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Victor-David Cruz-Aceves - The Diffusion of Morality Policies

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Victor-David Cruz-Aceves

The Diffusion of Morality Policies

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 201 2021

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5. Analysis S. 79-151

„… entrepreneurial fashion should be higher as the level of electoral competition in a state rises, given that the …” „… Table 6) that indicates that only the level of electoral competition in a state exerts a positive and …” „… is that states with higher levels of electoral competition now face a lower hazard of enacting any …”

4 Research Design S. 57-78

„… amongst] the great many questions that have been profitably studied at the state level” (Boehmke and …” „… battles are waged at the state level in the In the USA. Issues 4 57 that morality policies address are …” „… , it is necessary that the policy a) removes state-level criminal penalties for possession and use of …”

2. Literature Review S. 27-45

„… plays out in the USA, particularly at the state level (Tatalovich and Daynes 2011). In fact, most of …” „… from state-level politics (Nice 1994). These organizations basically articulate demands and present …” „… reforms did reflect all the characteristics of morality policy, state-level permissive abortion laws did …”

6. Conclusions S. 152-156

„… the state level between 1995 – 2011, included in the Analysis section, I provided theoretical and …” „… states, but in addition to that, and presumably, due to the lower levels of technical simplicity and …” „… or t+2. This would require, of course, to either find state-level, issue-specific public opinion …”

1. Introduction S. 21-26

„… instance, to change the levels of state wealth (Mallinson 2016). Moreover, morality policies matter …” „… Anti-Obesity Legislation (AO)—enacted in the USA at the state level between 1995 – 2011. The analysis proceeds …” „… other polities, b) that such learning occurs through cognitive heuristics6, and c) that the level of …”

3 Theory S. 46-56

„… , and c) that the level of moral content will affect these learning and diffusion patterns. This …” „… comparative state public policy in the US and works from International Relations have grounded their …” „… ) that her constituency might react similarly, given the similar moral profiles of these states. In other …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… Morality Policies State-Level Comparative Analyses in the United States of America Nomos …” „… Universitätsschriften Politik Volume 201 Victor-David Cruz-Aceves The Diffusion of Morality Policies Nomos State-Level …” „… Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cruz-Aceves, Victor-David The Diffusion of Morality Policies State-Level Comparative …”

Abstract S. 19-20

„… degree to which they reflect characteristics of morality policy. This study takes state-level Same Sex …” „… Marriage Bans, Medical Marijuana Laws and Anti-Obesity legislation in the USA as cases with varying levels …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748927969

Sharon Block, Benjamin H. Harris - Inequality and the Labor Market

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Sharon Block (ed.), Benjamin H. Harris (ed.)

Inequality and the Labor Market

2021

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Addressing Labor Market Competition at the State Level S. 209-230

„… 209 THIRTEENAddressing Labor Market Competition at the State LevelJED HERR M ANN | GREGORY NANTZThe …” „… Labor Policy at the State LevelLabor market competition covers a wide array of possible policies and …” „… much of this variation owing to economic forces unrelated to policy decisions. State- level variations …”

Fostering More-Competitive Labor Markets through Transparent Wages S. 149-162

„… WagesProvide uniform coverage at the state level for worker discussions on pay.Several states have tried to …” „… from requiring that workers sign clauses restricting pay disclosure.These state- level strategies are …” „… states to reform their rules around noncompetes and established antitrust guidance and a reporting …”

The Legal Case for Reform S. 17-34

„… wages below competi-tive levels. When the marginal cost of filling vacancies and growing one’s business …” „… to efficient levels diverges from the firm’s individual incentives for doing so, firms are …” „… below efficient levels. In the end, everyone suffers except the firm with market power, which captures …”

Protecting Competition on Behalf of the People: The Role of State Attorneys General in Challening Noncompetes and Other Restraints on Employee Mobility S. 107-126

„… on the federal and state levels have begun to recognize that mismatch and to explore new ways to …” „… level, the Obama administration issued a “State Call to Action” in 2016, identifying the overuse of …” „… regulation new and old re-mains at the state level. California, North Dakota, and Oklahoma have long …”

