Julie Finley The United States View of the OSCE in 2007: Looking Back and Moving Forward on an Enduring Partnership S. 161-174

„… 161 Julie Finley The United States View of the OSCE in 2007: Looking Back and Moving Forward on …” „… an Enduring Partnership1 Introduction When United States President Gerald Ford signed the …” „… the time of the CSCE’s inception, the United States’ view of the Conference was at once optimistic and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213866

Marie-Sophie Borchelt Camêlo, Aziz Elmuradov - Shifting Security and Power Constellations in Central Asia and the Caucasus

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Marie-Sophie Borchelt Camêlo (ed.), Aziz Elmuradov (ed.)

Shifting Security and Power Constellations in Central Asia and the Caucasus

Series: Transformation, Development, and Regionalization in Greater Asia

Volume 17 2024

Results in this title

Akram Umarov Governance problems in Kyrgyzstan: rentier state and building resilience (1991-2018) S. 91-122

„… Governance problems in Kyrgyzstan:rentier state and building resilience (1991-2018)Akram Umarov1 …” „… State Building in Sub-SaharanAfrica.” Working Paper. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.NRGI …” „… the USSR, the establishment of a new state, the ruptureof traditional economic and trade relations …”

Edward Lemon, Bradley Jardine Parallel Order Building: China’s Changing Role in Central Asia’s Security S. 41-66

„… Building53into offering bespoke courses with specified Central Asian partner states,for instance a “Belt …” „… Parallel Order Building:China’s Changing Role in Central Asia’s SecurityEdward Lemon1 and Bradley …” „… reinforce‐ment.17Security Cooperation, Training, and Capacity BuildingRussia and Russian-led organizations, such …”

Farkhad Tolipov The Strategic Stalemate in War Waging and the Conceptual Conundrum of Peacemaking in Afghanistan S. 67-90

„… living in.Therefore, peace-building ought primarily to take the form of state-building. It is the case in …” „… as Afghanistan needs state-building even more urgently thanother non-democratic but stronger states …” „… description of the difference betweenbig wars between states and guerilla warfare. He points to the …”

Marie-Sophie Borchelt Camêlo, Aziz Elmuradov Introduction: Shifting Security and Power Constellations in Central Asia and the Caucasus S. 9-16

„… concen‐trated around central and prominent themes such as post-Soviet transition,state- and nation-building …” „… Kyrgyzstan as arentier state, the destructive role of internal security services in the contextof democratic …” „… current state of security andpower constellations in Central Asia and the Caucasus and their …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… problems in Kyrgyzstan:rentier state and building resilience (1991-2018) 91Aliia MaralbaevaE-justice and …” „… JardineParallel Order Building:China’s Changing Role in Central Asia’s Security 41Farkhad TolipovThe Strategic …”

Aijan Sharshenova Polity Diffusion and Regime Security in Central Asia S. 17-40

„… tribes(Collins 2006), were viewed as detrimental to initial state consolidation anddemocracy building.Early …” „… to,governance structures, state–society relations, geopolitical influences, andsocioeconomic …” „… strength, the state’s coercive capacity, and statecontrol over wealth.Autocracy promotion is another large …”

Aliia Maralbaeva E-justice and Cyber Security: Balancing between Openness of the Courts and Data Protection in Kyrgyzstan S. 123-150

„… guaranteed access to information under the juris‐diction of state bodies, local self-government bodies, and …” „… a method of governing, administration, and management bythe state that allows citizens control of …” „… state’sobligation to generate information and make it available to citizens in amanner that allows for broad access …”

Shalva Dzebisashvili, Lia Evoyan Why New Democrats Fail: Preserving the Old Role of Siloviki in Armenia S. 151-188

„… Evoyan2IntroductionThe phenomenon of hybrid regimes, or states that are unable to completethe democratic …” „… Sciences, University of Georgia.2 PhD candidate, Faculty of Oriental Studies, Yerevan State University.151 …” „… pretty much in the oldSoviet manner of the all-encompassing police state.Methodology and structureSince …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748918271

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