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Kathrin Monen - Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

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Kathrin Monen

Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 554 2008

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Federal und State Law S. 248-249

„… (federal, state or local law) erfasst. Dabei werden die diesbezüglichen arbeitsrechtlichen …” „… Benachteiligung rechtlich verboten ist. I. Federal und State Law Die arbeitsrechtlichen Diskriminierungsverbote …” „… ausschließlich. Den Bundesstaaten (state law) steht es frei, einen weiterreichenderen Schutz festzuschreiben, als …”

Verfassungsrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch die Equal Protection Clause S. 245-248

„… -, einzelstaatlichen oder regionalen Gesetzen (federal, state or local law) erfasst. Dabei werden die diesbezüglichen …” „… welchen Voraussetzungen eine Benachteiligung rechtlich verboten ist. I. Federal und State Law Die …” „… seitens der Bundesregie- 1121 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 , 14 Stat. 27-30, April 9, 1866 A.D. 1122 …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 383-418

„… to the Law of the United States, Deventer 1992 (Clark, Introduction to the Law of the United States …” „… the United States, München 2002 (Hay, Law of the United States) Henssler, Martin/Willemsen, Heinz …” „… International Law, Band 1, Aalands Islands to Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944), Amsterdam 1992 …”

Wichtige Termini des Employment Discrimination Law S. 249-251

„… Bundesgesetzgebung (federal law) liegt, sind diese Bestimmungen nicht ausschließlich. Den Bundesstaaten (state law …” „… Discrimination Law Im Folgenden werden die wesentlichen Begriffe des U.S.-amerikanischen Rechts, die im …” „… Prozessrechts einen gefestigteren Rechtsschutz bieten können. 1139 Player, Federal Law of Employment …”

Privatrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch Bundes- oder einzelstaatliches Recht S. 248

„… (federal, state or local law) erfasst. Dabei werden die diesbezüglichen arbeitsrechtlichen …” „… Benachteiligung rechtlich verboten ist. I. Federal und State Law Die arbeitsrechtlichen Diskriminierungsverbote …” „… Discrimination Law Da insbesondere im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts Entscheidungen, die eine Person diskriminieren …”

Employer Discrimination S. 259-263

„… . Coverage and Scope of the Antidiscrimination Law Einleitend sollen der Geltungsbereich der …” „… U.S.-amerikanischen Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften (coverage and scope of antidiscrimination law) betrachtet und die …” „… law an den Arbeitgeberbegriff (employer) geknüpft sind, die zusätzlichen Anforderungen der einzelnen …”

The Protected Classes S. 263-268

„… . Pegues v. Mississippi State Employment Service, 699 F.2d 760 (5th Cir. 1983). Damit allerdings die …” „… neutralen Anordnungen, die eine nachteilige Auswirkung 1200 Player, Federal Law of Employment …” „… ). 1206 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 214. 1207 DeSantis v. Pacific Tel. & Tel …”

Der Employment at Will Grundsatz S. 251

„… 388, 153 N.W.2d 587 (Wis. 1967). 1149 Hay, Law of the United States, Rn. 660. …” „… Antidiskriminierungsrechts zuständig ist. C. Die Bedeutung des Common Law Das Common Law basiert – im Gegensatz zur …” „… Da das Common Law Arbeitnehmern oft keinen ausreichenden Schutz garantierte, förderte es letztlich …”

Public Policy Ausnahme bei einer Wrongful Discharge S. 251-252

„… 388, 153 N.W.2d 587 (Wis. 1967). 1149 Hay, Law of the United States, Rn. 660. 252 lung an drei …” „… Antidiskriminierungsrechts zuständig ist. C. Die Bedeutung des Common Law Das Common Law basiert – im Gegensatz zur …” „… Da das Common Law Arbeitnehmern oft keinen ausreichenden Schutz garantierte, förderte es letztlich …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-22

„… . Employment Discrimination Law 248 I. Federal und State Law 248 II. Wichtige Termini des Employment …” „… Discrimination Law 249 1. Discrimination 249 2. Harassment 250 3. Title VII 250 4. EEOC 251 C. Die Bedeutung des …” „… Common Law 251 I. Der Employment at Will Grundsatz 251 II. Public Policy Ausnahme bei einer Wrongful …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 23-24

„… . Surpreme Court Reporter Title VII Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 U.S. United States Reports …” „… sowie weiterer eingesetzter Bezeichnungen findet sich im Black’s Law Dictionary.2 1 Kirchner …” „… , Abkürzungsverzeichnis der Rechtssprache. 2 Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary. …”

Die Kommission S. 256-257

„… . 1176 Clark, Introduction to the Law of the United States, S. 130 f.; vgl. ausführlich Rädler …” „… Voraussetzungen geltend gemacht werden können. 1175 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f …” „… der Kommission für fünf und der Syndikus für vier Jahre berufen. 1178 Player, Federal Law of …”

Weitere bundesgesetzliche Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften S. 255-256

„… , Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f. 1176 Clark, Introduction to the Law of the United …” „… States, S. 130 f.; vgl. ausführlich Rädler, Verfahrensmodelle zum Schutz vor Diskriminierung, S. 89 ff. m …” „… Jahre berufen. 1178 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 25. …”

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 S. 253-255

„… keine Rechte herleiten. 1159 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 13 ff. 1160 Title …” „… of 1991 , Publ.L.No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071 (1991). 1167 Der Erlass des Civil Rights Act of 1991 …” „… einschränkten. 1168 vgl. ausführlich Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 17. 255 II. Weitere …”

Procedures S. 353-362

„… Beschwerde allerdings ebenfalls bei einer staatlichen Behörde (state agency) eingereicht werden. Die …” „… Behörde (state agency) melden. Die im zweiten Schritt bei der zuständigen Bezirksstelle der EEOC …” „… . 1991). 1643 vgl. beispielhaft Delaware State College v. Ricks, 449 U.S. 250, 101 S.Ct. 498, 66 L.Ed.2d …”

Remedies S. 340-353

„… Anspruch nach dem in den U.S.A. bekannten Billigkeitsrecht (law of equity) aufzufassen ist, finden die …” „… , 527 U.S. 526, 119 S.Ct. 2118, 144 L.Ed.2d 494 (1999). 1588 State Farm Mutual Auto. Ins. Co. v …” „… Billigkeitsrecht (law of equity) verkörpern.1597 Im gerichtlichen Verfahren werden die Geschworenen (jury …”

