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Ann Frotscher - Claiming Pakistan: The MQM and the Fight for Belonging

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Ann Frotscher

Claiming Pakistan: The MQM and the Fight for Belonging

2008

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Help through Self-Help? – Community Based Organisations S. 82-84

„… themselves.Help through Self-Help? – Community Based OrganisationsMany Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and …” „… an attempt to tackle neighbourhood problems by means of self-help, mainly by fi lling the gaps in the …” „… infrastructure. However, some such urban self-help organisations are also dedicated to the problems of …”

The Illegal Sector – the Mafia S. 71-82

„… . Ships stop 30, 40 km off the coast of Balochistan and are loaded there.”83A few local self-help …” „… illegal system, initially as victims, and later as protagonists themselves.Help through Self-Help …” „… neighbourhood problems by means of self-help, mainly by fi lling the gaps in the infrastructure. However, some …”

Democracy and Terror – The MQM between Image and Reality S. 167-179

„… , whom it said it would help to achieve a more dignifi ed life.Furthermore, the MQM makes use of …” „… struggle for the rights of the Mohajirs as a democratic act of self-assertion. A party of the lower and …” „… country, who eke out an existence under the yoke of slavery, the Mohajirs have lived in self …”

The Internal Structure of the MQM S. 141-167

„… development work carried out by independent self-help organisations, or its attempts to swallow them up …” „… rhetorical pretensions and self-portrayal on the one hand and political reality on the other.The Protagonists …” „… particular fi ghting techniques.This self-portrayal is also highly infl uenced by the values of the Pakistani …”

A History of Exclusion S. 94-110

„… anathema to their ethnic self-image as an educated, urban, and therefore superior community. This image of …” „… of their “developed, educated culture”. The elitist self-image of the years prior to Partition – the …” „… self-24 UP was the epicentre of the AIML’s success, and was therefore also the centre of support for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Mafi a 77The Arms Mafi a 79The Drugs Mafi a 79The Car Mafi a 81Help through Self-Help? – Community …”

Summary S. 84-86

„… 84Today, many self-help organisations in Karachi are faced with the problem that militant political …” „… independence in 1947, local self-government was insuffi ciently developed and was further weakened by …”

The Regional Arena: Sindhis and Balochis as Adversaries of the Mohajirs S. 198-216

„… self-image as peaceful and spiritual and as lovers of poetry and music.36 They argue that as Sufism is not …” „… self-image of the pacifi st and spiritual Sindhi could have been problematic when they defended themselves …” „… justify the violence of Urdu-speakers who are educated?” 38 This self-image and stylisation (peace-loving …”

Sindh on the Way to Independence S. 29-35

„… the government remained something superimposed upon their self-suffi cient tribal system.”4341 Ansari …” „… often owned large land estates as well.Thus, the local elite with whose help the British ruled in Sindh …” „… , and where loyalties were qualifi ed by self-interest, politics continued to see-saw in an intensive …”

Summary S. 245-248

„… all-powerful and insuperable adversary reiterated the MQM’s claims that their struggle was in self-defence and …” „… occupied by the MQM with the help of an army that was mostly of a different ethnicity and which had been …”

The Urban Arena: From Uprising to Ethnic Violence – Pathans and Punjabis as Adversaries of the Mohajirs S. 182-198

„… successful NGOs – has managed to instigate a self-help project in which local people have built their own …” „… still failed to get the situation under control and the army had to be called in to help. Curfews were …” „… , respond to cries for help from the people. The police, on the other hand, claimed that professional, armed …”

The Urban History of Karachi S. 19-29

„… political self-determination, as the Afghans had been granted this right. However, instead their …” „… control of large parts of the region. Delhi was recaptured in September with the help of Sikhs from the …” „… organization. Authority of the government remained something superimposed upon their self-suffi cient tribal …”

The National Arena: State Violence – The State’s Battle against the MQM and the Mohajirs S. 216-235

„… personal contacts disappeared, distrust grew exponentially. One Balochi from Lyari said, self …” „… fl ed their posts and left the population to its own devices: “The police did not help. They did not …” „… , tortured and killed my son with the help of the police. His father was also taken away by the police, but …”

Migrant Workers and Political Refugees – The Development of a multi-ethnic Metropolis S. 40-51

„… , in 1967, the government asked the United Nations for help. In response, the UNDP drew up the “Karachi …” „… began to change as a result of such price increases: “Since the market prices of the self-built house …” „… self-organisation led to the development of ethnically homogeneous mahallas made up of members of the same tribe …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845208718