Labor Market Competition: Framing the Issues S. 35-54

„… leverage by workers. Raising union density means reversing right- to- work laws at the state level and …” „… wage levels.Block-Harris_Inequality and the Labor Market_i-xx_1-241.indd 40 2/16/21 2:51 PMLabor …” „… by education level also play a key role in this explanation). Similarly, low and heterogeneous …”

Fostering More-Competitive Labor Markets S. 1-16

„… levels of market competition described earlier.States have passed right- to- work laws that attack the …” „… labor of a given quality, which is measured by the worker’s skill and education level. Executive …” „… suggests. More and more, firms have demonstrated high and increasing levels of market power (Philippon 2019 …”

Federal Evidence-Based Competition Policy S. 193-208

„… Competition at the Federal LevelThe existing policy regime limits labor market competition to the detri-ment …” „… hourly levels on an inflation- adjusted basis than they were 45 years ago (Bernstein and Eisenbrey 2014 …” „… federal level is another tool that can help restore parity between employees and employers. At the U.S …”

Fighting Monopsony: A Lack of Competition that Harms Workers S. 55-66

„… of being paid below their productivity level.In antitrust litigation, one must define a market to …” „… Monopsony 57job board in the United States, 81 percent of job applications occur where the job applicant and …” „… suggests that most workers remain in their current labor market, and simply accept a market’s level of …”

Are Noncompetes Holding Down Wages? S. 127-148

„… questions: (a) What is the effect of state- level noncompete bans on wages? And (b) what is the effect of a …” „… will make them worse off? Moreover, how should state courts enforce noncompetes if all parties agree to …” „… empirical literature addresses the first question, and generally finds that, when states ban noncompetes …”

Forced Arbitration: A Losing Proposition for Workers S. 179-192

„… . Finally, this chapter outlines solutions at the federal, state, and workplace levels, including federal …” „… Solutions also exist at the state level, despite broad FAA preemption.47 State laws requiring disclosure of …” „… legislation to prohibit forced arbitration at work, state legislation to enable effective workplace law …”

Fair Competition in Labor Markets Requires a Policymaker's Thumb on the Workers' Side of the Scale S. 67-84

„… per-haps the single- most- significant economic development of that time in the United States. This rise …” „… mechanism for arresting the steady rise in inequality in the United States.Since 1979 the lowest- paid 90 …” „… mobilization of evidence in support of the view that labor markets’ natural state is characterized by …”

Preface

„… nantzTHIRTEEN Addressing Labor Market Competition at the State Level 209jed herrmann and gregory nantz …” „… Office of the President, or the United States government.Library of Congress Control Number …” „… sandeep vaheesan and matthew buckSEVEN Protecting Competition on Behalf of the People 107The Role of State …”

Contributors S. 231-232

„… of the State and Local Enforcement Project at the Harvard Labor and Worklife Program, and is a senior …” „… president for State and Federal Policy Implementa-tion at Results for America. LISA MADIGAN is the former …” „… attorney general of the State of Illinois and is now a partner with the law firm Kirkland & Ellis in …”

Having Their Cake and Eating It Too: Antitrust Laws and the Fissured Workplace S. 163-178

„… are already in place at the state level. For ex-ample, Illinois’s Day and Temporary Labor Services Act …” „… that do not directly employ workers within a fissured workplace are nonetheless employers under state …” „… Section 1 of the Sherman Act and state analogs.4This is not to say, of course, that all agreements that …”

Index S. 233-0

„… and sharing, 217–19; evidence-based programs database, 221–22; labor policy issues at state level …” „… Administrative data: federal competi-tion policy and, 199–200; state competition policy and, 219–20Agarwal …” „… Evidence-based evaluations: for fed-eral competition policy, 197–204; for state competition policy, 221–22 …”

How Antitrust Law Can Help—Instead of Hurt—Workers S. 85-106

„… and states to exercise their rights and to lessen the imbalance of power in labor markets. Enforcers …” „… power imbalance has contributed to the severe income inequality in the United States: wages for the top …” „… and Permissive EnforcersLocal labor markets in the United States are, on average, highly concen-trated …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815738817

Thomas Duttle - Differentiated Integration at the EU Member State Level

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Thomas Duttle

Differentiated Integration at the EU Member State Level

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 11 2016

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5. Level 2: Specific hypotheses on DI S. 117-128

