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Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe, August Reinisch - International Investment Law

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Marc Bungenberg (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Stephan Hobe (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

International Investment Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

Results in this title

Stephan Wittich II. State Responsibility S. 23-45

„… II. State Responsibility Stephan Wittich A. The Concept of State Responsibility …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Outline of the Historical Development of the Law on State Responsibility …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 C. Conceptual Issues concerning State Responsibility in Relation to Investment Law …”

James Crawford, Simon Olleson III. The Application of the Rules of State Responsibility S. 411-441

„… III. The Application of the Rules of State Responsibility James Crawford and Simon Olleson A …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. The Relevance of the ILC’s Articles on State Responsibility for Investment Arbitration …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Literature: David Caron, ‘The ILC Articles on State Responsibility: The Paradoxical Relationship …”

Christina Binder IV. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness S. 442-480

„… Law of Treaties and the Law of State Responsibility with special Focus on the Argentine Crisis’ in …” „… , 2007) 11–63; James Crawford, ‘Revisiting the Draft Articles on State Responsibility’ (1999) 10 EJIL …” „… Treaties and the Law of State Responsibility’ (2001) 21 Austl. YB Int’l L. 55–74; Andrea Gattini, Zufall …”

Irmgard Marboe I. The System of Reparation and Questions of Terminology S. 1031-1044

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 C. The System of ‘Reparation’ under the Law of State Responsibility. . . . . 9 1. Restitution …” „… investment disputes, such as the international law on State responsibility, rules on expropriation, and …” „… the Law of State Responsibility If a State breaches its international obligations, the law of State …”

Karsten Nowrot Chapter 10: Obligations of Investors S. 1154-1185

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Literature: Andrew Clapham, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (Oxford University Press …” „… , 2006); Jarrod Hepburn and Vuyelwa Kuuya, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility and Investment Treaties’ in …” „… ? (TELC, 2011); Peter Muchlinski, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ in Peter Muchlinski, Federico Ortino …”

Bruno Simma, Dirk Pulkowski I. Two Worlds, but Not Apart: International Investment Law and General International Law S. 361-371

„… elements of the customary international law of State responsibility. For instance, it is untypical for …” „… State responsibility. There appears to have been little dispute in investor- State proceedings about the …” „… responsibility of the host State: One would expect investment treaties to contain an express lex specialis …”

Jörn Griebel D. The New EU Investment Policy Approach S. 304-325

„… questions as to the distribution of responsibility as between the EU and its member States which regarding …” „… establishing a framework for managing financial responsibility linked to investor-State dispute settlement …” „… Proposal managing financial responsibility, which is also defining under which circumstances a member State …”

Stephan Wittich V. Investment Arbitration: Remedies S. 1391-1430

„… not to expressly mention declaratory relief in its 2001 ILC Articles on Responsibility of States for …” „… situation under general international law, notably State responsibility. See e.g. Article 36(2)d of the …” „… sense and the modes or forms of reparation in the law of State responsibility, both doctrine and …”

Patrick Dumberry VII. Moral Damages S. 1130-1141

„… be compensated.1 Under Article 31 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, a State must, indeed …” „… Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts Adopted by the Drafting …” „… State Responsibility’). 3 For instance: Chevreau (France v. United Kingdom), 1931, UNRIAA, vol. II, 1113 …”

Borzu Sabahi, Kabir Duggal, Nicholas Birch VI. Limits on Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts S. 1115-1129

„… ; Ian Brownlie, 1 System of the Law of Nations: State Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 1983 …” „… 319 which limits State responsibility to only the injury ‘resulting from and ascribable to the …” „… Commission Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (‘ILC Articles’) Art …”

Irmgard Marboe IV. Valuation in Cases of Breaches of International Law Unrelated to Expropriation S. 1082-1102

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Customary Law Standard of Reparation under the Law of State Responsibility …” „… Responsibility As discussed earlier,2 the violation of an obligation under international law by a State entails …” „… the State’s international responsibility. The consequences of such a violation have been codified by …”

Anthony Sinclair VII. Umbrella Clause S. 887-958

„… ‘floodgates’, exposing States to unexpected and expansive international responsibility. The tribunal thought …” „… host state may incur international responsibility by reason of a breach of its contractual obligations …” „… create potential international responsibility of a State for breach of a contract governed by domestic …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz II. Protection and Security (Including the NAFTA Approach) S. 764-789

„… Responsibility and Liability Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 a) Damages by State …” „… protection under the standard.60 State Responsibility and Liability Standards Nevertheless, even with regard …” „… responsibility standard laid down in Art. 4 of the ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility, though, much …”

Carsten Kern VI. Transfer of Funds S. 870-886

„… Law Commission, Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts …” „… . A/56/10 (2001) (ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility). Art. 25 (‘Necessity’) provides: ‘1 …” „… , or other vital interests; see ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility, with Commentaries, Report …”

Chester Brown I. The Evolution of the Regime of International Investment Agreements: History, Economics and Politics S. 153-185

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4. Harvard Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens …” „… (1962) and BITs. Harvard Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to …” „… International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens’, which was prepared by Professors Louis Sohn and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLVIII

„… and State Responsibility …” „… under Public International Law ......................... I. 6 Stephan Hobe State Responsibility …” „… ......................II. 372 August Reinisch The Application of the Rules of State Responsibility …”

Stephan Hobe I. The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of General Principles of Protection under Public International Law Stephan HobeThe Development of the Law of Aliens S. 6-22

„… Chapter 2: The Law Relating to Aliens, the International Minimum Standard and State Responsibility …” „… (Oxford University Press, 2008) 29–58; Edwin M. Borchard, ‘Responsibility of States at the Hague …” „… the responsibility of States for damage done in their territory to the person or property of …”

Irmgard Marboe III. Valuation in Cases of Expropriation S. 1057-1081

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1. Customary Law Standard of the Law of State Responsibility. . . . . . . 29 2. Applicable …” „… Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility. Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press …” „… , namely the law of State responsibility.28 The relevance of the distinction between lawful and unlawful …”

Index S. 1913-1952

„… Index 1926 Draft on the Responsibility of States for Damage Done in Their Territories to the Person …” „… or Property of Foreigners Chapter 2 II 15 1929 Draft Convention on Responsibility of States for …” „… 1961 Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens Chapter 2 …”

Ursula Kriebaum VIII. Expropriation S. 959-1030

„… Commission’s Draft Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University …” „… State Responsibility, Responsibility of the State for Injuries Caused in its Territory to the Person or …” „… 451–472; Richard B. Lillich, ‘The Current Status of the Law of State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens …”

Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Jorge E. Viñuales VIII. Human Rights and Investment Disciplines: Integration in Progress S. 1739-1767

