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Wolfgang Zellner, Hans-Joachim Schmidt, Götz Neuneck - Die Zukunft konventioneller Rüstungskontrolle in Europa. The Future of Conventional Arms Control in Europe

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Wolfgang Zellner (ed.), Hans-Joachim Schmidt (ed.), Götz Neuneck (ed.)

Die Zukunft konventioneller Rüstungskontrolle in Europa. The Future of Conventional Arms Control in Europe

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 194 2009

Results in this title

Arms Control’s Groundhog Days S. 117-133

„… 117 Burak Akçapar Arms Control’s Groundhog Days1 In August 2008, as the global media was …” „… , however, in a way it is also business as usual. In the world of arms control, crises are endemic, almost …” „… efforts to move past current difficulties. The technical and intricate nature of arms control makes it …”

Conventional Arms Control and CFE S. 261-266

„… 261 Dorn Crawford Conventional Arms Control and CFE1 Aspects, Approaches and …” „… administrative or technical nature.” Principles – in concrete. An arms control agreement worthy of the name …” „… oversee the implementation of an arms control agreement is not unique or even new with CFE, of course …”

Regional Instabilities and Conventional Arms Control S. 403-412

„… 403 Zdzislaw Lachowski Regional Instabilities and Conventional Arms Control It was not …” „… places where conflict prevention, resolution and management are needed. While arms control in regional …” „… arms control to address the problem of regional crises and conflicts has, nonetheless, been difficult …”

Arms and the Man: The Conundrums of Control S. 30-38

„… specific effort for control, and the other motives for having arms or controlling them in a 21st-century …” „… arsenals are, in principle, under a single executive control and fully known to the controllers, so the …” „… 30 Alyson J.K. Bailes Arms and the Man: The Conundrums of Control ‘Arms and the man’, to …”

Conventional Arms Control in Europe – Quality, Quantity, and Stability S. 222-234

„… 222 Jeffrey D. McCausland Conventional Arms Control in Europe – Quality, Quantity, and …” „… conventional arms control 1 This paper was …” „… prepared specifically for the Berlin-Seminar on Conventional Arms Control, “Conventional Arms Control and …”

The Agreement on Sub-regional Arms Control (Florence Agreement) S. 450-464

„… 450 Heinz Vetschera The Agreement on Sub-regional Arms Control (Florence Agreement) The …” „… Agreement on Sub-regional Arms Control, also known as the “Florence Agreement” or “Art. IV Agreement”,1 can …” „… where “hard arms control” would be deemed necessary. Finally, there might even have been some missed …”

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Current Arms Control Regimes and CSBMs S. 88-96

„… 88 Andrei Zagorski Strengths and Weaknesses of the Current Arms Control Regimes and CSBMs …” „… General Remarks Within a security community as defined by Karl Deutsch, arms control measures as …” „… . Arms control was developed as a tool for managing the risks of an adversarial security relationship …”

The European Union and Its Growing Importance for Conventional Arms Control S. 491-496

„… Control With the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the development of a Common Foreign and Security …” „… Policy (CFSP), conventional arms control and disarmament began to gain in importance for the European …” „… ) will coordinate and design conventional arms control policy in Europe. For that reason the EU has …”

Conventional Arms Control in Europe– Structural Stability and New Weapons Developments S. 515-530

„… 515 Götz Neuneck Conventional Arms Control in Europe – Structural Stability and New Weapons …” „… The CFE Treaty not only marked the beginning of a new era of arms control in Europe, but also helped …” „… (TLE) and marked the biggest wave of disarmament in the history of modern arms control.2 These major …”

Conventional Arms Control and CSBMs: a View from the Baltic Sea Region S. 274-279

„… 274 Robertas Rosinas Conventional Arms Control and CSBMs: a View from the Baltic Sea Region …” „… Arms control can certainly not become a goal in itself. It is and can only be a means, at significant …” „… cooperative security. In turn, stability and security do not owe their existence only to arms control and …”

Regional Risks and Instabilities and Conventional Arms Control: General Experiences and Patterns S. 424-433

„… 424 Herbert Salber Regional Risks and Instabilities and Conventional Arms Control: General …” „… Experiences and Patterns1 As this book is focused on conventional arms control and disarmament, I will …” „… Seminars on Conventional Arms Control organized by the Federal Foreign Office, “Conventional Arms Control …”

Tactical Nuclear Weapons: Easiest Solution, Hardest Problem on the American Arms Control Agenda S. 541-548

„… Problem on the American Arms Control Agenda Overview In just its first few months in office, the …” „… Obama Administration has demonstrated its commitment to making nuclear arms control a central piece of …” „… unilateralism and missile defense over multilateralism and arms control negotiations. In a high profile 5 April …”

Wing Walking and Conventional Arms Control: The Adapted CFE Treaty is Not the Final Handhold S. 167-176

„… 167 Gregory Govan Wing Walking and Conventional Arms Control: The Adapted CFE Treaty is Not the …” „… , and paralysis grips those who don’t know where they have to go. Conventional arms control in Europe …” „… results of lack of prevention. This is true of fire departments, health services, and arms control …”

European Security and Conventional Arms Control: An Agenda for the 21<sup>st</sup> Century S. 144-152

„… 144 Camille Grand European Security and Conventional Arms Control: An Agenda for the 21st …” „… Century1 The deepening crisis facing conventional arms control in Europe for several years now has …” „… OSCE Summit to the Russian “Freeze” of the CFE: How Did the Conventional Arms Control Regime Unravel …”

