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Dirk Ehlers, Henning Glaser, Kittisak Prokati - Constitutionalism and Good Governance

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Dirk Ehlers (ed.), Henning Glaser (ed.), Kittisak Prokati (ed.)

Constitutionalism and Good Governance

Series: CPG Series of Comparative Constitutional Law, Politics and Governance

Volume 1 2014

Results in this title

Son Soubert Cambodia and the ASEAN: Which Choice Between the Regional and Global Powers? S. 207-216

„… Cambodia and the ASEAN: Which Choice Between the Regional and Global Powers? Son Soubert …” „… Vietnam, the USA had to ensure that the vacuum left by their departure would be filled by a regional power …” „… : Which Choice Between the Regional and Global Powers? 211 bodia to resort to the International Court of …”

Andreas Føllesdal Federalism and Human Rights in Nepal’s Constitutional Design: Challenges for the Judiciary S. 195-206

„… with centralized power. The only difference is that domination is now perpetrated by a regional …” „… centres of power, central as well as regional. Works cited Althusius, Johannes, Politica Methodice Digesta …” „… and castes. Calls for federalism expressed a call that the central powers must be constrained or even …”

Henning Glaser Multiple Constitutionalizations – ‘Constitutionalism and Good Governance in European-Asian Perspectives’ S. 11-62

„… approved, producing recurring patterns in the production of an epistemic “power-knowledge” (Foucault) which …” „… basis of its inherent appeal but also as a result of power-related discourses dominated by the West and …” „… tendency of juridification of political power and legal shaping of constitu- 13 tional regimes, and, second …”

Bodo Pieroth The Notion of the “Rule of Law” and its Development in German Constitutional History S. 105-126

„… especially important role. They constitute the framework that enable the separation of powers to be realized …” „… . 244 f. Bodo Pieroth 110 deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”18 This …” „… . The need for a constitution and the imposition of constraints on the power of the state as the means …”

Boonsri Mewongukote Constitutionalism in Thailand: Problems and Perspectives S. 217-242

„… as “the old power”, has led to another coup d’état, the ultima ratio of the Thai politics. After the …” „… promulgation of the current Constitution the ousted old power resumed to get majority in the Parliament through …” „… power were disqualified by the Constitutional Court. The coalition government was then spluttered and …”

Robert Esser Constitutionalization and Rights of Freedom: Implementing International Human Rights Standards as a Contribution to the Constitutionalization of National Criminal Law S. 281-302

„… the Basic Law stipulates the (concurrent) legislative powers of the Federation for criminal law …” „… apply to a company which lacks the power to act in the criminal sense. As the principle of guilt is …” „… Law, as the ECtHR only has judicial power. In contrast to the institutions of the European Union, the …”

Dirk Ehlers Federalism and Decentralization S. 183-194

„… separation of powers in the sense of checks and balances1 is the division of the federal state into …” „… occurrence of abuse of power as well as offences against the rule of law.3 A division of the federal state …” „… between central and each states’ power Mc- Culluc v. Marylan, 17 U.S. (4 wheat.) 316 (1819). 2 To impact …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Føllesdal Cambodia and the ASEAN: Which Choice Between the Regional and Global Powers? 207 Son Soubert …” „… making and design of constitutions, the effect and emergence of regional governance in Asia and Europe …”

Albert H.Y. Chen Western Constitutionalism in Southeast Asia: Some Historical and Comparative Observations S. 63-80

„… , apparently with the aim of re-centralizing power that had been acquired by regional authorities. Sources of …” „… regulate the exercise of political power by means of such rules. As in the case of the rule of law …” „… become power holders, and really regulate the exercise of power and the relationship between power …”

Björn Dressel Transformation of Constitutionalism in Asia: The Role of the Judiciary S. 369-392

„… Expansion of Judicial Power, 1995; Epp, The Rights Revolution, 1998; Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges …” „… social control, enhance legitimacy, and ensure credible policy. In both cases, a regional discourse about …” „… process by which power is exercised in a polity, and judicialization refers to the process through which …”

Ingwer Ebsen Democracy and Majority Rule S. 163-182

„… give any one person as such more political power than others, i.e. irrespective of an office that is …” „… equality in principle in terms of political power – based on the same suffrage. It is perhaps a bit of an …” „… . As we know that conflicts of group interests and power competition are inevitable in human societies …”

Jörg Menzel Constitutionalism as Development S. 81-104

„… only followed in some parts. Obviously one can have a formal separation of power with an executive …” „… of many in their own spheres of power. Economic development, properly defined, needs to take into …” „… ) separation of powers and limitation of government and mostly provide for some kind of elected or semielected …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845237558

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Henning Riecke (ed.)