„… codification of the law of State responsibility in the middle of the fifties of the last century, the very …” „… started by considering the necessity of codifying the primary norms of State responsibility for damages …” „… , and secondary rules governing State responsibility in general.14 Indeed, as early as the second half …”

John Y. Gotanda VIII. Interest S. 1142-1153

„… governing State responsibility). 9 See SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Paraguay, ICSID Case No …” „… ILC Articles on State Responsibility. See SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Paraguay, ICSID …” „… (eds), The Law of International Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 2010) 613–622; Irmgard Marboe …”

Giorgio Sacerdoti, Matilde Recanati XIII. Approaches to Investment Protection outside of Specific International Investment Agreements and Investor-State Settlement S. 1839-1862

„… , founded on reasons of equity, when the State whose responsibility is invoked is the national State of the …” „… protection of a company by its national State when the State, whose responsibility is invoked, is the …” „… State of shareholders in a corporation to intervene when the State, whose responsibility is invoked, is …”

Sabine Konrad B. Protection of Investments Owned by States S. 545-554

„… responsibility for the actions of a State-affiliated entity as the flipside of whether a State entity can be …” „… ‘national’ or an ‘investor’.44 Guided by the ILC’s (then draft) Articles on State Responsibility, the …” „… ) investor. In another case on the issue of State responsibility, Jan de Nul & Dredging International v …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz, Manuel Busch E. Investment in Accordance with the Law – Specifically Corruption S. 577-589

„… Commission’s Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (Yearbook of the …” „… State Responsibility’, ch. 5.III., 411–441; the attribution of acts of participation in or condonation …” „… Aloysius P. Llamzon, ‘State Responsibility for Corruption: The Attribution Asymmetry in International …”

Marc Bungenberg, Stephan Hobe II. The Relationship of International Investment Law and European Union Law S. 1602-1628

„… Council establishing a framework managing financial responsibility linked to investor-state dispute …” „… establishing a framework for managing financial responsibility linked to investor-state dispute settlement …” „… of Investor-State Dispute Settlement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 e) Coverage of …”

Yun-I Kim I. Investment Law and the Individual S. 1585-1601

„… stipulated in Articles 49 et seq. of the 2001 ILC Draft articles on Responsibility of States for …” „… James Crawford (ed), The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility (Cambridge …” „… responsibility of a sovereign State before an international dispute settlement body. But the fundamental …”

August Reinisch II. The Interpretation of International Investment Agreements S. 372-410

„… tribunals directly applied Article 25 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility101 as an expression of …” „… Responsibility, Article 25 (‘1. Necessity may not be invoked by a State as a ground for precluding the …” „… necessity.’), Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, in: Report of …”

Rainer Hofmann III. The Protection of Individuals under Public International Law S. 46-63

„… violation, attributable under the applicable rules of the law of State responsibility68 to the defendant …” „… a way as to require that a b) 68 See e.g. James Crawford, ‘State Responsibility’ in MPEPIL (n. 1 …” „… former (i.e. traditional public international law), States were the sole subjects of public international …”

Joachim Karl F. The Negotiations on the OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment S. 342-360

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 d) International Investor-State Dispute Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 e …” „… both investor-State arbitration and State- State dispute settlement. With a high degree of consensus on …” „… should, in principle, be excluded from the MAI. As regards corporate social responsibility, delegations …”

André von Walter I. Investor-State Contracts in the Context of International Investment Law S. 80-92

„… Chapter 3: State Contracts and the Relevance of Investment Contract Arbitration I. Investor-State …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Investor-State Contracts between National and International Law . . . . . . 5 C …” „… . Internationalisation of Investor-State Contracts through Arbitral Practice …”

Andrea K. Bjorklund B. NAFTA’s Contributions to Investor-State Dispute Settlement S. 261-282

„… ) 16 Arb. Int’l 393–430; T. Leigh Anenson, ‘Defining State Responsibility under NAFTA Chapter Eleven …” „… redundant as under principles of State responsibility the local governments would have the same obligations …” „… B. NAFTA’s Contributions to Investor-State Dispute Settlement Andrea K. Bjorklund 1. Introduction …”

Jan K. Schäfer I. Alternatives to Investment Arbitration S. 1186-1211

„… Inroads Into the Field of Investor-State Disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Overview of Chapter …” „… Advantages of ADR Methods in Investor-State Disputes 18 C. References to ADR Methods in Investment Protection …” „… Instruments . . . . 24 1. Multi-Tier Investor-State Dispute Resolution Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 …”

Noah Rubins, Ben Love I. Ratione Temporis S. 481-494

„… Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ILC Articles …” „… Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002 …” „… treaty tribunals have adopted the basic rule that a State’s obligations under an investment treaty do not …”

Marc Bungenberg, Jörn Griebel, Stephan Hobe, August Reinisch Chapter 1: General Introduction to International Investment Law S. 1-5

„… . Fundamental topics of international law such as State responsibility, treaty law, and customary international …” „… , such as those covering friendship, commerce, and navigation.4 The rise of direct investor-State …” „… International Law’, ch. 2.I., 6–22. 2 See André von Walter, ‘Investor-State Contracts in the Context of …”

Ole Spiermann IV. Investment Arbitration: Applicable Law S. 1373-1390

„… . Sohn and Richard R. Baxter, ‘Responsibility of States for Injuries to the Economic Interests of Aliens …” „… attribution in the ILC’s Articles on State Responsibility. Rather, the Tribunal draws inspiration, by analogy …” „… State reigns supreme and which normally, together with choice of laws principles, forms the proper law …”

Christoph Schreuer V. The Future of International Investment Law S. 1904-1912

„… New International investment law is unusual in that it accepts not just States but also investors as …” „… control remains with the States and other relevant actors that possess treaty making power in the field …” „… basis of the Lisbon treaty it is in the process of assuming responsibility for investment treaties. The …”

Christina Knahr F. The Territorial Nexus between an Investment and the Host State S. 590-597

„… under the BIT, respondent States aiming at avoiding responsibility under the BIT will argue for …” „… F. The Territorial Nexus between an Investment and the Host State Christina Knahr 1. Introduction …” „… Int’l Fin. L. Rev. 21–24; Christina Knahr, ‘Investments in the territory of the host state’ in Christina …”

Richard Happ A. The Energy Charter Treaty S. 240-260

„… Feit, ‘Responsibility of the State Under International Law for the Breach of Contract Committed by a …” „… start arbitral proceedings against a contracting party to the ECT if that State has violated any of its …” „… Minister Ruud Lubbers suggested the cooperation of all European States, including Eastern Europe in a …”

August Reinisch V. National Treatment S. 846-869

„… with respect 19 Louis Sohn and Richard Baxter, ‘Responsibility of States for Injuries to the Economic …” „… ; Robert Howse and Efraim Chalamish, ‘The Use and Abuse of WTO Law in Investor-State Arbitration: A Reply …” „… , 2010) 243–278; Jürgen Kurtz, ‘The Use and Abuse of WTO Law in Investor- State Arbitration: Competition …”