The Collapse of the CFE Treaty and the Prospects for Conventional Arms Control in Europe S. 184-189

„… Control in Europe “So Lord, won’t you help me, What do you say? I got those CFE blues They ain’t …” „… CFE issues with a view to determining whether there is any room left for conventional arms control in …” „… contradictory views on the role of conventional arms control at a time when a large part of Europe was …”

Conventional Arms Control in Europe at the Strategic and Sub-regional Levels: The Balance of Military Capabilities – a Valid Concept? S. 475-483

„… 475 Wolfgang Zellner Conventional Arms Control in Europe at the Strategic and Sub-regional …” „… strategic nuclear level could also resurrect European arms control, specifically the adapted Treaty on …” „… specific sub-regional arms-control measures. Fourth, a model for the interplay between strategic and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Die Zukunft konventioneller Rüstungskontrolle in Europa The Future of Conventional Arms Control …” „… Rüstungskontrolle in Europa The Future of Conventional Arms Control in Europe Nomos 1. Auflage 2009 © Nomos …” „… gegenwärtigen strategischen Umfeld Chapter 1: The Relevance of Conventional Arms Control in the Current …”

Is the CFE Process Ready for the “Reset Button”? S. 380-391

„… unique. It was the age of arms control. Arms control was not only part of the international political …” „… agenda but generally played a central role on it, and the conclusion of a new arms control arrangement …” „… was generally seen as a major political achievement. The arms control agenda was mostly defined by …”

Editors’ Preface S. 15-16

„… 15 Editors’ Preface After a lost decade, arms control and disarmament are back on the …” „… far-reaching progress across the whole spectrum of strategic nuclear arms control. US President Barack Obama …” „… control. For Europe, conventional arms control has strategic importance. As such, it is almost tragic to …”

Foreword S. 11-12

„… Conventional Arms Control in Europe Twenty years ago, the Berlin Wall fell. The era of East-West …” „… resolved. Disarmament and arms control also seemed to be sorted out. However, these issues have lost none …” „… regional conflicts. Global Peace and stability are inextricably linked to arms control and disarmament …”

Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren / About the Authors S. 553-560

„… and Littlefield, 2006) und ‘The International Law of Conventional Arms Control in Europe …” „… Era’ (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006) and ‘The International Law of Conventional Arms Control …” „… working on strategic affairs and arms control issues. He was Director General of CFSP in the EU Council …”

CFE in the Current Strategic Environment S. 199-206

„… process and other arms control issues in general. 2 By then the situation in the Northern and Southern …” „… control is supposed to achieve. This is particularly crucial in the new conventional environment of …” „… resume the course of arms control. The problem, especially when it comes to conventional arms control …”

Ways out of the Crisis: Approaches for the Preservation of the CFE Regime S. 347-365

„… Russian border, without limiting mechanism of legally binding arms control agreements. 2. The …” „… - 1 Besides the damage to arms control, the difficult-to-calculate strategic risks of major powers …” „… pan-European and sub-regionally effective components. In this context arms control gray areas must be …”

CFE Regime Building in Georgia and South Caucasus S. 314-324

„… assesses the prospects for pan-European 315 stability and the development of conventional arms controls …” „… allowed the Russian border troops to control Georgia’s external borders. The Russian-Georgian agreement …” „… (RFT) in Tbilisi and to maintain substantial control over Georgia’s external borders. The total number …”

The CFE Treaty, or: Can Europe Do Without Cooperative Security? S. 52-64

„… strengthening confidence and security among us and in promoting arms control and disarmament.”1 Seventeen …” „… December 1987 and the “zero-zero” solution. With the exception of INF, however, nuclear arms-control …” „… times greater than that seen in the Second World War. While arms control talks between the WP and NATO …”

European Security and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe S. 245-253

„… capacity of the European arms control regime seems to be less important than the withdrawal of a thousand …” „… sphere of international security. This is a positive sign. In parallel to conventional arms control it is …” „… last resort. Guaranteeing equal access to the control of future ABM systems, no matter what state is …”

Jeffrey D. McCausland Konventionelle Rüstungskontrolle in Europa – Qualität, Quantität und Stabilität S. 207-221

„… Control and Disarmament in the Current Strategic Environment“ geschrieben, welches das Auswärtige Amt und …” „… - 4 Thomas Schelling/Morton Halperin, Strategy and Arms Control, Washington 1985, erstmals …” „… Control in a Changing Europe, Boulder, Colorado 1989, S. 23. 7 Ebd., S. 5. 210 Lehren aus der …”

Götz Neuneck Konventionelle Rüstungskontrolle in Europe – Strukturelle Stabilität und neue Waffenentwicklungen S. 497-514

„… , The Control of the Arms Race. Disarmament and Arms Control in the Missile Age. New York 1961 (dieses …” „… . Conventional Arms Control in a Changing Europe, Boulder/Co. 1989, S. 3. 502 Klassische Kampfkraftverstärker …” „… Control. Heute bietet die informationelle Revolution viele Möglichkeiten für den Einsatz neuer …”

Abkürzungen / List of Abbreviations S. 549-552

„… Bundesrepublik Jugoslawien ( FRY) BuH Bosnien und Herzegowina ( BiH) C4I Command, Control, Communications …” „… Joint Control Commission JCG Joint Consultative Group ( GBG) JDAM Joint Direct Attack Munition …”