Partners for Stability

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2013

Results in this title

Șaban Kardaș Turkey’s Regional Approach in Afghanistan: A Civilian Power in Action S. 251-266

„… 251 Turkey’s Regional Approach in Afghanistan: A Civilian Power in Action by Șaban Kardaș …” „… conceived as a geopolitical struggle for influence over Central Asia, as an assertive regional power …” „… _Afghanistan_Riecke.indb 254 11.2.2013 13:20 Turkey’s Regional Approach in Afghanistan: A Civilian Power in Action 255 …”

Massoumeh Torfeh Iran in Afghanistan: Political Designs and Regional Games S. 111-124

„… as a regional power. As a major donor to Afghan reconstruction, Iran took its place at the table …” „… interest in Afghanistan is best understood in the context of its ambitions as a major regional power. It …” „… has changed as the regional states have become more watchful of the heinous aims of foreign powers …”

Enrico Fels The Role of the SCO in Afghanistan S. 235-250

„… great powers (Russia and China), comprises 25 percent of the global population, and is active in the …” „… annual military exercises with several thousand troops) nor as a “normal” regional organization like …” „… ASEAN, due to the SCO’s key role in great power relations in Central Asia. In 2011, the SCO celebrated …”

Wolfgang Danspeckgruber The Western Neighbor: The Role of Iran in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan S. 191-198

„… destruction of Iraqi power removed a key regional strategic counterweight to Iran and emboldened it under …” „… reciprocal abolishment of visa requirements—and together they conduct a highly active regional policy. From …” „… worries about Iranian power and influence, and put mutual relations onto a potential collision course …”

Ahadhon Najmitdinov Central Asian States and Afghanistan’s Stabilization S. 177-190

„… reconstruction efforts. Powerful regional players such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, along with the fragile …” „… on Iran and to acknowledge Tehran as a powerful regional player. The annual trade between Iran and …” „… transit point from the East to the West. However, Central Asian states need regional stability and …”

Shanthie Mariet D’Souza India’s Role in post 9/11 Afghanistan and the Af-Pak Strategy S. 89-100

„… power-sharing arrangement in a post-US Afghanistan. Cf. Shanthie Mariet D’Souza, Great Game’s Endgame?, in …” „… J. Tellis and Aroop Mukharji (eds.), Is a Regional Strategy Viable in Afghanistan?, Washington, DC …” „… 2010, pp. 27–38, p. 36 regional_approach.pdf> (6/26/2012); Sumit …”

Syed Mohammad Ali The Afghan Drug Problem and its Implications for Pakistan S. 47-54

„… options to foster transnational or regional cooperation to overcome the Afghan drug problem, considering …” „… extradition treaties with different countries, and it is a signatory to three UN Conventions and some regional …” „… alone, and the need for regional and international cooperative in this regard will thus remain …”

Marco Overhaus NATO and Afghanistan’s Neighbors: Difficult Partners for Stabilization and Reconstruction S. 213-224

„… Afghanistan after NATO’s departure. History teaches that regional cooperation among neighbors and big powers …” „… Marco Overhaus The Regional Context In the past ten years, NATO allies have faced tremendous challenges …” „… bases, transit routes, and cooperation in border security. In theory at least, all regional players …”

Kamoludin Abdullaev Tajikistan facing the Drug Problem in Afghanistan S. 35-46

„… . org/documents/regional/central-asia/Illicit%20Drug%20Trends_Central%20Asia-final.pdf> (7/31/2012). 5 Cf. UNODC, ibid. 2012 …” „… Likely Drug Routes in Tajikistan in other countries from Afghanistan Source: UNODC Regional Office for …” „… ). 6 Cf. United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of …”

Saeed Parto Entrepreneurial Activity and Conflict: The Case of Afghanistan S. 125-136

„… neighbors. That neither of the two regional powers ever succeeded in keeping a foothold in the country …” „… not existing or not conducive to productive entrepreneurial activity. Regional warlords remain in …” „… power in large swathes of the coun try, many of which were declared as “Taliban-free” soon after the …”

Vanda Felbab-Brown Still Knee-Deep In Poppy: The Evolution of Counter-Narcotics Policies in Afghanistan S. 55-72

„… regional cooperation. A Basic Overview of Poppy and Insecurity in Afghanistan since 2001 In 2007 opium …” „… political arrangements and power relations. The Taliban is profiting from the drug trade, as are the Afghan …” „… alienated from the national government and the country’s other power arrangements. They are profoundly …”

Henning Riecke Partners for Stability: Afghanistan’s Neighbors and Regional Cooperation S. 9-22

„… for the regional powers not directly bordering the country. Each of these neighbors tries to exert …” „… outside powers have fueled internal conflicts—Afghanistan itself has a vital interest in a regional …” „… neighbors.” said President Hamid Karzai at a UN conference in March 2009.1 Neighbors and Regional Powers For …”

Antonio Andrea Monari Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program: Involving Neighbors in Afghanistan Reconstruction S. 137-142

„… , Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Hydro-power potential is vast in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Regional …” „… strategy involves exploring opportunities for regional integration through power development, with indirect …” „… a regional power sector master plan. The CAREC countries are aiming to maximize the benefits of a …”

John K. Wood The United States and Regional Cooperation on Afghanistan S. 199-212

„… Regional Stabilization Strategy” sets laudable goals: “Increased access to power will enable job creation …” „… _Afghanistan_Riecke.indb 200 11.2.2013 13:20 201 The United States and Regional Cooperation on Afghanistan by John K …” „… _Afghanistan_Riecke.indb 202 11.2.2013 13:20 The United States and Regional Cooperation on Afghanistan 203 tives in …”

Shao Yuqun China’s Role in Afghanistan’s Reconstruction Process S. 73-80

„… three central poles are big powers, developing countries, and multilateral organizations. In recent …” „… years, the periphery has replaced the big powers as Beijing’s top foreign policy priority. In order to …” „… : regional security; political reconciliation and economic reconstruction; and the Shanghai Cooperation …”

Egon Ramms A Country with Many Neighbors: Afghanistan and the Regional Approach S. 267-276

„… 267 A Country with Many Neighbors: Afghanistan and the Regional Approach by Egon Ramms In the …” „… allies that were active in ISAF. Following the growing awareness to the regional intricacies, special …” „… Neighbors: Afghanistan and the Regional Approach 269 The Pakistani forces until today are geared to the East …”

Michael Renner Water as a Trans-border Problem of Afghanistan S. 151-166

„… regional peace and stability in the future. Table 1 Water Resources in Afghanistan and its Neighbors …” „… Afghanistan’s River Basins. Opportunities for Regional Cooperation, New York, NY, February 2010, p. 1 …” „… Urban, What went wrong with Afghanistan Kajaki power project?, BBC News, 06/27/2011. 10 Cf. Nusrat …”

Bernt Berger Limited Engagement: China and the Economic Reconstruction in Afghanistan S. 143-150

„… development of Afghanistan’s internal security, economy, and governance as well as integrating regional …” „… reconstruction. The international community, however, should take action to support such regional coop- 2012 …” „… long-time ally Pakistan as a source of regional destabilization; with regard to Afghanistan and its own …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… 10:07 5Content Partners for Stability: Afghanistan’s Neighbors and Regional Cooperation …” „… Regional Games 111 by Massoumeh Torfeh 2012_Afghanistan_Riecke.indb 5 11.2.2013 13:20 …” „… 127 by Saeed Parto Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program: Involving Neighbors in …”

Eva Gross Regional Approaches in Afghanistan: the EU’s Role S. 225-234

„… through, for instance, the narcotics trade. Emerging regional and global powers also present potential …” „… 225 Regional Approaches in Afghanistan: the EU’s Role by Eva Gross Introduction The role of …” „… regional actors, particularly Afghanistan’s immediate neighbor Pakistan, has progressively moved up the …”

Muhammad Amir Rana Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Common Security Perspective S. 101-110

„… interconnected issues that have had their impact on the regional security and political situation. Studying the …” „… affinities. Between 2002 and 2005, the Taliban consolidated their power in four southern Afghan provinces …” „… the same year. However, Kabul claims that the Durand Line had been imposed by a stronger power upon a …”

Victor Korgun The Afghan Problem in Light of Russian National Interests S. 81-88

„… the USSR. But after the Mujahedeen came to power in 1992, Afghanistan found itself on the periphery …” „… for power among various Mujahedeen parties, erupted in the country and led to the potential …” „… regional and global international relations compel it to become an active participant in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238777

Elena Kulipanova - Regional cooperation, external actors and power relationships in Central Asia

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Elena Kulipanova

Regional cooperation, external actors and power relationships in Central Asia

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 207 2013

Results in this title

The state of research: external influences and domestic change in Central Asia S. 17-22

„… outside the region, in particular of regional and great powers, as well as cognitive barriers such as lack …” „… particular, the EU’s role as a “power of example” (Farrell 2007, pp. 300-301) as well as a model for regional …” „… 17 benefits of regional cooperation. It has engaged with several regional programs and projects in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… .indd 2 05.02.13 08:25Elena KulipanovaRegional cooperation, external actors and power relationships …” „… power-based explanations of the failures of IOs 55 2.4. Research methodology and data sources 58 2.4.1. Case …” „… 24 2. External promotion of regional cooperation: towards an analytical framework for understanding …”

The findings beyond the analytical framework S. 267-269

„… determining whether third parties are able to induce change. As a result, my power-based analytical framework …” „… perceived as legitimate and expert powers in their persuasive efforts, although in most cases this is …” „… limited to the instances of instrumental adaptation. While IOs might have the power to induce change in …”

