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C. Hugo, Thomas M.J. Möllers - Transnational impacts on law: perspectives from South Africa and Germany

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C. Hugo (ed.), Thomas M.J. Möllers (ed.)

Transnational impacts on law: perspectives from South Africa and Germany

Series: Augsburger Rechtsstudien

Volume 86 2017

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Eesa Allie Fredericks Contractual capacity in German and South African private international law: a comparative study S. 99-114

„… Eesa Allie Fredericks* I. Introduction …” „… Law at the University of Johannesburg. Eesa Allie Fredericks 100 ago this was invariably the …” „… “Rechtsfähigkeit und Geschäftsfähigkeit” (“Legal capacity and capacity to contract”). Eesa Allie Fredericks 102 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… ” .................................................................................... 89 Eesa Allie Fredericks Contractual capacity in German and South African private international …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845287775

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Chris Tompkins

Raising LGBTQ Allies

2021

doi.org/10.5771/9781538136270

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Eugenie M. Blang

Allies at Odds

2011

doi.org/10.5771/9781442209237

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Zachary Keck

Atomic Friends

2022

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Part I Allies S. 35-130

doi.org/10.5771/9781538169728

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Anna Locher

Crisis? What Crisis?

2010

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Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 S. 134-141

„… . 2.4 Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 Reinvigoration of the alliance was considered vital …” „… obsession with differences – there was “much too much loose talk on both sides about good allies and bad …” „… allies; about the imminent break-up of this organization; about the difficulties of cooperating with this …”

Introduction S. 11-32

„… which small allies and institutional actors early on used the forum of NATO to come to terms with this …” „… Shapiro, Allies at War: America, Europe, and the Crisis over Iraq (Washington: McGraw-Hill, 2004); Vincent …” „… . 13 Sherwood, Allies in Crisis, 110; Bozo, Two Strategies, 4ff. 14 Frank Roberts, Dealing with …”

De Gaulle’s Announcement S. 261-268

„… recent initiatives.118 This pathway was notable in two regards. First, it reassured NATO allies who had …” „… framework important per se. By December 1965, major NATO allies and central smaller powers alike had …” „… . Put starkly, after years of controversy, debate, and anticipation, NATO allies not only expected the …”

Conclusion S. 281-292

„… questions of force planning. The French demarche of 1966 did thus not come as surprise to NATO allies …” „… NATO’s premises in the second half of 1964 – efforts promoted primarily by the smaller NATO allies …” „… from publicly taking France to task. At the same time, NATO allies became more and more aware of the …”

Conclusion S. 235-236

„… 235 share of the leadership comparable to our power, in a joint initiative with willing Allies …” „… .” According to Finletter, European allies were actually begging for US leadership.186 After the clarifying May …” „… deemed it necessary and worth the effort to hold consultations with important European allies – including …”

Crisis in the EEC and NATO Consultations in Europe S. 228-235

„… “least spectacular and most successful […] intensive policy consultation among the interested allies.”157 …” „… what may hit us some time or other. In agreement with our Allies of the Fourteen we should get our …” „… allies had better not count on any fixed date for French action – de Gaulle was self-assured and flexible …”

Atlantic Tensions Go Public in Foreign Affairs S. 101-107

„… consultation with the allies whatsoever, which made it unpopular in Brussels, Rome, or The Hague. Nevertheless …” „… NATO allies. What mattered more, the French president was mistaken about the readiness of European …” „… . Also, the essay reflected the concerns of NATO’s minor European allies. Neither Belgium nor the …”

Assuming Leadership – the US at the May 1965 Meeting S. 206-215

„… place at a moment when none of the allies wanted to push discussion about the deep rifts besetting the …” „… in military, financial, and moral support by NATO allies became palpable. At the same time, the …” „… position had been fully and persuasively explained to NATO allies. As William Tyler summarized the meeting …”

Interpreting de Gaulle: “Why He Does It Is A Riddle” S. 129-134

„… parties live happily ever after; sometimes they don’t. So it is with allies. It is not surprising, then …” „… difficult to predict. More than that, it was understood among Western allies that de Gaulle’s tactic was “to …” „… of smaller NATO allies, including Canada and Belgium. Rather, they sought to instigate a collective …”

French Reform Claims and Nuclear Weapons S. 37-41

„… for a discriminate treatment of Washington’s allies, since it pledged equal partnership with Europe …” „… Anne Deighton, “British-West German Relations, 1945-72,” in Uneasy Allies: British-German Relations and …” „… had declined to set up a formal organization, arguing that the other allies would be alienated.31 When …”

Washington’s Focus on Trilateral Measures and Institutional Leadership S. 237-245