Alyson J.K. Balles Die Waffen und der Mensch: Die Rätsel der Kontrolle S. 17-29

„… Umfeld Chapter 1: The Relevance of Conventional Arms Control in the Current Strategic Environment …” „… Sicherheitsüberprüfungskonferenz der OSZE im Juli 2008 weiterentwickelt, vgl. The present state of arms control arrangements, CSBMs …” „… Democratic Control of Armed Forces (http://www.dcaf.ch) bieten eine Fülle guter Quellen zu beiden Themen. …”

Considering the Political Meaning of CFE in 2009 S. 72-77

„… that runs beyond the specialist arms control community? To be sure, for the last twenty years, various …” „… U.S. foreign policy specialists now tend to look on such arms control topics as CFE “with a mixture …”

Catherine M. Kelleher, Scott L. Warren Taktische Nuklearwaffen: die einfachste Lösung und das schwierigste Problem auf der amerikanischen Rüstungskontrollagenda S. 531-540

„… Control, in: Arms Control Today, May 2002. Rühl, Lothar, The future of US tactical nuclear weapons in …”

Wolfgang Zellner, Hans-Joachim Schmidt, Götz Neuneck Vorwort der Herausgeber S. 13-14

„… Security and Cooperative Approaches to Arms Control in Potsdam im Juni 2008 und ein vom Auswärtigen Amt …”

Burak Akçapar Rüstungskontrolle: Und täglich grüßt das Murmeltier S. 97-116

„… 2 Dazu ausführlich: Burak Akçapar, The International Law of Conventional Arms Control in Europe …” „… . 4 Vgl. Zdzislaw Lachowski/Martin Sjögren, Conventional Arms Control, in: SIPRI Yearbook 2004 …” „… Lachowski, Conventional Arms Control, in: SIPRI Yearbook 2008. Armaments, Disarmament and International …”

Withdrawal of the Russian Forces from Moldova – The Key to Revitalizing the CFE Treaty S. 292-302

„… assigned to the Joint Control Commission (JCC) in order to assure the cease-fire and the separation of the …” „… Control Commission and of the relevant military units”.22 Such a renunciation would bring the Russian …”

Hans-Joachim Schmidt Die Europäische Union und ihre wachsende Bedeutung für die konventionelle Rüstungskontrolle S. 484-490

„… 1 Siehe dazu ausführlich Annalisa Giannella, Conventional Arms Control and Disarmament: New Avenues …”

Wolfgang Zellner Konventionelle Rüstungskontrolle in Europa auf strategischer und subregionaler Ebene: Ist militärisches Gleichgewicht noch ein angemessenes Konzept? S. 465-474

„… 1 Text in: The Arms Control Reporter, 11/1993, S. 407.D.85/86 (eigene Übersetzung). 470 etwas auf …”

Herbert Salber Regionale Risiken, Instabilitäten und Rüstungskontrolle: Allgemeine Erfahrungen und Muster S. 413-423

„… , “Conventional Arms Control and Disarmament in the Current Strategic Environment”, RACVIAC Centre for Security …”

Mihai Gribincea Abzug der russischen Streitkräfte aus Moldau – Schlüssel zur Wiederbelebung des KSE-Vertrags S. 280-291

„… Kontrollkommission (Joint Control Commission, JCC) mit 19 …”

Heinz Vetschera Das Abkommen über subregionale Rüstungskontrolle (Abkommen von Florenz) S. 434-449

„… entsprechenden Terminologie: Thomas C. Schelling/Morton H. Halperin, Strategy and Arms Control, New York 1961 …”

Wolfgang Richter Wege aus der Krise: Lösungsansätze für die Bewahrung des KSE-Regimes S. 325-346

„… : Conventional Arms Control in Europe: Options for the Future 327 Wolfgang Richter Wege aus der …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217833

Sebastian Tschentscher - Festlegung von Stromnetzentgelten in Deutschland und Österreich

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Sebastian Tschentscher

Festlegung von Stromnetzentgelten in Deutschland und Österreich

Series: Veröffentlichungen zum deutschen und europäischen Energierecht

Volume 142 2009

Results in this title

Energie-Control Kommission und Energie-Control GmbH S. 47-48

„… die Energie-Control Kommission, die Grundsätze der Tariffestsetzung in der …” „… Energie-Control Kommission zuständig, allgemeine Regelungen zur Festlegung der Systemnutzungstarife zu erlassen …” „… , wenn dieser seine Weisungen nicht befolgt oder Auskünfte nicht erteilt212. b) Energie-Control …”

Bundesminister für Arbeit und Wirtschaft S. 46-47

„… Arbeit, die Energie-Control Kommission (ECK) und die Energie-Control GmbH (ECG) zuständig. Die …” „… - und Erdgasbereich und die Errichtung der Energie-Control GmbH und der Energie-Control Kommission …” „… . c E-RBG. 204 So Binder, Systemnutzungstarife S. 59. 205 Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 15-20

„… Fassung AG Aktiengesellschaft AGZ-VO Verordnung der Elektrizität-Control GmbH, mit der die …” „… Energie-Control GmbH und der Energie-Control Kommission (Energie-Regulierungsbehörden – E-RBG) ÖBGBl I 121/2000 …” „… i.d.F. ÖB-GBl I 148/2002 ECG Energie-Control GmbH (Österreich) ECK Energie-Control Kommission …”

Wechsel von der Kosten- zur Anreizregulierung S. 44-46

„… werden190. Für die Abwicklung der Ausgleichzahlung ist die Energie-Control GmbH (ECG) zuständig191, die …” „… ) nicht statt. 191 § 25 Abs. 8 ElWOG. 192 Verordnung der Energie-Control GmbH, mit der die …” „… Energie-Control Kommission (ECK) und die Energie-Control GmbH (ECG) zuständig. Die Kompetenzen sind zwischen den …”