Cooperation S. 26-29

„… coherent analytical framework and to suggest power-based explanations for why the IOs have not been …” „… 26 2. External promotion of regional cooperation: towards an analytical framework for …” „… by their capacities to cooperate. This leads to the assumption that “promoting regional cooperation …”

Rethinking regional cooperation in Central Asia S. 257-261

„… regional cooperation and the power-based explanations of IOs’ failures, with a view to drawing final …” „… approaches. The power-based categories also helped me to structure the empirical analysis. With a …” „… 257 8. Conclusion This book investigated the impact of the ADB and the EU on regional cooperation …”

„… power-based approach has, nevertheless, shown some limitations in its explanatory value in accounting for why …” „… , my power-based analytical framework did not account for the institutional imperatives of both IOs …” „… can be achieved through one type or a combination of the above types of power. I assumed that the …”

The general capabilities of the EU: on the EU foreign policy S. 207-209

„… 207 7. Promoting regional cooperation in Central Asia: the EU case study The European Union has …” „… been committed to promoting regional cooperation in Central Asia since the early 1990s, although it …” „… regional strategies and programs for Central Asia and used a broad range of economic and diplomatic …”

The mechanisms of impact and the reasons for failures S. 38-48

„… countries. This power-based explanation is one of three explanations of the effectiveness of EU external …” „… The power-related arguments in IR theories largely refer to states as key actors in international …” „… national policy makers advice on their own policies and on the impact of global and regional developments …”

Failures due to the lack of a power base? S. 261-264

„… of the whole variety of factors derived from the above-named theories and approaches. The power-based …” „… regional cooperation. The question is to what extent modern customs practices are actually applied in the …” „… comparative analysis The conceptualization of the impact of IOs in terms of influence or power proved useful …”

Trade and interdependence in Central Asia S. 71-73

„… power-grid systems, pipelines, and road and railway transport networks which were a part of a larger Soviet …” „… increased from about 4.2 bln USD in 1993 to about 72 16.3 bln in 2002, intra-regional trade declined from …” „… intra-regional trade that goes unrecorded due to shuttle trading, smuggling, and under-invoicing (ADB 2006a, p …”

Political regimes in Central Asia: implications for reforms S. 65-68

„… Asian states, their political systems have nevertheless differed in degrees of power-sharing and …” „… 65 3. Domestic, regional and international context of Central Asian politics This chapter …” „… to exert influence. It thus lays a basis for later assessments of the power base of both the ADB and …”

Operationalizing the key variables: state interests, policies, capacities S. 31-36

„… , pp. 106-107). Accordingly, another assumption is that regional cooperation in Central Asia and the …” „… cooperate. I therefore reformulate the definition of “promoting regional cooperation” as follows: It is …” „… Moravcsik (1997, p. 543) puts it: “Robert Dahl’s analysis of power teaches us that we cannot ascertain …”

The power-based explanations of the failures of IOs S. 55-58

„… Asia. 2.3.5. The power-based explanations of the failures of IOs Reviewing the above literature, we …” „… 55 the sustainability of regional cooperation. In the case of a merely calculative adjustment, it …” „… might assume that the failures of IOs arise from three major factors: the lack of a power base vis-à-vis …”

Interest and/or behavioral change through a learning process S. 54-55

„… failed to promote cooperation in Central Asia. 2.3.5. The power-based explanations of the failures of …” „… several types of power. Following the definition of cooperation as I use it, the impact of IOs’ activities …” „… . Identification of an exercise of power would require the use of counterfactuals, i.e. the analysis of …”

Failures with respect to the mechanisms of exerting influence S. 264-266

„… lacking. While the analysis confirmed the validity of the three explanations, the power-based approach …” „… treated along with the major powers Russia, China and the U.S. rather than as an actor falling within an …” „… power bases in Central Asia, the reasons for the failures related to the mechanisms of exerting …”

Defining resources at the EU’s disposal S. 209-211

„… series of declarations, treaties, policies, criteria and conditions.315 The promotion of regional …” „… conditionality is questioned primary due to its inconsistent use and the lack of the EU’s bargaining power …” „… emphasized in the European Security Strategy of 2003, “trade and development policies can be powerful tools …”

Bibliography S. 277-319

„… the Republic of Uzbekistan for the Regional Power Transmission Modernization Project. Manila. ADB …” „… Univ. Press. Krasner, Stephen. 1981. Power structures and regional development banks, in: International …” „… otnosheniia, in: Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie EvrAsES+, 4 (12), pp. 4-8. Murray, Philomena. 2008. Regional power …”

Regionalizing strategy 2: supporting regional projects S. 192-195

„… ), Regional Trade Facilitation and Customs Cooperation Program (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), Regional Power …” „… implementation. 6.3.3. Regionalizing strategy 2: supporting regional projects The second (analytically …” „… distinguished) strategy used by the ADB in promoting regional cooperation in Central Asia is supporting regional …”