Disparate Treatment S. 275-287

„… . Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 113 S.Ct. 1701, 123 L.Ed.2d 338 (1993). 1264 United States Postal Service Bd. of …” „… 858 (5th Cir. 1993). 1281 McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 31. 1282 …” „… ). 1289 International Broth. of Teamsters v. United States , 431 U.S. 324, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 …”

Retaliation S. 336-340

„… Law, S. 172. 337 absolut geschützt. Der Arbeitgeber darf selbst bei einer falschen oder böswilligen …” „… Discrimination Law, S. 172. 1539 Fine v. Ryan Intern. Airlines , 305 F.3d 746 (7th Cir. 2002). 338 Einschränkung …” „… of Governors of State Colleges and Universities, 957 F.2d 424 (7th Cir. 2002). 1551 Terry v …”

Facial Classifications S. 268-275

„… Discrimination Law, S. 94. 1222 vgl. beispielsweise die von Präsident Clinton erlassene Executive Order 13087 …” „… Diskriminierung, S. 77 f. m. w. N. sowie von Beseler/Jacobs-Wüstefeld, Law Dictionary, Band 1. 1248 In diesem …” „… Discrimination Law, S. 199. 1253 United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO-CLC v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193, 99 S.Ct …”

Compensation S. 310-320

„… 315 (1986). 1459 American Federation of State, County, and Mun. Employees, AFL-CIO (AFSCME) v. State …” „… . 3000, 92 L.Ed.2d 315 (1986). 1463 American Federation of State, County, and Mun. Employees, AFL-CIO …” „… (AFSCME) v. State of Washington, 770 F.2d 1401 (9th Cir. 1985). 1464 Tademe v. Saint Cloud State …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206530

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Martin Heidenhain

European State Aid Law

2010

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Development of State Aid Law S. 54-58

„… 19.11.2009 17:41:45 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 2. Development of State Aid Law A. General …” „… Treaty of Maastricht. The practical significance of State aid law remained relatively limited until the …” „… . Development of State Aid Law Heidenhain 11 Reemers Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Heidenhain …”

Basic Outline of State Aid Law S. 47-53

„… Outline of State Aid Law A. Prohibition of State Aid …” „… responsibility of the Member State affected. II. Authority of the Commission 4The law and practice of State aid …” „… Agreement. § 1. Basic Outline of State Aid Law Heidenhain 5 Reemers Publishing Services GmbH …”

State Aid and Public Procurement S. 837-862

„… this objective only to the extent the State aid law’s criteria of an open, transparent and …” „… for public procurement contracts.90 State aid law distinguishes lawful from unlawful State aid for no …” „… Law § 46. State Aid and Public Procurement Points of Contact between State Aid Law and Public …”

Proceedings before National Courts S. 813-830

„… staatlicher Maßnahmen vor nationalen Gerichten, EuZW 2005, 396; D’Sa, European Community Law on State Aid …” „… of Article 88(3) EC, EStAL 2005, 119; Evans, European Community Law of State Aid (1997), ch. 7 …” „… Competition Law, vol. IV – State Aid (2008), Book one, part 3 ch. 4, 2008; Meyer, Zur Reichweite * The author …”

General Principles S. 619-636

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Literature: Bacon, European Community Law of State Aid, 2009; Bartosch, Beihilfenrechtliches …” „… ; Dony/Smits (Editors), Aides d’État, 2005; D’Sa, European Community Law on State Aid, 1998; Ehricke, Auflagen …” „… Law of State Aid, 1997; Fischer, Die neue Verfahrensordnung zur Überwachung staatlicher Beihilfen …”

State Liabilities S. 150-163

„… Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1. Formally unlawful State guarantees …” „… . 2The evaluation of State guarantees under State aid law raises numerous legal questions …” „… same credit institution.27 20 The reason that subsequent guarantees raise concerns under State aid law …”

General Principles S. 493-498

„… Health Systems, EStAL 2006, 505; Lawrance/ Treacy, Applying competition law to state bodies, Competition …” „… Danwitz, The concept of State aid in liberalised sectors, EUI Working Paper LAW 2008/28; Deckert/Schroeder …” „… entities over which the State exercises a dominant influence15. B. Community Law Framework 6The position of …”

The Concept of State Aid S. 68-106

„… Instance on State aid, EStAL 2008, 441; Bacon, European Community Law of State Aid, paras 2.01 ff, p 23 ff …” „… ; Mederer/Pesaresi/van Hoof, EU Competition Law, vol. IV, State aid, part 2, The concept of State aid; Nicolaides …” „… , State Resources and PreussenElektra: When is a State aid not a State aid?, in: Flett, EC State aid Law …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-46

„… new overview of State aid law. This book has been written by practicing lawyers with many years …” „… ’ experience in the field of State aid law, and it is intended primarily for the use of practicing lawyers. Our …” „… 20.11.2009 3B2 Version: 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm x 240.00mm Heidenhain European State Aid Law Reemers …”

General Principles S. 197-228

„… Aids, in: Harden (Editor), State Aid: Community Law and Policy, 1993; Jestaedt / Häsemeyer, Die …” „… thus resemble legislation rather than litigation”; Rawlinson, in: Harden, State aid: community law and …” „… . Systematization of the Commission’s publications 20 Community law is in a constant state of change. It is …”

Procedure regarding Unlawful Aid S. 674-714

„… on the enforcement of State aid law by national courts (OJ 2009 C 85/1). Cf also ECJ, C-39/94, ECR …” „… Competition Law: a new role for the Member States, 205 (235 f); Keppenne, Guide, para 360; Grabitz/Hilf-von …” „… justified by the observation that Member States which do not comply with the basic rules of State aid law …”

Taxes and Duties S. 164-176

„… provisions of Community law, including State aid law, in exercising the authority thus left with them.1 2 …” „… national measures involving taxes and duties and State aid law has occupied the Commission since the …” „… time, committed to apply the rules and provisions of State aid law consistently. Building upon the Code …”