„… integration or differentiation. Depending on their levels of international interdependence, member states are …” „… regard, member states that are exposed to a higher level of international interdependence strive for …” „… higher level of integration. By contrast, member states that are exposed to a lower level of …”

7. Level 4: Empirical examination S. 155-212

„… : 7. Level 4: Empirical examination 166 Counts of cumulative ADs per member state (and enlargement …” „… . Level 4: Empirical examination 168 Counts of cumulative ADs per member state in the year 2010 (bar chart …” „… less parallel in the entire 1958-2012 period: The counts of these member states remained at a low level …”

6. Level 3: Operationalization, measurement, and data gathering S. 129-154

„… number of national corporations that are based in this member state and are active at the EU level. In …” „… Level 3: Operationalization, measurement, and data gathering This section is aimed at a …” „… reconstruction of the three European integration theories at the level of empirical indicators (Lindenberg and …”

4. Level 1: General assumptions of the three European integration theories S. 89-116

„… . 4), at the national and supranational levels. Secondly, once established by the member states …” „… Level 1: General assumptions of the three European integration theories This section provides a …” „… reconstruction of the three European integration theories at the level of general assumptions (i.e., “core …”

1. Introduction S. 23-30

„… more opt-outs (i.e., DI arrangements) from the EU treaties than any other EU member state, in …” „… . Current primary-law DI arrangements per member state and per policy area Policy areas Opt-out areas per …” „… state Euro Area Schengen Area AFSJ* CSDP CFR M em be r s tat es BG X X 2 CR X X 2 CY X 1 CZ X …”

2. State of research on DI S. 31-42

„… flexibilisierung) at a step-by-step convergence of the integration level of the new member states toward the …” „… integration level of the old member states. Emmanouilidis (2007, 2009) distinguishes between six …” „… subnational governments of affected EU member states (and even non-member states). In this multi-level model …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… Nomos Studies on the European Union | 11 Differentiated Integration at the EU Member State Level …” „… the EU Member State Level Nomos Thomas Duttle BUT_Duttle_3155-8.indd 3 01.08.16 10:33 The Deutsche …” „… the EU Member State Level An Empirical Comparison of European Integration Theories Thomas Duttle 248 p …”

8. Conclusion S. 213-218

„… arrangements at the level of EU member states on its own, the present analysis has also made an attempt at a …” „… sub-section 8.3). Meta-theoretical and theoretical insights The literature review has shown that the state of …” „… explain the extent of DI arrangements across the EU member states and over the period 1958-2012, this …”

9. Bibliography S. 219-238

„… .), The State of the European Union: Building a European Polity? Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 29-62. Carnap …” „… ) Integration. In: Maria Green Cowles and Michael Smith (eds.), The State of the European Union: Risks, Reform …” „… . Hicks and Thomas Janoski (eds.), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State. Cambridge …”

3. Meta-theoretical foundations of empirical theory comparisons S. 43-88

„… and/or more general level (Hondrich 1976: 19; 1978: 325-326; Seyfarth 1978: 286) and, hence, for an …” „… a single theory at a more abstract and/or more general level (Hondrich 1976: 19; 1978: 325-326 …” „… ” (Berliner Kreis) in the 1920s, spread out in Europe before and in the United States (US) and the UK after …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845275253

Eberhard Eichenhofer - The Law of the Activating Welfare State

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Eberhard Eichenhofer

The Law of the Activating Welfare State

2015

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The level of the benefits in the activating welfare state S. 157-158

„… 156 VII. The level of the benefits in the activating welfare state 1. The research question If …” „… society for the individual. The issue of the activating state thus also concerns the level of the …” „… the granting of social benefits in the activating welfare state is necessarily contingent upon acts of …”

Activation in Europe S. 20-68

„… disability pensions at international level among all comparable states, at 13,5 % of the workforce. The …” „… differences in the levels of assistance granted to the unemployed were to be levelled through the …” „… Within the EU – namely in the Member States belonging to the Eurozone – the employment situation and …”

The research question S. 16-19

„… social policy in the last decade. In this way, the countless transformations of the welfare state, which …” „… past decades: the activating welfare state. It stands for a fundamental programmatic reorientation. It …” „… ! Hence, from a historical perspective, activation is not new to the welfare state. The emergence and …”

