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Victoria Asaba Chege - Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

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Victoria Asaba Chege

Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

Series: Arbeits- und Sozialrecht

Volume 118 2011

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Intersectionality revisited S. 53-61

„… generalised approach and thus a contradiction of very concept of intersectionality that this study propagates …” „… ) conceptual inconsistencies might justify such an approach. IV. Intersectionality revisited Intersectionality …” „… , unlike additivity, addressing intersectionality has proved to be rather problematic in the application of …”

Multidimensionality, intersectionality and additivity S. 42

„… 42III. Multidimensionality, intersectionality and additivity A more detailed discussion of the …” „… discrimination. Intersectional discrimination/intersectionality in turn refers to the inseparable interaction of …” „… intersectionality, additivity/additive discrimination has been used where discrimination arises due to the interplay …”

Beyond equality law – structural intersectionality at the interface of anti-discrimination law and other policies – The European Employment Strategy (EES) S. 338-347

„… – structural intersectionality at the interface of anti-discrimination law and other policies – The European …” „… non-rigid instruments can be construed to effectively address structural intersectionality. There are other …” „… intersectionality. These include social inclusion and education.248 These policies are relevant in that they pursue …”

Identifying the socio-context S. 333-335

„… intersectionality is one of the other three strands that Crenshaw identifies in her concept of intersectionality …” „… , the other two being representational intersectionality which entails the way Black women are depicted …” „… in media etc., and political intersectionality, which basically reflects the dilemma of belonging to …”

Evaluation and conclusion S. 85-88

„… . In the US, cases which recognised intersectionality were from lower instant courts and were hence …” „… potential complainants, investigators and adjudicators.315 Also, although intersectionality has been …” „… section 15 of the Charter seems to have stifled further attempts at intersectionality and critics of the …”

The concepts and conceptions in equality law S. 326-333

„… developed under a single-ground sex equality approach to intersectionality. Being based on an …” „… intra-categorical binary approach, when adapted to intersectionality, the formal concept of equality will fail to …” „… incorporate intersectionality, it will be imperative that ground-related dimensions are constantly integrated …”

Conclusion and final theses S. 349-376

„… . Due to the indivisibility of the human identity, scholars of intersectionality refute essentialist …” „… able to overcome problems related to legislative history by interpreting intersectionality as an …” „… as mutually exclusivsee also chapter 6 on the approach of UK courts to intersectionality. 5 See …”

Redressing the social context through anti-discrimination law S. 335-338

„… 335II. Redressing the social context through anti-discrimination law Structural intersectionality …” „… accommodation can be employed to address structural intersectionality. 1. Indirect discrimination Being a group …” „… expected here, only those with particular relevance for structural intersectionality will be mentioned …”

Assessment of conceptual structure S. 51-53

„… intersectionality. Makkonen has also identified a fourth type – the overlapping discrimination. From the above, it …” „… a contradiction of very concept of intersectionality that this study propagates. However, at the …” „… inconsistencies might justify such an approach. IV. Intersectionality revisited Intersectionality, being the …”

Canada S. 76-85

„… origins.255 Accord- 247 Areheart, ‘Intersectionality revisited’, p. 22. 248 E.M. Gee, K.M. Kobayashi, S …” „… from within the immigrant communities (political intersectionality). Multidimensional discrimination is …” „… IntersectionalityFtnts/ pdf> (last accessed 30 April 2010). 277 See Singh, ‘International treaties and comparative …”

USA S. 61-76

„… intersectionality, areas of priority and conceptual frameworks. However, there is more or less an interdisciplinary …” „… based on the experience of the US and Canadian legal systems where the concept of intersectionality has …” „… . Nevertheless, the restrictive DeGraffenreid approach has been modified and intersectionality acknowledged in a …”

Introducing a provision on multidimensionality S. 293-317

„… , intersectionality being one of them. It also builds on existing studies by specifically questioning the extent to …” „… though intersectionality was recognised as an analogous ground, there was no infringement of s. 15 of the …” „… Equality and Unfair Discrimination Act 2000. bb. Determining intersectionality as an analogous grounds With …”

Enforcement S. 205-217

„… from the nature of intersectionality itself. In other words, intersectionality might set its own limits …” „… originated, different scholars support different approaches. When they first propagated intersectionality …” „… discrimination.214 Her study however revealed that cases of intersectionality were hindered by the fact that …”

