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Thomas Wiegand

China's Naval Build-Up

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 139 2007

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Military strategy S. 46-49

„… 464. Military strategyFor decades military strategy in the People's Republic of China was …” „… appliedthis strategy dogmatically in military clashes after 1949. Instead, Beijing was extremely pragmatic …” „… function of the navy was a consequenceof the land-oriented strategy of China's military forces and because …”

Washington's strategic interests and the oceans S. 121-124

„… strategy.The current naval doctrine was published by the Department of the Navy in1994.403 The introduction to …” „… 's political and military leaders agree that the only wayto exclude this danger to their vital security is by …” „… having their own powerful military apparatus. As discussed above, within the country's overall defence …”

Structure of this study S. 12-15

„… weaknesses of China's naval forces.Part Two concludes with an investigation of current military strategy. The …” „… theory because of the view that the motivation forthe defence policy and military build-up lies in their …” „… strategy see: John Downing – China’s evolving maritime strategy, Part 1 – Restructuring begins,in: Jane’s …”

Bilateral relations and points of conflicts S. 95-112

„… Strategy,in: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 116, No. 3, Fall 2001, New York 2001, pp. 343–365.111 …” „… , the Chinese leadership had altered its strategy. In his speechDeng attached great importance to the …” „… never be possible to establish exactly how many people were killed in the military operation that …”

Ships and weapons systems S. 41-46

„… 2000, taiwansecurity.org/AFP/AFP-01122000Aircraft-Carrier.htm.464. Military strategyFor decades …” „… military strategy in the People's Republic of China was determinedby the concept of popular struggle. This …” „… could not win.This remained the official strategy of the China's political and military leadersuntil the …”

Japan's existential dependence on sea routes S. 124-130

„… security strategy is the maintenance of acontinued flow of goods and its connections with allied states.408 …” „… goods. Any interruption of the sea routes that408 The United States Security Strategy for the East Asia …” „… spread of communism in Asia persuaded the USA to provide a military shield for Japan, which included …”

The confrontation with Washington S. 79-84

„… China.Beijing's insistence on armed forces is understandable as it lived for decadesunder massive military …” „… relations between the three states particularly carefully. First, on account of their economic and military …” „… , Sino-Americanrelations have gone though periods of open military confrontation, e.g. in the Korean War, military and …”

The motivation for the study S. 11-12

„… restructuring of China's military apparatuswith growing concern. What are the motives behind the Chinese …” „… military buildup and the Chinese leadership's goal of a fully modernized People's LiberationArmy. In the …” „… military build-up lies in their assessment of the threatposed by other states.One of Morgenthau's basic …”

Bibliography S. 137-144

„… , Willem – China, HongKong, Taiwan Inc., New York 1997.Vol. XXIII, Issue 1, 1999, Military Technology, The …” „… Rundschau 36/1993.139Downing, John – China’s evolving maritime strategy, Part 1 – Restructuring begins in …” „… : Jane’sIntelligence Review, March 1996.Downing, John – China’s maritime strategy, Part 2 – The future in: Jane’s …”

The People's Republic of China and the international environment S. 78-79

„… effective basis of the state's absolutepolitical and military power and, therefore, the precondition for the …” „… security.To elucidate the motives for China's military build-up in general and its navalbuild-up in particular …” „… leadership's overall strategy. The statements that Jiang Zemin, state and party leader, made in a speech at …”

The break with the USSR and cooperation with the USA S. 84-95

„… . WhereasMoscow recommended a cautious, preferably non-violent strategy for the globaldissemination of its …” „… their military control in 1958, their decision to terminate an agreement to support China in its efforts …” „… Committee of the CCP on11 July 1969 analysed the possibilities of military confrontation between Chinaon the …”

The history of the navy of the People's Republic of China S. 37-39

„… Active Defence Strategy, in: NavalWar College Review, Volume XLVII, No. 3, Sequence 347, Summer 1994, p …” „… Falkland Islands and the first Gulf War left enormous impressions on the Chinese military.In the 1980s and …” „… waters.For example, military training placed greater emphasis on joint operations involving submarine and …”

China's maritime interests S. 71-77

„… them throughregardless, with military force if necessary and in the face of international criticism.A …” „… area of the South China Seaas possible under its control. Nor is the country afraid to use to military …” „… force toassert its claims. Although there have been military clashes between other neighbouring states …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… weapons systems 414. Military strategy 46III. China's economic reforms and their effects 501. Economic …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200668

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Anna Locher

Crisis? What Crisis?