Conditionality of country and regional projects S. 197-202

„… bilateral projects between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Under the Regional Power Transmission Modernization …” „… signing of regional power trade agreements a condition of loan effectiveness or disbursement may not be a …” „… regional activities within the CAREC framework are often bound to the ADB’s loan conditions. This seems to …”

The theoretical and conceptual foundations of the key arguments S. 22-23

„… Euro-Mediterranean partnership (p. 34). She cites three main factors explaining the lack of EU support for regional …” „… cooperation in the post-Soviet area: the lack of endogenous regional initiatives, the existence of other …” „… region-builders in the former Soviet Union (more specifically of the regional hegemon) and the evolution of the …”

Conclusion S. 63-64

„… discussed the main concepts related to regional cooperation, developed an analytical framework and presented …” „… of policy coordination” – I re-conceptualize the common understanding of regional cooperation in …” „… a means to achieve their interests. “Promoting regional cooperation” is then a policy or activity …”

Conclusion S. 251-256

„… failures to promote regional cooperation in Central Asia. As I argued in the theoretical chapter, they …” „… Asian 252 states on its resources. The sections on the regional cooperation policies of the EU in …” „… countries. Central Asia, however, has benefited to a limited extent from the economic power and development …”

The mechanism of persuasion S. 195-197

„… 195 to Afghanistan, Russia and China, and thus evidently make a contribution to regional …” „… regionalizing strategies of the ADB in Central Asia. Both strategies – that of supporting regional projects and …” „… that of providing arenas for regional politics – are applied within the framework of the CAREC program …”

Conclusion S. 202-206

„… . 6.5. Conclusion Given that the impact and failures of IOs in promoting regional cooperation in …” „… Central Asia are conceptualized in this study in terms of power or influence, the chapter analyzed the …” „… even stronger after the CAREC adopted a new regional cooperation approach to developing selected …”

Russia S. 83-88

„… significant great and regional powers as well as of IOs. 3.3. Assessing the role of external actors in …” „… regional cooperation, although they seem not to have affected the formal participation of these states in …” „… regional organizations. Relations are worse in the triangle Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan due to …”

Main contributions to the academic literature S. 23-24

„… 23 Empirically, while regional organizations in Central Asia are designed so as to promote …” „… common view is that regional structures lack substance. Roy Allison (2008a, p. 185) explains this with …” „… (bilateral and multilateral). It further reconceptualizes regional cooperation in terms of a strategy or …”

Overview of the chapters S. 24-25

„… degree of involvement of the major external great and regional powers and IOs and their implications for …” „… regional cooperation. These discussions are necessary to assess the power base of the ADB and the EU, in …” „… Asian states in general, and in promoting regional cooperation, in particular. It is also a novel …”

Definitions and approaches to regional cooperation S. 226-228

„… “power of example” (Farrell 2007, pp. 300-301). Indeed, the EU was a central reference point for regional …” „… of regional cooperation and integration can also be understood in the context of a broader support …” „… ” supporter of regional initiatives” (European Commission 1995, p. 6; Pietrangeli 2009, p. 9). The extent to …”

Conceptual idea behind the promotion of regional cooperation S. 225-226

„… view to the interests of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The implications of its limited power …” „… base are also reflected in the following discussions of the EU’s regional cooperation policies. They …” „… the agent subjected to that influence. 7.2. The genesis and evolution of EU regional cooperation …”

Expert interviews S. 61-63

„… the concrete initiatives. Critical academic analysis of their regional cooperation policies is rare …” „… discussed the main concepts related to regional cooperation, developed an analytical framework and presented …” „… of policy coordination” – I re-conceptualize the common understanding of regional cooperation in …”

Case studies S. 58-60

„… makers. In this section, I have argued for the choice of the three-dimensional view of power as …” „… suggested by Steven Lukes. It enables me to account for the potential power of IOs over both preferences and …” „… investigation of the potential capabilities for an IO to exert influence, the mechanisms by which power is …”

Initiatives for multilateral cooperation in Central Asia S. 81-83

„… next section assesses the degree of involvement of the most significant great and regional powers as …” „… regional organizations. In the early 1990s, the Central Asian states attempted to institutionalize their …” „… establishment of regional organizations. The first public meeting of the Soviet Central Asian political leaders …”

Conclusion S. 101-103

„… in May 2005. 3.4. Conclusion This chapter on the domestic, regional, and international context …” „… assessed in the case study chapters. The discussions of domestic and regional environment also provided …” „… Asia, informal mechanisms of power control based on complex networks of patron-client relationships …”

United States S. 91-95

„… 91 cations for regional cooperation in terms of improved network interconnections. Nevertheless …” „… ; a regional dimension is almost absent. 3.3.3. United States Unlike Russia, the U.S. was a …” „… n.d. The U.S. became the principal actor in Central Asian regional security affairs and gave the …”