Michael Waibel II. Investment Arbitration: Jurisdiction and Admissibility S. 1212-1287

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 a) Arbitration Clauses in Investor-State Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 b …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 a) A Contracting State …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 b) Constituent Subdivisions and Agencies of a Contracting State . . 118 c) National of Another …”

Christian Tietje XI. Investment Law and Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 1802-1816

„… . Kiribati created an SWF in 1956, the United States with the Alaskan Permanent Reserve Fund in 1976 and …” „… criticising usually consider the home countries of SWFs as being States in which the rule of law is not yet …” „… State ownership and management, as well as the functions of SWFs concerning, i.a., stabilisation of …”

Kaj Hobér, Joshua Fellenbaum I. Political Risk Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection S. 1517-1551

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1. United States …” „… States have, in general, liberalised their investment legislation with a view to encouraging foreign …” „… with the host State and the economic, political and legal framework provided by it. Foreign investments …”

Irmgard Marboe V. Valuation in Cases of Breach of Contract S. 1103-1114

„… damages after breaches of international law under the rules of State responsibility.7 It is, however, also …” „… . Introduction Investment disputes frequently involve contracts between the foreign investor and the host State …” „… or a State-controlled company or entity. A breach of a contract by a State does not automatically …”

Burkhard Schöbener IV. Outlook on the Developments in Public International Law and the Law Relating to Aliens S. 64-79

„… the ELSI standard, a State has international responsibility when its behaviour displays ‘(…) a willful …” „… ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. State of International Legal Jurisprudence …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 b) The Requirement of Uniform State Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 c …”

Arno Gildemeister V. Investment Law and Taxation S. 1677-1691

„… Authorities of the Host State and the State of Origin of the Investor …” „… “Veto” as a Special Jurisdictional and Substantive Issue in Investor-State Arbitration: Need for …” „… (Cameron, 2009) 99–119; Abba Kolo and Thomas Wälde, ‘Investor-State Disputes: The Interface Between …”

Catharine Titi IX. International Investment Law and Good Governance S. 1768-1783

„… the Investor-State Dispute Settlement Process. . . . 20 1. Transparency …” „… against Complicit or Compliant Host States – Where Angels Should Not Fear to Tread’ (2011–2012) YB Int’l …” „… obligation incumbent upon the State in order to create a good investment climate, second, initiatives that …”

Ulrich Klemm III. Financing of Foreign Direct Investment by Development Finance InstitutionsThis contribution is current as of July 2012. S. 1569-1584

„… and State Insolvency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1. Preferred Creditor …” „… , Subordinated Debt and State Loans (Sweet & Maxwell, 1995). A. Introduction The activities of Development …” „… territorial law of national States.1 In the terminology of the World Bank, multilateral development banks (MDB …”

John P. Gaffney, Zeynep Akçay A. European Bilateral Approaches S. 186-201

„… Investor-State Arbitration …” „… like that of the United States. The chapter reviews the development of European bilateral approaches in …” „… provision for direct investor-State arbitration.3 The Draft Convention never entered into force, but it had …”

Andrew Newcombe B. The Americas S. 202-220

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 a) United States …” „… heavily influenced by the United States’ economic, political and military dominance in the region. Core …” „… conflicts between the United States (US) and Latin American States. More recently, the Washington Consensus …”

Marc Jacob, Stephan W. Schill I. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method S. 700-763

„… are not domestic (appeal) courts, and the international responsibility of a State is not determined by …” „… ’ (2007) 41 JWT 273–291; Santiago Montt, State Liability in Investment Treaty Arbitration – Global …” „… and applied in investor-State dispute settlement, in particular as a fallback after a failed …”

Andreas R. Ziegler X. Investment Law in Conflict with WTO Law? S. 1784-1801

„… Investor-State Treaty Arbitration: Responses for Treaty- Drafters, Arbitrators and Parties’ (2010) 73 Modern L …” „… Abuse of WTO Law in Investor-State Arbitration: A Reply to Jürgen Kurtz’ (2009) 20 EJIL 1087–1094 …” „… ; Jürgen Kurtz, ‘The Use and Abuse of WTO Law in Investor-State Arbitration: Competition and its …”

Marc Bungenberg, Manjiao Chi C. Chinese Investment Law S. 221-239

„… responsibility, etc. To the exclusion of Ireland, all EU member States, including Croatia as a new EU member …” „… State’ (2011) 20(2) Minn. J. Int’l L. 223–264; Axel Berger, ‘Investment Rules in Chinese Preferential …” „… noteworthy that China has tended to include investor-State dispute settlement provisions in its BITs with …”

Jan Asmus Bischoff, Richard Happ A. The Notion of Investment S. 495-544

„… Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens (1961) 55 AJIL 548–558. 12 Available at …” „… company.’ Harvard Draft Convention on Responsibility of States for Injuries to the Economic Interests of …” „… Disputes between States and Nationals of other States’ (1972) 136 RC 331–410; Dominique Carreau, Patrick …”

Joachim Steffens II. Excursus: German Political Risk Insurance S. 1552-1568

„… government or state-directed or state-controlled authorities as far as the project company is entitled to …” „… state them in his balance sheet as acquisition cost or manufacturing cost in accordance with the …” „… policyholder has to accept responsibility for the behaviour of the project company, his trustees and other …”

Morris Besch II. Typical Questions Arising within Negotiations S. 93-152

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. Importance of Explicit Choice of Law in State Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Exclusive …” „… in Modern State Contracts …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 a) Exclusive Application of the National Law of the Host State . . . . 26 b) Combination of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258997

Rainer Hofmann, Christian J. Tams - International Investment Law and General International Law

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Rainer Hofmann (ed.), Christian J. Tams (ed.)

