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Peter Kindler, Jan Lieder - European Corporate Law

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Peter Kindler (ed.), Jan Lieder (ed.)

European Corporate Law

2021

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Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 a Right to vote on the remuneration policy S. 919-931

„… Article 9 a Right to vote on the remuneration policy 1. Member States shall ensure that companies …” „… establish a remuneration policy as regards directors and that shareholders have the right to vote on the …” „… Gesellschaftsrecht (5th ed., 2019), § 7 mn. 40. Art 9 a Right to vote on the remuneration policy 920 Jan Lieder and …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 b Information to be provided in and right to vote on the remuneration report S. 931-943

„… provided in and right to vote on the remuneration report 1. Member States shall ensure that the company …” „… . Member States shall ensure that the annual general meeting has the right to hold an advisory vote on the …” „… information laid down in paragraph 1. Art 9 b Information to be provided in and right to vote on the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 13 Removal of certain impediments to the effective exercise of voting rights S. 968-971

„… communication. Article 13 Removal of certain impediments to the effective exercise of voting rights 1. This …” „… to exercise voting rights, or on voting instructions, such formal requirements shall not go beyond …” „… shareholder referred to in paragraph 1 shall be permitted to cast votes attaching to some of the shares …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 12 Voting by correspondence S. 967-968

„… right to vote, while Article 8 SRD covers all forms of participation (→ Art 8 mn. 4) in the general …” „… ) SRD. Beyond this “basic formal requirement”, the shareholders’ right to proxy voting shall only be …” „… States shall permit companies to offer their shareholders the possibility to vote by correspondence in …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 14 Voting results S. 971-973

„… shareholders can use the accessible results to ascertain the fact that the company has considered their votes …” „… . This applies in particular to those who have exercised their voting rights electronically, by post or …” „… 14 Jan Lieder and Martin Bialluch 971 1 2 The method used for counting the votes is not subject to …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 i Protection of members S. 434-445

„… presuppose the right to dispose of the shares and cash compensation to a vote against the conversion …” „… rights and who voted against the approval of the draft terms with the right to exit the company and …” „… terms of the cross-border conversion have the right to dispose of their shares for adequate cash …”

Tobias de Raet Article 126 a Protection of members S. 648-653

„… the cross-border merger have the right to dispose of their shares for adequate cash compensation …” „… for other members of the merging companies to have the right referred to in the first subparagraph …” „… , the intention of members to exercise their right to dispose of their shares, or both, be appropriately …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 i Protection of members S. 773-778

„… declared after the general meeting has voted on the draft terms. Exercise of the right to dispose In order …” „… economic rights without having had the possibility to comment on these. VI. Challenges of the Resolution …” „… terms of the cross-border division have the right to dispose of their shares for adequate cash …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 h Approval by the general meeting S. 429-434

„… voting rights represented will need to vote in favour of the approval as far as a German limited …” „… . The general meeting of the company may reserve the right to make implementation of the cross-border …” „… 90 % of the votes attached either to the shares or to the subscribed capital represented at the …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 h Approval by the general meeting S. 769-773

„… divided may reserve the right to make implementation of the cross-border division conditional on express …” „… , requires a majority of not less than two thirds but not more than 90 % of the votes attached either to the …” „… approved by the member concerned, provided that such member is unable to exercise the rights laid down in …”

Tobias de Raet Article 126 Approval by the general meeting S. 643-648

„… shares and other securities conferring the right to vote at general meetings of the company or companies …” „… of the merging companies may reserve the right to make implementation of the cross-border merger …” „… of the votes attached either to the shares or to the subscribed capital represented. Content of the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 c Facilitation of the exercise of shareholder rights S. 879-882

„… , including the right to participate and vote in general meetings, which shall comprise at least one of the …” „… annex to this Regulation. Article 3 c Facilitation of the exercise of shareholder rights 1. Member …” „… nominated by the shareholder to be able to exercise themselves the rights; (b) the intermediary exercises …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 11 Breakthrough S. 1010-1014

„… given percentage or number of votes, deadlines for exercising voting rights, or systems whereby, with …” „… the company’s cooperation, the financial rights attaching to securities are separated from the holding …” „… them. Article 11 Breakthrough 1. Without prejudice to other rights and obligations provided for in …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 10 Proxy voting S. 959-966

„… attend and vote at a general meeting in his name. The proxy holder shall enjoy the same rights to speak …” „… holder to attend and vote at a general meeting in her name under national law. This right to proxy voting …” „… . Every shareholder shall have the right to appoint any other natural or legal person as a proxy holder to …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 5 Information prior to the general meeting S. 896-902

„… are in the “same position” with regard to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the …” „… . Member States may provide that, where the company offers the facility for shareholders to vote by …” „… decision is to be taken by a majority of not less than two thirds of the votes attaching to the shares or …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 7 Requirements for participation and voting in the general meeting S. 907-910

„… ensure: (a) that the rights of a shareholder to participate in a general meeting and to vote in respect …” „… that the rights of a shareholder to participate in a general meeting and to vote in respect of his …” „… ) SRD that, admittedly, refers to the right to participate in a general meeting “and to vote”, loses …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 Right to ask questions S. 914-919

„… voting rights.1 Since the intention is to create a basis of information with regard to the vote on …” „… Bialluch 14 15 16 Article 9 a Right to vote on the remuneration policy 1. Member States shall ensure that …” „… companies establish a remuneration policy as regards directors and that shareholders have the right to vote …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 83 Voting requirements for the decisions of the general meeting S. 380-382

„… body, who are represented at general meetings of shareholders by delegates having the right to vote (cf …” „… majority of not less than two thirds of the votes attaching to the securities or the subscribed capital …” „… ) (restriction of pre-emptive rights), Article 72 (5) (delegating the power to restrict pre-emptive rights …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 74 Reduction in the subscribed capital in case of several classes of shares S. 360-362

