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Michael Lysander Fremuth, Jörn Griebel, Robert Heinsch - Natural Resources and International Law – Developments and Challenges

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Michael Lysander Fremuth (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Robert Heinsch (ed.)

Natural Resources and International Law – Developments and Challenges

2021

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Heike Krieger, Jonas Püschmann Securing of Resources as a Valid Reason for Using Force? A Pre-Emptive Defence of the Prohibition on the Use of Force S. 27-56

„… on the Use of Force1 Heike Krieger* and Jonas Püschmann** Abstract A growing demand for natural …” „… claims lack a normative foundation in the current framework of the prohibition of the use of force …” „… other means than the use of force. The international community, therefore, must oppose claims that may …”

Steven Freeland Crimes against the Environment? The Deliberate Destruction of the Natural Environment and Natural Resources during War S. 197-220

„… for cover and sustenance, through the use of chemicals such as Agent Orange.1 ii) Few can forget the …” „… retreating Iraqi forces towards the end of the Gulf War in 1991, and the emptying of millions of barrels of …” „… swamp areas: Yuzon, Deliberate Environmental Modification Through the Use of Chemical and Biological …”

Michael Lysander Fremuth Resource Mining and Human Rights S. 145-196

„… lead to forceful evictions and dispossessions, often accompanied by the use of excessive force …” „… deprivation of land, the excessive use of force of security personnel or the persecution of trade unionists …” „… interests. Finally, the exploitation and the use of natural resources can come into conflict with the ideas …”

Nico Schrijver Integrating Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources into International Mining Law S. 75-92

„… incomplete and inadequate to guarantee a prudent and rational use and exploitation of the mineral resources …” „… use and conservation of mineral resources, including in international economic law, law of the sea …” „… June 1995, entered into force 28 February 1998; 2029 UNTS 207. Integrating Sustainable Management of …”

Irmgard Marboe Space Resources and Property Rights – Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches S. 231-256

„… different options and show that innovative solutions are necessary to balance the right to the free use of …” „… the exploration and use of outer space was closely followed by the development of international legal …” „… UNCOP- UOS to “study and report on the legal problems which may arise from the exploration and use of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… of the Prohibition on the Use of Force 27 Heike Krieger and Jonas Püschmann Natural Resources in …” „… Charlotte Kreuter-Kirchhof Securing of Resources as a Valid Reason for Using Force? A Pre- Emptive Defence …” „… Michael Lysander Fremuth | Jörn Griebel Robert Heinsch (eds.) A Liber Amicorum in Honour of …”

Thilo Marauhn, Barry de Vries Natural Resources in Times of Occupation S. 57-74

„… discusses the use of natural resources in times of occupation. It builds on the examples of the Palestinian …” „… the use of natural resources in times of occupation go back to 1907, forming part of the Reg- 1 See …” „… property.22 The Hague Regulations provide for broader powers over the disposal and use of publicly owned …”

August Reinisch Resources and Investment – Understanding and Misunderstanding the Friction between the Right to Regulate and Investor Protection S. 273-290

„… decisions of whether, how and which resources to actually use, where frictions between investors and states …” „… , entered into force 19 December 2004 (“Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 4 of this Article, each …” „… apply to investments made prior to its entry into force by nationals or companies of either Contracting …”

Marc Bungenberg Natural Resources and Investment Law, in particular Investor-State Contracts S. 257-272

„… incorporated, i.e., with respect to nationalisation and compensation the use of the rules in force in the …” „… elements and the growing importance of PSNR (III.1.). Furthermore, the use of different types of contracts …” „… Regulations in force on the date of execution of the agreement of amendment by which this paragraph 2 was …”

Leopold von Carlowitz Extractives for Development: Orientation and Activities of German Development Cooperation in the Mining Sector S. 93-124

„… is transfer pricing inside multinational companies. They use methods of pricing transactions between …” „… 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the UN is a global action plan that entered into force in …” „… intend to achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources (target 12.2). And …”

Christian J. Tams Authority over Natural Resources: No End of Geography S. 307-320

„… move from “freedom of fishing to sustainable use”,36 the express recognition of each and every State’s …” „… Authority over Natural Resources: No End of Geography Christian J. Tams* Abstract This chapter …” „… assumptions informing them, it makes three points. First, it notes the diversity and fragmentation of the …”