International Investment Law and General International Law

Series: Schriften zur Europäischen Integration und Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung

Volume 24 2011

Results in this title

Christina Knahr International Investment Law and State Responsibility: Conditions of Responsibility S. 95-110

„… 95 International Investment Law and State Responsibility: Conditions of Responsibility Christina …” „… Knahr* A. Introduction State Responsibility is undoubtedly one of the core principles of public …” „… international law. The principles of state responsibility are outlined in textbooks on public international law …”

Comments by Pavel Šturma International Investment Law and State Responsibility S. 111-120

„… 111 International Investment Law and State Responsibility Comments by Pavel Šturma* A …” „… general and theoretical point of view. I fully share the view that the State Responsibility is one of the …” „… internationally wrongful act or the content or implementation of the international responsibility of State are …”

Steffen Hindelang Restitution and Compensation – Reconstructing the Relationship in Investment Treaty Law S. 161-200

„… Commission’s (“ILC”) Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (“ASR” or “ILC …” „… - University Berlin. 162 B. The Content of the International Responsibility of a State in “General” Public …” „… situations of continuing value and shows that State responsibility is not just backward-looking.4 Second …”

Comments by Ursula Kriebaum Restitution in International Investment Law S. 201-210

„… on the ILC’s Articles on State Responsibility2 and on the judgement of the PCIJ in the Chorzów case …” „… responsibility is set out in Part II of the ILC’s Articles on State Responsibility. Articles 34, 35 and 36 of …” „… the ILC’s Articles on State Responsibility, which are located in Part II, provide that restitution …”

Florian Franke The Custom of Necessity in Investor-State Arbitrations S. 121-160

„… in the ILC’s codification of state responsibility8 - itself possibly on the verge of becoming an …” „… results of the ILC's studies as presented in the Draft Articles on State Responsibility for …” „… Responsibility by Mr. Roberto Ago, Special Rapporteur - the internationally wrongful act of the State, source of …”

James Crawford Keynote Address: International Protection of Foreign Direct Investments: Between Clinical Isolation and Systematic Integration S. 17-28

„… There have been other references, for example to the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, by the …” „… responsibility. One of the encouraging features of the law of state responsibility in the period since 2001 …” „… , when the ILC completed the second reading of its Articles on State Responsibility, has been the number …”

Rainer Hofmann, Christian J. Tams International Investment Law: Situating an Exotic Special Regime within the Framework of General International Law S. 9-16

„… lex specialis see notably Article 55 of the ILC’s Articles on State Responsibility (2001) and …” „… general international law. The law of treaties and the law of State responsibility – as the two areas of …” „… . Aspects of State responsibility are addressed in the contributions by Christina Knahr23 and Pavel Šturma …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… law, such as the law of treaties, State responsibility, diplomatic protection or State immunity …” „… Investment Law and State Responsibility: Conditions of Responsibility 95 Comments by …” „… Pavel Šturma International Investment Law and State Responsibility 111 8 …”

Michael Waibel International Investment Law and Treaty Interpretation S. 29-52

„… State Responsibility (‘reparation’) – the Canadian view. The tribunal explained that to ‘conclude that …” „… SLA as a stand-alone agreement. It cited the ILC Articles on State Responsibility and the Chorzow …” „… . Article 13 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility reflects the same principle in providing for state …”

Kate Parlett Diplomatic Protection and Investment Arbitration S. 211-230

„… , through diplomatic action or other means of peaceful settlement, of the responsibility of another State …” „… annex II, addendum 1; before that it had formed part of the extended study of state responsibility …” „… state has accorded contracting investors the possibility of direct-recourse international arbitration in …”

Antonios Tzanakopoulos Denunciation of the ICSID Convention under the General International Law of Treaties S. 75-94

„… implemented because of a unilateral act of the withdrawing state, the latter’s international responsibility …” „… responsibility (countermeasures).91 These remedies accrue to the other state party to the BIT, and not to any …” „… ]. 91 See Articles 49 seq ILC Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful …”

Stephan W. Schill International Investment Law and the Law of State Immunity: Antagonists or Two Sides of the Same Coin? S. 231-275

„… subject it to scrutiny.»). 44 See Irmgard Marboe, ‘State Responsibility and Comparative State Liability …” „… 231 International Investment Law and the Law of State Immunity: Antagonists or Two Sides of the …” „… Examining the relationship between international investment law and the law of State immunity is part of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231259

Luca Schicho - State Entities in International Investment Law

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Luca Schicho

State Entities in International Investment Law

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 4 2012

Results in this title

State entities in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility (2001) S. 42-44

„… ., Internationales Investitionsrecht, 51 (2008). 43 A. State entities in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility …” „… International Law, 433 (2003); Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: P. Muchlinski, F. Ortino …” „… ); Bodansky, D., Crook, J.R., “Symposium: The ILC’s State Responsibility Articles: Introduction and Overview …”

The distinction from violations of the duty to protect S. 18-21

„… abuse these rules by veiling their actions and thus circumventing State responsibility.10 On the other …” „… State failed to prevent certain acts and thereby incurred State responsibility. In the field of …” „… “safeguards stable international relations”, see Townsend, G., “State Responsibility for Acts of De Facto …”

The importance of the rules of attribution S. 17-18

„… 17 Chapter II. State Responsibility and Attribution 1. The importance of the rules of attribution …” „… founding father of the modern understanding of the law of State responsibility, referred to them as “one of …” „… the most delicate aspects of the entire theory of responsibility”.6 In some cases, State involvement …”

List of Sources S. 231-249

„… (1991) ILC, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts adopted on …” „… first reading, 2 YBILC 2, 58 (1996) ILC, State Responsibility, Statement of the Chairman of the Drafting …” „… Report on State responsibility by Special Rapporteur Crawford (1998)” 239 ILC, Draft Articles on …”

The ILC ASR and their preparatory works S. 25-26

„… during the four and a half decades during which the ILC was seized of the topic of State responsibility …” „… International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on State Responsibility”, 37 GYIL 206, 248 (1994); Bederman, D.J …” „… Responsibility, 41 Archiv des Völkerrechts 62, 82 (2003). 46 Rosenne, S., “State Responsibility: Festina Lente …”

Control S. 159-189

„… universal and virtually uniform State practice supporting such a rule. State responsibility, is, after all …” „… , O.R.,“Implausible Deniability: State Responsibility for the Actions of Private Military Firms”, 24 Conn.J.Int'l L …” „… Deniability: State Responsibility for the Actions of Private Military Firms”, 24 Conn.J.Int'l L. 239, 270 …”

The ILC ASR as a structural framework S. 22-25

„… extreme would be that the general rules concerning State responsibility equally apply to the conduct of …” „… departing from the essential aspects of the rules of attribution under customary law of State responsibility …” „… law of State responsibility. Already in their drafting process, the ICJ repeatedly referred to the …”

Organ status S. 86-94

„… Articles use the wording “includes”, clarifying that “a State cannot avoid responsibility for the conduct …” „… ., “The ILC Articles on State Responsibility: The paradoxical relationship between Form and Authority”, 96 …” „… the State whose responsibility is at stake.355 1) The concept of overall assessment In most cases, the …”

Acting in official capacity S. 94-102

„… suffices 395 Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F., Schreuer …” „… instructions to an entity would 401 Milanovic, M., “State Responsibility for Genocide”, 17 EJIL 553, 577, 582 …” „… (2006); Milanovic, M., “State Responsibility for Acts of Non-State Actors - a Comment on Griebel and …”

Drafting history of Art. 4 S. 84-86

„… State responsibility.336 State organs are perceived, opposed to entities attributable under Arts. 5 or 8 …” „… article providing that “international responsibility shall be incurred by a State as a consequence of any …” „… the Law of State Responsibility, 109, 130 (1998); Chinkin, C., “A Critique of the Public/Private …”