2010

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French Fleet Withdrawal and NATO Military Strategy S. 93-101

„… searching debates on transatlantic sensitivities. 1.1 French Fleet Withdrawal and NATO Military Strategy At …” „… further setback to progress on the alliance was the categorical French refusal to advance in the military …” „… strategy debate in July. These steps produced uneasy questions about de Gaulle’s potential further moves …”

NATO Arguments over Détente, December 1963 S. 113-117

„… 113 many areas where intra-alliance differences prevailed – including détente, military strategy …” „… differences affected a wide range of alliance policies including military strategy, force planning, and …” „… matters. It was a conscious decision not to bring up burning, yet divisive military issues that would …”

Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 S. 134-141

„… – China, South-East Asia, Cuba, and trade with Eastern Europe, and – in the military domain – strategy …” „… March 1964, USNA, RG 59, Bureau of European Affairs, NATO and Atlantic Politico-Military Affairs …” „… Asia, military questions, and European issue, Rusk advocated restraint and urged that no ultimatum be …”

Conclusion S. 281-292

„… , the development of an independent French nuclear force, the appropriate military strategy, and …” „… military integration, force planning, and the adaptation of the military strategy of the alliance, as 4 …” „… opposed to his line of thought. Not only was the US-conceived military strategy of Flexible Response …”

May 1963: Ministers Discuss the State of the Alliance S. 82-89

„… NATO in Ottawa,” 2 May 1963, AAPD 1963: 1, 511-4. Contentious issues such as NATO’s military strategy …” „… Alliance,” its strategy paper read. The basic US goal for the Ottawa meeting – the first gathering …” „… , NATO General Cables 4/63-11/63 [1/2]. 246 Strategy Paper, “NATO Ministerial Meeting,” 17 May 1963 …”

“We Must Find Out Where We Stand” – Stikker and France S. 124-129

„… in general, strategy discussions, political consultation, the French nuclear capability, and Paris …” „… of Atlantic Political-Military Affairs in the US State Department’s Bureau of European Affairs …” „… , Bureau of European Affairs, NATO and Atlantic Politico-Military Affairs (EUR/RPM), Records relating to …”

Conclusion S. 141-142

„… of International Relations 10, 3 (2004), 395-435. 142 justing NATO’s military strategy met with …” „… tensions, de Gaulle’s fleet withdrawal and his refusal to engage in the NATO strategy debate soon showed …” „… outright refusal of France to cooperate in NATO’s strategy discussion came as a test to allied forbearance …”

“Limited Cohesion:” The Alliance One Year After the Clash S. 117-124

„… affected a wide range of alliance policies including military strategy, force planning, and nuclear sharing …” „… France’s position in the alliance. With respect to the frozen military strategy question, he reckoned that …” „… issues such as alliance strategy had been postponed. However, this success was largely due to the …”

Conclusion S. 279-280

„… various actors to bring about solutions in the nuclear question, adjust NATO’s military strategy …” „… from its military structure.”205 Indeed, the management of the Gaullist challenge not only led to a …” „… successful adaptation of NATO’s military structure in December 1966, but it also came to consolidate the …”

Interpreting de Gaulle: “Why He Does It Is A Riddle” S. 129-134

„… managed to limit the scope and influence of Stikker’s incumbency quite considerably. The strategy pursued …” „… world, including a call for a larger share in the planning of NATO strategy and control.189 It was this …” „… military pressure on Western Europe. For these basic reasons, a quick recovery could not be expected …”

Introduction S. 11-32

„… European nuclear capabilities; and reinforced disagreement over NATO’s military strategy.18 Shifting …” „… War History 1, 2 (January 2001), 73-102. On NATO’s military strategy, see John S. Duffield, “The …” „… powerful economic, political and military developments within the alliance […]. […T]he purpose for which …”

