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Hyewon Ahn - Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation

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Hyewon Ahn

Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 19 2014

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VII. FINAL CONCLUSIONS S. 313-321

„… medical entities, and second generation inventions. The latter include species selection inventions …” „… products, second generation products and generic drugs.1658 This dissertation has focused mainly on …” „… , and metabolites, as representatives of second generation inventions. Species selection inventions can …”

I. INTRODUCTION S. 22-28

„… medicines in favour of lower-risk solutions, such as improvements or applications. These second generation …” „… , fencing patents, and second-tier patents. The strategies used to develop these second generation …” „… clustering. This increase in the number of second generation inventions in the pharmaceutical industry is …”

V. IMPLICATIONS OF THE PATENTABILITY REQUIREMENTS ON INNOVATION AND COMPETITION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY S. 185-245

„… may do, this chapter will examine the scope and length of second generation patents in this context. V …” „… Superfluous second generation patents The radical increase in patent applications and patents on second …” „… onto the market. Similar conditions can be observed in the thriving area of second generation patents …”

II. PHARMACEUTICAL INVENTIONS, INNOVATIONS & PRODUCTS S. 29-59

„… be disambiguated in the following sections, and “basic invention” and “second generation invention …” „… ” will be adhered to in this paper. Basic and second generation inventions An invention that is a …” „… called a basic invention.46 In contrast to basic inventions, second generation inventions are generally …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-21

„… MIPLC Studies Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation Hyewon Ahn 19 Nomos BUT_Ahn …” „… Hyewon Ahn Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation Nomos BUT_Ahn_0874-1.indd 3 …” „… inventionsA. 28 Basic and second generation inventions1. 29 Improvement inventionsa) 30 Selection inventionsb …”

VI. PROPOSALS S. 246-312

„… exclusivity to the first generation innovations, we will stifle R&D by second generation inventors.1313 …” „… second generation inventions in the pharmaceutical industry will be analyzed and recommendations will be …” „… whether the absolute product protection afforded by a patent is appropriate for second generation …”

III. SPECIFICITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS S. 60-95

„… on second generation inventions and products than on basic breakthrough inventions. He also notes …” „… opportunities for investment, not only the medications themselves but also the second generation products …” „… second generation inventions “Because it gets more and more difficult and expensive to find and develop …”

IV. STANDARDS OF PATENTABILITY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SELECTION INVENTIONS S. 96-184

„… of researchers in universities or institutes, we have seen a trend towards second generation …” „… inventions, products and patents. In this chapter, we explore the patentability of these second generation …” „… of second generation inventions and patentability standards, this chapter examines the basic test for …”

Bibliography S. 334-355

„… , Protecting Early Innovators: Should Second-Generation Products be Patentable?, 27 Rand J. Econ. 322 (1996 …” „… Doctrines), 2 Wash. U. J. L. & Pol’y 55 (2000). Janis, Mark D., Second Tier Patent Protection, 40 Harv …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845250861

Benedikt Zanker - On the Viability of an International Lender of Last Resort

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Benedikt Zanker

On the Viability of an International Lender of Last Resort

Series: Aktuelle Materialien zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 73 2007

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Second Generation Models S. 56-58

„… this kind of features, a new approach became necessary. 2.2.2 Second Generation Models Second …” „… the 1970s, second generation multiple equilibria models fare better at explaining EMS crises of the …” „… Generation Models Approaches developed to improve on first and second generation models can be classified …”

First Generation Models S. 53-56

„… Second Generation Models Second generation models describe currency crises as a consequence of markets …” „… transmission channels in order to reduce vulnerability to contagion. 2.2 Three Generations of Financial Crisis …” „… Working Paper No. 6469. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research 54 2.2.1 First Generation …”

Third Generation Models S. 58-62

„… the mid 1990s. 2.2.3 Third Generation Models Approaches developed to improve on first and second …” „… third generation of models developed in reflection of the emerging market crises in the 1990s second …” „… 58 where. In response, a variety of new approaches, a third generation of multiple equilibria …”

Evaluation S. 63-66

„… subsequent financial crises in Europe, Latin America and South East Asia46. Similarly, second generation …” „… foreign exchange reserves. Likewise, third generation approaches that attempt to explain financial crises …” „… reduces third generation models’ explanatory power regarding balance-of-payments crises during the 1970s …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… 2.2.2 Second Generation Models …” „… ......................................................................... 52 2.2 Three Generations of Financial Crisis Models ...................................... 53 2.2.1 …” „… First Generation Models ............................................................................. 54 …”

Collateralising Equity S. 181-188

„… worth Eletrobras, an energy holding controlling several generation companies. In addition, the …” „… to the public a year later raising a total of USD 830 million. The second wave—more focussed on …” „… 85 percent of Mexican electrical generation capacity. In addition, around 30 airports, the airlines …”

The Setting S. 117-120

„… , the Sterling Crisis provides an example for a pure currency crisis as described in first generation …” „… government. These notes could be exchanged at par against gold or 118 Second, it was in the aftermath of this …”

The Asian Financial Crisis S. 131-138

„… applying first and second generation crisis models30. First and foremost, the crises in Thailand, Indonesia …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845201122

Björn Gehrmann - Soft Budget Constraints in German Fiscal Federalism

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Björn Gehrmann

Soft Budget Constraints in German Fiscal Federalism

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 9 2010

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The Second Generation Theory S. 44-64

„… ” (Williamson 2002: 438).1.2 The Second Generation TheoryWhereas the ‘First Generation Theory’ analyzed the …” „… federal system through the lens of choice, the ‘Second Generation Theory’ looks at problems of federal …” „… goal of the ‘Second Generation Theory’ of Fiscal Federalism or, as it might be called in a more general …”