State Investments of Capital S. 119-149

„… Mutterunternehmens zugunsten seiner Tochtergesellschaften, ZIP 2001, 629; Koenig/Bartosch, E.C. state aid law …” „… aid law when the State invests capital in an enterprise under normal market conditions, that is …” „… in its own case law. Today, this principle is applied in various contexts throughout EC State aid law …”

Legal Remedies for Aid Recipients S. 763-772

„… Member State as a consequence thereof repeals the change in the law and must demand the return of aid …” „… approves it (“positive decision second class”). The state of the law is unclear. The Community Courts …” „… , its only legal recourse consists in claiming damages from the Member State pursuant to national law …”

Rights of Interested Parties S. 728-736

„… complaints in State aid law,21 and 12 Cf CFI, T-189/97, ECR 1998, II-335, para 41 – Comité d’entreprise de …” „… general principles that are observed in any state 22 The case law also qualifies interested parties as …” „… rule of law and are common to the constitutional traditions of the Member States.28 In reviewing the …”

Scope of Judicial Review S. 798-812

„… equity investment qualified as State aid. The Commission is not obligated to do this under Community law …” „… the Commission’s fact-finding has appeared not only in the area of State aid law; it forms part of a …” „… participation and a fair hearing 25Case law has accorded the Member State involved in an aid procedure the right …”

Introduction S. 753-754

„… for annulment are by far the most common legal remedy in State aid law, and their significance is …” „… development of basic principles in State aid law. 6 Likewise of great significance is the special form of the …” „… law suits involving State aid. We have refrained from discussing in detail more general questions of …”

Legal Remedies for Other Third Parties S. 792-797

„… outside of State aid law point in the same direction.15 Realistically, therefore, one can assume that the …” „… of employees.31 The state of the law on this question thus differs from that applicable to challenges …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Case law on the Standing of Trade Associations …”

Services of General Economic Interest S. 545-594

„… economisch belang?, NTER 2006, No. 7; Kamann/Selmayr, Public Service Compensation under EC State Aid Law …” „… Comment on the New State Aid Concept as (Re)shaped by Altmark, New Developments in European State Aid Law …” „… most complex issues of EU law. It relates to the basic question of the competences of Member States and …”

Cross-Subsidisation S. 508-516

„… State aid in liberalised sectors, EUI Working Paper LAW 2008/28; Eilmansberger, Quersubventionen …” „… ) Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 441, 443. The subsequent State aid decision was quashed on …” „… compatible with State aid law. The French Post Office enjoyed a statutory monopoly in the ordinary mail …”

Privatisation S. 517-538

„… privatisation refers to the change of legal status of the State concern, i. e. the conversion of a public law …” „… entity into a private law organisation without the State surrendering control over the concern. This is …” „… notably the case where the State 1 Cf Starr, Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988), 41; von …”

Legal Remedies for Competitors of the Aid Recipient S. 773-791

„… CFI has extended this reasoning to competitors in State aid cases.33 As a result, the law suit can …” „… the provisions of State aid law an intent to protect third parties, and competitors may rely on this …” „… law, must have a right to sue in court to protect their lawful concerns. 32According to the opinion of …”

Sector Specific Rules S. 595-618

„… and EC State aid law, (1999) ECLRev, 197; Charbit, Le financement des missions de service public au …” „… Smith, State support for public service broadcasting: The position under European Community Law, LIEI 28 …” „… service broadcasting, State aid and the internet: emerging EU law; EStAL 2004, 595. A. Introduction 1 …”

Common Provisions S. 745-752

„… . 1990 (Commission, Competition Law in the European Communities, Volume IIA, Rules applicable to State …” „… , the Commission and the Member States, as well as their officials and other servants, including …” „… Commission. Because the Commission is bound to professional secrecy, Member States and enterprises cannot …”

Relation to Article 295 EC S. 539-544

„… Principle of Neutrality as Laid Down in Article 295 EC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. State Aid Law as a …” „… community law: Neutrality versus policy, (1997) CMLRev, 267; Evans, Privatisation and State Aid Control in …” „… economy with free competition6. B. State Aid Law as a Trigger for Privatisation 3 As set out in more …”

General Principles S. 59-67

„… measures of a State’s economic, social, or similar policy, especially in the areas of tax law and social …” „… 19.11.2009 17:42:52 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 2. The Concept of State Aid § 3 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Elements of State Aid …”

Legal Remedies for the Member State Granting Aid and other State Bodies S. 755-762

„… to current case law if the affected state body has granted aid from its own financial resources and …” „… 19.11.2009 17:51:16 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 39. Legal Remedies for the Member State …” „… Granting Aid and other State Bodies A. Legal Remedies to Challenge Decisions Closing the Formal …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(c) EC – Aid to Facilitate the Development of Certain Economie Activitis or Certain Economie Areas – Horizontal Aid S. 255-359

„… . Despite the general ban on State aid, the law foresees exceptions that make it possible to grant such aid …” „… 22.11.2009 22:20:52 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 17. State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(c …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Community Guidelines on State Aid for Rescuing and Restructuring Firms in Difficulty …”

Procedure regarding Notified Aid S. 637-673

„… Competition Law: a new role for the Member States, 205 (226, fn 78). 109 ECJ, 120/73, ECR 1973, 1471, paras 4 …” „… Commission, Competition Law in the European Communities, Volume IIA, Rules applicable to State aid, 1999, p …” „… State aid control are the duty of the Member States to inform1 the Commission of any plans to grant or …”

Relationship of Articles 87, 88 EC to other Provisions of the Treaty S. 831-836

„… 19.11.2009 17:51:50 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 11. Relation between State Aid Law …” „… State Aid Law and other Provisions of the Treaty 786 Heidenhain Reemers Publishing Services GmbH …” „… State Aid Law and other Provisions of the Treaty 788 Heidenhain Reemers Publishing Services GmbH …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3) EC – Support of Certain Economie Activities or Economie Areas – Sectoral Aid S. 360-455

„… ff; D’Sa, European Community Law on State Aid, 1998; Ehricke, in: Immenga/Mestmäcker, EG, § 87(3)(4 …” „… Crisis Framework, EStAL 2009, 145; Mederer/Pesaresi/van Hoof, EU Competition Law, Vol. IV: State Aid …” „… Beihilfenkontrolle, 2008; Quigley, EC State Aid Law and Policy, 2 nd ed. 2009 pp 239 ff; Schohe/Arhold, Die …”