Einführung: S. 124

„… . Sawerthal, S. 63. 654 Pomaroli, ÖZW 2003, S. 105. 655 Zuletzt: Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission …” „… der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die …” „… . Dezember 2006, in der Fassung der Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die Verordnung der …”

Zusammenfassung S. 123-124

„… : Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die Tarife für die Systemnutzung bestimmt werden …” „… Fassung der Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die Verordnung der Energie-Control …” „… Amtsblatt zur Wiener Zeitung am 28. Dezember 2006, in der Fassung der Verordnung der Energie-Control …”

Zulässigkeit der alternativen Ermächtigung S. 124-125

„… . Sawerthal, S. 63. 654 Pomaroli, ÖZW 2003, S. 105. 655 Zuletzt: Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission …” „… der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die …” „… . Dezember 2006, in der Fassung der Verordnung der Energie-Control Kommission, mit der die Verordnung der …”

Vergleichende Bewertung mit Österreich S. 181-182

„… 930 So Wolfgang Urbantschitsch, Leiter der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH, Österreich, 36 …” „… der e-control GmbH, Österreich,36. Energierechtlichen Jahrestagung in Köln am 15.11.2007. 182 bis …”

Rechtsfolgen der Bildung von Netzbereichen S. 42-44

„… Ausgleichszahlungen ermittelt werden190. Für die Abwicklung der Ausgleichzahlung ist die Energie-Control GmbH (ECG …” „… Saldierung gemäß § 11 StromNEV) nicht statt. 191 § 25 Abs. 8 ElWOG. 192 Verordnung der Energie-Control …”

Einführung S. 21-23

„… Regulierungsbehörden E-Control GmbH (ECG) und die E-Control Kommission (ECK) eingerichtet7, die in der Folgezeit die …”

Problematik der Rückwirkung günstiger Entscheidungen S. 212-214

„… Elektrizitätswirtschaftsrecht, S. 101. 1077 So Wolfgang Urbantschitsch, Leiter der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH …” „… Erkenntnis des VfGH vom 11.10.2007, G 122/06; Urbantschitsch, Leiter der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… ) Bundesminister für Arbeit und Wirtschaft 46 b) Energie-Control Kommission und Energie-Control GmbH 47 …”

Zukünftige Relevanz der Problematik in Deutschland S. 177-181

„… 930 So Wolfgang Urbantschitsch, Leiter der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH, Österreich, 36 …” „… der e-control GmbH, Österreich,36. Energierechtlichen Jahrestagung in Köln am 15.11.2007. …”

Netzstrukturen S. 164

„… Boltz, Geschäftsführer der e-control GmbH, Österreich, in seinem Vortrag „Aktuelle Rechtsfragen des …”

Rückwirkung günstiger gerichtlicher Entscheidungen S. 172

„… Anreizregulierung erhalten, in deren Rahmen 902 So DI Walter Boltz, Geschäftsführer der e-control GmbH, Österreich …”

Vergleichende Bewertung mit Österreich S. 185

„… Urbantschitsch, Leiter der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH, Österreich, 36. Energierechtlichen Jahrestagung in …”

Rechtsschutz des Netzkunden S. 171-172

„… Anreizregulierung erhalten, in deren Rahmen 902 So DI Walter Boltz, Geschäftsführer der e-control GmbH, Österreich …”

Regulierungsbehörden S. 163-164

„… Boltz, Geschäftsführer der e-control GmbH, Österreich, in seinem Vortrag „Aktuelle Rechtsfragen des …”

Kosten- bzw. Erlösorientierung S. 164-165

„… Boltz, Geschäftsführer der e-control GmbH, Österreich, in seinem Vortrag „Aktuelle Rechtsfragen des …”

Gemeinsamkeiten S. 172-173

„… Anreizregulierung erhalten, in deren Rahmen 902 So DI Walter Boltz, Geschäftsführer der e-control GmbH, Österreich …”

Zusammenfassung S. 214-216

„… der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH, Österreich, 36. Energierechtlichen Jahrestagung in Köln am …”

Entwicklung der Rechtslage zwischen 1998 und 2005 S. 37-39

„… E-Control Kommission (ECK). Nachdem die Zuständigkeit 136 Verordnung über die Festlegung der Grundsätze …”

Rechtsgrundlage für die Netzentgeltfestlegung S. 185-187

„… Urbantschitsch, Leiter der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH, Österreich, 36. Energierechtlichen Jahrestagung in …”

Zukünftige Relevanz der Problematik in Deutschland S. 182-185

„… angewendet wurden. 946 Urbantschitsch, Leiter der Abteilung Recht der e-control GmbH, Österreich, 36 …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 221-228

„… Energie-Control Kommission, in: Walter 226 Boltz/ Michael Holoubek (Hrsg.) Strommarktregulierung, Aktuelle …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213347

Luca Schicho - State Entities in International Investment Law

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Luca Schicho

State Entities in International Investment Law

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 4 2012

Results in this title

Control S. 159-189

„… assessment of the overall relationship between the State and the controlled entity. Control can be exercised …” „… the controlling State to exercise its potential control, for instance by issuing specific instructions …” „… , there was no evidence that it “controlled, or could control, the manner in which Mr. Bemba [the leader …”