„… allies, including the US as the alliance leader, were willing to assume an active role in managing the …” „… robustness which US, Canadian, and European allies were ready to display in the event of a French withdrawal …” „… /0,9171,835862,00.html [6 August 2009]. 238 all NATO allies apart from France expressed their sincere intention to …”

Back on Track: The Alliance in December 1965 S. 254-261

„… or the United States to quibble with France, as indeed it would be with any of our allies; it would …” „… France was “not vital to NATO.”91 As his New York speech unmistakably showed, NATO allies were absolutely …” „… among smaller allies that the proposed committee would amount to a US-British-German directorate. Still …”

Crisis as Solution? Allied Perceptions of the French Move S. 268-279

„… smaller allies since 1963 – was to be properly addressed with the Harmel Exercise of 1966/67.150 And yet …” „… […] used as an opportunity by France’s allies to settle long-standing problems in the Atlantic Alliance …” „… day, the Foreign Office recommended issuing a declaration by NATO’s “fourteen loyal allies” to …”

Doubts and Questions in the Summer and Fall of 1963 S. 107-113

„… inter-bloc rapprochement came at a cost for US relations with European NATO allies. France and Germany in …” „… , arguing that NATO states were rather inclined to cooperate when external threats united them: “Like allies …” „… could demonstrate that France had been forced out of the alliance by her allies; the issue of NATO’s …”

French Fleet Withdrawal and NATO Military Strategy S. 93-101

„… clear that the Western allies were not faced with a passing mood on the part of de Gaulle; rather, they …” „… , it was NATO’s small allies that, with the help of NATO Secretary-General Dirk Stikker, initiated a …” „… when East-West relations were characterized by a phase of rapprochement. NATO allies in the second half …”

Canada’s Proposal to Study the Future of the Alliance S. 187-195

„… the world. In the wake of these French warnings, NATO allies assembled a clearer picture as to de …” „… rather than nuclear sharing among Western allies. The latter came to replace the lingering, though …” „… turned into a formal proposal, however, it met with manifold objections from key NATO allies. When France …”

The British Common Market Bid S. 33-37

„… Western allies.”3 Not that le général had started his campaign out of the blue. Since his return to power …” „… Invoking Atlantic “interdependence”, Kennedy called upon NATO allies to help shoulder Western …” „… , the European Allies, and the Failure to Consult,” Political Science Quarterly 110, 1 (Spring 1995 …”

Bibliography S. 295-314

„… . _____, “Partners and Allies,” Foreign Affairs 41, 4 (July 1963), 621-37. Cerny, Karl H. and Henry W. Briefs, eds …” „… and NATO – Then and Now (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997). _____, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: The …” „… (Bruxelles: Editions Complexe, 1996), 403-20. _____, “Kennedy, the European Allies, and the Failure to …”

Institutionalizing the Debate on the State of the Alliance? S. 215-221

„… discussions with US allies on NATO’s future, while being pessimistic that the French would join in a sincere …” „… allies recognized.101 However, not all shared this sense of urgency. In talks with Rusk and Ball in early …” „… between France and her allies. Nor is there any hope of effective discussion this year of the future of …”

Follow-up on The Hague: Summit Ideas and Study Proposals S. 143-151

„… in NATO. In that sense, the efforts of dedicated smaller allies and of the NATO secretary-general …” „… arena with what de Gaulle’s NATO allies perceived as a strongly radicalized attitude on NATO. 1.1 …” „… continued to preoccupy NATO allies. The British embassy in Paris expected further moves of disengagement …”

Nuclear Sharing or Nuclear Consultation? Acting on the NATO Crisis S. 221-228

„… Washington’s European allies.122 At the December 1964 ministerial reunion, Norwegian Foreign Minister 120 See …” „… greater degree of nuclear participation. Its purpose was to educate NATO allies on nuclear questions, to …” „… . Finletter doubted that Washington would be ready to share nuclear data with its allies. See Finletter to …”

Conclusion S. 89-92

„… of communication. Why else would Rusk have elaborately sought to convince Washington’s allies of the …” „… crisis. In the period immediately thereafter, the foremost question concerning NATO allies had been that …” „… overtures toward the Soviet Union and its allies, but also, and increasingly, how détente would affect the …”

Conclusion S. 141-142

„… problem that NATO allies had to face was not a particular French policy, but rather what may be described …” „… withdrawal and the policy of withholding information puzzled NATO allies and observers likewise. While in a …”

Conclusion S. 185-186

„… , supported the idea of rallying the allies behind a common project while winning time to devise strategies …” „… France. This was the case mainly in the US and Britain, whereas some smaller allies and Brosio still …”