Monitoring be the Commission S. 737-744

„… States of 22. 2. 1994 and 2. 8. 1995, published in: Commission, Competition Law in the European …” „… Commission in the area of State aid have a dual goal. On the one hand, pursuant to Article 88(1) EC, the …” „… depends on the cooperation of the Member States. What disclosure obligations the Member States have, and …”

Financing Public Undertakings S. 505-507

„… (whether in favour of public or private undertakings) are compatible with community State aid law is the …” „… undertakings, thereby appreciably broadening the scope of Community State aid law. The Commission would only …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Literature: See § 6. A. Presentation of the Problem 1The central problem of State aid control …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(b) EC-Aid to Promote the Execution of an Important Project of Common European Interest or to Remedy a Serious Disturbance in the Economy of a Member State S. 245-254

„… issued guidelines as to the assessment of aid measures under European State aid law. The Commission calls …” „… 22.11.2009 22:20:51 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 16. State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(b …” „… Serious Disturbance in the Economy of a Member State1 A. Introduction …”

General Block Exemption Regulation S. 465-492

„… Competition Law, Vol. IV: State Aid, Book Two, 2008, p 729; Koenig/Kühling, Beihilfen an kleine und mittlere …” „… Reg 994/1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 C. Presence of State Aid …” „… ), Understanding State Aid Policy in the European Community, Perspectives on Rules and Practice, 1999, p. 119 …”

Significance of Exemptions S. 189-190

„… 19.11.2009 17:43:27 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 3. Compatibility of State Aid with …” „… declares compatible with the common market certain aid granted by Member States, which is social in …” „… only refer to State aid which is subject to the prohibition of Article 87(1) EC. State aid, which is …”

State of Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(d) EC S. 456-459

„… of a Victorian Masterpiece?, in: Flett, EC State Aid Law, p 89; Scharf/Slavetich, The Application of …” „… 22.11.2009 22:21:30 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 19. State of Aid pursuant to Article 87(3 …” „… )(d) EC Literature: Bacon, paras 3.60 ff, pp 126 ff; Broche/Chatterjec/Orssich/Tosisc, State aid for …”

Public Funding of Infrastructure, Sales of Public Land and Buildings S. 177-188

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. State Managed Infrastructures …” „… funding infrastructure State aid?, EuZW 2003, 645; Soltész, Öffentliche Finanzierung von Infrastruktur …” „… Infrastructure I. State Managed Infrastructures 1The establishment and maintenance of state infrastructures …”

De Minimis Aid S. 107-118

„… : Nyssens, De minimis, in: Mederer/Pesaresi/van Hoof, EU Competition Law, vol. IV, State Aid, Book One, 2008 …” „… , § 2.663 ff; Quigley, European State Aid Law: 2nd ed. pp 60 ff; van de Casteele, De minimis Regulation, in …” „… : Hancher/Ottervanger/Slot, EC State Aids, 3rd ed., 2006, ch. 7. A. The Commission’s de minimis Policy 1The Commission has …”

Council Authority pursuant to Article 87(3)(e) EC and Article 88(2) EC S. 460-464

„… transparency strived for in State aid law (which is particularly urgent in case of deviations from the aid …” „… clarifies the powers of the Council in State aid cases, Competition Policy Newsletter 2004, 21 A. Council’s …” „… binding as Article 87(3)(a)–(d) EC for all Community institutions and Member States. In making its …”

Transparency Directive S. 499-504

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Member States’ Duties under the Transparency Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I …” „… Commission directive on transparency of financial relations between Member States and public undertakings …” „… directive on transparency of financial relations between Member States and public undertakings, (1980) ELRev …”

Procedure regarding Existing Aid Schemes S. 718-727

„… Commission and the Member States are bound by virtue of Article 88(1) EC.1 This procedure aims primarily at …” „… . If factors that were decisive in the approval of aid, such as the state of development of a region …” „… , and depends on the individual case. Nevertheless, neither the Commission nor a Member State can …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(a) and (c) EC – Promotion of Areas with Abnormally Low Standard of Living or Serious Underemployment, Promotion of Certain Economic Areas – Regional Aid S. 229-244

„… of regional aid can be found in DG Competition’s “Vademecum – Community law on State aid” (“Vademecum …” „… 22.11.2009 22:20:48 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 15. State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(a …” „… State.6 Article 87(3) EC differentiates between two types of assisted regions. Assisted regions pursuant …”

Procedure regarding Misuse of Aid S. 715-717

„… thus applies to aid2 which has been approved by the Commission and lawfully granted by the Member State …” „… Member State as part of approval of the scheme by the Commission.6 To this end the Commission can, as for …” „… unlawful aid, make use of an information injunction and, if the Member State fails to comply with such …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265575

Frank Montag, Franz Jürgen Säcker - European State Aid Law

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Frank Montag (ed.), Franz Jürgen Säcker (ed.)

European State Aid Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2017

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Commentary European State Aid Law European State Aid Law Leinen mit Prägung, 160x240mm, P. 202, P. 533, P …” „… . 8643Saecker_EU_State_Law_#3.indd 1 22.07.2014 09:37:32 Reemers Publishing Services GmbH …” „… Säcker/Montag European State Aid Law Reemers Publishing Services GmbH o:/Beck/Montag_Saecker/3d/Saecker-Titelei …”

ARTICLE 108 TFEU S. 1510-1553

„… , EStAL 2007, 474; Bellamy/Child, European Union Law of Competition, 2013; Dashwood, Control of State Aids …” „… , 441; Jestaedt/Derenne/Ottervanger, Study on the enforcement of State aid law at national level, 2006 …” „… Aid Regime, The Need for Reform, in: Biondi/Eeckhout/Flynn, The Law of State Aid in the European Union …”

JUDICIAL PROTECTION AT EU-LEVEL S. 1666-1717

„… Hoffnung fahren?, EWS 2006, 304; Conte, Liber Amicorum Francisco Santaollala Gadea: EC State Aid Law, The …” „… der Europäischen Union, III, Loseblatt; Heidenhain (editor), European State Aid Law Handbook, 2010 …” „… : EC State Aid Law, Some thoughts on the jurisprudence of European Courts concerning the admissibility …”