Foundations of activation – labour and social benefits S. 69-106

„… 68 III. Foundations of activation – labour and social benefits 1. Welfare state of labour The …” „… foundations of the activating welfare state and to analyse its effects. a) Lines of tradition Deciphering …” „… is given as a central purpose. The welfare state is neither a freak of history nor an elementary …”

Self-responsibility S. 107-125

„… activating welfare state attaches special importance to selfresponsibility within the framework of the law of …” „… states have a free hand in the matter of tax collection. They can thus also generate proceeds from …” „… order to overcome their own state of unemployment.384 The empowerment of the unemployed to reintegrate …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-15

„… basis or uniform reductions? 155 VII. The level of the benefits in the activating welfare state 156 …” „… The Law of the Activating Welfare State Eberhard Eichenhofer Nomos BUT_Eichenhofer_1689-0_hc.indd …” „… Eichenhofer The Law of the Activating Welfare State Nomos BUT_Eichenhofer_1689-0_hc.indd 3 29.04.15 …”

Social administration bound by statute or by contract? S. 126-144

„… welfare state. The same central idea propels the social policy reforms of the last decades. Anthony …” „… different eras show that the activating welfare state has to protect those in need through services in …” „… welfare state attempts to ensure labour market participation through new administrative structures …”

Sanctions in case of a failure to cooperate S. 145-156

„… activating welfare state that seeks to amply include the individual in both social and work contexts through …” „… expectations of cooperation? The activating welfare state has to answer these urgent questions. This conflict …” „… illustrates the general and fundamental difficulty that every activation effort in the welfare state faces. On …”

Index S. 174-185

„… welfare state, 5, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 33, 34, 38, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80, 82, 90, 92 …” „… , 170, 194 less eligibility test, 48 Lessenich, Stephan, 95, 105, 107, 207 level of social benefits …” „… , 100 means-tested social benefits, 107 medicine, 116 medieval times, 83 Member State, 24 Mills …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845257433

Elena Kulipanova - Regional cooperation, external actors and power relationships in Central Asia

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Elena Kulipanova

Regional cooperation, external actors and power relationships in Central Asia

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 207 2013

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Level of lending to the individual Central Asian states S. 171-177

„… Central Asian states. It also represents the Bank’s advantage as compared to other donors. 6.1.4. Level …” „… the highest priorities of all the Central Asian states. The levels of lending and the role of the ADB …” „… of lending to the individual Central Asian states The factors determining the amount of ADB …”

The state of research: external influences and domestic change in Central Asia S. 17-22

„… international and domestic levels in which the new transitional states are engaged. Third-party actors affect …” „… and inter-state levels to affect regional cooperation. However, it should be modified in some respects …” „… meetings between the EU and Central Asian officials at all levels and in all formats. Given these facts, we …”

Conclusion S. 202-206

„… capacities of the smaller states. At the same time, its influence at the level of policy implementation has …” „… preliminary assessments of the degree of reliance of the Central Asian states on its resources. I then …” „… an overview of whether and to what extent the Central Asian states have complied. Following the …”

Rethinking regional cooperation in Central Asia S. 257-261

„… levels of economic development of the Central Asian states and the strong emphasis of IOs on …” „… bilateral and multilateral levels of cooperation, and placed a strong focus on the domestic level of …” „… politics. One of the objectives of my analysis was to better understand how the domestic factors (state …”

Promoting cooperation in border management and trade facilitation: the BOMCA progrma S. 240-247

„… requires cooperation and coordination both within one state body at different levels and among different …” „… , was specifically designed for the Central Asian states. It is considered a “flagship EU regional …” „… several EU member states. 370 Thus, BOMCA 5 introduced the concept of pilot regions and the focus on …”

Regionalizing strategy 1: providing an arena for regional politics S. 186-192

„… Figure 2. It has policy and operational levels. The annual Ministerial Conference is the major …” „… decision-making body at the policy level. The operational level consists of three components. First is a Senior …” „… of representatives from the relevant state agencies. The third component is the ad hoc working groups …”

The two regionalizing strategies of the EU S. 230-235

„… TRACECA-TRACECA levels” (TRACECA 2006, p. 4). It further states that the TRACECA projects “must promote in a …” „… in its agreements with the Central Asian states since the early 1990s, as was common in its external …” „… Soviet Union” (European Union/Kazakhstan 1999). The EU initiated a number of regional and inter-state …”