Daphne Frank - Sustainable Housing Finance for Low-Income Groups

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Daphne Frank

Sustainable Housing Finance for Low-Income Groups

Reihe: Weltwirtschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit

Band 2 2008

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Self-Help Housing S. 41-43

„… theoretical background on modernization processes and housing is also discussed. 1.1. Self-Help Housing Even …” „… without help from the state. Families in the developing world activate their self-help potential and build …” „… houses using their own resources; over 80 per cent of houses are built informally by self-help activities …”

Women and Housing S. 45-47

„… Cooperative (self-help) housing schemes are another means of creating community-based housing solutions. They …” „… are essential in supporting self-help production of housing and an important source of financing. The …” „… their own contributions toward self-help labour are rare (Vakil 1999: 413). Furthermore, it has been …”

General Evaluation of the Programs’ Sustainability S. 192-221

„… government and that self-help buildings often fail to comply with building standards. It seems that in the …” „… , the political power of the private construction sector has seriously impeded self-help mechanisms.169 …” „… generally have the effect of reducing the self-help potential of beneficiaries. This is especially true of …”

Social Networks S. 44-45

„… they can facilitate access to resources (Turner and Fichter 1972; Turner 1996: 344). Self-help …” „… units, however, are more easily politically controlled (Park 1967: 7). 14 Cooperative (self-help …” „… supporting self-help production of housing and an important source of financing. The government should be an …”

Conclusions from the Sustainability Analysis S. 235-239

„… independent support and motivate the self-help potential of beneficiaries. It is not sufficient for programs …” „… government programs have not destroyed self-help mechanisms, as consolidation processes are based on social …” „… to human or other socioeconomic factors. Even worse, social networks are destroyed and self-help …”

The Problem S. 25-27

„… self-help schemes. For most of the urban poor, however, such programs have been unaffordable and …” „… other outlets as the owners were also retailers (Gough 1996). In Botswana Self Help Housing Agencies …” „… self-help building schemes. Here problems occurred when duties overlapped, low repayment rates were charged …”

Results S. 142-154

„… self-help elements. 2b Strong Links with ParliamentPL: Yes, the links between parliament and public …” „… . 3b Support of Self-HelpActivities PL: No, self-help activities are not supported.PHP: Yes …” „… , self-help activities are supported.As the program was designed for the private construction sector, no …”

Sources S. 258-286

„… . 1105-1133 Burgess, R. (1985) The limits of state self-help housing programmes in Development and Change, Vol …” „… Planning Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 51-70 Gilbert, A. (2000) Financing self-help housing: evidence from …” „… , Ethik in der Welt, Vol. 3, Münster: LIT Gough, K. (1992) From bamboo to bricks, self-help housing and …”

Results S. 119-126

„… Self-Help Activities Yes, self-help activities were supported.The program did not contain dominantly …” „… self-help activities. The improvement of housing was undertaken by the private construction sector, but as …” „… the houses were built by the families themselves, the program did not prevent self-help activities …”

State of the Art S. 29-31

„… (Turner 1967, 1968) and a large amount of literature can be found on this topic. Self-help has very often …” „… programs led by NGOs. As well as investigations into self-help theories, research on housing networks has …” „… documented (UNCHS 1990). Discussions about the pros and cons of self-built houses began at the end of the 60s …”

Summary S. 71-74

„… discussions on whether self-help housing is better than construction by the private construction sector, or …” „… theoretical debates about self-help housing. Building technologies have not been discussed as the focus of …” „… . To sum up, it is accepted that self-built houses are still the main solution for the poor. Building …”

Government Housing Finance Programs S. 56-71

„… private construction sector to build houses without competition from any self-help mechanisms (Rojas 2001 …” „… self-help labour. Six did not choose self-help for construction and implementation was too time-consuming …” „… their concepts, preferring to hire trained labour exclusively, or to implement self-help only for less …”

Results S. 93-107

„… Statement and Comment 3b Support of Self-Help Activities BH-public and PH-public: No, self-help …” „… activities were not supported.BH-private and PH-private: Yes, self-help activities were supported.In the BH …” „… , complete houses were delivered. In the PH, self-help activities and self-organization were seen as a …”

Results S. 165-174

„… profound knowledge of the communities would have been necessary. 3b Support of Self-Help Activities Yes …” „… , self-help activities are supported.As the program has been based on savings groups, the level of self …” „… self-organization of communities by providing financial support and technical assistance. The network has both …”

Overview of Analysis Results S. 180-192

„… are opportunities for participation and self-help, if community groups are involved, if regular …” „… : no WeaknessHybridCH-BH-private and PHprivate-: yes EC: yes Strength3b Support of Self-Help Activities …” „… The program is more likely to be sustainable if various self-help activities (not only self-help …”