General capabilities of the ADB S. 164-167

„… 164 6. Promoting regional cooperation in Central Asia: the ADB case study The Asian Development …” „… Bank has engaged in promoting regional cooperation in Central Asia since the second half of the 1990s …” „… between the degree of regional economic cooperation and a region’s development, as suggested by previous …”

IOs as actors in their own right: on the roles and functions of IOs S. 36-38

„… external actor in promoting regional cooperation, IR theories are not relevant in my case.37 I therefore …” „… voting powers since they jointly hold 2.07 % of shares and 2.85 % of votes (see the ADB website). For …” „… comparison: the major members Japan and the US have 15.57% of the shares and 12.8% of the voting power each …”

EU relations with the individual Central Asian states S. 218-225

„… neighborhood, in particular Russia.340 This reorientation increased the bargaining power of Uzbekistan …” „… Russian and Western relationships in tackling regional security and other challenges (Allison 2008b, p. 7 …” „… commitments to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan remain the highest among the Central Asian states under the Regional …”

The roles, functions and instruments of the EU S. 228-230

„… 228 regional cooperation to be a broader concept. However, given this broad definition of regional …” „… roles and functions in promoting regional cooperation. However, these can be derived indirectly from its …” „… , EU regional cooperation activities and their legitimacy are grounded in its own experience as a …”

Iran, Turkey and Japan S. 95-98

„… 95 and Kyrgyzstan, which are rich in hydroelectric power, to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India …” „… (Herzig 2004, pp. 505-507). The actual development of Iran’s regional relations, both bilateral and …” „… regional body to promote economic, technical and cultural cooperation (Herzig 2001, pp. 180-181; Herzig …”

Statement of the problem and the research question S. 15-17

„… investigates the impact of external actors on regional cooperation in Central Asia.1 It deals specifically with …” „… main question: Why have IOs largely failed to promote regional cooperation in Central Asia? Using the …” „… influence of IOs at the two levels of domestic and regional politics, in particular in two areas of …”

On the nature of bilateral relations in Central Asia S. 73-81

„… interests and the regional cooperation policy choices of the Central Asian states. This short overview …” „… partner for the other three Central Asian states. 3.2. Regional cooperation in Central Asia: setting …” „… chapter, the dynamics of regional (non-) cooperation in Central Asia are characterized by different forms …”

The mechanism of conditionality S. 249-251

„… 249 7.4.2. The mechanism of conditionality Regional cooperation is generally not a formal …” „… . 106). Regional integration can also be a condition in some cases: “trading arrangements between the EU …” „… effective integration structure” (European Commission 1995, p. iii). 250 the TACIS regional action programs …”

Methods of exerting influence S. 52-54

„… power base of the ADB and the EU in having an impact on regional cooperation in Central Asia: the extent …” „… aspects of power provides insights into the conditions/potential capacities of IOs to exercise power …” „… . 2.3.3. Methods of exerting influence After the base of power has been identified, the next step is to …”

Regionalizing strategy 1: providing an arena for regional politics S. 186-192

„… , which are responsible for the preparation and implementation of some of the regional projects. Each …” „… addition, the ADB’s resident missions in Central Asia have engaged local specialists for regional …” „… institutional framework to coordinate their regional projects. 6.3.2. Regionalizing strategy 1: providing an …”

Notes on transliteration and referencing S. 24

„… Asian states in general, and in promoting regional cooperation, in particular. It is also a novel …” „… contribution with respect to the EU’s role in promoting regional cooperation in Central Asia. Theoretically …” „… book is divided into eight chapters. The next Chapter 2 explores the key concepts related to regional …”

Promoting cooperation in border management and trade facilitation: the BOMCA progrma S. 240-247

„… 240 regional links between the EU and its closer neighbors in the areas of particular importance to …” „… , was specifically designed for the Central Asian states. It is considered a “flagship EU regional …” „… liberal-democratic norms such as e.g. accountability and transparency and the division of powers in the area of …”

China S. 88-91

„… (2008, p. 154) argues, Russia had no major effect on regional co-operation in most policy areas. 3.3.2 …” „… interfere in regional affairs. China’s growing presence has broadened the scope of Central Asian policy …” „… initiatives for strengthening regional cooperation within Central Asia, except for regional cooperation …”

Level of lending to the individual Central Asian states S. 171-177

„… international transport corridor to which I will return later while discussing the regional cooperation …” „… opened a regional office in Tashkent in 1999. While the Japanese government limited processing new loan …” „… 272 Interestingly, in the recent case of the Talimarjan Power Project 300 mil USD come from the Japan …”

The extent of the EU engagement in Central Asia S. 211-218

„… lack of the EU’s bargaining power vis-à-vis particular countries. In general, the degree to which …” „… patterns of regional cooperation, as this chapter will outline later in …” „… Program in the case of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the Regional Disaster Preparedness Program (DIPECHO) and …”