ARTICLE 107 TFEU S. 52-295

„… Relationship between WTO Subsidies Law and EC State Aid Law, in: EC State Aid Law/Le droit des aides d’État …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Scope of European law on State aid …” „… State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 cc) Implementation of mandatory Community law …”

TAX MEASURES S. 1110-1163

„… - Beihilfenrecht-Kommentar, 2009; id., Is there a need for a Rule of Reason in European State aid law?, CMLRev. 2010, 729; id …” „… reflections on the notion of “State resources’ in European Community State Aid Law, Fordh.am Int. L. J. 30 …” „… (2007), 1426; Biondi/Eeckhout/Flynn (ed.), The Law of State Aid in the European Union, 2004; Birk, Das …”

FINANCIAL TRANSFERS AND TRANSACTIONS S. 978-1109

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3. Public Undertakings and EU State Aid Law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 II. Relationship between State aid law and EU foreign trade policy . . . . . 409 1. Foreign trade …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 2. Since 2013: The 2012 Communication on the application of State aid law to short-term …”

SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST (SGEI) S. 296-383

„… 106(2) TFEU within State aid law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 II. Scope of applicability …” „… case law regarding Article 106(2) TFEU, according to which Member States possess broad discretionary …” „… systems established by case law. 18 In accordance with the Framework for State aid for research and …”

COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 659/1999 S. 1554-1649

„… , Competition Policy Newsletter 1/2005, 108; Crome/Sölter, Conditional decisions and EC State Aid Law: The …” „… Aid Law at National Level, Part II: Recovery of Unlawful State Aid: enforcement of negative Commission …” „… , Procedures before the Commission, Council Regulation 659/1999, in: Heidenhain, European State Aid Law, 2010 …”

INTRODUCTION S. 2-51

„… European Union. Like public procurement laws and the entire body of competition laws, State aid law is also …” „… principles of state aid law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 A. The Basic Principles of State Aid Law Bibliography: Bultmann, Beihilfenrecht und Vergaberecht …”

RULES FOR EXAMINING AID IN SPECIFIC SECTORS S. 1164-1509

„… Law/Riedl IV Ch. 11 mn. 4.1819–4.1821. 39 State aid case N46/2007 Welsh Public Sector Network Scheme, mn. 18 …” „… . 3.2.2. EU Competition Law/Riedl IV Ch. 11 mn. 4.1827. 48 State aid case N 46/2007 Welsh public sector …” „… requirement. One core objective of the SAM was to focus the enforcement of State aid law on cases with the …”

Index S. 1718-1749

„… aid investigations VIII 449 Banking Communication 2013 VIII 480 Basic principles of State aid law II 1 …” „… . Communication on the application of State aid law on short-term export-credits insurance 2012 VI 429 et seq …” „… insurance VI 418 et seq. – Communication on the application of State aid law on short-term export-credits …”

ARTICLE 109 TFEU S. 1650-1665

„… block exemptions regulations in antitrust law. In State aid law block exemptions regulations pursue the …” „… do so. Moreover, this authorisation is limited to regulations. In State aid law an obligation of the …” „… Commissioner Kroes “New State Aid Action Plan”, EStAL 2005, 391; Blumann, L’émergence de l’exemption …”

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) NO 651/2014 S. 384-887

„… rate laid down in the applicable rules of Union law. (27) Given that State aid within the meaning of …” „… comprehensive and coherent modernization of State aid law. The main purpose was to ensure that Member States …” „… exception reflects the Deggendorf case law and complies with the objectives of the State Aid Action Plan.26 …”

RESCUE AND RESTRUCTURING AID S. 888-977

„… Umstrukturierung von Unternehmen in Schwierigkeiten, ZIP 2004, 2123; Heidenhain/v. Donat, Handbook of State Aid Law …” „… Comments on the Commission’s Draft, EStAL 2014, 289; Quigley, European State Aid Law and Policy (2nd ed …” „… a key notion in State aid law, in particular for rescue and restructuring aid. The previous …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258966

Prinz Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein, Mario Monti, Bo Vesterdorf, Jay Westbrook, Luzius Wildhaber - Economic Law and Justice in Times of Globalisation | Wirtschaftsrecht und Justiz in Zeiten der Globalisierung

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Prinz Nikolaus von und zu Liechtenstein (ed.), Mario Monti (ed.), Bo Vesterdorf (ed.), Jay Westbrook (ed.), Luzius Wildhaber (ed.)

Economic Law and Justice in Times of Globalisation | Wirtschaftsrecht und Justiz in Zeiten der Globalisierung

2007

Results in this title

Allan Rosas Judicial Protection in EU State Aid Law S. 579-592

„… 579 ALLAN ROSAS Judicial Protection in EU State Aid Law Allan Rosas Judicial Protection in EU State …” „… of national courts 587 V. Concluding remarks 591 I. Introduction State aid law is a complex area of …” „… Community law. The system of judicial protection in State aid cases is no exception. This system is …”

Vassilios Skouris The Recovery of Unlawful State Aid from Successor Companies. Reflections on the Recent Case Law of the European Court of Justice S. 615-626

„… the Recent Case Law of the European Court of Justice Vassilios Skouris The Recovery of Unlawful State …” „… questions which are rightfully considered to be among the most delicate and sensitive in State aid law and …” „… case-law into a unified perspective and demonstrate its coherence. II. The fundamental principles of State …”

Jay Lawrence Westbrook National Regulation of Multinational Default S. 777-792

„… the United States version of the Model Law, Chapter 15 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, which …” „… United States Law, a component of the Transnational Insolvency Project of the American Law Institute: In …” „… the debtor and seizing the debtor’s assets in the United States. In general, it follows the Model Law …”

Hans Petter Graver The Harmonisation of National Administrative Law S. 377-392

„… Member States.3 There is a comprehensive body of EU administrative law applicable to the EU institution’s …” „… presumption that EU law is administered by member states which act autonomously» and that «interference into …” „… procedures of the Member States. The picture of the harmonised administrative law that emerges is one of two …”