Processes of Modernization S. 51-56

„… to create their own living space using self-help mechanisms (Häring 1974: 1f). Generally, when the …” „… not exclusive – several variations exist, for example the self-sufficiency of home economics and …” „… neighbourhood help in house building processes. b) Modernization as Technological Reform The integration of the …”

Brief Summary of the Programs S. 127-133

„… Housing Process (PHP) program began to operate, concentrating on self-help construction and community …” „… to obtain the subsidy, and there is a "dislike of self-help initiatives on the part of the …” „… to help the poor by enabling them to become homeowners and by improving the quality of housing. A …”

The Cost of Housing and Sources of Funding S. 47-51

„… % of the housing costs, excluding land costs. In self-help housing this increases to 86% (Lowder 1986 …” „… self-help initiatives (savings clubs etc.) Development banks Village banks Moneylenders Special banks …” „… self-built houses are the plot, the building materials and hired labour.17 Normally, the materials are bought …”

Objectives of the Research S. 27-29

„… found on this topic. Self-help has very often been regarded as a solution for governments, while other …” „… research that will generate operationally useful knowledge and advice on self-sustaining housing is a …” „… conditions; a program is self-sustaining and lasting when it has the ability to create permanent, future …”

Acronyms S. 15-18

„… (India) SHHA Self Help Housing Agencies (Botswana) SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation …” „… ) Spanish: Servicio Regional Ministerial de Vivienda y Urbanización SEWA Self Employed Women’s Association …”

Recommendations for Community-Driven Programs S. 248-250

„… NGOs operate locally as intermediaries that can help bridge the informal-formal divide. They can also …” „… construction sector and NGOs may help to secure more adequate building practices. The fundamental weakness of …” „… currently. More quantitative research is required into the quality of self-built houses and those built by …”

Roles of the Key Actors S. 133-142

„… (Baumann 2003: 10f). The SO has to build up a HSC in charge of supporting self-help schemes. The HSC is the …” „… on mutual self-help, but there are several options involved. The implementation of the building …” „… February 2005). NGOs support the empowerment of communities, help to organize them and can assume the …”

Recommendations for All Programs S. 239-247

„… of self-help activities and the creation of solutions at a local level. Contributions made by …” „… become more common in the future and even self-built houses will involve professional labourers in …” „… architects – municipalities can help with this by providing useful lists of contacts.187However, this …”

Context S. 23-25

„… addition, some programs providing land with basic services were oriented to houses built by self-help …” „… settlers, self-built houses are constructed incrementally over a long period of time. This usually happens …” „… . Sustainability generally means that housing finance programs create permanent, self-sustaining solutions (see …”

Definition of Poverty S. 43-44

„… resources (Turner and Fichter 1972; Turner 1996: 344). Self-help settlements are therefore normally …” „… which the neighbours played an essential role. “The neighbour is a helper in emergency par excellence …”

Roles of the Key Actors S. 160-165

„… NGOs also provide support in this process and help the communities to meet the necessary criteria …” „… credit and self-auditing system. Such systems are based on trust, which is essential for a successful …” „… and, with its social workers, to help to establish the business plan, which contains information about …”

A Sociological Evaluation of the Sustainability of Housing Programs S. 221-228

„… intervention, as informal self-help systems are not based on tax systems and relations with the government …” „… housing situations, where family and community members help each other to build their houses and …” „… ways of living of the poor and the new processes of modernization. They can help this transition to …”

Perspectives for the Future S. 250-254

„… currently. More quantitative research is required into the quality of self-built houses and those built by …” „… housing policies. It is necessary to respect informal living conditions in order to help the very poor …”

Recommendations for Market-Driven Programs S. 247-248

„… combined with the possibility of self-help activities and the creation of solutions at a local level …”

Criteria for the Analysis of Sustainability S. 36-40

„… Projects Mainly Financing by GovernmentStrong Links with ParliamentSupport of Self-Help Activities High …”

Roles of the Key Actors S. 83-93

„… to work with self-help housing schemes, at least until 1991 (Nieto 2000: 38; Gilbert Figure III.5 …” „… willing to help. Collaboration with the army was not a workableoption due to expected violence (Gilbert …” „… qualify for the subsidy from SERVIU. Other non-profit associations even donated money to help provide a …”

Roles of the Key Actors S. 111-119

„… customer and earned a percentage of the construction costs. It was their responsibility to help families …” „… Ecuadorians and may help to explain why so few took out loans. The program was known as ABC (A=savings …” „… to create a self-sustaining system that could potentially function in the absence of an international …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… : Housing for Low-Income Groups 1. Informal Housing Processes 411.1. Self-Help Housing 411.2. Definition of …”

Brief Summary of the Programs S. 76-83

„… program was more process oriented and encouraged more self-help: families received a serviced plot with a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212173

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Udo Reifner

Using Money

Reihe: Schriften des Instituts für Finanzdienstleistungen e.V.