„… delegates having the right to vote (cf. → Art 84 mn. 13 et seq.). Further, pursuant to Article 84 (3) Member …” „… the required majority of votes. The quorum required by Article 73 (1) does not apply to the decision …” „… reduction in the subscribed capital shall be subject to a separate vote, at least for each class of …”

Tobias de Raet Article 93 Approval by the general meeting of each of the merging companies S. 518-522

„… shall require a majority of not less than two thirds of the votes attached either to the shares or to …” „… decision concerning a merger shall be subject to a separate vote by at least each class of shareholders …” „… basic provisions regarding the safeguarding of shareholder rights, but leaves it to the Member States to …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 b Transmission of information S. 876-879

„… by the shareholder, including the right to participate and vote in general meetings, which shall …” „… shareholder to exercise rights flowing from its shares, and which is directed to all shareholders in shares of …” „… Article 14a(2). Based on the assumption that the effective exercise of shareholder rights depends to a …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 g Engagement policy S. 885-887

„… dialogues with investee companies, exercise voting rights and other rights attached to shares, cooperate …” „… that are insignificant due to the subject matter of the vote or the size of the holding in the company …” „… Member State law to set their own criteria regarding which votes are insignificant on the basis of the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 d Non-discrimination, proportionality and transparency of costs S. 882-884

„… promote equity investment throughout the EU and to facilitate the exercise of rights related to shares …” „… Confirmation that votes have been validly recorded and counted (subpara. 2) Member States may link …” „… the information claim pursuant to subparagraph 2 to a corresponding request or set it up as an initial …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 2 Definitions S. 983-985

„… ’, ‘securities’, ‘parties to the bid’, and ‘multiple vote securities’. Paragraph 2 further defines ‘persons …” „… The scope of application of the Directive is not limited with regards to the offerors (Art 2 (1) (c …” „… )), and therefore includes all bids made to companies that fall under the above described purview and thus …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 f Information on implementation S. 884-885

„… dialogues with investee companies, exercise voting rights and other rights attached to shares, cooperate …” „… that are insignificant due to the subject matter of the vote or the size of the holding in the company …” „… Article 3 e Third-country intermediaries This Chapter also applies to intermediaries which have …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 84 Derogation from certain requirements S. 382-387

„… represented at general meetings of shareholders by delegates having the right to vote. Regarding the rights of …” „… to vote. 3. Member States shall ensure that Article 49, Articles 58(1) and 68(1), (2) and (3), the …” „… Jan P. Brosius 5 I. Overview Article 84 (1) and (2) grants Member States the right to provide for …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 c Transparency and approval of related party transactions S. 943-959

„… shareholders. Member States may provide for shareholders in the general meeting to have the right to vote on …” „… States may provide for shareholders to have the right to vote on material transactions with related …” „… right to appoint any other natural or legal person as a proxy holder to attend and vote at a general …”

Tobias de Raet Article 132 Simplified formalities S. 677-680

„… either by a company which holds all the shares and other securities conferring the right to vote at …” „… conferring the right to vote at general meetings of the company or companies being acquired, reports by an …” „… company holds 90 % or more, but not all shares and other securities conferring the right to vote at …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 4 Equal treatment of shareholders S. 895-896

„… who are in the same position with regard to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the …” „… are in the “same position” with regard to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the …” „… . Member States may provide that, where the company offers the facility for shareholders to vote by …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 139 Approval by the general meeting of each company involved in a division S. 700-702

„… for separate votes. 2. Where shares in the recipient companies are allocated to the shareholders of …” „… the company being divided otherwise than in proportion to their rights in the capital of that company …” „… , Member States may provide that the minority shareholders of that company may exercise the right to have …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 81 Redemption of the subscribed capital or its reduction by withdrawal of shares in case of several classes of shares S. 376-378

„… delegates having the right to vote (cf. → Art 84 mn. 13 et seq.). Further, pursuant to Article 84 (3) Member …” „… withdrawal of shares shall be subject to a separate vote, at least for each class of shareholders whose …” „… attach the same rights to all 3 Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and of the Council of …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 73 Decision by the general meeting on reduction in the subscribed capital S. 358-360

„… protection from the impairment of their membership rights; the other is to protect existing creditors.2 …” „… taken at least by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the securities or the …” „… meeting.10 Article 73 solely refers to the required majority of votes. The quorum required by Article 73 …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 11 Formalities for proxy holder appointment and notification S. 966-967

„… temporal one. Furthermore, Article 12 SRD only refers to the right to vote, while Article 8 SRD covers all …” „… proxy holder, Article 11(3) SRD. Beyond this “basic formal requirement”, the shareholders’ right to …” „… possibility to vote by correspondence in advance of the general meeting. Voting by correspondence may be made …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 68 Decision by the general meeting on the increase of capital S. 330-339

„… general meeting must be subject to a separate vote at least for each class of shareholders whose rights …” „… right to vote or not.38 In principle, Article 68 (3) should be interpreted broadly. VII. Abuse of Law A …” „… capital referred to in paragraph 2, shall be subject to a separate vote at least for each class of …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 144 Simplified formalities S. 709-710

„… and Andreas Börner 709 2 3 4 5 6 holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of …” „… other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved in the division have so …” „… restructuring. All members have the right to review the above-mentioned documents and obtain a copy free of …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 145 Protection of employees’ rights S. 710-711

„… holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved in the …” „… right to vote of each of the companies involved in the division have so agreed. Pursuant to Article …” „… relating to the safeguarding of employee's rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 10 Information on companies as referred to in Article 1(1) S. 1008-1010