Thorgeir Örlygsson Twelve Years of Experience S. 225-242

„… law and State liability – The Sveinbjörnsdóttir Case 238 VIII. Summary and some conclusions 240 I …” „… that the legal effects in national law in the EFTA States come as close as possible to the legal …” „… national courts in the Member States. In that sense, Community law lays down a monist system for the …”

Henrik Bull Recognition of Foreign Bankruptcies: Swiss Law as an Example to the World? S. 727-734

„… Ambitious Forms of Recognition 731 V. Swiss Law as Model for Other European States? 732 VI. Concluding …” „… and immovable property are still to be governed by the law of the State in which the property is …” „… ownership title to immovable property, ships etc.) are governed by the law of the State in which the objects …”

Ulf Bernitz The Application of EEA Law in Sweden S. 27-36

„… I-7687. Gharehveran was awarded damages to be paid by the State. 32 Ulf Bernitz of Community law …” „… . 19 Opinion 1/91 [1991] ECR I-6079. The Application of EEA Law in Sweden 33 EFTA states, and based its …” „… seen as an expression of state practice under international law. In addition, it is not unusual for …”

Dr. Miguel Poiares The Judicial and Constitutional Challenges of Legal Globalisation S. 175-190

„… the paradigms of the law, including the State’s legal monopoly, the autonomy of national political …” „… have the space to develop this analysis in here. For an in depth analysis see: Neil Komesar, Law’s …” „… (Illinois, University of Chicago Press, 1997). 28 See Neil Komesar, Law’s Limits: Rule of Law and the Supply …”

Dirk Buschle The Free Movement of Capital in the EEA – A Lehrstück in Homogeneity S. 75-98

„… Article 40 EEA has indeed been made part of national law in all three EFTA States.47 43 Case E-1/00 …” „… the home State contrary to an alleged principle of international tax law according to which the …” „… rejected the submission that under international tax law, it is for the taxpayer’s home State, and not for …”

Eleanor M. Fox Antitrust in Times of Globalization S. 319-330

„… Arnold began the first U.S. campaign against cartels. It was in this war era that the United States law …” „… violation of norms and perhaps law; if by the state, a violation of the GATT; if by private firms, a …” „… in the United States, the law now confines antitrust obligations to the four corners of the country …”

Paolo Mengozzi The European Union balance of powers and the case law related to EC external relations S. 207-224

„… pointed out that «it is also necessary to take into account not only the current state of Community law …” „… , subject to Articles 22 and 23, be determined by the law of that Member State». In spite of the fact that …” „… executed by the United States by the same Community case law) affected producers operating in totally …”

Sanford Levinson The Importance of the Comparative Moment in Constitutional Design An Essay for Carl Baudenbacher S. 165-174

„… «interpreting and applying the Constitution of the United States,» from «rely[ing] upon any constitution, law …” „… state or international organization or agency, other than English constitutional and common law up to …” „… accountability of the agencies to the «rule of law,» or, as in the United States, should access be limited to …”

Jacques H. J. Bourgeois Ne bis in idem and Enforcement of EEA Competition Rules S. 313-318

„… principle of EC law, also in competition matters.2 This exploration starts with a brief state of play with …” „… international law that prevents authorities or courts of different states from trying and convicting a person on …” „… same state, a position which is confirmed by international case law and shared by the German and …”

Christa Tobler Going Global in Sex Equality Law The Case of Gender Representation Rules for Company Boards S. 891-916

„… Norway (as indeed in many other countries) global sex equality law required effective State action and …” „… Norwegian law this term includes State-owned limited and public limited companies, private and public …” „… private law who are appointed or proposed by the State or local authorities. In Greece, a constitutional …”

Samuel Issacharoff A Cosmopolitan Judge for a Cosmopolitan Era. An Essay in Honor of Carl Baudenbacher S. 131-140

„… lawyers could read the law and that our task was to anticipate future developments. But again I deferred …” „… honor formal borders. And so it is that a Swiss law professor, sitting as a representative of …” „… the pioneer of cross-national integration. But at another level, when the law professor becomes a …”

Marco Bronckers he Relationship of the EC Courts with other International Tribunals Non-committal, Respectful or Submissive? S. 51-74

„… well as EC Member State laws.10 2. International rulings in EC case law The first initial impression …” „… non-EC states to a Joint Committee. In reaching decisions the Committee must respect the case law of the …” „… : disputes between EC Member States on issues of Community law, as they fall within the exclusive …”

Davíd Thór Björgvinsson Application of Article 34 of the ESA/Court Agreement by Icelandic Courts S. 37-50

„… ) provides that the EFTA States, which are Contracting Parties to the Agreement, shall establish a Court of …” „… laid down in a separate agreement between the EFTA States, namely the Agreement between the EFTA …” „… States on the Establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice (hereinafter «the …”

Thomas Cottier The Judge in International Economic Relations S. 99-122

„… , however, began to emerge in 1957 for Member States of the EEC with European Community law and the …” „… , The Nature of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and the Evolving Structure of International Law …” „… such rules as much as states, the dual concept of law is increasingly outdated. It has been overcome …”

Sir Basil Markesinis Political thought in legal judgments S. 191-206

„… United States. For more details consult Bradley/Goldsmith, U.N. Human Rights Standards and U.S. Law: The …” „… World War United States.34 This is true of law in general but especially true for public law and yet it …” „… state law as unconstitutional even if the Constitution’s text had to be scratched a bit to cover it …”

Philip Lowe Director Competition Policy as an Instrument of Global Governance S. 489-502

„… governance in the Union 490 III. The contribution of competition law and policy to European and global …” „… governance 491 1. The role of competition 491 2. Law and economics combine in competition policy 492 3. The …” „… words to put them in neat ‹boxes›, for example the ‹box› of the nation state. Of course, to some extent …”

Bo Vesterdorf The EC Competition Law Policy on Fines Main Issues and Ways Ahead S. 671-690

„… traditionally perceived criminal law to be a prerogative of state sovereignty, and they are reluctant to accept …” „… principles of law, common to the legal orders of the Member States, must, however, be respected. To this end …” „… environmental offences, from taking measures that relate to the criminal law of the Member States, which it …”