The importance of State entities S. 39-42

„… Transnational Dispute Managment, Issue 5, at 4 (2006). 127 Brownlie, I., State Responsibility, 162 (1983 …” „… ); Chalmers, C., “State Responsibility for Acts of Parastatals Organized in Corporate Form”, 84 ASIL …” „… , First Report on State responsibility by Special Rapporteur Crawford, 22 July 1998, UN Doc. A/CN.4/490 …”

Background S. 83-84

„… “core case” of State responsibility under customary international law, the responsibility of States for …” „… 1973, Draft Articles on State Responsibility with commentaries, 2 YBILC 188 (1973) [hereafter “ILC …” „… typical case of State responsibility.336 State organs are perceived, opposed to entities attributable …”

No attribution ultra vires S. 189-190

„… Deniability: State Responsibility for the Actions of Private Military Firms”, 24 Conn.J.Int'l L. 239, 272 …” „… (2009); Smutny, A.C., “State Responsibility and Attribution: When is a State Responsible for the Acts of …” „… (2008). 929 ILC, First Report on State responsibility by Special Rapporteur Crawford (1998), at 16-24 …”

Empowerment by law S. 123-127

„… , Award, 3 March 2006, para. 203. 561 Hoppe, C., “Passing the Buck, State Responsibility for Private …” „… Military Companies”, 19 EJIL 989, 992 (2008); Jones, O.R., “Implausible Deniability: State Responsibility …” „… provisions to prevent States from evading State responsibility. Therefore, a broad interpretation should be …”

State entities in scholarly writings S. 56-58

„… ., Wouters, P.K., “State Responsibility and the Energy Charter Treaty: The Rules regarding State Enterprises …” „… .), Arbitrating Foreign Investment Disputes, 353, 370-376 (2004); Smutny, A.C., “State Responsibility and …” „… (2008); Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F., Schreuer, C …”

Recourse to the ILC ASR in investment arbitration case-law S. 26-28

„… conformity with the understanding of State responsibility on which the ILC ASR are founded. 6. Recourse to …” „… the ILC ASR in investment arbitration case-law The work of the ILC on State responsibility has been …” „… international obligations”, see Caron, D.D., “The ILC Articles on State Responsibility - The paradoxical …”

A lex specialis of lower thresholds S. 193-196

„… Law Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts Adopted on …” „… Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2 YBILC 58 (2001) [hereafter “ ILC, Commentaries to …” „… specialis, in substitute for or supplementation of the general rules of State responsibility”.954 Similarly …”

Outside the official structure of the State S. 59-60

„… of this book, but belong to the classical field of State responsibility for the conduct of …” „… , as these entities engage the responsibility of the State whenever they act in their official capacity …” „… ), Judgment, 19 December 2005, para. 214; Milanovic, M., “State Responsibility for Genocide”, 17 EJIL 553, 577 …”

Separate legal personality S. 58-59

„… book, but belong to the classical field of State responsibility for the conduct of individuals. B …” „… responsibility of the State whenever they act in their official capacity, not only under certain specific …” „… ; Milanovic, M., “State Responsibility for Genocide”, 17 EJIL 553, 577, 582 (2006); Griebel, J., Plücken, M …”

Multiple control S. 190-191

„… 190 the responsibility of that State for its activities, whether or not each of them was …” „… circumventions of State responsibility. As the ILC has attempted to codify pre-existing customary international …” „… , A.J.J., “Articles 4 and 8 of the 2001 ILC Articles on State Responsibility, the Tadic Case and …”

Drafting history of Art. 8 S. 148-152

„… responsibility is that the conduct of private persons and entities is generally not attributable to States.696 …” „… . 8, para. 9; ILC, First Report on State responsibility by Special Rapporteur Crawford,, 22 July 1998 …” „… essentially a provision to prevent States from circumventing the rules of State responsibility by acting …”

Instructions S. 157-159

„… under Art. 11.742 Such attribu- 737 Jones, O.R.,“Implausible Deniability: State Responsibility for the …” „… , UN Codification of Law of State Responsibility, 41 Archiv des Völkerrechts 62, 64 (2003). 742 Tehran …” „… Hostages Case (US v. Iran), Judgement, 24 May 1980, para. 74; Brownlie, I., State Responsibility, 158 (1983 …”

Objections raised by respondent States S. 102-108

„… Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F., Schreuer, C. (eds …” „… the Law of International Responsibility of States”, 3 EJIL 139, 144 (1999). 452 Referring to the …” „… to the responsibility of a State “for the acts of its rulers”.457 The respondent then claimed that …”

Mainly merits: the prima facie test S. 31-36

„… determination of State responsibility and thus belongs to the merits of a case, it can also play an important …” „… to the Law of State Responsibility, 109, 112 (1998). 32 was decided upon varies significantly between …” „… complained of give rise to the State’s responsibility”.87 The only exception to this would be “if it were …”

State ownership in Maffezini v. Spain S. 209-211

„… November 2000, para. 50. 1023 Ibid., para. 51. 1024 Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in …” „… specialis, in substitute for or supplementation of the general rules of State responsibility”.1027 …” „… international responsibility of the State”.1029 As the Tribunal did not find the necessary investment to have …”

State entities in arbitral decisions S. 48-56

„… suggests that a “State entity” must always engage the responsibility of the State when “acting as a State …” „… jurisdiction, if the enterprise was “either a State entity or an entity under the responsibility of 181 Jan …” „… . See Brownlie, I., State Responsibility, 162 (1983). 54 In other cases, the term was used as a synonym …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 196-197

„… Chalmers, C., “State Responsibility for Acts of Parastatals Organized in Corporate Form”, 84 ASIL …” „… Contribution to the Law of State Responsibility, 109, 165 (1998); Hoppe, C., “Passing the Buck: State …” „… proof in cases involving State-owned entities. The reasoning behind this would be the particular …”

The application of the rules of attribution to State entities S. 21-22

„… 167 (1999); Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F …” „… general rules concerning State responsibility equally apply to the conduct of State entities towards …” „… essential aspects of the rules of attribution under customary law of State responsibility. 4. The ILC ASR as …”

The impact of the assessment of Art. 4 on the overall decision on attribution S. 117-118

„… should not be treated as panaceas for all perceived shortcomings of the law of State responsibility and …” „… isolated provision, this seems to allow States to avoid responsibility too easily. An entity empowered to …” „… by the State. Limiting the responsibility of the State to cases where the entity directly employed …”

Overall control S. 217-218

„… commission of the act, it would incur State responsibility for failing to do so. This would certainly be the …” „… ); Jinks, D., “State Responsibility for Sponsorship of Terrorists and Insurgent Groups: State …” „… 217 ties can offer to political decision-makers to abuse their influence over State entities to the …”