„… , the rights and obligations attaching to it and the percentage of total share capital that it …” „… limitations of the voting rights of holders of a given percentage or number of votes, deadlines for exercising …” „… voting rights, or systems whereby, with the company’s cooperation, the financial rights attaching to …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 138 Publication of the draft terms of division S. 697-700

„… scope and the need for separate votes. 2. Where shares in the recipient companies are allocated to the …” „… shareholders of the company being divided otherwise than in proportion to their rights in the capital of that …” „… to any other person involved in the division, (h) the intentions for the post-division composition …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 6 Right to put items on the agenda of the general meeting and to table draft resolutions S. 902-907

„… shareholders to appoint a proxy or, where applicable, to vote by correspondence. I. Minority Rights …” „… : (a) that the rights of a shareholder to participate in a general meeting and to vote in respect of …” „… rights of a shareholder to participate in a general meeting and to vote in respect of his shares shall be …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 79 Reduction in the subscribed capital by compulsory withdrawal of shares S. 370-374

„… of shareholders by delegates having the right to vote (cf. → Art 84 mn. 13 et seq.). Further …” „… votes attaching to the securities or the subscribed capital represented. However, pursuant to the second …” „… rights in the company, with the exception of their rights to the repayment of their investment and …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 78 Redemption of subscribed capital without reduction S. 368-370

„… two-thirds of the votes attaching to the securities or the subscribed capital represented. However, pursuant …” „… shares are redeemed shall retain their rights in the company, with the exception of their rights to the …” „… indispensable complement to the principle of minimum capital as stipulated in Article 45.2 III. No Capital …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 1 Scope S. 981-983

„… % of the securities with voting rights (assuming that this percentage is sufficient to gain control in …” „… the material scope of application to include also securities which carry voting rights only in …” „… established by organisations officially authorised to regulate the markets (hereinafter referred to as ‘rules …”

Tobias de Raet Article 96 Examination of the draft terms of merger by experts S. 528-534

„… securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved in the merger have agreed. This …” „… all the shareholders and the holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the …” „… securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved in the merger may agree not to …”

Tobias de Raet Article 110 Transfer of all assets and liabilities by one or more companies to another company which is the holder of all their shares S. 566-568

„… the holder of all their shares and other securities conferring the right to vote at general meetings …” „… other securities conferring the right to vote at general meetings (cf. Article 110 sentence 1). Such …” „… reports also address, inter alia, the rights of holders of securities, other than shares, to which special …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 80 Reduction in the subscribed capital by the withdrawal of shares acquired by the company itself or on its behalf S. 374-376

„… represented at general meetings of shareholders by delegates having the right to vote (cf. → Art 84 mn. 13 et …” „… withdrawal of shares shall be subject to a separate vote, at least for each class of shareholders whose …” „… attach the same rights to all 3 Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and of the Council of …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 82 Conditions for redemption of shares S. 378-380

„… meetings of shareholders by delegates having the right to vote (cf. → Art. 84 mn. 13 et seq.). VI. Minimum …” „… conditions exercise the right of redemption and what price and, as the case may be, premium has to be paid by …” „… , 78 and 81 are to be taken at least by a majority of not less than two thirds of the votes attaching …”

Article 63 Holding of own shares and annual report in case of acquisition of own shares Jan P. Brosius S. 302-305

„… conditions: (a) among the rights attaching to the shares, the right to vote attaching to the company’s own …” „… , the right to vote attaching to the company's own shares held by the company or the middleman is in any …” „… supervise and control itself. Therefore, own shares do not carry any voting rights.4 Further, to provide …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 8 Participation in the general meeting by electronic means S. 910-914

„… voting rights.1 Since the intention is to create a basis of information with regard to the vote on …” „… intention of the SRD, their goal is to facilitate the exercise of (foreign) shareholders’ rights of …” „… of shareholders’ rights by electronic means.8 The right of the company to enable any form of …”

Index S. 1029-1055

„… , 33 f. – right to vote on III 9a 4 ff. – shareholders’ vote III 9a 7 ff. – voting Schedule III 9a …” „… to creditors 122 44 – special rights 122 31 ff. – written form requirement 122 11 f. Companies …” „… . 139/2004 121 7 f. – reporting date 122 42 – represenatatives of employees 124 39 – right to challenge …”

Tobias de Raet Article 131 Consequences of a cross-border merger S. 672-677

„… company which holds all the shares and other securities conferring the right to vote at general meetings …” „… right to vote at general meetings of the company or companies being acquired, reports by an independent …” „… acquired, including all contracts, credits, rights and obligations, shall be transferred to the acquiring …”

Tobias de Raet Article 95 Detailed written report and information on a merger S. 524-528

„… shareholders and the holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved …” „… shareholders and the holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved …” „… right to inspect said report at least one month before the date fixed for the general meeting which is …”

Tobias de Raet Article 133 Employee participation S. 680-686

„… entitlement to exercise participation rights as is enjoyed by those employees employed in the Member State …” „… of Directive 2001/86/EC, the right to choose without any prior negotiation to be directly subject to …” „… ; (b) shall confer on the special negotiating body the right to decide, by a majority of two thirds of …”

Tobias de Raet Article 97 Availability of documents for inspection by shareholders S. 534-540

„… holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved in the merger …” „… holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved in the merger …” „… are to be regarded – similar to Article 95(3) – as a consequence of the shareholders’ right to …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 72 Increase in capital by consideration in cash S. 346-358

„… meeting designated to vote on the restriction of pre-emptive rights a written report. This report has to …” „… laws of a Member State: (a) need not apply paragraph 1 to shares which carry a limited right to …” „… carrying different rights with regard to voting, or participation in distributions within the meaning of …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 j Transparency of proxy advisors S. 891-895