Mark A. Lemley, David O’Brien, Ryan M. Kent, Ashok Ramani, Robert Van Nest Divided Infringement Claims S. 475-488

„… States, 62 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1366, 1368 (Ct. Cl. 2002) (holding that § 1498(c), which applies patent law …” „… States patent law reached spacecraft operating in outer space that were launched from the United States …” „… of law problems it presents, see Paul Edward Geller, Conflicts of Laws in Copyright Cases …”

Luzius Wildhaber The Protection of Legitimate Expectations in European Human Rights Law S. 253-264

„… the State. The Court answered the question of applicability by looking to domestic tort law, according …” „… that well-founded legal claims will be protected in a State that subscribes to the rule of law …” „… a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with …”

George A. Bermann The Emergence of Transatlantic Regulation S. 275-282

„… as yet to state with confidence what are the exact dimensions and significance of those developments …” „… practiced in the United States, is a phenomenon firmly anchored at the national, and more particularly at …” „… the national federal, level. The individual American states and international organizations both play …”

Dr. Clifford A. Jones Private Antitrust in the Global Market. An Essay on «Swimming without getting wet» S. 443-454

„… competition laws, and more of them follow the civil law EU model rather than the USA’s common law Sherman Act …” „… ‹competition law› (to use the term prevalent in the rest of the world) has for some years now increasingly left …” „… Competition Law-- The Green Paper on Damages Actions›, in Brussels, March 9, 2006, outline found at …”

Stefán Már Stefánsson Legitimate Expectations in EC/EEA Law S. 627-642

„… from those exceptional cases, the theoretical writing and the case-law of the Member States allow only …” „… dealt with State aid. Legal certainty is a general principle of EEA law, as confirmed by the Court in …” „… EEA law seems to be mainly where the ESA is acting within the field of State aid and competition. In …”

Sven Norberg Making a Virtue out of Necessity and at the Same Time Strengthening European Competition Law Enforcement. How the White Paper on the Modernisation Reform came about S. 523-542

„… States for a later decentralisation action. »National Application of Community Competition Law» was also …” „… Competition Law Enforcement How the White Paper on the Modernisation Reform came about Sven Norberg Making a …” „… competition law enforcement in Europe that came into force on 1 May 20041 was already then rightly qualified …”

Peter Jann Nationale Steuern und das EG Beihilfenverbot – ein Überblick S. 419-442

„… State Aid Regime: an Action Plan for Change, European State Aid Law Quaterly, 2005-3, S. 387. 4 Zudem …” „… ; K. Bacon, Differential Taxes, State Aids and the Lunn Poly Case, European Competition Law Review …” „… auch K. Bacon, Differential Taxes, State Aids and the Lunn Poly Case, European Competition Law Review …”

John McCarthy A Paper for a Friend S. 23-26

„… field. For example, I worked all over the United States on issues affecting farm labor. I was deeply …” „… 1980’s.) In terms of public policy and government issues I have served as lobbyist both at the state …” „… Law on the campus of the University of Texas. Our coming together was brought about by mutual …”

Eleanor Sharpston An impressive level of scrutiny: Appearing before the EFTA Court in two early cases S. 243-252

„… 242 Thorgeir Örlygsson EEA Agreement is presumably implemented in Norwegian law through Article I …” „… of the EEA law. (7) The limited examples of the practice of the Icelandic administration and the …” „… have, through parliamentary discussions and by explanatory notes to bills of law been used as …”

Barry E. Hawk Conduct Element in Abuse of Dominant Position S. 393-404

„… Articles 403 I. Introduction The application of competition or antitrust law1 to dominant firms raises …” „… many of the most significant and difficult legal, economic and public policy issues in competition law …” „… objectives underlying competition law generally and underlying abuse statutes; the administrability and …”

Pieter Kalbfleisch The Assessment of Interests in Competition Law: A Balancing Act S. 455-474

„… Law: A Balancing Act 465 assessment of horizontal mergers27 the Commission states that (1 …” „… ultimate goal of competition law is to promote welfare I think that in its present state the task of …” „… 455 PIETER KALBFLEISCH1 The Assessment of Interests in Competition Law: A Balancing Act Pieter …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… the Court; Former Armfelt Professor of Law, Åbo Akademi University Judicial Protection in EU State Aid …” „… The Recovery of Unlawful State Aid from Successor Companies Reflections on the Recent Case Law of the …” „… Professor Jay Lawrence Westbrook Benno C. Schmidt Chair, The University of Texas School of Law National …”

Christian Dialog der Gerichte im europäischen Justizraum. Zur Rolle des EuGH bei der Auslegung des neuen Übereinkommens von Lugano S. 141-156

„… . Baudenbacher, The EFTA Court: An actor in the European judicial dialogue, Fordham International Law Journal 28 …” „… , The Uniform International Sales Law and the Global Jurisconsultorium, Journal of Law and Commerce 24 …” „… Law 3 (1997), 169 ff.; s. ferner ders., Judicial globalization: new developments or old wine in new …”

Mario Monti Competition Policy and International Integration S. 519-522

„… competition law and policy, one of the subjects that have given him world recognition, in the context of …” „… exploiting what divides. Carl has been building bridges between law and economics, between dogmatic theories …” „… and the empirical observation of reality, between Europe and the United States and, probably more than …”

Herbert Batliner, Johannes Gasser Sind Schiedsklauseln zulasten Dritter gemäss Art. 6 EMRK zulässig? Ein juristischer Ausblick von Liechtenstein nach Europa S. 703-726

„… III. Business Law 705 HERBERT BATLINER/JOHANNES GASSER Sind Schiedsklauseln zulasten Dritter …” „… German Law, Journal of International Arbitration 2002, 423; ders., Die Aufweichung einer Formvorschrift …” „… Business in the Law, Liber Amicorum Richard M. Buxbaum, Kluwer Law International 2000, 465, Fn. 11. 51 …”

Peter Freeman Market Investigations in the United Kingdom: The Story So Far S. 331-350

„… resourced to apply the law. But the UK has retained one additional 1 Any views expressed are personal. The …” „… Phase II) to investigate the state of competition in a market and, if there are adverse effects on …” „… , Competition Law, LexisNexis UK, 2003, 5th ed, pp. 60-74. 4 Under the pre-EA 02 régime, the OFT (or, more …”