Bases and types of power S. 51-52

„… analyzing the power base of the ADB and the EU in having an impact on regional cooperation in Central Asia …” „… than coercion, they exert power through the definition of collective understandings and of the “common …” „… ” in world politics is, ultimately, the greatest power of all (Manners 2002, p. 253). In the next …”

The extent of ADB engagement in Central Asia S. 169-171

„… lending present a further source of the ADB’s potential power base. Modality as understood here involves …” „… ), followed by human development and regional cooperation (in particular, in transport and customs transit …” „… and regional cooperation (ADB 2003a; ADB 2007a, pp. 50-55). The amount of ADB financing in Central …”

Assessing the extent of ADB resources S. 167-169

„… regional cooperation. As is common with other IFIs, the major activity of the ADB consists in the provision …” „… , the Pakistan Earthquake Fund, the Regional Cooperation and Integration Fund, the Climate Change Fund …” „… present a further source of the ADB’s potential power base. Modality as understood here involves the …”

The stated objectives of the individual Central Asian states S. 142-155

„… respective regional customs control departments, thus preventing the existence of two customs bodies in one …” „… for customs reform for 2002-2010 as a condition for tranche release under the ADB’s Regional Customs …” „… ); furthermore, technical assistance is provided by the GIZ and the USAID Regional Trade Liberalization and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246116

Rudolf Hrbek - Legislatures in Federal Systems and Multi-Level Governance

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Rudolf Hrbek (ed.)

Legislatures in Federal Systems and Multi-Level Governance

Series: Schriftenreihe des Europäischen Zentrums für Föderalismus-Forschung Tübingen (EZFF)

Volume 33 2010

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Peter Bußjäger The Austrian Länder: The Relationship of Regional Parliaments to the Executive Power against the Background of Europeanisation S. 103-118

„… Conference of European Regions with Legislative Power. 27 Conference of European Regional Legislative …” „… Regional Parliaments in Federal Systems 105 The Austrian Länder: The Relationship of Regional …” „… Parliaments to the Executive Power against the Background of Europeanisation Peter Bußjäger 1. Introduction …”

Christian Leuprecht Cities in Multilevel Governance Systems: Implications for Second Chambers S. 119-136

„… federation is a constitutionally entrenched division of powers between the federal government and the …” „… the decision-making powers of the state have shifted upward to the supranational and international …” „… level, downward to regional and local authorities, and outward from government to non-governmental …”

Rudolf Hrbek Parliaments in EU Multi-Level Governance S. 136-151

„… presidents of regional parliaments with legislative powers in EU member-states to a conference in October …” „… presidents of regional parliaments with legislative powers in EU member states.40 The network has 73 …” „… (regional) level. Both revisions of the EU treaties (since the Single European Act in 1986/87 and the …”

Robert Hazell, Akash Paun Parliamentary Scrutiny of Multi-Level Governance S. 159-180

„… to consult regional parliaments with legislative powers.14 On the subsidiarity early warning …” „… committees instead of three, with greater specialisation, permanent chairmen, and greater powers to shape …” „… coercive, powers.”8 In pressing for this change, Westminster acted in conjunction with other parliaments …”

Ronald L. Watts Federal Second Chambers Compared S. 31-46

„… , the regional composition, and the powers of the second chambers, and consequently of their roles. The …” „… bicameralism to federalism; (2) a comparative outline of the methods of appointment, composition, powers and …” „… important institutional feature for ensuring the entrenched representation of the regional components in …”

Mireia Grau Creus The Spanish Lower Chamber of Parliament: An Intergovernmental Arena? The Representation and Integration of Territorial Interests within the Congreso de los Diputados S. 9-30

„… heavily on the post-electoral balance of power and on agreements between political parties. Thus, this …” „… which allowed territorial interests to gain access to, and positions of power in the chamber of general …” „… territorial distribution of power. This decision to transform Spain into a politically decentralized country …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Evans Regional Parliaments in Federal Systems The Austrian Länder: The Relationship of Regional …” „… Parliaments to the Executive Power against the Background of Europeanisation 105 Peter Bußjäger Parliaments …”

Simon Evans The Australian Senate: Form, Function and Effectiveness S. 77-102

„… confidence of that House. Federalism entails a division of power and a system of checks and balances. As …” „… consolidate political power whereas that of federalism is to fragment and circumscribe its exercise.”1 The …” „… the Senate as one of the three components of the Federal Parliament in which the legislative power of …”

Anna Gamper Imperfect Bicameralism in Austria: The Role of the Bundesrat S. 46-66

„… Court. Indirectly, the Bundesrat also lost another power in 1929, as the direct election of the Federal …” „… (Art. 37 B-VG)10 were amended. Third, a new power was given to the Bundesrat that is at least of great …” „… implications on their powers unless an internal reform, strengthening their position, could be achieved. In …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220758

Sebastian Bruns, Sarandis Papadopoulos - Conceptualizing Maritime & Naval Strategy

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Sebastian Bruns (ed.), Sarandis Papadopoulos (ed.)