United States S. 91-95

„… , like with Russia, bilateral cooperation dominates relations between China and the Central Asian states …” „… ; a regional dimension is almost absent. 3.3.3. United States Unlike Russia, the U.S. was a …” „… levels of economic assistance to Central Asia, shown in Tables 6 and 7 below. The underlying values have …”

Initiatives for multilateral cooperation in Central Asia S. 81-83

„… low level of bilateral cooperation among these states. By contrast, the better relations between …” „… 81 four states with a visa regime in force since 2001. There are no direct flights between two …” „… has affected bilateral (non-)cooperation, the four states have formally cooperated within several …”

Promoting cooperation in transport and trade facilitation: the CAREC program S. 183-186

„… reconstruction. The linkage between the Central Asian states and Afghanistan was further emphasized by the ADB’s …” „… , along with Afghanistan, Pakistan and the three states of the South Caucasus. Previously, the Central …” „… Asian states were covered by the East and Central Asia Department, while Afghanistan was part of the …”

On the nature of bilateral relations in Central Asia S. 73-81

„… 73 lem once the infrastructure was crossing borders of newly independent states. As I will discuss …” „… interests and the regional cooperation policy choices of the Central Asian states. This short overview …” „… suggests that the Central Asian states have followed similar paths of political development. Corruption and …”

Regionalizing strategy 2: supporting regional projects S. 192-195

„… includes representatives from 13 state agencies, business and IOs. The council mostly covers policy issues …” „… (ADB 1994, p. 6), to the stronger emphasis on country-level operations.300 Recent ADB documents list …” „… 2010d, p. 2). Consequently, ADB lending operations on both the country and regional levels should be …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… has been little harmonization of standards, regulations and operations among the Central Asian states …” „… transit (ADB 2006a, p. 55). The level of fees and charges as presented above in Table 15 illustrates this …” „… states of Central Asia with a number of advantageous patterns, but also with obstacles. On the positive …”

Promoting cooperation in transport: the TRACECA program S. 235-240

„… Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRACECA) program which was classified as one of the inter-state …” „… programs in the TACIS documents. Currently, beneficiaries of TRACECA are the four Central Asian states …” „… the official aims was “to encourage further regional cooperation among the partner states” (European …”

The stated objectives of the individual Central Asian states S. 142-155

„… stated objectives of the individual Central Asian states Similar to the case of international transport …” „… each Central Asian state are the central executive bodies responsible for the development and …” „… identify the general interests and specific preferences of the Central Asian states I will, therefore, rely …”

The mechanism of persuasion S. 247-249

„… EU might impose at the general level of its relations with the Central Asian states. Unlike the ADB …” „… discussions among the Central Asian states and supported regional projects and programs. The two regionalizing …” „… strategies underpin the broader inter-state TRACECA program and the genuinely Central Asian BOMCA program …”

Failures with respect to the mechanisms of exerting influence S. 264-266

„… , p. 133). While this role has enabled the Central Asian states to occasionally use the EU for the …” „… balancing strategies in their foreign relations, the low value and degree of the states’ reliance on the EU …” „… Asian states. Credibility implies the existence of reward and coercive power, attractiveness is related …”

Statement of the problem and the research question S. 15-17

„… the efforts of international organizations (IOs) to promote inter-state cooperation in this region …” „… patterns of cooperation between and among the Central Asian states, the book seeks to answer the following …” „… influence of IOs at the two levels of domestic and regional politics, in particular in two areas of …”

EU relations with the individual Central Asian states S. 218-225

„… Central Asian states as well as on the changes in the general international context of Central Asian …” „… of them. 7.1.4. EU relations with the individual Central Asian states 7.1.4.1 Kazakhstan …” „… independent states, the EU’s role has evolved as a result of its changing interests in the region and …”

The extent of the EU engagement in Central Asia S. 211-218

„… agreements and the levels of technical assistance were far lower than those to the western post-Soviet states …” „… economies in the Eastern Europe and post-Soviet states. Along with the amounts of development assistance …” „… towards the new independent states of the former Soviet Union. Its official aim was to “promote the …”