„… provide research, advice and recommendations on how to vote in general meetings of listed companies. Thus …” „… voting recommendations that relate to the exercise of voting rights. On the other hand, Article 3 j SRD …” „… a conflict of interest should in some way relate to the time of the subsequent casting of votes. The …”

Tobias de Raet Article 98 Protection of employees’ rights S. 540-541

„… protection is guaranteed. Like employees, creditors do not have the right to vote or in any other way decide …” „… Article 98 Protection of employees’ rights Protection of the rights of the employees of each of the …” „… ’ Rights in Accordance with Directive 2001/23/EC It has always been disputed how the rights of employees …”

Article 67 Subscription, acquisition or holding of shares by a company in which the public limited liability company holds a majority of the voting rights or on which it can exercise a dominant influe... S. 322-330

„… subject to a separate vote at least for each class of shareholder whose rights are affected by the …” „… provide for the suspension of the voting rights attached to the shares in the public limited liability …” „… a public limited liability company: (i) has the right to appoint or dismiss a majority of the …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 154 Exemption from the requirement of approval by the general meeting of the company being divided S. 723-724

„… securities conferring the right to vote at general meetings of the company being divided, and the following …” „… adopted by Italy, however leaving the right to compensation for any damage caused to members or third …” „… securities conferring voting rights in the company being divided belong to the recipient companies, Article …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXII

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 9 914 Right to vote on the remuneration policy …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 9 a 919 Information to be provided in and right to vote on the remuneration report …” „… work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is …”

Article 62 Consequences of illegal acquisition of own shares Jan P. Brosius S. 301-302

„… shares, the right to vote attaching to the company’s own shares must in any event be suspended; (b) if …” „… shares at all times subject to at least the following conditions: (a) among the rights attaching to the …” „… cancelled. In principle, it is to the Member States’ free discretion whether they make such cancellation …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 l Employee participation S. 457-467

„… the case concerned employees’ right to vote and stand in as a candidate in elections of workers …” „… company that are situated in other Member States the same entitlement to exercise participation rights as …” „… : (a) shall confer on the special negotiating body the right to decide, by a majority of two thirds of …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 e Report of the administrative or management body for members and employees S. 413-422

„… , namely, the right of members’ holding voting shares to vote against approval of the draft terms; that …” „… arrangements for the involvement of employees in the definition of their rights to participation in the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7. Employees’ right to render an opinion on the report …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 k Employee information and consultation S. 784-786

„… States shall ensure that employees’ rights to information and consultation are respected in relation to …” „… . Member States may decide that employees’ rights to information and consultation apply with respect to the …” „… ’ rights to information and consultation are respected, at least before the draft terms of the cross-border …”

Tobias de Raet Article 94 Derogation from the requirement of approval by the general meeting of the acquiring company S. 522-524

„… shareholders and the holders of other securities conferring the right to vote of each of the companies involved …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Right of shareholder to inspect the documents specified in Article 97(1) 5 3. Protection of …” „… the draft merger terms are – based on certain exceptions – not published. Right of shareholder to …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 153 Conditions for nullity of a division S. 721-723

„… right to vote at general meetings of the company being divided, and the following conditions are …” „… the right to compensation for any damage caused to members or third parties unaffected.5 In the …” „… voting rights in the company being divided belong to the recipient companies, Article 154 makes a …”

Tobias de Raet Article 101 Protection of holders of securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached S. 546-549

„… the right to vote on the merger.11 Security holders in any of the companies involved in the merger …” „… shares, to which special rights are attached Holders of securities, other than shares, to which special …” „… rights are attached shall be given rights in the acquiring company at least equivalent to those they …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 146 Protection of the interests of creditors of companies involved in a division; joint and several liability of the recipient companies S. 711-714

„… governing the collective exercise of their rights, paragraphs 1 to 4 shall apply to the debenture holders of …” „… deems fit. The creditors do not have a right to challenge the approval of the draft terms within the …” „… liability Pursuant to Article 146(1)-(5), this “protective measure” consists of a right to request adequate …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 9 Obligations of the board of the offeree company S. 1005-1008

„… the right not to apply Art 9 (2) and Art 9 (3) (Art 12 (1), compare under → mn. 4) or, in a second …” „… , for each class of shares, the rights and obligations attaching to it and the percentage of total share …” „… limitations of the voting rights of holders of a given percentage or number of votes, deadlines for exercising …”

Tobias de Raet Article 112 Shares held by or on behalf of the acquiring company S. 569-570

„… securities conferring the right to vote at general meetings of the company or companies being acquired …” „… lion for companies,4 the Directive 2009/109/EC required Member States to waive the requirement if …” „… certain conditions are fulfilled. II. Specific Requirements Pursuant to Article 111 subparagraph 1 point …”

Tobias de Raet Article 113 Merger by acquisition by a company which holds 90 % or more of the shares of a company being acquired S. 570-572

„… % or more, but not all, of the shares and other securities conferring the right to vote at general …” „… exercise that right, they are entitled to receive consideration corresponding to the value of their shares …” „… As a consequence, Section 2 of this Chapter, i.e. Articles 91 to 118, subject to the specifics set …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 g Disclosure S. 766-769

„… divided may reserve the right to make implementation of the cross-border division conditional on express …” „… , requires a majority of not less than two thirds but not more than 90 % of the votes attached either to the …” „… approved by the member concerned, provided that such member is unable to exercise the rights laid down in …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 137 Draft terms of division S. 693-697

„… On the other hand, Article 139(2) explicitly empowers the Member States to grant a withdrawal right …” „… conferred by the recipient companies on the holders of shares to which special rights are attached and the …” „… and conditions of the division, on the basis of which the shareholders are to vote at the general …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 g Disclosure S. 425-429