Conceptual structure S. 182-189

„… equality to intersectionality. Substantiveness under intersectionality requires an inter-categorical …” „… approach that leads to intra-group focus. Substantiveness under intersectionality recognises disadvantage …” „… here. Only those elements that have specific implications for intersectionality will be addressed. a …”

Table of Contents S. 9-16

„… . Ethnic minority women 39 II. Equality and equal treatment 41 III. Multidimensionality, intersectionality …” „… . Assessment of conceptual structure 51 IV. Intersectionality revisited 53 1. A legal theoretical perspective …” „… 53 2. The challenge of intersectionality beyond legal theory – an interdisciplinary convergence? 55 …”

Methods S. 34-36

„… this concept in the Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions, where the notion of intersectionality first developed …” „… intersectionality. This is particularly relevant when one considers the fact that the concept of multidimensionality …” „… discourse on intersectionality is just gaining momentum, most particularly following the adoption of the AGG …”

Reasons for restricted approach S. 279-291

„… , while rebutting intersectionality is nothing but a single-ground approach that takes place within a …” „… . Intersectionality would require one to probe further to find out existing intra-group differences, and in this case …” „… responsible for the late arrival of the concept of intersectionality in 336 Heun, ibid; Sacksofsky, ibid …”

Research objective S. 31-32

„… the complex concept of intersectionality. Following the adoption of the new equality instruments …” „… notably intersectionality, has received almost equal attention from legal and sociological scholars …” „… , intersectionality and the European Union’, EJWS, 2006, vol. 13, 211-228; A. Adib and Y. Guerrier, ‘The interlocking …”

Literature S. 377-412

„… Dampfboot, 2003. Areheart, B., ‘Intersectionality and identity: Revisiting a wrinkle in Title VII’, CRLJ …” „… , 2006, vol. 17, 199-235. Areheart, B., ‘Intersectionality revisted. Why Congress should amend Title VII …” „… intersectionality’, JIWS, 2004, vol. 5, 75-86. Brah, A., ‘Race and culture in the gendering of labour markets. South …”

Methodology S. 32-34

„… intersectionality, has received almost equal attention from legal and sociological scholars forcing law to take …” „… , intersectionality and the European Union’, EJWS, 2006, vol. 13, 211-228; A. Adib and Y. Guerrier, ‘The interlocking …” „… , Gender & Organization, 2003, vol. 10, 413-432; N. Yuval-Davis, ‘Intersectionality and feminist politics …”

Assessment and challenges S. 177-178

„… addressed by national courts. Intersectional claims were however problematic. In the US, intersectionality …” „… Court in Lam has not yet satisfied legal scholarship on intersectionality. This hence explains the …” „… emphasis on intersectionality in the next chapter. 317 On rationales see Schiek, ‘Broadening the scope …”

Equality and equal treatment S. 41-42

„… work. 42III. Multidimensionality, intersectionality and additivity A more detailed discussion of the …” „… discrimination. Intersectional discrimination/intersectionality in turn refers to the inseparable interaction of …” „… intersectionality, additivity/additive discrimination has been used where discrimination arises due to the interplay …”

Conceptual structure: Additive and intersectional discrimination S. 45-51

„… basically focuses on intersectionality which she interprets as the invisible and inseparable interaction of …” „… grounds involved.14 In relation to race and sex, she argues that the intersectionality of grounds leads to …” „… from her work that the concept of intersectionality is used in reference to both the inseparable …”

Background S. 43-45

„… , 383-395, at 383 (emphasis added). 2 Ibid. 3 K. Crenshaw, ‘Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity …” „… basically focuses on intersectionality which she interprets as the invisible and inseparable interaction of …” „… grounds involved.14 In relation to race and sex, she argues that the intersectionality of grounds leads to …”

Concluding remarks S. 347-348

„… has attempted to throw light on how structural intersectionality can be addressed in EU equality law …” „… discrimination. The study contends that addressing structural intersectionality demands for the identification of …”

The inconsistent levels of protection S. 189-205

„… disadvantage arising out of intersectionality.84 This issue is magnified by the fact that the Race Directive …” „… generally K. Crenshaw, ‘Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against …” „… grounds. This is not a limitation of intersectionality as such, but a direct outcome of the nature of the …”