NATO Arguments over Détente, December 1963 S. 113-117

„… allies including Canada, Norway, and Denmark advocated wide-ranging détente, France and Germany formed a …” „… , NATO’s debates in the late summer of 1963 revealed that a group of small allies including Norway, Denmark …” „… allies of NATO, with Canada and Belgium taking the lead. While Washington during 1964 increasingly …”

Conclusion S. 279-280

„… the allies initially aimed to achieve this with varying strategies. Europeans as a rule were less …” „… once more precipitated by one of NATO’s small allies, was to redefine the alliance’s tasks with the …”

Shattering of Hopes for a Mutually Agreeable NATO Solution S. 201-206

„… would give NATO allies, including the US, plenty of warning and time to consider the French suggestions …” „… The May 1965 ministerial, then, took place at a moment when none of the allies wanted to push …” „… overshadowed the meeting, Washington’s interest in military, financial, and moral support by NATO allies became …”

Damage Control à la NATO Council S. 76-82

„… interdependence of NATO allies. Similarly, the German, Norwegian, Danish, Greek, Turkish, and US representatives …” „… . In conclusion, NATO Secretary-General Stikker recommended that NATO allies look forward to improving …” „… , “Signs of an Atlantic Thaw,” 4 April 1963, The New York Times, 46; Drew Middleton, “Unity of the Allies …”

Intra-Alliance Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Nassau Summit S. 41-47

„… , other allies. As a longer-term result of their cooperation during the Second World War, London was able …” „… and introduced to NATO allies in 1960 by SACEUR Lauris Norstad.47 The project sank out of sight during …” „… . In short, the refreshed MLF proposal was not very attractive to the allies. NATO Secretary-General …”

Implications for NATO S. 60-67

„… prevailed in the US. Not least for this reason, political consultation among NATO allies remained essential …” „… Washington Post, 27 May 1963, A1, A9. 66 Indeed, NATO’s small allies consistently opposed schemes by which …” „… consideration of likely allied misgivings. Smaller allies, despite their general demand for improved …”

Reflecting the Crisis – Observers’ Views S. 72-76

„… threat, NATO allies stood united, but whenever the external pressure was reduced, “we indulge in internal …” „… NATO allies become possible, Acheson maintained. Summarizing that “January was not a good month …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… ” – Stikker and France 124 2.3 Interpreting de Gaulle: “Why He Does It Is A Riddle” 129 2.4 Small Allies …”

“Limited Cohesion:” The Alliance One Year After the Clash S. 117-124

„… alliance needed to be avoided, especially by preventing a public debate that would potentially force allies …” „… in the force planning exercise, among other things. Other issues that NATO allies deprecated were …”

The MLF Controversy and its Impact on the Vigor of NATO S. 157-164

„… behind the informal working group of eight allies, established in October 1963, that discussed the …” „… effects both on the alliance and a common European defense policy, the pressure on reluctant small allies …”

Crisis or No Crisis? The Run-Up to the Winter Convention S. 170-177

„… his allies in the Western governments. In particular, he commended the West German government for …” „… Action Memorandum 322, which advised against imposing a nuclear sharing scheme on Washington’s allies.142 …”

Confrontation or No Confrontation? Allied Strategies toward France S. 245-254

„… political thinking. Couve de Murville’s forthcoming visit to Moscow particularly worried NATO allies.38 …” „… elections of 5 and 19 December 1965, Western allies expected a French initiative on NATO in March or April …”

The Press Conference S. 47-50

„… interdependence, was enraged.80 France’s allies both in Europe and America found themselves in distress after the …”

Shock in Washington and Apprehension in Europe S. 56-60

„… , Fondation Paul-Henri Spaak (FPHS), 32/300/5621. On the attitude of NATO’s small allies, see for example Rusk …”

“We Must Find Out Where We Stand” – Stikker and France S. 124-129

„… exercise, among other things. Other issues that NATO allies deprecated were France’s attitude toward NATO …”

“We Are in an Awkward Transition Period” – Assessing the Challenges S. 164-170

„… small allies and from the vantage point of year-long personal involvement in international politics …”

The Transition from Stikker to Brosio as Triggering Effect for Movement in NATO S. 151-157

„… divergences of views among allies.53 Brosio concluded from the meeting with de Gaulle that France was likely …”

May 1963: Ministers Discuss the State of the Alliance S. 82-89

„… sought to convince Washington’s allies of the US’ sincere intentions? Why else would Stikker have treated …”

Avoid Confrontation, Study the Future: The December 1964 Meeting S. 177-185

„… allies, consistently voiced reservations regarding the Canadian plans and suggested postponing the matter …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222486

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