„… ) informing them of their right to submit comments on the draft terms of the cross-border conversion to the …” „… (5) gives Member States the right to request that the draft terms of the cross-border conversion or5 …” „… . The general meeting of the company may reserve the right to make implementation of the cross-border …”

Tobias de Raet Article 122 Common draft terms of cross-border mergers S. 605-618

„… arrangements for the involvement of employees in the definition of their rights to participation in the company …” „… cross-border merger, on which the shareholders are to vote at the general meeting (cf. Article 126). The …” „… common draft terms of the cross-border merger is not to provide certain rights or obligations, but a …”

Tobias de Raet Article 99 Protection of the interests of creditors of the merging companies S. 541-545

„… protection is guaranteed. Like employees, creditors do not have the right to vote or in any other way decide …” „… the right to demand adequate security (i.e. collateral, bank guarantee) if they can demonstrate …” „… credit. The creditors are entitled to this right only if they demonstrate satisfactorily that the merger …”

Tobias de Raet Article 88 Rules governing mergers by acquisition and mergers by formation of a new company S. 501-505

„… company holds all shares and other securities (conferring the right to vote at general meeting) in the …” „… IV. Mergers outside the Scope of the Directive Companies which are the subject to the Directive …” „… recovery and resolution Directive (2014/59/EU).51 Member States have to ensure that this Chapter on …”

Article 64 Financial assistance by a company for acquisition of its shares by a third party Jan P. Brosius S. 305-317

„… majority of not less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the securities or the subscribed capital …” „… to the applicability of the right to grant financial assistance.64 Although, prima facie, the …” „… to Article 64 (1).70 The respective agreement has to provide for an extraordinary right to terminate …”

Tobias de Raet Article 92 Publication of the draft terms of merger S. 514-518

„… approval decision shall require a majority of not less than two thirds of the votes attached either to the …” „… terms must provide adequate information on how such rights are dealt with in the course of the merger …” „… , e.g. if holders of such shares and securities are granted special rights by the acquiring company.23 …”

Peter Kindler Introduction S. 1-65

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 b) Shareholders’ Right to choose between monistic and dualistic management structure …” „… rights of involvement and control,20 to exercise them in their own interests and it means that the law …” „… confirmed that the 1976 Co-Determination Act is not contrary to the right of property and the freedom of …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 d Draft terms of cross-border divisions S. 748-757

„… which arrangements for the involvement of employees in the definition of their rights to participation …” „… and conditions, on the basis of which the shareholders are to vote at the general meeting. The draft …” „… three aspects are closely linked to each other, and must be seen in conjunction with the right of …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 857-863

„… . This Directive establishes requirements in relation to the exercise of certain shareholder rights …” „… voting rights by shareholders of listed companies.2 Its overall aim is to generally improve the companies …” „… also provided for a record date system (Article 7 SRD) and the right of shareholders to ask questions …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 d Draft terms of cross-border conversions S. 404-413

„… in the definition of their rights to participation in the converted company are determined pursuant …” „… , the right to submit comments on the draft terms of the cross-border conversion to the company (point …” „… instance, Article 86 k of the Commission Proposal suggested that Member States shall have the right to …”

Tobias de Raet Article 125 Independent expert report S. 634-643

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 III. Right to Request All Relevant Information …” „… which are implemented on the basis of Article 97 need to be complied with.28 III. Right to Request All …” „… view is that the different wording of Article 125(3) does not limit experts' rights, but is rather to …”

Article 60 Acquisition of own shares Jan P. Brosius S. 286-297

„… (voting) rights attached to the shares the company has acquired.23 Articles 60 et seqq. aim to minimise …” „… the legislative process.26 The provision rather grants Member States the right to decide on their own …” „… equal treatment.30 In general, the right of equal treatment obliges the company to grant each …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 147 Protection of holders of securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached S. 714-715

„… securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached Holders of securities, other than shares …” „… , to which special rights are attached, shall be given rights in the recipient companies against which …” „… securities carrying special rights in relation to the company being divided. These rights offering at least …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 148 Drawing up and certification of documents in due legal form S. 715-716

„… its division, the existing rights of pledge or usufruct shall continue to exist in addition thereto …” „… with conversion or subscription rights in respect of shares, preferential rights to subscribe to the …” „… share capital or rights entitling their holders to participate in profits. Thus, whenever Article 147 is …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 s Independent experts S. 487-489

„… liability of the independent expert responsible for drawing up the report referred to in Article 86 f. 2 …” „… . Member States shall have rules in place to ensure that: (a) the expert, or the legal person on whose …” „… is given with a view to providing assistance to the competent authority in accordance with the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845279909

Steve Peers, Tamara Hervey, Jeff Kenner, Angela Ward - The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

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Steve Peers (ed.), Tamara Hervey (ed.), Jeff Kenner (ed.), Angela Ward (ed.)