Structure S. 36-37

„… to address intersectionality depends largely on its ability to adopt a comprehensive approach to all …” „… , 249-265; G-A. Knapp, ‘“Intersectionality” ein neues Paradigma feministischer Theorie? Zur …”

Need for a religious dimension? S. 130-131

„… intersectionality as a discrimination claim. Any essentialist approach to the group of ethnic minority women would …” „… intersectionality in particular, an analysis of effectiveness of the EU nationality and sex equality provisions …”

Approach of UK Courts S. 250-256

„… ,181 which seems to be the leading case on intersectionality, a Black Asian woman employed by the law …” „… headscarf. The Muslim headscarf has been classified in academic discourse as a symbol of intersectionality …” „… , ‘Positive rights and positive duties: Addressing intersectionality’, in Schiek, Chege (eds), European Union …”

Legislative framework S. 276-279

„… rebutted intersectionality. As this study has argued,316 it is thus possible to accept additive claims …” „… multidimensionality,322 permitting added grounds, while rebutting intersectionality is nothing but a single-ground …”

Addressing inconsistencies S. 317-326

„… intersectionality might call for particular means, which do not necessarily mean the exclusion of some grounds and …” „… to be achieved.143 It is thus possible to construe EU law to the needs of intersectionality through a …” „… Mehrebenanalyse’, p. 2, note 2. 140 Lutz and Wenning, ibid. 141 On structural intersectionality see chapter 7 …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-6

„… interesting topic of intersectionality, and supervised this work until 2007, before she left the University of …”

Effects of gender and ethnicity S. 130

„… intersectionality as a discrimination claim. Any essentialist approach to the group of ethnic minority women would …”

Intra-group differences S. 130

„… intersectionality as a discrimination claim. Any essentialist approach to the group of ethnic minority women would …”

Beyond race and sex – to ethnicity/nationality and sex? S. 131

„… fundamental freedoms. For intersectionality in particular, an analysis of effectiveness of the EU nationality …”

Approach of courts S. 279

„… , while rebutting intersectionality is nothing but a single-ground approach that takes place within a …”

German courts S. 270-276

„… of the constitutionally granted rights.288 Intersectionality was also not considered. Apart from the …” „… might be relevant in highlighting the approach of German Courts to intersectionality, although it does …”

Preliminary remarks S. 129-130

„… recognise intersectionality as a discrimination claim. Any essentialist approach to the group of ethnic …”

Pre 2000 S. 220-222

„… . Crenshaw, ‘Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color …”

Reasons for disadvantage: Beyond discrimination S. 131-133

„… fundamental freedoms. For intersectionality in particular, an analysis of effectiveness of the EU nationality …”

Possible reasons for the lack of attention S. 226-228

„… role in the limited attention given to intersectionality. The prohibition to discriminate on grounds of …”

Research question S. 23-26

„… : Foundations, Philadelphia: Temple, 1993, 383-395); K. Crenshaw, ‘Mapping the margins: Intersectionality …”

Multidimensionality and the principle of equality and non discrimination S. 28-31

„… the complex concept of intersectionality. Following the adoption of the new equality instruments …”

Peculiarities of EU equality law S. 217-220

„… Therefore theoretically speaking, addressing intersectionality in equal pay cases might still be hindered …”

Legislative framework S. 256-270

„… Employment Law. 197 S. Fredman, ‘Positive rights and positive duties: Addressing intersectionality’, in …” „… .251 In relation to intersectionality, although it remains unexplored in her work, Giuseppe’s …”

Legislative framework S. 231-250

„… jurisdictions examined within the context of intersectionality were based on sex and racial harassment. Thus on …” „… statutes.71 69 See generally E. Grabham’s assessment of intersectionality and legal practice in UK law in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227825

Sarah Böllinger, Carsten Mildner, Ulf Vierke - Diversity Gains

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Sarah Böllinger (ed.), Carsten Mildner (ed.), Ulf Vierke (ed.)