Cooperation S. 26-29

„… policy choices of individual states towards their neighbors, as derived from their interests, as well as …” „… ” implies having impact on interests and policies as well as on the capacities of the Central Asian states …” „… . Failure, then, refers to the lack of success in inducing and/or enabling these states to cooperate with …”

Conclusion S. 251-256

„… simply to non-democratic states (Youngs 2001, p. 356). EU relations with Tajikistan provide another …” „… Asian 252 states on its resources. The sections on the regional cooperation policies of the EU in …” „… pointing to the degree of the compliance of the Central Asian states. With respect to the first aspect …”

Assessing the ability to realize the stated objectives S. 125-127

„… general, state capacity refers to the ability of governments to shape and implement their policies and …” „… fulfill their objectives. While all the Central Asian states have announced and pursued a number of …” „… extent to which the four Central Asian states are able to provide for the construction and rehabilitation …”

Operationalizing the key variables: state interests, policies, capacities S. 31-36

„… emphasize the domestic level of foreign policy making in which it is not the state that is a primary actor …” „… strategies (or policies) of the Central Asian states. A further impact channel might also be influencing …” „… , while ruling out the possibility of causing a (re-)definition of the Central Asian states’ interests …”

Infrastructure vs. policies? Implications for regional cooperation S. 127-133

„… transport infrastructure since 2000. This has been possible due to a relatively high level of external …” „… two Central Asian states on international support. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are likely to rely …” „… (Samukhin and Toguzbaev 2009, p. 13). The discussions above show that the Central Asian states have shared …”

The mechanism of conditionality S. 249-251

„… , therefore, discuss conditionality the EU might impose at the general level of its relations with the Central …” „… Asian states. Unlike the ADB, the EU mostly applies political conditionality in its external relations …” „… and the rule of law. For example, the PCAs state that “respect for democracy, principles of …”

Conditionality of country and regional projects S. 197-202

„… general level, pre-conditions include the adoption of poverty reduction strategy papers and national …” „… sector level, the Central Asian governments are required to prepare sector development strategies. Some …” „… through which the IFIs try to affect the interests of the Central Asian states. Commitments to …”

Trade and interdependence in Central Asia S. 71-73

„… GDP. Consequently, they also became the most highly indebted Central Asian states. By contrast, due to …” „… its closed economy, Uzbekistan has managed to maintain debts at lower levels; however, it suffers from …” „… states. 3.1.3. Trade and interdependence in Central Asia While there is a lack of reliable statistical …”

The current trade environment in Central Asia S. 135-138

„… -) cooperation Trade is important for all the Central Asian states if we consider the high ratio of it to their …” „… GDP, as I discussed in Chapter 3. However, their landlocked positions subject these states to the …” „… trade flow policies and border crossing procedures of neighboring states. In these geographic …”

Iran, Turkey and Japan S. 95-98

„… ties with Tajikistan, Turkey paid more attention to the four other, predominantly Turkic states of …” „… “Association of independent Turkic states” for political and economic cooperation up to creating a “Turkic …” „… , who wanted to consolidate their states and build up national identities (Winrow 2001, p. 201; Asopa …”

Conceptual idea behind the promotion of regional cooperation S. 177-178

„… and Tajikistan, but also to Uzbekistan. It is also attractive due to the high level of lending to the …” „… transport and energy sectors, which are among the highest priorities of all the Central Asian states. The …” „… levels of lending and the role of the ADB as a whole, however, have changed and differ across the region …”

The mechanism of persuasion S. 195-197

„… different corridors. While all of the Central Asian states share a common interest in developing transit …” „… Central Asian states, while the implications for regional cooperation remain ambiguous. 6.4. The …” „… attempt to exercise influence on the interests and policies of the Central Asian states: persuasion and …”

Political regimes in Central Asia: implications for reforms S. 65-68

„… marked degree of reliance of the Central Asian states on their resources. However, it also sets the …” „… influence upon and the responses of the Central Asian states. The latter are related to the identification …” „… chapter begins with an overview of the political and economic developments of the Central Asian states. It …”

Assessing the extent of ADB resources S. 167-169

„… Central Asian states. 6.1.2. Assessing the extent of ADB resources While I assume that the ADB has …” „… this brief overview suggests the more significant Japanese role in terms of the level of contributions …” „… attractiveness to the Central Asian states. While some countries are only OCR eligible, the concessional ADF …”