Band 13 2007

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Self-help through Market Forces? S. 106

„… more self help or towards the distruction of the welfare state, whether privatisation and subsidiarity …” „… . Self-help through Market Forces? I do not have to elaborate that free markets liberated from the changes of …” „… conservative Bismark government created the welfare state as an answer to the self destructing forces of free …”

The Political Agenda S. 106-107

„… more self help or towards the distruction of the welfare state, whether privatisation and subsidiarity …” „… . Self-help through Market Forces? I do not have to elaborate that free markets liberated from the changes of …” „… conservative Bismark government created the welfare state as an answer to the self destructing forces of free …”

How far can the State correct Deficiencies of the Market? S. 105-106

„… about the question whether this policies will lead to a lean state and to more self help or towards the …” „… profit system as the only yardstick for effectiveness. Self-help through Market Forces? I do not have to …” „… programs or on the EU level the structural help for steel and coal mining and especially agriculture in …”

Money as a Security S. 49-59

„… itself (collective consumer protection) comes into play. “Selbsthilfe für die Hilflosen” – (“Self-help …” „… Social Democratic Party was given the provocative title of “Selbsthilfe für die Hilflosen” (“Self-help …” „… not an appeal for the return of the traditional welfare state. Self-help systems require intelligent …”

Financial exclusion in Modern Societies S. 82-90

„… economic future is predictable to at least 50% (which of course would not help the other half which would …” „… equally be affected) this brave new world of self-fulfilling prophecy may ruin the prospects of our …” „… self-fulfilling prophecy. Only the State will be able to intervene and set minimum standards, which can guarantee …”

“Internal Ethics” – “External Ethics” S. 23-27

„… sector blend inflation with exhortations. Charity follows the victory procession of self-help, but not as …” „… markets should also rein in their self-confidence. The out-of-hours morality of a speculator and his …” „… alone can help underdeveloped countries on the long raun. But in its ideological form of social welfare …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… the Market? 105 Self-help through Market Forces? 106 The Political Agenda 106 Second Best 107 …” „… ” 19 The “Charity” 19 Self- Interest and Public Interest 20 The Ethical Personality and Actions 21 …” „… 47 2004 – Courage and Self-Confidence 49 Money as a Security 50 Facilitating Self-determined and …”

The Ethical Personality and Actions S. 21-23

„… . Charity follows the victory procession of self-help, but not as a benchmark for commercial activity …” „… to self-deception: “This deception rouses and keeps in continual motion the industry of mankind …” „… they can afford him are commodious.” (IV. I. 8) Self-deception, however useful the deceit, cannot …”

Using Money rather than Having it S. 28-32

„… lender is under an obligation to concern him-self with the success of the loan for the customer after the …” „… turn up unidentified in Switzerland? Hans Fallada’s parable can perhaps help us here. The …” „… help the girl to overcome her own suicide plans. She goes on searching, heeding the advice of the ugly …”

Securing the Fruits of Sustainable Banking S. 80-82

„… self-reflection, less self-centredness.” (246) In spite of short term pressure, long-term and social commitments …” „… depends therefore on the question of whether we can help to protect long term committed banks from short …”

Ghetto Economy in the US S. 75-78

„… self-help. Informal banks are very appealing, but have to be measured by the yardsticks applicable to …” „… self-regulation doesn't work, and they themselves have no interest in participation. Instead of going under with …”

“Perfection of Life or of Work?” S. 90-91

„… loan Directive has been replaced by an option for future self-regulation, the credit card …” „… distribute the social burden more equally among the population and help the unemployed, unsophisticated …”

The Customer’s faith S. 92-93

„… than using their own opportunities to help themselves. This would force consumers to learn, to know and …” „… extension system, Fundusz Micro in Poland is able to supply self-employed and business start-ups with …”

Facilitating Self-determined and Effective Consumption S. 59-61

„… destruction to invoke the market economy both internally and externally. Facilitating Self-determined and …” „… much help in this process. 2003 – Truth and Honesty “A year which washed away optimism”27 is now …”

The Different Facets of the Truth S. 61-63

„… 61 cellor’s call for more expenditure, never mind what for, on New Year’s Eve, was not much help in …” „… reality. And at times of high demand, knowledge and self-63 interest merge more closely. Thus, the …”

Public Interest Organisations S. 122-124

„… self-regulation with the participation of consumer organisations in areas such as mortgage credit or payment cards …” „… help to keep up a local presence in difficult environments, the internet appearance and developed a new …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204529

Sascha H. Mölls, Hans-H. Münkner - ICA Blueprint for a Co-operative Decade - a Critical Analysis

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Sascha H. Mölls (Hrsg.), Hans-H. Münkner (Hrsg.)