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

2022

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Kees Groenendijk Article 40 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Municipal Elections S. 1113-1124

„… Article 40 Article 40 Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Municipal Elections Every …” „… citizen of the Union has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections in the …” „… ) of the Charter grants Union citizens a similarly worded right to vote and stand as a candidate at …”

Jo Shaw, Lamin Khadar Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament S. 1085-1112

„… Article 39 Article 39 Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European …” „… Parliament 1. Every citizen of the Union has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to …” „… ’ Right to Vote Across the World , University of Pennsylvania Press , 2019 . S Pinder , ‘ Steps …”

Jo Shaw, Lamin Khadar Article 12 (2) – Freedom of Assembly and of Association S. 395-404

„… citizens of the Union with the right to vote and to stand as candidates at elections to the European …” „… already been noted, the provision is conceptually linked to the rights of citizens of the Union to vote …” „… that the right to freedom of association at all levels, for example in political and civic matters, and …”

Index S. 1927-1968

„… , 584 right of residence, 222 right to effective remedy, 1320 – 21 right to vote, 1123 social …” „… (Article 44); Right to vote and stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament (Article 39 …” „… ); Right to vote and stand as a candidate at municipal elections (Article 40) Citizens ’ Rights Directive …”

Charlotte O’Brien Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities S. 743-778

„… Articles 39 and 40 rights to vote and stand in European Parliament elections and municipal elections. But …” „… rights to vote and stand in, respectively, European Parliament and municipal elections, but Article 29 …” „… chronic illnesses, have the right to vote on the same basis as other citizens, and should not be deprived …”

Appendix S. 1891-1926

„… protection.TITLE VCITIZENS’ RIGHTSArticle 39Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European …” „… Parliament1. Every citizen of the Union has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elec-tions to …” „… in a free and secret ballot.Article 40Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLIV

„… Patents Act 1988 to be identifi ed as Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this …” „… force, afforded much greater visibility to the rights that it protects and, in so doing, has …” „… significantly enhanced legal certainty for those seeking to rely on those rights. The timeliness of the Charter …”

Koen Lenaerts, José Antonio Gutiérrez-Fons The Place of the Charter in the European Legal Space S. 1711-1734

„… conditions of the right to vote and to stand as a candidate in elections to the European Parliament by …” „… effect even where the latter deprives an EU citizen from his or her right to vote in the elections to the …” „… constituted a limitation on the exercise of the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament as …”

Maria-Teresa Gil-Bazo Article 4 – Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment S. 59-92

„… able to enjoy all other human rights and freedoms (eg the rights to life, education, health care, vote …” „… to the Commission on Human Rights ( UN Doc E/CN4/2006/6); To the Human Rights Council: UN Doc. A/HRC …” „… Rights (hereinafter: EUCR) is defi ned in Article 51 EUCR. Article 4 EUCR is addressed to the …”

Paul Torremans Article 17 (2) – Right to Property S. 519-550

„… Article 17(2) Article 17 Right to Property 1. Everyone has the right to own, use, dispose of …” „… shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to …” „… other contributions or penalties. ’ This is a fundamental right common to all national constitutions …”

Lorna Woods Article 54 – Abuse of Rights S. 1691-1708

„… ); non-discrimination (Art 21); right to stand and vote in European Parliament elections (Art 39); 2 and the right to …” „… targetted group. those with undemocratic aspirations) and the right to vote. The Court has also considered …” „… any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the …”

Filip Dorssemont Article 12 (1) – Freedom of Assembly and of Association S. 371-394

„… need to include the right to vote and to be eligible for the administration or management posts of a …” „… of citizenship is obvious. Articles 39 and 40 which relate to a right to vote and stand as a …” „… Article 12(1) Article 12(1) Freedom of Assembly and of Association 1. Everyone has the right to …”

Tobias Lock EU Accession to the ECHR S. 1873-1890

„… alleged violation of the right to vote guaranteed in Article 3 of Protocol 1 ECHR had thus occurred within …” „… Part III – Commentary on the Treaty of EU Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights EU …” „… Accession to the ECHR Article 6 (ex Article 6 TEU) 1. The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and …”

Rachael Craufurd Smith Article 22 – Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Diversity S. 639-666

„… rights in Chapter V (particularly those ensuring the right to vote in certain elections, to move and …” „… rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities ’ (Art 2 TEU). This expands on the …” „… interest from the perspective of Article 22 CFR, minority rights. Article 2 TEU not only serves to …”

Angela Ward Article 51 – Field of Application S. 1553-1610

„… approach to fundamental rights ’ ( 2012 ) 49 Common Market Law Review 1565 . N J ä ä skinen and A …” „… . R Kr á l and P Mádr, ‘ On the (in)applicability of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights to …” „… After the Treaty of Lisbon: the European Judicial Approach to Fundamental Rights ’ ( 2011 ) 17 …”

Lorna Woods Article 11 – Freedom of Expression and Information S. 333-370

„… Article 11 Article 11 Freedom of Expression and Information 1. Everyone has the right to …” „… freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart …” „… corresponds to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which reads as follows: ‘ 1. Everyone …”

Ronan McCrea Article 10 – Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion S. 313-332

„… Article 10 Article 10 Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion 1. Everyone has the …” „… right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to change religion or …” „… religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. 2. The right to conscientious …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913245

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Steve Peers (ed.), Tamara Hervey (ed.), Jeff Kenner (ed.), Angela Ward (ed.)

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2014

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Kees Groenendijk Article 40 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Municipal Elections S. 1100-1111

„… Article 40 Article 40Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Municipal ElectionsEvery citizen …” „… of the Union has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections in the Member …” „… CharterArticle 39(1) of the Charter grants Union citizens a similarly worded right to vote and stand as a …”

Lamin Khadar, Jo Shaw Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament S. 1070-1099

„… Article 39 Article 39Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European …” „… Parliament1. Every citizen of the Union has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to …” „… down detailed arrangements for, inter alia, the exercise of the right to vote and stand as a candidate …”

Index S. 1904-1937

„… extraterritorial application of CFR, 1671right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European …” „… Parliament, 1031–32right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections, 1060status …” „… right to healthcare, 956right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections, 1060status …”

Article 12 – Freedom of Assembly and of Association S. 384-421

„… rights is identified. Thus trade union rights need to include the right to vote and to be eligible for …” „… . Articles 39 and 40 which relate to a right to vote and stand as a candidate at the European as well as …” „… provides citizens of the Union with the right to vote and to stand as candidates at elections to the …”