Art. 9 – Conduct carried out in absence or default of official authorities S. 221-223

„… (1987). 1071 Townsend, G.,, “State Responsibility for Acts of De Facto Agents”, 14 Arizona Journal of …” „… State Responsibility Articles: Introduction and Overview”, 96 AJIL 773, 783 (2002). 1079 Tehran …” „… Law 891, 895 (2002). 1082 Bodansky, D., Crook, J.R., “Symposium: The ILC’s State Responsibility …”

Terminology problems in distinguishing the sub-categories S. 155-157

„… attribu- 737 Jones, O.R.,“Implausible Deniability: State Responsibility for the Actions of Private …” „… Codification of Law of State Responsibility, 41 Archiv des Völkerrechts 62, 64 (2003). 742 Tehran Hostages …” „… Case (US v. Iran), Judgement, 24 May 1980, para. 74; Brownlie, I., State Responsibility, 158 (1983 …”

Acting in that capacity – exercising that authority S. 143-145

„… respective commentary in ILC, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts …” „… , because the State “bears international responsibility for the actions of its instrumentalities or agents …” „… Responsibility for Acts of Non-State Actors - a Comment on Griebel and Plücken”, 22 LJIL 307, 314 (2009). 687 …”

Art. 11 – Conduct acknowledged and adopted S. 223-226

„… Bodansky, D., Crook, J.R., “Symposium: The ILC’s State Responsibility Articles: Introduction and Overview …” „… Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts Adopted on Second …” „… ., “Symposium: The ILC’s State Responsibility Articles: Introduction and Overview”, 96 AJIL 773, 783 (2002 …”

Intervention with de facto binding instructions: Lemire v. Ukraine S. 214-217

„… incur State responsibility for failing to do so. This would certainly be the case if the State had the …” „… the context of self-defense against non-State actors and of individual criminal responsibility, which …” „… Case”, 40 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 53 (2008); Jinks, D., “State Responsibility for Sponsorship of …”

Determining attribution under the ILC ASR S. 28-31

„… State responsibility. 8. A question of jurisdiction or merits? While the question of attribution is …” „… part of the determination of State responsibility and thus belongs to the merits of a case, it can also …” „… Contribution to the Law of State Responsibility, 109, 112 (1998). …”

The use Art. 4 for interpreting other attribution provisions S. 118-119

„… should not be treated as panaceas for all perceived shortcomings of the law of State responsibility and …” „… isolated provision, this seems to allow States to avoid responsibility too easily. An entity empowered to …” „… by the State. Limiting the responsibility of the State to cases where the entity directly employed …”

Art. 4 in the process of establishing attribution S. 116-117

„… ILC Articles on State Responsibility, the Tadic Case and attribution of acts of Bosnian Serb …” „… Deniability: State Responsibility for the Actions of Private Military Firms”, 24 Conn.J.Int'l L. 239, 262 …” „… 116 4. Conclusions Art. 4 plays an important role for the question of attribution of State entities …”

Expected intervention: FW Oil v. Trinidad & Tobago S. 211-212

„… supplementation of the general rules of State responsibility”.1027 Accordingly, it noted that this opened up a …” „… be ready to infer that by doing so they have engaged the international responsibility of the State …” „… indicates a willingness to broaden the scope of State responsibility in investment law cases where …”

Exercising elements of governmental authority S. 127-143

„… 2006, para. 203.; Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F …” „… Hoogh, “Articles 4 and 8 of the 2001 ILC Articles on State Responsibility, the Tadic Case and …” „… 613 Jones, O.R., “Implausible Deniability: State Responsibility for the Actions of Private Military …”

Attribution ultra vires S. 145-146

„… of Non-State Actors”, 11 Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 21, 61 (2005); Milanovic, M., “State Responsibility …” „… with domestic law and therefore beyond its authority, attributable, because the State “bears …” „… international responsibility for the actions of its instrumentalities or agents even if the conduct at issue was …”

Mainly jurisdiction: the “State entity test” S. 36-38

„… law of State responsibility,115 thus assimilating the test at the jurisdictional stage to that at the …” „… 2001, para. 18; Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution” in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F …” „… The rules of State responsibility under public international law are well established and have found …”

Drafting history of Art. 5 S. 120-122

„… which that authority will be exercised. States must be prevented from abusing the delegation of …” „… governmental authority to evade responsibility.538 Accordingly, the delegation of governmental authority has …” „… , which establishes that “the conduct of a person or entity which is not an organ of the State under …”

State entities in the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004) S. 44-46

„… of conduct of State entities under the law of State responsibility, which is centered on the …” „… responsibility of the State as party to the proceedings.146 Thus, no inferences can be made for the attribution …” „… 44 clude entities that have legal personality.144 Entities directed or controlled by the State or …”

Overall control S. 191-193

„… clear case of conduct upon the instructions of the 937 See Chapter II “State Responsibility and …” „… December 2000, para. 68. 940 Smutny, A.C., “State Responsibility and Attribution: When is a State …” „… possible to determine one particular State exercising that decisive influence. Of course this would raise …”

State entities in the ICSID Convention S. 44

„… of conduct of State entities under the law of State responsibility, which is centered on the …” „… responsibility of the State as party to the proceedings.146 Thus, no inferences can be made for the attribution …” „… 44 clude entities that have legal personality.144 Entities directed or controlled by the State or …”

Table of Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Ownership ASR Articles on State Responsibility BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty BYIL British Yearbook of …” „… International Law Commissions ILC ASR International Law Commissions’ Articles on State Responsibility ILM …” „… International Law ANB National Dams Agency APAPS Authority for the Privatization and Management of the State …”

Table of Contents S. 9-12

„… Chapter II. State Responsibility and Attribution 17 1. The importance of the rules of attribution 17 2 …” „… of the term “State entities” 42 A. State entities in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility (2001 …” „… attribution to State entities 21 4. The ILC ASR as a structural framework 22 5. The ILC ASR and their …”

The structure: distinguishing between attribution rules S. 228-230

„… would also undermine legal certainty and impose a virtually limitless responsibility of host States for …” „… of attribution in a field where otherwise State entities may represent an attractive option to …” „… circumvent the obligations a State has undertaken vis-à-vis foreign investors should be welcome. After all …”

State enterprises S. 70-72

„… of such entities will mostly be attributable under Art. 5 of the Articles on State Responsibility …” „… disputes with foreign investors. 5. Categories of State entities There are numerous different categories of …” „… State entities which differ both with regard to their historical background, the way they are linked to …”

Application of the concept of overall assessment S. 108-116

„… applied to 528 de Hoogh, A.J.J., “Articles 4 and 8 of the 2001 ILC Articles on State Responsibility, the …” „… ”, 72 BYIL 255, 265 (2001). 529 Jones, O.R., “Implausible Deniability: State Responsibility for the …” „… 108 sonality distinct from the State and that therefore its conduct could not be attributed to …”