Diversity Gains

Series: Bayreuther Studien zu Politik und Gesellschaft in Afrika | Bayreuth Studies in African Politics and Societies

Volume 6 2020

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Monika Windisch Antidiscrimination Policies, (Disability) Mainstreaming, and Intersectionality S. 197-216

„… 197 Antidiscrimination Policies, (Disability) Mainstreaming, and Intersectionality Monika …” „… Intersectionality 199 which promise concrete strategies, capable of providing equal rights to everyone. Ableism …” „… ) Mainstreaming, and Intersectionality 201 velopment. They influence the way we perceive social issues and …”

Thomas Hughes Hypermarginal Strategies: Refugees with Disability in the Danish Welfare State S. 173-196

„… intersectionality concept in attempts to map the margins of a social context. The focus of intersectionality was …” „… this idea of fragmentation, and theories of intersectionality, this article aims to address some of …” „… compounding and socially fracturing impact. While intersectionality emerged in a North American context, my …”

Index S. 223-234

„… also intersectionality 180, 182, 195 and rehabilitation 18, 46, 49, 55, 59, 81, 89, 102, 103, 186 …” „… noninstitutional 116 of higher education 16 public. See also museum 105 social 197 intersectionality. See …” „… gender and. See also intersectionality 18, 193, 208, 213 racism 8, 106, 119, 179, 186, 190, 208 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… ) Mainstreaming, and Intersectionality 197 About the Authors 217 Index 223 …”

About the Authors S. 217-222

„… , social inequality, intersectionality and inclusive school development. office@monika-windisch.at …”

Sarah Böllinger, Katharina Fink, Carsten Mildner From Critical Intervention to Trademark – and Back! Diversity Gains in Discourse and Praxis S. 7-24

„… intersectionality and mainstreaming to another level, going beyond country specific questions and debates that …” „… how intersectionality could work in the context of disability and how intersectional experiences of …”

Sarah Böllinger, Ulf Vierke Diverse Perspectives. Foreignness and Intimacy of the Photographic Gaze on Disability S. 79-104

„… disabled bodies in Africa. So far, this intersectionality has received little attention from anthropology …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748909705

Fernanda Ribeiro, Maria Elisa Cerveira - Challenges and Opportunities for Knowledge Organization in the Digital Age

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Fernanda Ribeiro (ed.), Maria Elisa Cerveira (ed.)

Challenges and Opportunities for Knowledge Organization in the Digital Age

Series: Advances in Knowledge Organization

Volume 16 2018

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Maria Aparecida Moura Intersectionality and the social construction of Knowledge Organization S. 830-838

„… Maria Aparecida Moura Intersectionality and the social construction of Knowledge Organization …” „… . Intersectionality is a concept proposed by Crenshaw in 1989 that refers to the multiple interactions that …” „… power structures. From a structural perspective, intersectionality reveals schemata and interfaces that …”

Lilium Rajan Historical ambiguity: a lens for approaching outdated terms S. 256-264

„… intersectionality have recently been explored by Fox (2016a). The problem of intersectionality is not necessarily …” „… oppressions?" Perspectives on intersectionality in knowledge organization. Knowledge Organization 43: 373-383 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 820 Intersectionality and the social construction of Knowledge Organization Maria Aparecida Moura …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783956504211

Graeme Daniels, Joseph P. Farley - Getting Real about Sex Addiction

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Graeme Daniels, Joseph P. Farley

Getting Real about Sex Addiction

2022

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Chapter 2 Sex and Intersectionality S. 59-98

doi.org/10.5771/9781538158067

Carl Niekerk, Gabriela Stoicea - Lessing Yearbook/Jahrbuch XLIX, 2022

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Carl Niekerk (ed.), Gabriela Stoicea (ed.)

Lessing Yearbook/Jahrbuch XLIX, 2022

2022

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Lessing and Intersectionality / Lessing und Intersektionalität edited by / herausgegeben von Gaby Pailer S. 189-264

„… and traditions. 193Introduction: Lessing and IntersectionalityGaby Pailer’s article deals with …” „… Lessing and Intersectionality / Lessing und Intersektionalitätedited by / herausgegeben von Gaby …” „… PailerLessing Yearbook / Jahrbuch 2022, Vol. XLIXIntroduction: Lessing and Intersectionality Gby PeAt the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… « . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Lessing and Intersectionality / Lessing und Intersektionalität edited by / herausgegeben von Gaby …” „… PailerGby PeIntroduction: Lessing and Intersectionality . . . . . . . . . . . . 191I Aexe …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783835349360

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