Paul Gragl Agreement on the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights S. 1768-1867

„… European Parliament shall be entitled to participate, with the right to vote, in the sittings of the …” „… participate in the meetings of the Committee of Ministers, with the right to vote, when the latter takes …” „… . The exercise of the right to vote by the European Union and its member States shall not prejudice the …”

Charlotte O’Brien Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities S. 752-791

„… provisions in the constitution42 for an ‘explicit exception from the universal right to vote ... Persons …” „… easy to understand and use’,85 and to protect ‘the right of persons with disabilities to vote by secret …” „… chronic illnesses, have the right to vote on the same basis as other citizens, and should not be deprived …”

Appendix S. 1868-1903

„… protection.TITLE VCITIZENS’ RIGHTSArticle 39Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European …” „… Parliament1. Every citizen of the Union has the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to …” „… in a free and secret ballot.Article 40Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal …”

Olivier De Schutter The Implementation of the Charter by the Institutions of the European Union S. 1670-1699

„… institutions came to conceive of themselves. A ‘fundamental rights culture’ came into being then. In comparison …” „… Treaty now refers to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in its revised form as proclaimed on 12 …” „… Rights was referred to by Advocates-General to the European Court of Justice,8 by the Court of First …”

Manfred Nowak, Anne Charbord Article 4 – Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment S. 104-143

„… (eg the rights to life, education, health care, vote, privacy, freedom of expression and religion) in …” „… ).UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Reports to the Commission on Human Rights (UN Doc E/CN4/2006/6); To …” „… of ill-treatment was incompatible with states’ human rights obligations.2In order to assist Member …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-43

„… ...............................................................................................................1025Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament …” „… ...............................................................................................................1052Contents xxviiArticle 40 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Municipal Elections …” „… Charter’s institutional anchorage, its relationship to the Fundamental Rights Agency, its interaction with …”

Lorna Woods Article 54 – Abuse of Rights S. 1582-1599

„… stand and vote in European Parliament elections (Art 39);1 and the right to vote and stand in municipal …” „… aspirations) and the right to vote. In Lehideux and Isorni Judge Jambrek identified the scope of Article 17 …” „… right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and …”

Article 17 – Right to Property S. 508-561

„… Article 17(1)*--Article 17(1)Right t o propertyEveryone has the right to own, use, dispose of and …” „… preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it …” „… payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.’This is a fundamental right common to all national …”

Deirdre Curtin, Joana Mendes Article 42 – Right of Access to Documents S. 1142-1163

„… Article 42Article 42Right of Access to DocumentsAny citizen of the Union, and any natural or legal …” „… person residing or having its registered office in a Member State, has a right of access to documents of …” „… Convention has extended this right to documents of institutions, bodies and agencies generally, regardless of …”

Diamond Ashiagbor Article 15 – Freedom to Choose an Occupation and Right to Engage in Work S. 466-479

„… Article 15Article 15Freedom to Choose an Occupation and Right to Engage in Work1. Everyone has the …” „… right to engage in work and to pursue a freely chosen or accepted occupation.2. Every citizen of the …” „… Union has the freedom to seek employment, to work, to exercise the right of establishment and to provide …”

Anthony Arnull Protocol (No 30) on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and the United Kingdom S. 1638-1655

„… Protocol (No 30) on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to …” „… Rights of the European Union,WHEREAS the Charter is to be applied in strict accordance with the …” „… justiciable rights applicable to Poland or the United Kingdom except in so far as Poland or the United Kingdom …”

Rachael Craufurd Smith Article 22 – Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Diversity S. 648-675

„… right to vote in certain elections, to move and reside freely among the Member States and to communicate …” „… for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities’ (Art 2 TEU). This expands …” „… minority rights, and to contribute to the protection of human rights and mutual respect among peoples …”

Pekka Aalto, Herwig CH Hofmann, Liisa Holopainen, Elina Paunio, Laurent Pech, Debbie Sayers, Dinah Shelton, Angela Ward Article 47 – Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial S. 1240-1319

„… Article 47 Article 47Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial1. Everyone whose rights and …” „… freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a …” „… since it guarantees the right to an effective remedy before a court. The Court of Justice enshrined that …”

Ronan McCrea Article 10 – Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion S. 334-353

„… Article 10Article 10 Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion1. Everyone has the right …” „… to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to change religion or …” „… religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance.2. The right to conscientious objection …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259055

Thorsten Faas, Sascha Huber, Mona Krewel, Sigrid Roßteutscher - Informationsflüsse, Wahlen und Demokratie

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Thorsten Faas (ed.), Sascha Huber (ed.), Mona Krewel (ed.), Sigrid Roßteutscher (ed.)

Informationsflüsse, Wahlen und Demokratie

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 35 2023

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Julia Partheymüller, Stefanie Walter Voting for the Populist Radical-Right in Austria and Germany: A Comparative Analysis S. 533-558

„… ) = 1612 to 1684voters).Perceptions of Party Positions and Self-Placement on the Left-RightDimension9 Note …” „… radical-right in contrast to Austrian voters.That is a very interesting finding as it suggests that Austrian …” „… determinants of vot‐ing for the populist radical-right. One strand of this research has beendedicated to …”

Sascha Huber, Anne Schäfer Political knowledge, media use and right-wing populist preferences S. 25-52

„… that right-wing populist parties are moreappealing to less knowledgeable voters, but also that those …” „… votersPolitical knowledge, media use and right-wing populist preferences29also deal with at least some politics …” „… new information, voters who like to think learn more, and voterswith strong opinions on many issues …”