Influence based on State ownership S. 205-209

„… ILM 795 (1989). 1014 Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F …” „… 205 B. Influence based on State ownership In some cases, State ownership was the main factor …” „… discussed in the course of determining whether the conduct of an entity was controlled by the State. The …”

Political influence S. 62-68

„… organisations State entities. 4. Common characteristics of State entities State entities differ from normal …” „… of partially privatized State enterprises or infrastructural agencies partially operating on a …” „… commercial basis.238 Even in the latter case, there remain significant differences between these State …”

Conclusions S. 38

„… State responsibility under public international law are well established and have found their broadly …” „… determine, in substance, the relationship between a State and a State entity they rely on the same criteria …” „… , as the “State entity test” in Maffezini v. Spain demonstrates,122 Tribunals would have difficulty to …”

Conclusion S. 38

„… State responsibility under public international law are well established and have found their broadly …” „… determine, in substance, the relationship between a State and a State entity they rely on the same criteria …” „… , as the “State entity test” in Maffezini v. Spain demonstrates,122 Tribunals would have difficulty to …”

Introduction S. 15-16

„… over the strong, a tale of harnessing State power through the ties of law. State entities are the twist …” „… the private investor subject to that power. State entities are entities located in the grey border …” „… area between public and private. They go beyond the classic notion of the State and blur the boundaries …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 219-220

„… , with regard to support by States of such an approach, a general presumption of State responsibility for …” „… the provision as outlined by the ILC. As the Commentaries explicitly state, “[s]ince corporate …” „… entities, although owned by and in that sense subject to the control of the State, are considered to be …”

Governmental authority in treaties S. 122-123

„… Immunities of States and Their Property550 adopts a broad definition of the State. Its Art. 2(1)(b) provides …” „… that for the purposes of the Convention, State means, inter alia, “agencies or instrumentalities of the …” „… State or other entities, to the extent that they are entitled to perform and are actually performing …”

Aims and objectives: the drive to expand S. 69-70

„… expectations of political decision-makers who may have a strong influence on the State entity. If the desired …” „… responsibility. An example for this would be the mandate of a GTI, a joint venture in Georgia in 1992 to operate …” „… from cases of actual political influence, State entities may also engage in unexpected and possibly …”

Regulatory and supervisory agencies S. 72-73

„… the Articles on State Responsibility. Attribution under Art. 8 would prove more difficult, as the …” „… governmental authority in place of State organs, as well as situations where former State corporations have …” „… Taking the less restrictive approach set out in a number of arbitral decisions,280 a State enterprise …”

Reluctance to commit to clear objectives S. 68-69

„… with State entities may arise from the fact that while they seemingly operate under a commercial logic …” „… is particularly aggravated by the circumstance that in recent years, State enterprises were strongly …” „… enterprise appear almost identical to a private, commercial enterprise. In such cases, State entities may be …”

Distinguishing from other entities S. 60-62

„… framework of State organs. C. Special relationship with the State A special relationship with the State is …” „… an essential criterion as it is this particular element which sets the State entity apart from normal …” „… particularly likely that its conduct can be attributed to a State, and thereby making State entities a subject …”

State entities in other treaties S. 46-48

„… 46 D. State entities in other treaties Some treaties contain special provisions concerning entities …” „… with a special relationship to the State. However, treaty practice is far from coherent: On the one …” „… ” and “State enterprises”,152 followed in almost identical wording by both the US Model BIT 2004.153 …”

The sub-categories under Art. 8 S. 152-155

„… between the State and a specific entity. 718 Although the provision uses three terms, the provision can …” „… actually be divided into two main separate cases, namely conduct on the instructions of a State and conduct …” „… under the direction or control of a State.719 1) Instructions Attribution due to instructions applies to …”

Public Private Partnerships S. 75-78

„… : http://www.ifsl.org.uk/upload/CBS%20Sovereign%20Wealth%20 Funds%202010.pdf). 315 The responsibility of States for the conduct …” „… comparatively difficult. D. Privatization agencies A category of State entities closely related to …” „… privatizing former State enterprises and restructuring a certain sector of the economy. Examples include cases …”

Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 78-81

„… : http://www.ifsl.org.uk/upload/CBS%20Sovereign%20Wealth%20 Funds%202010.pdf). 315 The responsibility of States for the conduct …” „… into State organs such as ministries or central banks, which manage them as pools of assets managed …” „… not qualify as State entities and therefore fall outside the main topic of this book. However, about …”

Influence based on public law S. 197-205

„… different factual relationships of control, which can be broadly divided into cases where the State was able …” „… to exercise influence over the State entity by influencing the selection of its main decision-making …” „… factual relationships where a State can exercise control over State entities. In numerous cases, it is …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845236261

Christina Binder, Konrad Lachmayer - The European Court of Human Rights and Public International Law

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Christina Binder (ed.), Konrad Lachmayer (ed.)

The European Court of Human Rights and Public International Law

Series: Schriften zum Internationalen und Vergleichenden Öffentlichen Recht

Volume 23 2014

Results in this title

The European Court of Human Rights and State Responsibility S. 93-118

„… The European Court of Human Rights and State Responsibility Melanie Fink I. Introduction …” „… wrongful act entails the international responsibility of the respective state or international …” „… to invoke the responsibility of those states who infringe rights guaranteed under the Convention …”

State Succession and the Jurisprudenceof the European Court of Human Rights S. 119-144

„… Rights IV. The right to citizenship in case of state succession and the state’s responsibility …” „… of Human Rights on state succession in respect of citizenship rights and the responsibility of the …” „… state V. State succession in respect of international responsibility A. Traditional international …”

The duty not to recognise unlawful territorial situations and the European Court of Human Rights S. 11-40

„… military intervention in the island in 1974 since [...] the establishment of State responsibility under …” „… responsibility of the involved States, the first question very much influencing the second from the Court’s …” „… : “According to the relevant principles of international law, a State’s responsibility may be engaged where …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… responsibility, as well as state and diplomatic immunity. Likewise, the manner in which the European Court of …” „… Melanie Fink The European Court of Human Rights and State Responsibility ...... 93 Marcel Szabó State …” „… fragmentation. This is analyzed in light of topics such as the Court’s approach to the law of treaties, state …”

Contributors to this Volume S. 145-146

„… European Legal Studies (Cambridge). He served as editor for several books including State Responsibility …”

Introduction S. 7-10

„… approach to the law of treaties, to state responsibility, and to state and diplomatic immunity. Likewise …”

The European Court of Human Rights and the Law of Treaties – Sign of Fragmentation or Unity? S. 41-64

„… emergency differs from the nonperformance “options” of the law of state responsibility (i.e. necessity …” „… , Article 25 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility). Article 15 ECHR9 subjects a state’s derogation …” „… establishes the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to monitor states’ compliance with their conventional …”