Conceptualizing Maritime & Naval Strategy

Series: ISPK Seapower Series

Volume 3 2020

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Eric V. Thompson, Sarah Vogler Regional Conflict, Hydrocarbon Dreams, and Great Power Competition: Considerations for U.S. Naval Strategy in the Eastern Mediterranean S. 295-320

„… Regional Conflict, Hydrocarbon Dreams, and Great Power Competition: Considerations for U.S. Naval …” „… , Hydrocarbon Dreams, and Great Power Competition 299 in regional affairs—will need to be executed creatively …” „… as-naval-strategy-in-the-mediterranean/, accessed 29 October 2019. Regional Conflict, Hydrocarbon Dreams, and Great Power Competition 303 …”

Nilanthi Samaranayake India’s Naval and Maritime Power S. 241-266

„… modernizing, great naval power. The Indian Navy has also stepped up its diplomatic efforts with regional …” „… India has emerged as not only a strong naval power but also a regional maritime power with bolstered …” „… maritime power—a subject that includes, but also goes beyond, the ambit of the Indian Navy. Maritime power …”

Amund Lundesgaard The Difficult Art of Achieving Military Change: The U.S. Navy after the Cold War S. 267-280

„… than handling the regional conflicts, rogue nations, civil wars, and terrorists that were emerging as …” „… Navy, sea control, power projection, strategic deterrence and naval presence. Stansfield Turner …” „… ), https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol27/iss2/2, 4. 267 Projecting Power With the demise of the Soviet Union, there was no challenge to …”

Jeremy Stöhs Bastion, Backwater, or Battlefront? Changing Strategic Views Along Europe’s Northern Shores S. 321-344

„… other actor of the time also served as a backstop for the incremental decline of European power at sea …” „… resolution, the naval forces of many European states began to increasingly conduct power projection …” „… required to effectively operate in the littoral regions of the world. From there they could project power …”

Publicly available output of Peter Swartz S. 357-373

„… Powerhood,” in Maritime Power Building: New “Mantra” for China’s Rise, ed. by Kamlesh K Agnihotri and …” „… Transformation and Naval Power in the 21st Century, ed. by Pelham G. Boyer and Robert S. Wood (Newport, RI: Naval …” „… Operations (ConMarOps) of the Last Cold War Decade,” in NATO’s Maritime Power 1949-1990, ed. by I. Loucas and …”

Narushige Michishita The U.S. Maritime Strategy in the Pacific during the Cold War S. 223-240

„… regional priorities and placed defense of US allies and sea lines of communication in the Pacific on an …” „… Department of Defense was now North America, including the Caribbean Basin, with the other regional …” „… Second Nuclear Age: Strategy, Danger, and the New Power Politics (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2013 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Missions 281 Larissa Forster Regional Conflict, Hydrocarbon Dreams, and Great Power Competition …” „… PowerPoint presentation, the principal means by which the U.S. Navy’s staff offices and headquarters share …” „… Institutional Change in an Era of Great Power Competition at Sea 91 Peter D. Haynes How Poland’s Strategic …”

Sebastian Bruns Conceptualizing and Writing German Naval Strategy S. 129-154

„… ). Kaack, Jan C., “Dachdokument Marine. Weiterentwicklung ‘Dimension See 2030+,’ Sachstand,” PowerPoint …” „… (ConMarOps) of the Last Cold War Decade,” in NATO’s Maritime Power 1949-1990, ed. by I. Loucas and G …” „… , US Naval Strategy and National Security: The Evolution of American Maritime Power (London, New York …”

Seth Cropsey Seapower: The Cost of Abdication S. 179-198

„… their naval power. The Maratha Confederacy, the most powerful political unit on the Indian subcontinent …” „… balance of power. Conversely, deriving strategy from abstract analyses of capabilities and assumptions of …” „… power from control over a major body of water or maritime chokepoint. The only exception, the Mongol …”

Martin Murphy Elevating Difference: Regaining the Navy’s Strategic Influence in a Joint World S. 69-90

„… powers that have gone before it that have shaped and ordered the global system in what has been called …” „… any other part of the military. No great power has prevailed over its opponents during the Oceanic Age …” „… unless it was a maritime power. No maritime power has been a great power without a grand strategy. This …”

Andrzej Makowski How Poland’s Strategic Concept for Maritime Security was Developed S. 113-128

„… , long-lasting wars for hegemony, in which the extra-Baltic powers were also actively involved.4 It should also …” „… , on the one hand small and medium-sized states, on the other, nuclear powers, Poland can face the …” „… maritime groups with regional and even global security. Therefore, the informational and educational …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845299150

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