The First Generation Theory S. 27-44

„… and normative manner. Oates has therefore termed this strand of literature the ‘Second-Generation …” „… attention to hitherto neglected issues” (Williamson 2002: 438).1.2 The Second Generation TheoryWhereas the …” „… ‘First Generation Theory’ analyzed the federal system through the lens of choice, the ‘Second Generation …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-26

„… : Competition among Jurisdictions 401.1.5 Summary 431.2 The Second Generation Theory 441.2.1 Main Principles …” „… 29Table 2: The Second Generation Theory of Fiscal Federalism 54Table 3: Chapters and Articles of the …” „… Budget ConstraintSG Supporting GovernmentSGT Second Generation Theory (of Fiscal Federalism)19 …”

Concluding Remarks S. 211-214

„… contributing to a growing body of literature known as the second generation theory of iscal federalism.The …” „… elementary building blocks of a second generation theory of iscal federalism. This theory should seek answers …” „… to rescue’regions or by eradicating the second tier as a whole). However, as an analysis of political …”

The Soft Budget Constraint: Definition and Rationale S. 99-103

„… Second-Generation Theory of Fiscal FederalismThe soft budget constraint is probably the most pressing problem of …” „… by selling output or earning return on assets. Second, the budget constraint is based on expectations …” „… government (governmentinduced soft budget constraint), a second, maybe less obvious type of soft budget …”

Corporate Finance vs. Public Finance S. 148-156

„… the nascent Second Generation Theory. The soft budget constraint problem has already been analyzed …” „… behavior? In light of this, the second question then becomes that of how the economic and iscal system …” „… guarantee proit. The second step, i.e. the revenue phase, comprises the sale of the manufactured goods and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226484

William E. Schmickle - Preservation Politics

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William E. Schmickle

Preservation Politics

2012

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Chapter Eight. The Crisis of Second-Generation Districts S. 65-74

doi.org/10.5771/9780759120532

Meinrad Handstanger, Benedikt Harzl, Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay, Emma Lantschner, Elmar Pichl, Jürgen Pirker, Klaus Poier, Günther Rautz, Gabriel N. Toggenburg, Hedwig Unger - Law and Politics

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Meinrad Handstanger (ed.), Benedikt Harzl (ed.), Stephan Hinghofer-Szalkay (ed.), Emma Lantschner (ed.), Elmar Pichl (ed.), Jürgen Pirker (ed.), Klaus Poier (ed.), Günther Rautz (ed.), Gabriel N. Toggenburg (ed.), Hedwig Unger (ed.)

Law and Politics

2022

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Johanna Mitterhofer Apart from or a part of? Second Generation Youth and Translocal Belonging in South Tyrol S. 621-630

„… Apart from or a part of?Second Generation Youth and Translocal Belonging in South TyrolJohanna …” „… and immobile places even though migratory 1.1 We use the term “second generation” broadly to refer to …” „… ) fluently.621flows have shaped them for centuries. How is second generation youth’s translocal identity – an …”

Roberta Medda-Windischer Changing Perspectives in Minority Studies: A Human Rights Model of Diversity Governance for Old and New Minorities S. 483-510

„… , but also their descendants, extending to include second and third generations of individuals with a …” „… integration of second and third generations can be quite acute. The children of second and third generations …” „… . This is due to the fact that often the second and third generations of migrants’ descendants have less …”

Verena Wisthaler Wanted and unwanted migrants in South Tyrol. Constructing the collective identity through ‘othering’ S. 631-654

„… absence of a second generation of migrants, this differentiation has not yet been so salient, and thus …” „… implementation of the Second Autonomy Statute and the robust political–institutional framework between South …” „… their official documents.In South Tyrol, the second most important factor in determining ‘suitability …”

Alice Engl, Estelle Evrard Agenda-setting dynamics in the post-2020 cohesion policy reform: the pathway towards the European cross-border mechanism as possible policy change S. 655-680

„… means (i.e. Interreg). Second, this EU-level mechanism provides legal grounds for local and regional …” „… the Commission (politics stream). Second, the MSF provides robust conceptual support for the EU …” „… stream focuses on the generation and promotion of policy ideas and their development into acceptable …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 5-18

„… InteringApart from or a part of? Second Generation Youth and Translocal Belonging in South Tyrol 621Johanna …”

Marko Kmezić How can EU influence Democratization in the Western Balkans: Civil Society and Europeanization S. 993-1010

„… to prevent abuses by other public agencies and high-ranking individuals. Second, economic …” „… , political party affiliates built fortunes and private media empires overnight. In a second step, economic …” „… Western Balkan region lacks a new generation of politicians following the period of political …”

Josip Kregar Rule of Law and Democratic Politics: The Challenge of Populism S. 131-144

„… political and administrative system. Moreover, in the frequency of one generation, approximately 25 to 30 …” „… . People are inclined to believe in follies in spite of how 30 “The second… we will call ‘ultimate reality …” „… power.Unconventional reasoning is necessary for any social change and improvement. The dreams of the new generations …”

Leonidas Makris, Zoran Ilievski Mill’s Perfectionism: A Concrete Political and Moral Vision for Happiness and the Good S. 79-102

„… ) which Mill elaborates as ideals and the second one to the way they function forming part of the overall …” „… ) – perfectionism that would ostensibly appear to correspond to a narrow perfectionist morality. At the second level …” „… shall have to make judgements about what forms of life are good for the coming generation” (Haksar, 1979 …”

Kerstin Wonisch Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Caught between remnants of Islamic Law and Sectarian Politics S. 789-814

„… ˋUmar ibn Al Khattāb (634–644), the second to lead the Ummah after the death of the Prophet Muhammad …” „… several long-standing discriminatory elements, served to marginalize minority communities for generations …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748933113

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