French Reform Claims and Nuclear Weapons S. 37-41

„… direct NATO strategy independently from him. Even if the new US administration acted less coherently than …” „… Gaulle’s resolve to end French participation in NATO’s military integration. He now clearly prioritized the …” „… service to an US-dominated alliance). De Gaulle’s logic insisted on independent military forces as a …”

Pondering the Consequences of French Dissociation S. 195-201

„… and to preclude agreement in the issue of military strategy. The official therefore considered the ANF …” „… “obstruct” effective political consultation and military integration in NATO. NATO Ambassador Shuckburgh’s …” „… , Barnes maintained. Moreover, it was the “whole purpose of French policy” to block military integration …”

The Renewed MLF Debate S. 67-72

„… main element in the strategy to secure Germany’s Atlantic outlook was to pressure Bonn to adopt a …” „… French-German rapprochement.174 Among the incentives in Washington’s transatlantic strategy on Germany was the …” „… a political solution, not a military answer.”176 The political and symbolic character of the MLF as …”

Crisis in the EEC and NATO Consultations in Europe S. 228-235

„… that may nevertheless be read as a rhetorical strategy to increase the gap to the French president and …” „… frame it in military terms, Finletter was making at least two concrete statements. Events in the …” „… new US strategy of managing without France would only work if the other members were willing to play …”

The Transition from Stikker to Brosio as Triggering Effect for Movement in NATO S. 151-157

„… long-standing concern about politico-military relations and his demand to move the Standing Group and the …” „… Military Committee from Washington to Paris were among the most prominent embryonic undertakings.34 In …” „… about NATO’s purpose, the role of the International Secretariat, and the military command.48 The US …”

Crisis as Solution? Allied Perceptions of the French Move S. 268-279

„… demarche within NATO. The political and military mid- and long-term implications of the withdrawal for NATO …” „… existential worries related to the withdrawal announcements. The military imponderability was considerable …” „… , considering such complex issues as the relocation of military and civilian facilities from France to Belgium …”

Doubts and Questions in the Summer and Fall of 1963 S. 107-113

„… détente, military strategy, and force planning – Stikker projected the December ministerial meeting as a …” „… strategy was assessed as such a possibility.76 A second kind of questions was of even more fundamental …” „… , Paul-Henri Spaak, had experienced de Gaulle’s fundamental opposition to NATO military integration and his …”

Atlantic Tensions Go Public in Foreign Affairs S. 101-107

„… and Alastair Buchan, British expert on strategy and policy adviser, each addressed the state of …” „… military posture of NATO forces in Europe; and the issue of military research and production. The most …” „… of techniques of civilmilitary planning that would avoid the tendency to keep civilians and military …”

Avoid Confrontation, Study the Future: The December 1964 Meeting S. 177-185

„… control, strategy, and military integration. Also, it recommended public acknowledgment of the discussions …” „… and psychological danger than a military threat.162 As for intra-alliance matters and sensitivities …” „… the French to say how they wanted NATO changed, especially on the military side. Contrary to his …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… , Fall 1963 941.1 French Fleet Withdrawal and NATO Military Strategy 94 1.2 Atlantic Tensions Go Public …”

Nuclear Sharing or Nuclear Consultation? Acting on the NATO Crisis S. 221-228

„… Response: NATO’s Debate Over Strategy in the 1960s (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), 80. 139 See Finletter …” „… the MLF to a focus on nuclear planning. According to Helmut Schmidt, the prolific writer on military …” „… . Hemmerle, “Explaining NATO to the (West) Germans: Helmut Schmidt as Military Affairs Writer in the 1960s …”

Back on Track: The Alliance in December 1965 S. 254-261

„… , 9 May 1962, ibid., 389-93. For the Ottawa decisions on sharing nuclear responsibility, see Strategy …” „… increase allied understanding of the necessity of the war and to secure moral, financial, and military …” „… conditioning France’s announcement of its withdrawal from NATO’s military branch in a press conference of 21 …”