Russia S. 83-88

„… . We would therefore expect a low level of bilateral cooperation among these states. By contrast, the …” „… coined these interactions “virtual regionalism.” He argues that the Central Asian states are nevertheless …” „… states have participated in these organizations despite bilateral grievances. Thus, as a whole, the …”

General capabilities of the ADB S. 164-167

„… having impact on either the Central Asian states’ interests, policies and/or capacities to cooperate …” „… Asian states on ADB resources. The chapter then discusses the general policies, approaches, functions …” „… to the World Bank, but at the regional level (Dent 2008, p. 768). The development priorities of the …”

“Promoting regional cooperation” – an analytical understanding S. 30-31

„… extension of state and regional borders. Most issues in the Central Asian states that require a regional …” „… the five post-Soviet states. The definition of a particular regional cooperation thus also depends on …” „… all or several Central Asian states. By contrast, such dynamics are also characterized by the …”

The mechanisms of impact and the reasons for failures S. 38-48

„… rights as their re-39 norms and rules through the process of socialization, new states are induced to …” „… in behavioral adjustment of the Central Asian states. Yet it is methodologically difficult to …” „… establish a causal link between the two. Indeed, states may alter their behaviors for various reasons, such …”

Regional cooperation S. 29-30

„… 29 states’ interests is a challenging analytical task. Yet it is crucial not only for understanding …” „… cooperation would mean that a state in Central Asia adjusts its behavior to the preferences of particular …” „… other states in the region through coordination of policies peculiar to that region. Yet the term region …”

Document analysis S. 60-61

„… Asian states and both directly and indirectly affect their economic welfare, given their physical …” „… failures with respect to the four Central Asian states – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan …” „… semi-structured interviews. With respect to the documents, I used the official state documents of the four Central …”

Conclusion S. 101-103

„… Asian states, since these relations significantly affect their attempts to exert influence. Kyrgyzstan …” „… compared with other external actors and their relative importance for the Central Asian states can be …” „… mechanisms of exerting influence and the responses of the Central Asian states. The chapter highlights …”

The theoretical and conceptual foundations of the key arguments S. 22-23

„… it is generally concerned with inter-state relations on the one hand, and with the role of IOs in …” „… more states” (Keohane 1990, p. 731). However, this approach is problematic. It is not clear how the …” „… explain cooperation from the perspective of states’ choices …”

Main contributions to the academic literature S. 23-24

„… the predominance of the political function of these organizations for the Central Asian states in …” „… in the degree of institutionalization (formal or informal) and the level and extent of participation …” „… policy individual states might choose with respect to their neighbors in order to achieve their interests …”

Case studies S. 58-60

„… states must make the elites receptive to the importation of new ideas and normative claims about state …” „… authoritarian states, would presuppose its extension up to the political elites who are the ultimate decision …” „… policies of the Central Asian states. This view thus fits the overall approach of the study based on the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… engagement in Central Asia 169 6.1.4. Level of lending to the individual Central Asian states 171 6.2. The …” „… question 15 1.2. The state of research: external influences and domestic change in Central Asia 17 1.3 …” „… understanding 30 2.1.4. Operationalizing the key variables: state interests, policies, capacities 31 2.2 …”

Geographical and geo-economic location: the burden and blessing S. 106-108

„… , the southern Central Asian states do not have an integrated domestic transport network. While this …” „… and rail links crossed the borders of the newly independent states. Trade barriers emerging from the …” „… general goals of the Central Asian states in the area of international transport. The first relates to the …”

The extent of ADB engagement in Central Asia S. 169-171

„… other donors. 6.1.4. Level of lending to the individual Central Asian states The factors determining …” „… states that the Bank should mainly finance specific projects, it also introduced program lending in 1978 …” „… , the-then newly independent states were required to provide commitments to market economy and pursue …”

IOs as actors in their own right: on the roles and functions of IOs S. 36-38

„… questions of why states create institutions, how they pursue their interests through institutions, and …” „… whether and how IOs “matter” (Gutner and Thompson 2010, p. 228). On a more general level, the debate on …” „… regulative aspects of international institutions, whereby they can affect state behavior towards cooperation …”