Peter Nobel Globalisierung des Gesellschaftsrechts S. 735-748

„… . Anne van Aaken, Max Schmidheiny Tenure Track Professor für Law and Economics, Öffentliches Recht …” „… . Rock (Hrsg.), The Anatomy of Corporate Law, A Comparative and Functional Approach, New York 2004, S …” „… Techniken traditioneller Gesetzgebung geradezu herausgefordert. «Soft law» zeigt von den internationalen …”

Ulf Böge Baustellen im nationalen und europäischen Wettbewerbsbereich S. 283-298

„… alleging a violation of any similar State law, based on conduct covered by a currently effective antitrust …” „… . III. Fazit Commerce is increasingly global but competition law is still national: Angesichts der …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204918

Jörg-Detlef Kühne, Peter Neumann, Christopher Schmidt - Direkte Demokratie unter Berücksichtigung der Kommunen der Weimarer Republik, überarbeiteter Nachdruck von Lee Seifert Greene: "Direct Legislation in Germany, Austria and Danzig"

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Jörg-Detlef Kühne (ed.), Peter Neumann (ed.), Christopher Schmidt (ed.)

Direkte Demokratie unter Berücksichtigung der Kommunen der Weimarer Republik, überarbeiteter Nachdruck von Lee Seifert Greene: "Direct Legislation in Germany, Austria and Danzig"

Series: Studien zur Sachunmittelbaren Demokratie

Volume 10 2012

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Direct Legislation in State Law S. 59-79

„… Direct Legislation in State Law “Der Volkswille wird kundgegeben durch Volksentscheid und durch …” „… scene. Moreover, the machinery set up in state law offered a wide variety of forms within this general …” „… later, the law of Württemberg was written to conform to the practice of other states; initiatives …”

Direct Legislation in the Local Units S. 80-89

„… state law, for the proposal brought in by the electorate to contain a thoroughly developed bill. The …” „… section was not retained in the 1925 reading. According to the provisions of the law in the above states …” „… shall treat here only those for whom specific provisions were made in the state laws. In some states …”

Appendix S. 191-206

„… within the Reich are accomplished by a law amending the constitution. If the states directly affected …” „… alter the territorial extent of the free states only with their consent. In other respects federal …” „… statutes are passed by agreement between the national convention and the State Committee (Staatenausschuss …”

Defects of the German System of Direct Democracy S. 164-183

„… unfortunate and dangerous ambiguity prevailed in state as in national law. It may be added that the same …” „… contributions unilaterally laid upon citizens by the state or other public law organizations for the fostering …” „… the moral and conscientious citizen. Mecklenburg-Strelitz in the first election law in that state …”

The Territorial Plebiscite S. 90-97

„… by the article was to be given according to the constitutional law of each state involved; usually an …” „… .“ Preamble to the German Constitution A central problem in the history of the German states has been that of …” „… reframing state boundaries in a search for a greater degree of uniformity in size and relative prestige. The …”

Table of Contents S. 17-18

„… LawChapter Three: 59 Provisional ConstitutionsSection 1: 59 The Law of the German Federal States …” „… National Law and AdministrationSection 3: 55 The Law of DanzigSection 4: 57 Direct Legislation in State …” „… DevelopmentSection 3: 38 The Law Relating to Direct LegislationChapter Two: 42 Constitutional Provisions in the …”

Direct Legislation in Practice in National Governments S. 98-132

„… limitations were put upon the practice of direct legislation in all branches of German public law, federal …” „… , state, and local. It is also evident that the friends of the institution were frequently moved merely by …” „… , within recent years, the referendum as a possible means of liberalizing German law concerning abortion,1 …”

The Juridical Nature of Direct Legislation S. 158-163

„… people. This was the central statement of purpose and nature of the state upon which the fundamental laws …” „… in the fundamental laws of the states seems to indicate a conscious distinction between the people …” „… Staatsgewalt geht vom Volke aus.“ The German Reich is a Republic. The power of the state is derived from the …”

The Law Relating to Direct Legislation S. 42-58

„… The Law Relating to Direct Legislation “Das Deutsche Reich ist eine Republik. Die Staatsgewalt geht …” „… paper, the pre-war programmes of the democratic parliamentary parties; and statesmen in the new States …” „… required by usage in German law. Two types of referendum may be distinguished: the obligatory, in which …”

Introduction S. 19-20

„… (1909): The People's Law. Popular Participation in Law-Making, from Ancient Folk-moot to Modern …” „… European states is too general to be pertinent to this examination. Likewise, the practices and theory …” „… many of the American states in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The experiences of the …”

Revolution and Reconstruction S. 21-41

„… deadlocked legislative bodies had been suggested by the early Bavarian provisional law.35 Most of the state …” „… a suspensive veto on changes in the army law and state treaties; in case this house failed to agree …” „… hundred thousand voters or a majority of voters of three states within six weeks after such laws became …”

Foreword S. 13-16

„… Austria was already a corporate state before her “Anschluss” to Germany in 1938. Greene, diplomatic and …” „… explicitly states the annulment of all people’s rights on the level of the German Reich; contrary to this …” „… , corresponding regulations on referenda on the level of states (Länder) and counties remained formally valid but …”

Direct Legislation in Use in State and Local Units S. 133-157

„… Direct Legislation in Use in State and Local Units The German Länder The history of the Länder …” „… lacking in the attempt of the Bürgerschaft to carry through legislation concerning state financing. The …” „… executive and endanger the authority of the state. The constitution provides, however, that the Senate …”

Direct Legislation and the Failure of the Weimar System S. 184-190

„… fundamental law of important states will deeply influence the future course of legal arrangements. One essays …” „… of the problem was the fact that the German state was faced with economic difficulties which could …” „… unrealized, although significant alterations in land ownership were going on in surrounding states …”

Bibliography S. 209-218

„… . Popular Participation in Law-Making, from Ancient Folk-moot to Modern Referendum. A Study in the Evolution …” „… (1923): International Labour Review VIII, 863-73. Emerson, Rupert (1928): State and Sovereignty in …” „… Allemands, Paris. Lenin, Vladimir IIyich (1929): State and Revolution, New York. Leo, M. (1925 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845244778

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