Damage Control à la NATO Council S. 76-82

„… Political-Military Affairs (EUR/RPM), Records relating to NATO Affairs 1959-1966, Box 2, NATO 7 Visits: Stikker …” „… in January continued to exert a “depressing influence on the Alliance,” its strategy paper read. The …” „… Strategy Paper, “NATO Ministerial Meeting,” 17 May 1963, FRUS 1961-63: 13, 575-9. 247 Memorandum by …”

Bibliography S. 295-314

„… : Oldenbourg, 1997) 298 Other Published SourcesNATOPedlow, Gregory W., ed., NATO Strategy Documents, 1949-1969 …” „… : NATO’s Creative Strategy for Peace,” NATO Review 38, 6 (December 1990), 17-21. Browning, Christopher and …” „… NATO’s Strategy of Flexible Response,” Security Studies 1, 1 (1991), 132-56. Dujardin, Vincent, Pierre …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222486

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Michael Paul

Kriegsgefahr im Pazifik?

Series: Internationale Politik und Sicherheit

Volume 68 2017

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Anhang S. 281-320

„… . China’s Military Strategy, Beijing: The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of …” „… , Aaron L., Beyond Air-Sea Battle. The Debate over US Military Strategy in Asia, London: IISS, 2014 …” „… .), The Science of Military Strategy, Beijing: Military Science Publishing House, 2005. Haddick, Robert …”

Chinas Großstrategie: Das Narrativ einer nationalen Renaissance S. 49-72

„… 4,000 plus years“. Peng Guangqian/Yao Youzhi (Hg.), The Science of Military Strategy, Beijing: Military …” „… Strategic Culture, S. 13. Vgl. Guangqian/Youzhi, The Science of Military Strategy, S. 23. Chinas …” „… power politics in all forms, and will never seek hegemony or expansion.“ China’s Military Strategy …”

Akteure und Instrumente chinesischer Sicherheitspolitik S. 73-112

„… /information-warfare-chinapreps-for-cybergeddon.html>. 105 Vgl. Qiu, China’s Science of Military Strategy, S. 17–20. 106 Siehe Steinberg/O’Hanlon …” „… ____________________ Times, 17.1.2005; Anthony Kleven, „Is China’s Maritime Silk Road a Military Strategy?“, in: The …” „… Asia Forum, 26.10.2013; Kleven, „Is China’s Maritime Silk Road a Military Strategy?“; Michael Radunski …”

China im Fokus amerikanischer Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik S. 137-150

„… , „Obama’s Asian Tour Reflects US Rebalance Strategy’s Dilemma“, China-US Focus, 5.5.2014; James T. H. Tang …” „… . Department of Defense, Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy, S. 1; Mark E. Manyin, Pivot to the Pacific …” „… einen Bericht über relevante Entwicklungen (Military and security developments involving the People’s …”

Abschreckungsstrategien und chinesische Raketenstreitkräfte S. 113-136

„… , 2016, S. 5. 7 PLA Academy of Military Science, Science of Military Strategy, 2013, zitiert nach …” „… Gregory Kulacki, The Chinese Military Updates China’s Nuclear Strategy, Union of Concerned Scientists …” „… Weapons, Missiles and Space Warfare, Alexandria, VA: International Assessment and Strategy Center …”

Maritime Konflikte im asiatisch-pazifischen Raum S. 195-260

„… werden – wie zuletzt ____________________ 23 Vgl. DoD, Asia-Pacific Strategy, S. 5; EIA, South China …” „… World Military Expenditure, 2015, Solna: SIPRI, April 2016 (SIPRI Fact Sheet), S. 3. 53 Vgl. Lyle J …” „… system, including the military.“ Geoff Dyer/Demetri Sevastopulo, „US Faces Dilemma in South China Sea …”

Perspektiven sino-amerikanischer Rivalität S. 261-274

„… , U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress, Washington, DC: CRS, 27.10.2014 (CRS Report RL32496), S. 3 …” „… ; Swaine et al., U.S.- China Security Perceptions Survey, S. 17, 46; Steven Metz, „U.S. Military …” „… . Saunders/Julia G. Bowie, „US-China Military Relations: Competition and Cooperation“, in: The Journal of …”