ICA Blueprint for a Co-operative Decade - a Critical Analysis

Reihe: Marburger Schriften zur genossenschaftlichen Kooperation

Band 117 2015

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Michael Stappel The ICA Blueprint for a Co-operative Decade and the idea of the Co-operative as a self-help organisation being part of a market economy S. 51-64

„… 51 The ICA Blueprint for a Co-operative Decade and the idea of the Co-operative as a self-help …” „… is the definition of the co-operative society as a self-help organisation in a market economy for …” „… Blueprint and the idea of the Co-operative as a self-help organisation 53 1. Voluntary and Open …”

Johannes Blome-Drees ICA Blueprint for a co-operative decade – a critical review from a German perspective S. 21-38

„… systematic reduction of the co-operative self-help potential.8 He, who sees co-operatives as entities where …” „… . As self-help organisations they are associations of their members designed to last, which are …” „… cooperation and of co-operative self-help.17 What was envisaged was an economic and social order which – as …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… : Important aspects – such as reference to Self-help and Solidarity as key elements of co-operative identity …” „… Co-operative Decade and the idea of the Co-operative as a self-help organisation being part of a market …”

Franco Taisch, Alexander Jungmeister, Ingrid D’Incà-Keller The ICA Blueprint – A strategy for multiplying the co-operative model? S. 71-82

„… their members by joint self-help. For more details, cf. Forstmoser/Taisch/Troxler/D’Incà-Keller (2012 …” „… self-help (self-help in a group).31 It should be considered, too that the understanding of the individual …”

Hans-H. Münkner Conclusions S. 113-139

„… basics, such as: • Important aspects of co-operative identity, e. g. self-help and solidarity as basic …” „… elements of the co-operative and promotion of members by self-help in groups (Lehnhoff, p. 19 …” „… , missing the nucleus of co-operatives: “self-help in groups” (Karner, pp. 92, 93). Before a practical …”

Sascha H. Mölls, Anke Stehr Control of success, monitoring and evaluation when spreading the message of the Blueprint S. 93-112

„… , they loose part of their identity as a self-help association. In view of the fact that the Blueprint …” „… external advantages, measuring success in all fields can also help in internal organisation. For instance …” „… co-operatives are not organisations for self-enrichment in order to establish them in an economic order that …”

Dirk J. Lehnhoff Introductory Remarks S. 9-20

„… tasks. Also comments on the idea of self-help will be looked for in vain. 6 Summary and conclusions …” „… cooperative organisations will be permanently captured by the self-imposed activities. If the accounting …”

Andrea Karner The Blueprint of the ICA in the strategy of the International Confederation of Popular Banks (CIBP) and its relevance for Austria S. 83-92

„… co-operative message and secure cooperative identity. We stand for Self-help, Self-administration and …”

Holger Blisse With good intentions – however, the world also looks different? S. 39-50

„… operation of networks (for electricity and water) were successfully organised with the help of cooperatives …” „… countered by co-operative elements of construction such as self-organisation and participation …” „… from among the membership group (self-administration) should see themselves as “leaders of their …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845270142

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VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee

Alle Ausgaben: VRÜ Verfassung und Recht in Übersee

VRÜ | WCL Jahrgang 19 (1986) Heft 2 ISSN Online: 2941-9603

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Hans-H. Münkner Participative Law-Making: A New Approach to Drafting Cooperative Law in Developing Countries S. 123-137

„… on a self-help basis. This is not done primarily by distributing profit made in business …” „… their own problems with their own means by way of organized self-help. During colonial times co …” „… co operatives and other self-help organization are promoted with a view to encourage development in …”

Werner Ruf International Conference: Peace for the Sahrawi People – A European Concern. Paris 23rd and 24th November, 1985 S. 215-219

„… the right to self-determination of the Sahrawi people and that the President of the Republic of …” „… adopted by the participants once again stressed the right of the Sahrawi people's self …” „… recognition of the Sahrawi Arab De mocratic Republic, for intensified material and humanitarian help for the …”

doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1986-2

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