Overall control S. 191-193

„… relevant for attribution under Art. 8. Accordingly, even in cases of multiple control it should always be …” „… special rights unable to control the entity to ensure a certain conduct. Nonetheless, the State would be …” „… control thresholds in investment arbitration Art. 8 plays a prominent role in investment cases involving …”

Multiple control S. 190-191

„… acts occurred on the instructions or under the control of the State or not. Furthermore, the ILC has …” „… discussing Art. 8, the ILC Commentaries note that when conduct takes place under the effective control of a …” „… attributed even if particular instructions may have been ignored.936 D. Multiple control One of the …”

Overall control S. 217-218

„… guess at first sight. The mere capability to exercise control is not sufficient and control must have …” „… that act. A. Overall control Arbitral tribunals have been very reluctant to rely on the overall control …” „… overall control test to State entities could be considered in a number of cases, as many State entities …”

The sub-categories under Art. 8 S. 152-155

„… three separate terms: instructions, direction and control. As the use of the word “or” clearly indicates …” „… under the direction or control of a State.719 1) Instructions Attribution due to instructions applies to …” „… directing persons”, as more specific, while control is more general. See Cassese, A., “The Nicaragua and …”

Terminology problems in distinguishing the sub-categories S. 155-157

„… 155 der the direction and control of the State within the meaning of ILC Article 8“.726 This shows …” „… distinguish from control. C. Terminology problems in distinguishing the sub-categories In the absence of clear …” „… actual nature: Direction is repeatedly used as an element for establishing control, rather than a case …”

Influence based on public law S. 197-205

„… different factual relationships of control, which can be broadly divided into cases where the State was able …” „… factual relationships where a State can exercise control over State entities. In numerous cases, it is …” „… public law that equips the State with special rights or powers allowing such control. A typical …”

Instructions S. 157-159

„… , namely “instructions” and “direction or control”.737 As the term “direction or control” for the second …” „… category is almost always used to describe situations overwhelmingly characterized by control,738 only the …” „… term “control” as opposed to “instructions” will be used in the following pages discussing Art. 8 …”

Table of Contents S. 9-12

„… Chapter VI. Art. 8 – Control 148 1. Introduction 148 A. Drafting history of Art. 8 149 B. The …” „… sub-categories under Art. 8 152 1) Instructions 152 2) Terminology: Direction and/or control 153 3) The means of …” „… control 153 4) Distinguishing instructions and control 154 C. Terminology problems in distinguishing the …”

Intervention with de facto binding instructions: Lemire v. Ukraine S. 214-217

„… of the “use of ownership or control in order to achieve a particular result” is also very helpful. As …” „… role for their final decision. While convincingly specifying how attribution due to control should be …” „… support a strict application of Art. 8 in conformity with the effective control test. F. Intervention with …”

A lex specialis of lower thresholds S. 193-196

„… controlled entitites would be a separate, third control test with a particularly low threshold allowing …” „… 193 generally high degree of control, individual acts still may be undertaken in the pursuit of …” „… entity would be pursued in any case, even without effective control. This would be the case, for example …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 196-197

„… effective control is not less challenging. For instance, when the dispute concerns the conduct of partially …” „… an entity that could have been used to effectively control its conduct. This would be much easier, as …” „… to specifically prove that the State had also used its influence to effectively control the conduct …”

Influence based on State ownership S. 205-209

„… control, international law acknowledges the general separateness of corporate entities except in cases …” „… from the actual control of conduct. Accordingly, conduct of a State-owned entity is only attributable …” „… sufficient control for attribution under Art. 8 in the absence of additional rights, such as the right to …”

Organ status S. 86-94

„… (for controlled agents under the “effective control” test) as suggested in the Nicaragua Case, see de …” „… was so much one of dependence on the one side and control on the other that it would be right to …” „… conduct might be attributable due to control, i.e., because the degree of control exercised was so high …”

State ownership in Maffezini v. Spain S. 209-211

„… usually only plays a role insofar as it allows the State to exercise direct control over the members of …” „… the decisionmaking body of the entity. Thereby, tribunals have generally applied the control standard …” „… finding of State ownership. Additional evidence of more specific control, especially regarding the …”

Intervention with de iure binding instructions: EDF v. Romania S. 212-214

„… indicated a general practice of wideranging State control of their operations.1031 Nonetheless, it should be …” „… ownership interest in or control of a corporation specifically in order to achieve a particular result“.1033 …” „… use of ownership or control “specifically in order to achieve a particular result”.1034 The particular …”

Expected intervention: FW Oil v. Trinidad & Tobago S. 211-212

„… Petrotrin to be a ‘State Enterprise’ under the direct control of the Minister of Finance”. The entity also …” „… intervened” as regularly and decisively as it happened in this case. The extensive degree of State control …” „… wideranging State control of their operations.1031 Nonetheless, it should be taken into account that the …”

No attribution ultra vires S. 189-190

„… State organs could escape the control of the State as well, thus making the distinction between State …” „… “is under the overall control of a State, it must perforce engage 927 Jones, O.R.,“Implausible …” „… acts occurred on the instructions or under the control of the State or not. Furthermore, the ILC has …”

Drafting history of Art. 8 S. 148-152

„… 148 Chapter VI. Art. 8 – Control 1. Introduction A fundamental rule of the law of State …” „… group of persons is in fact acting on the instructions of, or under the direction or control of, that …” „… “acting on behalf of that State” with “acting on the instructions of, or under the direction or control of …”