Manjiao Chi Reforming International Investment Treaties for an Equitable Natural Resource-Related Investment Governance Regime S. 291-306

„… Linked to Use of Natural Resources, available under: https://reliefweb.int /report/world/40 …” „… control and use natural 17 See Tienhaara, Regulatory Chill and the Threat of Arbitration: A View from …” „… Governance Regime Manjiao Chi* Abstract Natural resource-related investments are a major form of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748929765

Stewart M. Patrick - The Sovereignty Wars

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Stewart M. Patrick

The Sovereignty Wars

2017

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Don't Fence Me In: The Use of Force, Arms Control, and U.S. National Security S. 142-171

doi.org/10.5771/9780815731603

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Stewart Patrick

The Sovereignty Wars

2019

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Don't Fence Me In: The Use of Force, Arms Control, and U.S. National Security S. 142-171

doi.org/10.5771/9780815737827

Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Hans-Peter Gasser, Thilo Marauhn, Natalino Ronzitti - Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

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Andreas Fischer-Lescano (ed.), Hans-Peter Gasser (ed.), Thilo Marauhn (ed.), Natalino Ronzitti (ed.)

Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

2008

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Mary Ellen O’Connell Defending the Law against Preemptive Force S. 249-260

„… law in his assessment: the United Nations Charter, a treaty, generally prohibits the use of force by …” „… National Security Strategy.6 Professor Michael Bothe wrote then that the preemptive use of force was …” „… challenging times. This essay looks at the Charter’s prohibition on the use of preemptive force, the Bush …”

Marco Sassòli Human Shields and International Humanitarian Law S. 579-590

„… prohibited to use human beings for this purpose, since the use of civilian objects to shield combatants or …” „… International Law 122 at 123; U.S. Air Force Pamphlet 110-34, 25 July 1980, Commander’s Handbook on the Law of …” „… Law of War” (1990) 32 The Air Force Law Review 1, at 149-168 with further references; Kenneth …”

Gerhard Hafner The ECHR torn between the United Nations and the States: The Behrami and Saramati Case S. 115-134

„… in matters of international organizations, be it for instance the ICJ in the Legality of Use of Force …” „… of the UN Security Council to Authorize the Use of Force by “Coalitions of the Able and Willing”, in …” „… to international organizations or, at least, 6 See the cases concerning Legality of Use of Force …”

Yoram Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict S. 387-402

„… failing to make use of the plenitude of its powers under the laws in force (except in respect of the …” „… by its use (or abuse) of powers available under the laws in force. These controversies would relate …” „… forces/administration/establishments/lines of communication (see comment on the fourth sentence). The third Geneva exception is the need "to …”

Alain Pellet Le recours à la force, le droit et la légitimité – Notes sur les problèmes posés par le principe de l’interdiction du recours à la force armée en cas de carence du Conseil de sécurité S. 261-280

„… , pp. 16-35 ; « The Rise and Fall of the UN Charter’s Use of Force Rules », Hastings Internl. and Comp …” „… (R.C.A.D.I. – colloques) ; contra : A. Pellet, ibid. V. les analyses de Marcelo G. Kohen, « The Use of Force …” „… States and the Humanitarian Use of Force in the Post-Cold War Era », ibid., pp. 232-263. 5 Cf. Louis …”

Friedhelm Krüger-Sprengel Das rechtliche Fundament Nicht-Letaler Waffen (NLW) S. 477-492

„… possible...that would allow for a differentiated use of force...These should include the development of non-lethal …” „… einschlägige Text der UN Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials (1990 …” „… Declarations of State Parties on equipment and training of their armed forces regarding NLW Use of lethal …”

David P. Forsythe The United States and International Humanitarian Law S. 421-428

„… Administration seemed to keep certain coercive options open. It did not renounce the use of forced …” „… to use the new emblem, to be recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross, to join the …” „… 1999, for example, there was debate about the wisdom and legality of U.S. attacks on such “dual use …”

Natalino Ronzitti The Proliferation Security Initiative and International Law S. 281-296

„… reprisals is prohibited. As far as use of force is concerned, the Chicago Convention is no longer a …” „… violation of such a duty cannot justify resort to measures forbidden under a) and the use of forceful …” „… is represented by Article 50 of the ILC Draft, which forbids countermeasures entailing the use of …”