Die Schwerpunktverlagerung der USA nach Asien S. 151-194

„… ingrained in military minds, forced many to conclude that a strategy without resources is not a strategy …” „… of the key features of a cold-war strategy: a military posture stressing overwhelming superiority …” „… . Capabilities, Presence, and Partnerships. An Independent Review of U.S. Defense Strategy in the Asia-Pacific …”

Maritime Aspekte des geopolitischen Wandels S. 29-48

„… Security, 39 (Frühjahr 2015) 3, S. 7. 6 Vgl. Robert J. Lieber, The American Era. Power and Strategy for …” „… Friedman, Seapower as Strategy. Navies and National Interest, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001 …” „… , S. 4. 12 „Great sea powers have required a land power dimension to their strategy, and great land …”

Einleitung S. 9-28

„… Vgl. Barry R. Posen, „Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony“, in …” „… Strategy for 21st Century Seapower [= CS-21], Washington, DC, Oktober 2007. Einleitung 11 damit aus …” „… Vgl. Robert Blackwill/Ashley Tellis, Revising U.S. Grand Strategy toward China, Washington, DC …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845277073

Niklas Schörnig - Theoretisch gut gerüstet?

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Niklas Schörnig

Theoretisch gut gerüstet?

Series: Internationale Beziehungen

Volume 8 2007

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Literatur S. 291-325

„… : Military Strategy Under Review, in: Foreign Policy In Focus 4: 3, 1-3. Congressional Budget Office, U.S …” „… Military Sector. Industrial, Regional and Sociocultural Aspects. Proceedings of the International …” „… , 95-118. Aeroe, Anders 1992: Comping With Reduced Defense Spending. Conversion within the U.S. Military …”

Kontinuität statt scharfer Brüche – Die Politik der Clinton-Administration S. 144-160

„… wissenschaftlichen Debatten unter dem Schlagwort der Revolution in Military Affairs immer öfter auftauchten. 214 …” „… Debatte um die Revolution in Military Affairs und das Streben nach Hochtechnologie Das Schlagwort der …” „… Revolution in Military Affairs217 gilt bei vielen Autoren zwar schon wieder als überholt218, dominierte aber …”

Der Druck wird erhöht – die Politik der Clinton-Administration S. 173-219

„… strategy and (then-Deputy) Defense Secretary Perry’s vision of civil-military integration for the nation’s …” „… Action Team seinen „Blueprint for Change: Report of the Process Action Team on Military Specifications …” „… commanders with actual prototypes of advanced systems that demonstrate unique military capabilities …”

Keine Industriepolitik? Rüstungsindustrie und Bush-Administration Anfang der 1990er Jahre S. 160-173

„… Ost-West-Konfliktes manifeste Überlegenheit der USA bot die Chance, eine längerfristige defense industrial strategy …” „… industrial base and the integration of commercial and military technology are vitally important to the …” „… with the memories of the recent military operations still fresh in our minds, their importance is more …”

Übersicht kodierter Argumente und Beispiele S. 287-290

„… Military Strategy” (Dolores Etter, #178). A14KULTU : Entspricht US-Kultur (Handlung allgemein …” „… they are backed up by a strong military presence” (Bernard Schwartz, #14). A …”

Ableitung neorealistischer Hypothesen für die USA S. 86-92

„… einer grand strategy, also einer zentralen strategischen Vision, die die USA im neu strukturierten …” „… strategy of preponderance“ (Layne 1993: 46). Auch wenn Wohlforth von einer anhaltenden amerikanischen …” „… technology to the generation of military power, the U.S. comparative advantage in this area mirrors Britain’s …”

Die (Ir)Relevanz der Opfervermeidung S. 274-277

„… einigen Autoren im Zusammenhang mit der Revolution in Military Affairs auf die schützende Wirkung moderner …” „… Einfluss auf die langfristige Planung einer defense industrial strategy haben kann bzw. hat. Außerdem …” „… vor dem Hintergrund der Revolution in Military Affairs die deterministische Strenge der …”

Der strategische Hintergrund: Die amerikanische Offset Strategy und die Weinberger-Doktrin S. 126-129