Infrastructure and development agencies S. 73-75

„… effective control of the specific conduct. Such cases have involved various types of State entities such as …” „… November 2008. 293 EDF v. Romania, Award, 8 October 2009. 74 in attribution due to control under Art. 8 …” „… control under Art. 8, invest- 294 EDF v. Romania, Award, 8 October 2009, para. 208. 295 Jan de Nul v …”

State entities in arbitral decisions S. 48-56

„… relevance of “control of the company by the State or State entities”.168 The reasons for this shift from the …” „… governmental authority or whether it acted upon the instructions or under the control of a State. In Noble …” „… , although owned by, and therefore subject to the control of, the State is not attributable to the State …”

Political influence S. 62-68

„… February 2008; Dougherty, C. “Europe Looks at Controls on 63 consider, namely the influence of …” „… negotiations with the claimant.260 However, six months after the privatization took place, political control …” „… investor had reached agreement with the State Treasury to purchase 51% of shares to gain majority control …”

Public Private Partnerships S. 75-78

„… of these powers would be attributable under Art. 5 ILC ASR. Attribution due to control under Art. 8 …” „… of control which could result in an attribution under Art. 8. Furthermore, a public private …” „… European Law 81, 81-82 (2006, published 2009). 310 See Chapter VI “Art. 8 – control”, subchapter 2.D …”

The distinction from violations of the duty to protect S. 18-21

„… States to exercise a degree of control over their citizens that most observers would be very …” „… supervision and control of the conduct of citizens in practice. Therefore, we should “consider with care …” „… supervision and at least partial control a State will often exercise control over such entities, States would …”

Acting in official capacity S. 94-102

„… putting the State in control of their activities, that loophole would have to be filled by the application …” „… threshold of control or the taking into account of additional factors. B. Acting in official capacity A …” „… illegal exploitation of the resources of the DRC by persons under its jurisdiction or control […]”.415 The …”

Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 78-81

„… , 21 February 2008; Dougherty, C. “Europe Looks at Controls on State-owned investors”, International …” „… governmental. Accordingly, attribution would be most conceivable due to control under Art. 8. However, this is …” „… the day-today operations may be largely under the control of independent fund managers, making such …”

Conclusion S. 81-82

„… would be most conceivable due to control under Art. 8. However, this is significantly complicated by the …” „… be largely under the control of independent fund managers, making such conduct not unattributable to …”

Introduction S. 15-16

„… neither was the case but the entity was acting under the effective control of the State, its conduct may …” „… association with State entities through which the host State exercises control over the sector. This 16 makes …”

Regulatory and supervisory agencies S. 72-73

„… . Conduct of State enterprises could of course also be attributed due to control under Art. 8. In the …” „… nature and therefore does not meet the requirement of effective control of the specific conduct. Such …” „… disputed conduct of the enterprise had been controlled or directed by State organs. However, this has …”

Lower threshold as lex specialis S. 218-219

„… control test currently does not play a major role in the application of Art. 8 in investment arbitration …” „… entities, although owned by and in that sense subject to the control of the State, are considered to be …”

The importance of the rules of attribution S. 17-18

„… ,11 would require States to exercise a degree of control over their citizens that most observers would …” „… a degree of supervision and control of the conduct of citizens in practice. Therefore, we should …”

State entities in other treaties S. 46-48

„… entity that a national or a sub national government owns or controls through ownership interest or which …” „… book. In the following paragraph, the Tribunal discussed the relevance of “control of the company by …” „… a Party, or an entity owned or controlled by a Party, that is principally engaged in carrying out …”

Distinguishing from other entities S. 60-62

„… forms are those implying control. In the case of entities created under private law this could be …” „… 2008; Dougherty, C. “Europe Looks at Controls on …”

Art. 9 – Conduct carried out in absence or default of official authorities S. 221-223

„… example, the Tribunal held the conduct of Revolutionary Guards performing immigration and customs controls …” „… collapse of the State apparatus as well as cases were the State has only lost control over a certain part …”

State entities in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility (2001) S. 42-44

„… , concerning control. Art. 5 applies to “conduct of a person or entity which is not an organ of the State under …” „… or under the direction or control of a State in carrying out the conduct. While Art. 4 (2) and Art. 5 …” „… directed or controlled by the State or acting under its instructions have an evident link to the State that …”

State enterprises S. 70-72

„… invites bids for control of utility Energa”, Reuters, 5 May 2010 (available at: http://in.reuters.com …” „… could of course also be attributed due to control under Art. 8. In the majority of arbitral proceedings …” „… had been controlled or directed by State organs. However, this has proven very difficult as …”

Application of the concept of overall assessment S. 108-116

„… alia, the NHA's constituting statute, which placed the Government in control of the entity and …” „… Energy Ministry.511 While the main submission was of attribution due to control under Art. 8, some …” „… , majority-ownership or substantial control by the State alone “does not make it ipso facto an organ of the state”.524 …”

Determining attribution under the ILC ASR S. 28-31

„… attribution may occur due to control pursuant to Art. 8. These two main grounds of attribution contained in …” „… they were “performed ‘on the instructions of, or under the direction or control’ of that State …” „… an entity seem both “almost empowered” to exercise governmental authority and “almost controlled …”

Exercising elements of governmental authority S. 127-143

„… referring to alleged extensive State control of the entities, the claimant also argued that the entities …” „… line between attribution under Art. 5 and under Art. 8 due to control. In this context, an indicator …” „… State control”.646 While this mainly aims at establishing what kind of activities the entity is engaged …”