Sabine Schlemmer-Schulte Sovereign Debt: The Argentine Bonds Case S. 985-1030

„… had subjected Germany to payment of reparations for the losses incurred by the Allied forces during …” „… by Use of Common-Law Spirit. Schlemmer-Schulte 988 international law and subjects itself …” „… , this use of discretionary power of a sovereign over monetary matters would, in the absence of an …”

Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Danio Campanelli The United Nations Compensation Commission: Time for an Assessment? S. 13-30

„… duty to compensate damage caused by the violation of the prohibition of the use of force”6. In …” „… of the use of force” and thus “other basis for compensation which may also exist [were] not relevant …” „… occupation of Kuwait and subsequently organizing an unprecedented military operation to force Iraqi troops …”

Daniel-Erasmus Khan At the Edge of an „Inadvertent War“ – The 2007 British-Iranian Incident in the Shatt-al-Arab Annotated S. 155-168

„… Whether or not a State victim of a smaller-scale use of force „short of an armed attack“ is entitled to …” „… (24 September 2007), 1f. Khan 152 general rule, the use of inaccurate cartographic …” „… At the Edge of an “Inadvertent War” The 2007 British-Iranian Incident in the Shatt-al-Arab …”

Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities: Two Supplementing or Mutually Excluding Legal Paradigms? S. 403-420

„… military operations in various scenarios. Some have even suggested that a ‘unified use of force rule’ had …” „… Unified Use of Force Rule in the Law of Armed Conflict’, 64 Saskatchewan Law Review (2001), 347- 396; see …” „… ). While there are no simple scenarios and it might not be helpful to propose a ‘unified use of force rule …”

Yves Sandoz Mondialisation, société civile et action humanitaire S. 563-578

„… , Jules and Ratner, Michael, « Bypassing the Security Council : Ambiguous Authorizations to Use Force …” „… : International Law in the Era of Globalization », Revue suisse de droit international et de droit européen, No.l …” „… contextes où des forces armées sont déployées sans commandement strict et rigoureux. Comment éviter que la …”

Hanspeter Neuhold The International Community and „Rogue States“ S. 227-248

„… international law, above all the prohibition of the threat or use of force, arms control and disarmament …” „… hitherto friendly countries, to the use of armed force without the authorisation or with insufficient …” „… willing states made use of the authorisation and quickly drove out the Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The …”

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare S. 439-456

„… is subject to the limitations imposed by the UN Charter on all use of force”.17 Therefore, in “a …” „… the prohibition of the use of force is an integral part of the UN system of collective security.26 If …” „… decide to take countermeasures involving the use of force. III. Area of Naval Warfare and Regions of …”

Thilo Marauhn The Silent Thread: Explosive Remnants of War S. 205-216

„… of weapons, effects activated during armed conflict. To give an example, the war-fighting use of …” „… on use”, Yearbook of international humanitarian law, vol. 7, 2006, 191-232. 3 Unless it can be …” „… this regard and thus establishes a lower threshold – but only addressing “active” use of the …”

Christian Tomuschat Pacta sunt servanda S. 1059-1078

„… the requisite standards their own armed forces or their own civilians will also be deprived of the …” „… treaties follows a different logic, the logic of constitutionalism. As a consequence, the binding force of …” „… repression against any left wing forces. These grave violations of the ICCPR could be denounced under the …”

Heike Spieker The Conduct of Hostilities and the Protection of the Environment S. 753-780

„… binding force of these provisions, both in state practice as in academia, the international community’s …” „… Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 10 …” „… environment. In this category, the damage to the natural environment is a consequence of the use of means and …”

Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov The End of Contractual Disarmament? S. 345-350

„… colleagues in international legal profession that the 1925 The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War …” „… by the use of chemical weapons during the first World War. It would not be too much of a stretch to …” „… the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical …”

Lothar Brock Von der „humanitären Intervention“ zur „Responsibility to Protect“ – Kriegserfahrung und Völkerrechtsentwicklung seit dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts S. 31-44

„… Bothe, Mary Ellen O’Connell, Natalino Ronzitti (Hrsg.): Redefining Sovereignty. The Use of Force after …” „… NATO’s use of force against Yugoslavia undermined that state’s sovereignty and perhaps the sovereignty …” „… restraints on the use of force were weakened.”18 Diese Beobachtung korrespondiert mit dem zweiten Aspekt …”