„… amerikanische Offset Strategy und die Weinberger-Doktrin Seit den 1960er Jahren hatte die NATO mit der Doktrin …” „… ) Überlegenheit begegnet werden sollte. Diese so genannte Offset Strategy (Carter 2001: 9) wurde mit der im …” „… for successful military intervention is conceptually privileged – it functions as a ‚first among …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Ost-West-Konflikt 126 2.1 Der strategische Hintergrund: Die amerikanische Offset Strategy und die …” „… „Base Force- Ansatzes“ 145 3.2.2 Die Debatte um die Revolution in Military Affairs und das Streben …”

Frequanzanalysen S. 238-249

„… staatlicher Aktivitäten im betrachteten Feld, der Defense Industrial Strategy der 1990er Jahre, zu …” „… Industrial Strategy besonders hoch zu sein, was es als bedeutenden Erklärungsfaktor in Frage kommen lässt …” „… Überlegenheit“ trotz der Offset Strategy der NATO in den 1980er Jahren von einem hohen Niveau ausgehend noch …”

Neorealismus: Waltz und Mearsheimer S. 65-86

„… imitate the military innovation contrived by the country of greatest capability and ingenuity. And so the …” „… power position over other states. The reason is simple: the greater the military advantage one state has …” „… over other states, the more secure it is. Every state would like to be the most formidable military …”

Nach der Zeitenwende: Bush Senior auf der Suche nach einer neuen Sicherheitsstrategie S. 137-144

„… Militäroperationen im National Military Strategy-Dokument für die Jahre 1990 – 1994 verstärkt berücksichtigt ( Jaffe …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205014

Swantje Renfordt - Framing the Use of Force: An International Rule of Law in Media Reporting

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Swantje Renfordt

Framing the Use of Force: An International Rule of Law in Media Reporting

2011

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Defining and Sampling the Data S. 84-94

„… military interventions, this study uses a comprehensive standardised sampling procedure, developed in the …” „… and irrelevant issues (Kantner et al. 2007: 11). All articles about war and humanitarian and military …” „… interventions were traced with a keyword-based search strategy in the respective languages. We employed two …”

Frame Analysis as a Tool to Trace Meaning Structures in Media Debate S. 69-84

„… debates on military interventions since the end of the Cold War. To empirically test the six assumptions …” „… Because this dissertation assesses the use of law frames in mass media reporting on military and …” „… military interventions, Auerbach and Bloch-Elkon (2005) note in their frame analysis of US news discourse …”

Appendix S. 227-233

„… : Sample of newspaper articles reporting on humanitarian and military interventions (n=103,782 articles …” „… ). MAN: Sample of manually coded newspaper articles about humanitarian and military interventions (n …” „… , 64 quarters maximum). Table 17. Sampling Strategy for Newspapers (Source: Kantner et al. 2007 …”

Coding the Newspaper Articles and Testing Reliability S. 94-101

„… military interventions, and man, composed of the sub-sample of 5,500 articles drawn from int for the …” „… sample and provides continuous longitudinal data on public debate about humanitarian and military …” „… content analysis of the news coverage about humanitarian and military interventions. For this step of …”

Defining the Law Norms Analysed – What are the Legal Rules to Govern the Use of Force? S. 29-36

„… military means possesses ius cogens character. It is a peremptory norm, meaning that it may not be altered …” „… , the UN Charter took a step further in 1945, outlawing all uses of military force in international …” „… , Article 2(4) not only rules out the actual use of force, but also the threat of military violence …”

Literature S. 213-226

„… . Barnett, M. (1999) Culture, Strategy and Foreign Policy Change: Israel´s Road to Oslo. European Journal of …” „… . Humanitarian and Military Interventions and the Emergence of a European Defence Identity (1990-2006 …” „… ) The Perception of the EU as an Emerging Security Actor in Media Debates on Humanitarian and Military …”

Appendix Two – Excerpt from Codebook S. 234-254

„… International Role – Public Discourses about Humanitarian and Military Interventions and their Effects on …” „… and how prominently the subject area “military interventions” (or related questions about problems …” „… ) Military interventions are the main subject One or several military interventions (or related questions …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231433

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