List of Sources S. 231-249

„… ”, 8 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 199 (1998) Bassiouni, M.C., “Legal Control of International …” „… , K.M., “Attribution of Conduct in Peace Operations: The‘ Ultimate Authority and Control ’ Test”, 19 …” „… Industry”, New York Times, 20 November 2008 Borowski, C., Orlofsky, S., “Poland invites bids for control of …”

Privatization agencies S. 75

„… of these powers would be attributable under Art. 5 ILC ASR. Attribution due to control under Art. 8 …”

Introduction S. 221

„… example, the Tribunal held the conduct of Revolutionary Guards performing immigration and customs controls …”

Special relationship with the State S. 60

„… forms are those implying control. In the case of entities created under private law this could be …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 219-220

„… entities, although owned by and in that sense subject to the control of the State, are considered to be …”

Outside the official structure of the State S. 59-60

„… forms are those implying control. In the case of entities created under private law this could be …”

Aims and objectives: the drive to expand S. 69-70

„… 2JX20100512); Borowski, C., Orlofsky, S., “Poland invites bids for control of utility Energa …”

Governmental authority in treaties S. 122-123

„… of capital or supervisory control.559 Such factors only play a role for a possible attribution under …”

Drafting history of Art. 5 S. 120-122

„… not its legal classification, State ownership or State control, but exclusively “the real common …”

State entities in the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004) S. 44-46

„… entity that a national or a sub national government owns or controls through ownership interest or which …” „… 44 clude entities that have legal personality.144 Entities directed or controlled by the State or …”

Art. 11 – Conduct acknowledged and adopted S. 223-226

„… the seizure,1088 due to the significant degree of control it possessed over the entity, it had also …”

The importance of State entities S. 39-42

„… State officials have traditionally failed to properly consider the legal implications of their control …” „… )”], para. 192; Goldner, I., “States and State-Controlled Corporations in International Com- 40 perspective …” „… of various entities.136 In particular, the conduct of such controlled entities, reaching from typical …”

The ILC ASR as a structural framework S. 22-25

„… , Art. 5 and Art. 8, which deal with organ status, exercise of governmental authority and control. The …”

Empowerment by law S. 123-127

„… of capital or supervisory control.559 Such factors only play a role for a possible attribution under …”

Mainly merits: the prima facie test S. 31-36

„… and structural criteria indicating possible control by the State101 and its empowerment to exercise …”

Table of Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Ownership Fund SWF Sovereign Wealth Fund UCLA Unilaterally Controlled Latino Assets UNCTAD United Nations …”

Recourse to the ILC ASR in investment arbitration case-law S. 26-28

„… arbitration, claimant had mainly argued under Arts. 5 and 8, suggesting that the entity was both controlled by …”

State entities in the ICSID Convention S. 44

„… 44 clude entities that have legal personality.144 Entities directed or controlled by the State or …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845236261

Beate Schneider, Stefan Weinacht - Musikwirtschaft und Medien

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Beate Schneider (ed.), Stefan Weinacht (ed.)

Musikwirtschaft und Medien

Series: Praxisforum Medienmanagement

Volume 7 2007

Results in this title

Ulrike Altig Die media control Charts S. 163-172

„… Die media control Charts von Ulrike Altig 1 Der Firmenverbund “media control” media control ist …” „… auswertung. media control erhebt seit 30 Jahren Abverkauf-Charts, betreibt Marktforschung in den Bereichen …” „… . Zur media control Group gehört auch die älteste Firma, die media control GmbH & Co. KG, sie wurde …”

Johannes Cordes Artist-And-Repertoire, Majorlabels und Musikmanagement S. 35-50

„… bis samstags gezählt, aus deren Daten sich dann die Media Control Charts bilden. Um die …” „… Platzierung in den wöchentlich veröffenltichten Media Control Charts. Landet der Song in den Media Control …” „… Controlling, die Produkt Koordination, die Rechtsabteilung und die Promotion Abteilung. Universal …”

Johannes Cordes Indies im Aufwind? S. 51-74

„… bis samstags gezählt, aus deren Daten sich dann die Media Control Charts bilden. Um die …” „… Platzierung in den wöchentlich veröffenltichten Media Control Charts. Landet der Song in den Media Control …” „… Controlling, die Produkt Koordination, die Rechtsabteilung und die Promotion Abteilung. Universal …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… ........................................................................ 147 von Kay Spreckelsen Die media control Charts …”

Holger Schramm Wirkungen von Musik S. 267-306

„… . Ulrike Altig , media control Ulrike Altig studierte Psychologie mit Spezialgebiet Betriebs- und …” „… Wirtschaftspsychologie an der Universität Mannheim. Sie ist seit 1984 für media control tätig und stieg 1993 zur …” „… . Bis 2003 war Frau Altig Geschäftsführerin der Music Control und übernahm im selben Jahr die …”

Stefan Weinacht, Beate Schneider Kooperation und Konkurrenz. S. 7-16

„… Vermittlung gesucht. Hier beschreibt Ulrike Altig die Arbeit der Media Control/GfK International für die …”

Mareile Seifert Arbeitsbereiche des Musik-Marketing S. 75-84

„… 's quest to control the music. Oxford: Westview Press. Friedrichsen, M., Gerloff, D., Grusche, T. & Damme …” „… aufrechtzuerhalten. Das Controlling auf Seiten der Labels fragt danach, wo die Ressourcen am effektivsten …”

Uli Kniep Musik, die sich sehen lässt: Formate im Fernsehen S. 227-238

„… television. MTV’s quest to control the music. Oxford: Westview Press. Bódy, V. & Weibel, P. (1987). Clip …”

Lars Peters Radio und Musik S. 249-266

„… , Media-Control-Listen, Musikfernsehen und mit der geringsten Radio und Musik 255 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216218

Hans-Helmuth Gander, Walter Perron, Ralf Poscher, Gisela Riescher, Thomas Würtenberger - Resilienz in der offenen Gesellschaft

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Hans-Helmuth Gander (ed.), Walter Perron (ed.), Ralf Poscher (ed.), Gisela Riescher (ed.), Thomas Würtenberger (ed.)