Bibliographie Michael Bothe S. 1265-1290

„… Implementation, S. 1-16. • Redefining Sovereignty. The Use of Force after the Cold War (Hrsg. mit Mary Ellen …” „… : Report from Rome on Redefining Sovereignty: The Use of Force After the End of the Cold War: New Options …” „… Redefining Sovereignty: The Use of Force After the End of the Cold War: New Options, Lawful and Legitimate …”

Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission: An Awakening Beauty? S. 493-504

„… (especially instruction to the armed forces), translation of relevant international instruments, training of …” „… qualified personnel, appointment of legal advisers in armed forces, establishment of national committees on …” „… subjects, above all by members of their armed forces. As in case of individual responsibility, it is an ex …”

Georges Abi-Saab Whatever happened to Article 19? S. 831-850

„… precedent of the tripartite blockade of Venezuela’s ports in 1902), prohibiting the use of force to collect …” „… self-determination and the prohibition of the use of force and of institutionalized racial discrimination. However …” „… immediate end to them, though none of these resolutions authorized the use of force. 33 Commentary, art …”

Stefan Oeter Das militärische Vorgehen gegenüber bewaffneten Widerstandskämpfern in besetzten Gebieten und internen Konflikten – „Direct participation in hostilities“ und der Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung S. 515-534

„… Vgl. nur die Kritik durch Georg Nolte, Preventive Use of Force and Preventive Kiillings: Moves into a …” „… 41 Vgl. insoweit Parameswaran (Anm.33), S.141 ff.; Kenneth Watkin, Controlling the Use of Force: A …” „… personnel and equipment of the enemy armed forces“,20 schließt also jede unmittelbar gegen die gegnerische …”

Sabine von Schorlemer “Women in Progress?” The Relevance of Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) S. 1155-1170

„… military decision-making about the use (or non-use) of force. Thus, masculinist ways of thinking …” „… Council members may make use of SC Res. 1325 (2000) when within their national interests, leaving the …” „… specific needs of diverse target groups. Military and security forces as well as leaders at both the local …”

Ulrich Beyerlin Gedanken zur ethischen Fundierung internationaler Umweltschutznormen am Beispiel des Konzepts „nachhaltige Entwicklung“ S. 591-606

„… Entwicklung” aus. 55 Vgl. Beyerlin (Anm. 53), S. 121. 56 Vgl. U. Beyerlin, Sustainable Use of Natural …” „… Generationen gegen vergangenes koloniales Unrecht aus. Beyerlin 594 force of ideological …” „… Umweltschutzübereinkommen von „nachhaltiger Entwicklung“ bzw. „nachhaltiger Nutzung“ („sustainable use“) die Rede ist, was …”

Allan Rosas EU Primary Law as Substantive Law S. 969-984

„… enter into force, mainly because of the negative outcomes of referendums in France and the Netherlands …” „… 48 TEU, amendments of the "Treaties on which the Union is founded" shall enter into force after …” „… freedoms and his or her citizen rights also against his or her own State in cases where the use of free …”

Theodor Schweisfurth The United Nation's Peacebuilding Commission's First Year S. 309-344

„… such as reintegration of ex-combatants. Use of Fund resources is meant to have a catalytic effect in …” „… . The President's flight indicated the collapse of the coalition Government; the armed forces seized …” „… Hutu-People-National Liberation Forces (PALIPEHUTU-FNL) were not part of the Arusha peace process. Therefore, the …”

Henri Smets Rights and duties associated with the right to water S. 723-734

„… . Smets 712 nents of this right are in force and this has led to better access to water and sanitation.5 …” „… includes the following provision: “In the framework of laws, regulations and established rights, the use of …” „… of the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, the Aarhus …”

Rainer Hofmann International Protection of Human Rights and International Territorial Administration: A Legal Black Hole S. 135-154

„… Nations Forces, in: Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. IV, 2000, 1106. See …” „… conditions, German military and police forces are allowed, from a German constitutional law point of view …” „… victims of alleged human rights violations committed by members of such German forces would be left …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209593