Marc Debus Education, political sophistication, cohesive policy signals and proximity voting: Do voters choose the party that reflects their interests? S. 269-288

„… ) argued that a single left-right dimension structures partycompetition, and that voters who are able to …” „… 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100Distance left‐right dimension0.05.1.15Chances to vote for the FDP0 5 10 15 …” „… to vote for a partythe smaller the distance to a party and its candidate is (e.g., Adams et al.2005 …”

Richard Johnston Partisan Intensification in Campaigns: Proof of Concept? S. 247-268

„… the centre and left over vote to seat trans‐itions. On both left and right, the Canadian challenges …” „… or were not exploited. This paperattempts to close the data gap with daily evidence on vote intention …” „… about 80 percent of the time.Additionally, vote intentions in the US tend to stabilize as the …”

Paul A. Beck Party Contacts in Comparative Perspective S. 289-316

„… parties on the right at appealing to workingclass voters, however, this hypothesis may no longer be valid …” „… reach out to voters,they have found that contacts are more common. By contrast, where can‐didates serve …” „… , candidatesappealed to voters through doorstep canvassing and mass rallies. Theywere designed principally to mobilize …”

Christian Schnaudt, Christof Wolf Electoral integrity and voting: The interplay of individual perceptions and contextual conditions S. 485-512

„… statistically significant association with the propensity to vote.Accordingly, citizens who believe that …” „… (perceptions) and citizens’ propensity to vote. At the macrolevel, these studies find that voter turnout is …” „… quality of the electoral process go hand inhand with an increased propensity to vote. In addition, and as …”

Katrin Voltmer “This is not what I expected”: The Meaning of Democracy as Freedom in Post-Apartheid South Africa S. 457-484

„… their own right. However, they arealso a means to select leaders who act on behalf of their voters …” „… long meandering lines of peoplequeuing for hours on dusty fields to cast their vote, most of them for …” „… out to a white interviewer: “that now we’re able to, like now, sittingwith you right now, it was …”

Laura Morales, Luis Ramiro, María Jiménez-Buedo Assessing the Electoral Payoffs of Partisan Mobilization in Adverse Contexts: A Field Experimental Study of the 2011 Spanish Local Elections S. 213-246

„… only interested in our votes’.This second scenario could lead to F2F methods being counterproductivein …” „… it is not possible to learn about voters’individual turnout behavior through the electoral register …” „… ). Descriptive Social Norms and Motivation to Vote:Everybody's Voting and so Should You. The Journal of Politics …”

Patrick W. Kraft Change My View: Do Moral Appeals Facilitate Compromise? S. 169-196

„… source of information (Huckfeldt et al.1995; Schmitt-Beck/Grill 2020) that allows citizens to make vote …” „… issue as a questionof “right and wrong” – is related to political participation, extreme …” „… Foundations to Predict Vot‐ing Behavior: Regression Models from the 2012 Us Presidential Election.” Analyses …”

Mark Peffley, Robert Rohrschneider The Relationship between Populist Attitudes and Antisemitism S. 559-582

„… – especially right-wing ones – and antisemitic partiestend to fish in the same pool of voters. Despite this …” „… . With the recent entry ofthe AfD, a right-wing newcomer to Germany’s party system (Schmitt-Beck2017 …” „… support base to a right-wing xenophobic partymotivated by immigration issues by 2017 was first noted by …”

Bernhard Weßels, Hans-Dieter Klingemann Vertretungslücke, Rechtsextremismus und AfD-Wahl S. 513-532

„… , die dafür förderlich oder wenigerförderlich sind. Das bekannte „wasted vote“-Theorem legt nahe, dass …” „… herangezogen.Als indirektes Maß können die Partei-Skalometer, die Maße zur Wahl‐wahrscheinlichkeit (propensity to …” „… vote) und zur Perzeption der Lösungs‐Vertretungslücke, Rechtsextremismus und AfD-Wahl517kompetenz von …”

Simon Ellerbrock, Manuel Neumann Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How Social Projection and Social Sampling Interact in the Formation of Public Opinion Perceptions S. 85-116

„… own views (y-axis). The right panel shows simulated14 It should be noted that the degree to which …” „… important for citizens to orient themselvesin the political world since they provide a baseline for …” „… , inevit‐ably leads to different expectations about political outcomes in representat‐ive democracies. If …”

Philipp Darius, Andrea Römmele KI und datengesteuerte Kampagnen: Eine Diskussion der Rolle generativer KI im politischen Wahlkampf S. 199-212

„… Fake Images toAttack Trump on Twitter. Text aufrufbar unter: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/08 …” „… . (2019): ‘Hashjacking’ the Debate: Polarisation Strate‐gies of Germany’s Political Far-Right on Twitter …” „… , Sebastian, Yang, Jung Hwan (2019): PoliticalAstroturfing on Twitter: How to Coordinate a Disinformation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748915553

Klaus Sieveking - Wechselwirkungen von Migration und Integration im europäischen Mehrebenensystem

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Klaus Sieveking (ed.)

Wechselwirkungen von Migration und Integration im europäischen Mehrebenensystem

Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Volume 63 2011

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Kees Groenendijk Political Participation and Immigrant Integration S. 73-89

„… be on voting rights. The right to vote and to stand for elections is an essential political right …” „… Member State the right to vote in municipal elections in the host state with the aim to stimulate a …” „… positive attitude of nationals of the Member States towards the EU. The right to vote in municipal …”

Elspeth Guild Free Movement of Workers in the EU the Changing Nature of Rights S. 59-72

„… , there has been a gradual but constant widening of the rights of individuals to move, reside and work in …” „… right of free movement for establishment and services was not subject to limitations indicating the …” „… rights of workers in Regulation 38/64. According to the recital of the first regulation, the objective …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231303

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