Resilienz in der offenen Gesellschaft

Series: Sicherheit und Gesellschaft. Freiburger Studien des Centre for Security and Society

Volume 1 2012

Results in this title

Sandro Etalle, Daniel Trivellato A posteriori compliance control S. 125-133

„… 125 A posteriori compliance control Sandro Etalle, Daniel Trivellato Introduction In present …” „… posteriori compliance control. A posteriori compliance control becomes key in collaborative scenarios, where …” „… , similarly to their human world counterpart, preventive access control mechanisms in the IT world do not …”

Bernd Becker, Günter Müller, Ilia Polian Digital Tarnkappe: Stealth Technology for the Internet of Things S. 139-149

„… is hard to overlook and even harder to regulate or control. In this article, we outline the concept …” „… of the Digital Tarnkappe, a technical development which puts an individual in control of his or her …” „… introduced important exceptions and deviations from the basic principle that an individual is in control of …”

Stefan Kaufmann, Sabine Blum Governing (In)Security: The Rise of Resilience S. 233-259

„… has to be placed within the context of a new “calculus of control” (Jasanoff 2006: 30) which ensues …” „… analyzed and understood as a comprehensive control dispositif. The argument detailed below is developed …” „… leading to a strengthening of societal resilience. (2) Being a control dispositif, resilience is …”

Gerhard J. A. Schneider Some thoughts on harming privacy by protecting critical infrastructures (statement) S. 133-139

„… East Coast and one on the West Coast. 134 Decentralized structures are much harder to control and …” „… surveillance and control at a small number of network points, thus making the infrastructure more and more …” „… openly) available communication traces without any reason and control, cloud service storage providers …”

Patricia H. Longstaff Complexity and Resilience: Concepts for Community Security S. 259-281

„… appears to be a relationship between the level of complexity and the control architecture available to …” „… as its control architecture can handle.7 But adding more control architecture makes the system more …” „… , trying to control these systems can actually make the potential problems worse. Some complex systems …”

Hans Spada, Kristin Reisse Cognition and Emotion in Risk Perception and Behavior – Security Awareness/Need for Security S. 195-211

„… , personal control, the ability to influence the risk, the certainty about the causes and consequences of …” „… risk-taking, perceived personal control as well as mitigation possibilities are other variables influencing …” „… one time, the risk is not voluntarily taken, and the perceived personal control is low. In addition …”

Günter Müller Mit sicheren IT-Infrastrukturen zu einem beherrschbaren Finanzsystem S. 113-125

„… Control for Identity Management. In: Proceedings of the IFIP Conference on Policies and Research in …” „… ] Pretschner, A., Hilty, M., Basin, D.: Distributed usage control. CACM, Vol. 49(9), S. 39-44 (2006). [23 …” „… ] Pretschner, A., Hilty, M., Schaefer, C. et al.: Usage Control Enforcement: Present and Future. IEEE Security …”

Andrew A. Abeyta, Tom Pyszczynski Maintaining a Free and Open Society in the Face of Existential Threat S. 211-229

„… display more positive attitudes toward President Bush and his policies than control participants …” „… own death or intense physical pain (a control topic that is highly aversive but that does not entail …” „… control condition), participants read and indicated agreement to various cultural values that were either …”

Jean-Pierre Galland A critique of the notion of critical infrastructure S. 301-321

„… the information or communications components that control critical infrastructures.” Lastly, the …” „… . Instrumentation automation and control systems (SCADA, etc.) 7. Internet 8. Provision of fixed …” „… communication 12. Broadcasting III. Water 13. Provision of drinking water 14. Control of water quality 15 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… beherrschbaren Finanzsystem 113 Sandro Etalle & Daniel Trivellato A posteriori compliance control 125 8 …”

Günter Müller Informationsasymmetrien, Resilienz und Kritische Infrastrukturen bei WEB 2.0 (statement) S. 341-344

„… , A., Hilty, M., Basin, D.: Distributed usage control. In: CACM, Müller, G. (ed.): Privacy in highly …”

Wolfgang Hochbruck Security and Society in Cultural Studies (statement) S. 101-113

„… military logic of fear, surveillance, and control is gradually permeating our public schools, universities …” „… behaviour" (Pidgeon/Kasperson/Slovic 2003, 2). 108 paratuses of surveillance and control that through …”

Klaus Thoma, Tobias Leismann, Daniel Hiller The Concept of Resilience in the Context of Technical Sciences S. 321-341

„… ‘bounce back’ approach. So, instead of basing the concept of resilience on a ‘command and control …” „… traffic controls. Furthermore, it includes citizens’ responsibility to embed resilience into everyday life …”

Meir Elran Societal Resilience: A Key Response to Severe Terror S. 291-301

„… best means of communications to operate under a clear and familiar structure of command and control …”

Ralf Poscher Die Zukunft der informationellen Selbstbestimmung als Recht auf Abwehr von Grundrechtsgefährdungen S. 167-191

„… , Section Control und allgemeine Videoüberwachung im Straßenverkehr – Neue und alte Maßnahmen ohne …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238098

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