State Immunity and the Right of Access to Courtin the Recent Case Law of the ECtHR S. 65-92

„… State Immunity and the Right of Access to Court in the Recent Case Law of the ECtHR Raffaella …” „… Nigro I. Introduction II. The traditional approach of the European Court to State immunity and …” „… State immunity and the right of access to court IV. The European Court case law on State immunity in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748930679

Nina Gillmann - Interagency Coordination During Disaster

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Nina Gillmann

Interagency Coordination During Disaster

Series: The United Nations and Global Change

Volume 4 2010

Results in this title

State Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect S. 106-110

„… State Sovereignty and the Responsibility to ProtectSince the end of the Cold War the nature of …” „… that member states "must embrace the responsibility to protect, and, when necessary, act on it."422 …” „… , all MemberStates formally accepted the Responsibility to Protect, though the official versionwas …”

The Changing Role of the Humanitarian UN Agencies S. 103-106

„… , for example, Ingram (1993), p. 26.105State Sovereignty and the Responsibility to ProtectSince the end …” „… reluctant to accept IDPs as a formal responsibility, pointing atits refugees-oriented mandate.394 The …” „… 2008.394 Stoddard et al. (2007), pp. 7-8, par. 43.103UN system has principal responsibility for negotiating …”

Network Catalysts S. 241-250

„… ispresent between the two levels furthest apart, in a diminished way this verdict alsoapplies to state …” „… -level actors vis-à-vis hub-level actors, and to country-level actorsvis-à-vis state-level actors. However …” „… (namely at the country and the state level) in order to emphasize the broadrelevance of the analytical …”

Initial Set-up and Structure of the International Humanitarian Response S. 215-225

„… slow response to the Darfurcrisis is the joint responsibility of Sudan government, the UN system as a …” „… correlates with the Khartoum or country level, and the middle layer with thethree states of Darfur (North …” „… data (3W) and t t l l l iOversRepoState level s a e- eve gap ana ys s Negotiations with local …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… the UN3.2 92State Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect3.3 106Politicization of Humanitarian …” „… Relief – Current State of Literature2 43Overview of Major Strands in the Literature2.1 44 …” „… Coordination and Humanitarian Relief – Current State of Literature2 43Overview of Major Strands in the …”

Key Terms and Definitions S. 323-336

„… states, regardless of whether a declaration of war has beenmade or whether the parties recognize that …” „… there is a state of war) or non-international armed conflicts (a conflict in which government forces are …” „… . Basic CIMIC strategies rangefrom coexistence to cooperation. Coordination is a shared responsibility …”

The Cluster Approach S. 98-103

„… ways: (1) By allocating overall sector responsibility todedicated lead agencies (or cluster leads …” „… responsibility to identify and help address systemicdeficiencies in their respective clusters, to build up an …” „… differentagency than the respective global cluster lead.377 The responsibility of country373 Other …”

The Humanitarian UN Agencies S. 114-122

„… example, the Organization of American States (OAS) or the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency …” „… Humanitarian Coordinator (see3.2.1); UNHCR, whose main responsibility is the "world-wide protection of refugees …” „… develops humanitarian policies, agreeson a clear division of responsibility for the various aspects of a …”

Governmental and Military Actors S. 137-143

„… member states regarding the internationalcommunity's responsibility to protect civilians, where their own …” „… states fail to doso.606 However, to this date it remains quite unclear what this responsibility meansin …” „… state and non-state actors to address humanitarian emergencies born out of internal strife; and, finally …”

Bibliography S. 337-352

„… Peace, Camebridge, Mass, 2007.De Waal, Alex (2007b): Sudan: The Turbulent State, in: De Waal, A. (Ed …” „… in Darfur and theSearch for Peace, Camebridge (Mass.), 2007.Fröhlich, Manuel (2006): "Responsibility …” „… Panel (2004): A more secure world: Our shared responsibility, Report of the Secretary-General …”

First Generation Studies – the 1990s S. 51-61

„… , henceforth referred to as "first generation studies,"to summarize the state of the debate of the late 1990s …” „… referred to as "second generation studies," to reflect the state of the debate from thebeginning of the new …” „… character, are Whitman/Pocock (1996); Minear (1999); Rey (1999).107 To reflect the current state of the …”

Politicization of Humanitarian Aid S. 110-114

„… – and increasingly so inadherence with their acknowledged responsibility to protect – to use …” „… now share some common space. The first development is the increasing tendency of state and …” „… theearly 1990s (notably Somalia and Yugoslavia), the following years saw a heightened interest from states …”

Preferred vs. Actual Coordination Types S. 276-286

„… Khartoum over time with regard to intersectoral coordination.State-Level Intersectoral CoordinationPerhaps …” „… the responsibility for overall coordination. When compared with theactual interagency coordination …” „… refused such an arrangement and in fact any degree of coordinating responsibility. Factoring in the UN-HCR …”

Second Generation Studies – The New Millennium and Humanitarian Reform S. 61-69

„… coordinatingagency (cluster lead) assumes some responsibility for the performance of the sectorand not just for …” „… uncovered by any of the UN agencies' mandates. The main responsibility of the globalcluster leads is to …” „… , Liberia, Somalia, andUganda).224 Three works of literature are selected to summarize the state of …”

The Structure of Interests among Humanitarian Actors S. 254-265

„… involved in intersectoral coordination at the country and state levelof the response. Both analyses refer …” „… thatinteragency relations come under any additional strain.State-Level Intersectoral CoordinationAs already …” „… quite good but, beingconstricted to the official scene of state-level coordination, this had only …”

Internal Capacity and External Legitimacy of the Most Critical Actor(s) S. 267-276

„… capacityLow Higha State-level intersectoral coordinationb IDP Camp Management in South Darfurc Sudanese Red …” „… Crescent SocietySource: Own illustrationState-Level Intersectoral CoordinationAs already mentioned above …” „… involvement of the UNHCR, the HC/RC engaged theIOM to take on the responsibility of "filling gaps in on-site …”

Achievements and Disappointments S. 225-237

„… access-related humanitarian concerns. At the hublevel, in contrast to their more passive role at state and …” „… response. Only the latter is the full responsibility ofthe humanitarian system and therefore examined in …” „… divide between coordination on hub, state, and country level. At hub level,it seems that the absence of a …”

The Humanitarian Coordinator System S. 92-98

„… state and donor relations aswell as internal drivers, and the ERC's ability to influence agencies …” „… responsibility todedicated lead agencies (or cluster leads), including for clusters hitherto uncoveredby the …”

Summary and Concluding Remarks S. 143-146

„… the humanitarian system respondsto emergencies; third, the growing willingness of state and non-state …” „… or at least towards agreement on core issues of respective responsibilityand competence.610 One would …”

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