Failures due to the lack of a power base? S. 261-264

„… 261 century due to a relatively high level of external borrowing and the involvement of other …” „… external actors, above all China. The states have potentially been less able to realize their interests in …” „… Tajikistan), a major problem is with its quality. All the Central Asian states have participated in …”

Policy choices of the Central Asian states: implications for regional cooperation S. 158-162

„… Central Asian states. 5.3. Policy choices of the Central Asian states: implications for regional …” „… , it is obvious that policy coordination among the states is necessary to reduce trade costs. Similar …” „… both multilateral and bilateral cooperation among particular Central Asian states. The interest of …”

Assessing capacities for trade facilitation S. 155-158

„… states (Interview #4, Dushanbe, 29 October 2009; Komitet tamozhennogo kontrolia Ministerstva finansov RK …” „… Asian states started organizing their own customs institutions. The customs agencies were set up in 1991 …” „… Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is low compared with the trade turnover of these states: about 70,000 and 63,000 …”

Economic developments in Central Asia S. 68-71

„… Asian states had fairly similar starting conditions, in that all of them experienced severe economic …” „… compared with other post-Soviet states (Jones Luong 2002, p. 114; Gleason 2003, p. 69). It was the first …” „… ), the state’s central role in the Uzbek economy, and economic self-reliance.75 The state holds strict …”

International organizations S. 98-101

„… states of Central Asia to seek foreign assistance and investments. At the same, the openness of most …” „… Central Asian states was part of their general policy of entering the international community and the …” „… , and political organization based on liberal Western values in the post-Soviet states (MacFarlane 2003a …”

Defining resources at the EU’s disposal S. 209-211

„… European Commission is a full member along with its member states. Finally, development is “at the heart …” „… 2010, p. 17). The EU roles as an economic and development actor in its relations with third states are …” „… , the EU (including its member states) is the largest aid donor that accounts for nearly 55 % of the …”

The concepts of power S. 48-51

„… reasons why IOs may, nevertheless, fail. The most frequently stated reasons result from all three levels …” „… of interaction – IOs, the states and the mode of cooperation between the two. These are the …” „… the structure of relationship and interdependence between the IOs and the states subjected to …”

Constraints to international transit: physical and non-physical barriers S. 113-118

„… of the states in the five-year period shown. For example, in Kyrgyzstan only 22 % of the …” „… countries. 114 The table also shows that all the Central Asian states are performing better with respect to …” „… technical state of the railway networks (Shalabaeva 2007). Another constraint relates to the differences in …”

The roles, functions and instruments of ADB S. 181-183

„… 181 pursued at a sub-regional level. Indeed, in the 1990s the ADB emphasized sub-regional …” „… achieved through provision of relevant information. In the second phase, the member states should make a …” „… reconstruction. The linkage between the Central Asian states and Afghanistan was further emphasized by the ADB’s …”

China S. 88-91

„… independent states.106 Another reason was to combat Uighur separatism in Xinjiang, fueled by the fear that …” „… bilateral or multilateral military exercises with other SCO member states (Peyrouse 2010). The aid is …” „… Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan started the dialogue on confidence building …”

From general interests to specific preferences S. 118-125

„… states have a relatively developed and integrated transport network, although it is poorly maintained. An …” „… states. Tajikistan, in particular faces much higher transport costs as a result of the almost complete …” „… will discuss how the Central Asian states respond to these circumstances and what implications this has …”

Definitions and approaches to regional cooperation S. 178-181

„… sensitive issues such as the transfer of sovereignty and the states’ interests (ADB 2004b). The distance …” „… pursued at a sub-regional level. Indeed, in the 1990s the ADB emphasized sub-regional cooperation programs …” „… achieved through provision of relevant information. In the second phase, the member states should make a …”

Bibliography S. 277-319

„… 277 Bibliography Abbott, Kenneth W. and Snidal, Duncan. 1998. Why states act through formal …” „… Modernization and Infrastructure Development Project (cofinanced by the Government of the United States …” „… : http://www.stat.kz/digital/stat_trud/Pages/trud.aspx, accessed 01.04. 2012. Akaev, Askar and Zhumaliev, Kubanychbek. 2004. Renessans velikogo …”

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