Daniel Heck - Grenzen der Privatisierung militärischer Aufgaben

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Daniel Heck

Grenzen der Privatisierung militärischer Aufgaben

Series: Völkerrecht und Außenpolitik

Volume 82 2010

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English Summary S. 225-234

„… use of forceand a similar concentration of legitimate use of force is not inherent to the existenceof …” „… order as well as does private use of force.Nevertheless, state organs are established in order to …” „… monopoly generally prohibitingprivate use of force. In reality, states have not strictly monopolized the …”

Das völkerrechtliche Gewaltverbot S. 164-171

„… involve a threat or use of force.“Hierauf hat auch der Internationale Gerichtshof in seinem …” „… the Charter System, in: ders.(Hrsg.), The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, 1986, S. 506 f …” „… on the Use of Force: A Methodological Debate, EJIL 16 (2005),803.35 S. etwa A. Verdross/B. Simma …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 235-264

„… Use of Force, Genf 2007 [http://se2.dcaf.ch/serviceengine/Files/DCAF/44610 …” „… Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford 1963.–, The History of State Responsibility, in: Gutiérrez …” „… Criminals, ZaöRV 40 (1980), 1–30.– (Hrsg.), The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Dordrecht u.a …”

Spezielle völkerrechtliche Vorschriften zur Einhegung privater Gewalt S. 171-174

„… -2.69 S. S. V. Percy, The Security Council and the Use of Private Force, in: V. Lowe u.a. (Hrsg.),The …” „… , Fn. 8).71 S. V. Percy, The Security Council and the Use of Private Force, in: V. Lowe u.a. (Hrsg …” „… Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, UN/GA-Res. A/Res/44/34 …”

Die Entstehung des Marktes für private Militärunternehmen S. 34-39

„… Force, 2005, S. 30 f.; E. Krahmann, States, Citizens and thePrivatization of Security, 2010, S. 8 ff.15 …” „… Zum Folgenden H. M. Howe, Private security forces and African stability: the case of Executive …” „… Question of Facts – The Legal Use of Private Security Firms in Bosnia,Colum. J. Transnat´l L. 38 (2000 …”

Der derzeitige Markt für private Militärunternehmen S. 39-43

„… Defense´s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background, Analysis, and Options for …” „… Defense´s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background, Analysis, and Options for …” „… Research Service, The Department of Defense´s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan …”

Auswirkungen und Probleme des Einsatzes privater Militärunternehmen S. 48-51

„… , Neuauflage, 2008, S. 165.96 Congressional Research Service, The Department of Defense´s Use of Private …” „… , Citizens and the Privatization of Security, 2010, S. 220 ff.93 B. Debusmann, In outsourced U.S. wars …” „… 0318650320070703?sp=true; E. Krahmann, States, Citizens and the Privatization of Security, 2010, S. 46, 204 nennt …”

Historische Einleitung S. 31-34

„… . Weigelt/F. Märker, Who is Responsible? The Use ofPMCs in Armed Conflict and International Law, in: Th …” „… Force, 2005, S. 30 f.; E. Krahmann, States, Citizens and thePrivatization of Security, 2010, S. 8 ff.15 …” „… Ausführlich C. Lehnardt, Individual Liability of Private Military Personnel under InternationalCriminal Law …”

Begriffsbestimmungen S. 21-29

„… is common sense that the control, sanctioning, and use of violence fall to states. Weber´sdefinition …” „… , http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/timothy-garton-ash-a-moment-that-will-define-the-21st-century-669106.html: „If the fall of the Berlin Wall was the true end of the short20th …” „… century, there is a good case for arguing that the demolition of the World Trade Centrewas the true …”

Historische Einleitung S. 159-164

„… auch I. Brownlie, International Lawand the Use of Force by States, 1963, S. 16 ff.; A. Bleckmann …” „… . Kaldor, New & Old Wars, 2. Aufl., 2007, S. 19 f. Vgl. zudem M. vanCreveld, The Transformation of War …” „… , 1991, S. 38 ff., 51; dens., The Rise and Decline of theState, 1999, S. 160 ff.; W. Reinhard, Geschichte …”

Internationale bewaffnete Konflikte S. 51-69

„… . Voyame, The Notion of ‘Direct Participation in Hostilities’ and Its Implications on the Use of Private …” „… Defense´s Use of Private Security Contractors in Iraq andAfghanistan: Background, Analysis, and Options for …” „… the Use of Private Contractors under International Humanitarian Law, in: Th. Jäger/G.Kümmel (Hrsg …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227139

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