Filter results

Results (5838)

Sort by:

Select all Select all

Page 1

Christian Schlegel - Flag Follows Trade?

No access

Select

Christian Schlegel

Flag Follows Trade?

2022

Results in this title

4 Middle East S. 50-61

„… Middle EastThe FTA between Israel and the United States in 1985 was the US’s first classical …” „… century.US Historical Key Points in the Middle EastAfter World War I, President Woodrow Wilson faced two …” „… contained in the agreement (Rosen, 2004, p. 73).Other Free Trade Agreements in the Middle EastThe close …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… 42Conclusion: Connection between Trade and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4 49Middle East …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 50US Historical Key Points in the Middle East …” „… 58Other Free Trade Agreements in the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4 59 …”

Bibliography S. 189-212

„… ] Available at: https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/europe-middle-east/middle-eastnorth-africa/jordan [Accessed …” „… U.S.-Israel free trade agreement: A Framework for a Middle-East Free Trade Zone. St. John’s Law Review, Spring …” „… and the Post-American Middle East. Foreign Affairs, July / August, pp. 51–56.Krieckhaus, J., 2018. US …”

10 Analysis S. 163-180

„… with which the US has an FTA in the Middle East.Asia-Pacific: South Korea, Australia, and …” „… World Bank data (Worldbank.org, 2022).Middle East: Israel, Jordan, OmanLet us turn first to the US trade …” „… in the Middle East: The FTA with Jordan has been active since 2001. Jordan’s GDP in 2001 was $8.976 …”

1 Introduction S. 1-6

„… begins with Chapter 4 by examining the Middle East region. In doing so, the region’s recent history …” „… policy. Concurrent with free trade, a crisis in the American middle class developed, accompanied by …” „… . The trade agreement with South Korea demonstrates a middle power strongly tied to China economically …”

3 The Links Between Trade and Security Policy S. 31-49

„… , surrounded by oceans to the west and east, and by Mexico and Canada to the north and south, which pose no …” „… was to develop a policy to support domestic industry, workers, and the middle class to bring the …” „… . Like Trump, Biden called for fairness in international trade and emphasized ensuring that the US middle …”

Index S. 213-216

„… Middle East 51Monroe Doctrine 99Monroe, James 12, 99Morocco 159, 178Morrill Tariff Act 13Motor Age 15 …”

5 Asia-Pacific S. 62-97

„… East Asian region. However, the organization was dissolved in 1977. Through the hub-and-spokes system …” „… disappeared, and relations had reached a low point. The basic US line remained in East Asia: To provide …” „… with its neighbors in the East and South China Seas. The conflict was because China wanted to defend …”

11 The Interdependence of US Trade, Economic, and Security Policies S. 181-188

„… of security policy. In Asia, this concerned South Korea. In the Middle East, this concerned Israel …”

8 Europe S. 141-155

„… relationship with the EU’s eastern neighbor Russia continues to play a decisive role.When negotiations on the …” „… deficits, and a shrinking middle class are symptoms of a superpower realizing its capacity is not infinite …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783828879522

No access

Select

Itamar Rabinovich

Middle Eastern Maze

2023

Results in this title

6. Ehud Olmert and the New New Middle East S. 163-184

doi.org/10.5771/9780815740124

Dafna H. Rand, Andrew P. Miller - Re-Engaging the Middle East

No access

Select

Dafna H. Rand (ed.), Andrew P. Miller (ed.)

Re-Engaging the Middle East

2020

Results in this title

Between Retreat and Overinvestment in the Middle East and North Africa S. 1-22

„… East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 1 8/10/20 3:15 PMRe-Engaging the Middle East2terrorism and proliferation from …” „… down on the logic behind the Obama- era Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 2 …” „… still worthwhile. Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 3 8/10/20 3:15 …”

Preface

„… , D.C.www.brookings.edu/bipress Re-engaging the Middle EastRand | MillerRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_pb_9780815737407 …” „… _Cover.indd 1 8/12/20 4:11 PMRe- Engaging the Middle EastRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… 3:15 PMRe- Engaging the Middle EastRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 21 …”

Part III: Regional Challenges for the United States S. 173-275

„… Cold War in the Middle East?Russian Interests in the Middle EastDeveloping an appropriate policy …” „… PART IIIRegional Challenges for the United States Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… _1-308.indd 173 8/10/20 3:15 PMRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 174 …”

Index S. 297-0

„… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 308 8/10/20 3:15 PMRe-engaging theMiddle EastA New Vision …” „… Middle EastRand | MillerRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_pb_9780815737407_Cover.indd 1 8/12/20 …” „… Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 297 8/10/20 3:15 PMIndex298Arms sales and transfers (cont.) assistance …”

Looking to the Future S. 276-290

„… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 276 8/10/20 3:15 PM277Looking to the Futuremilitary levers …” „… has, with the exception of Russia, brack-Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd …” „… the Kurdish population living in the Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 278 …”

Part II: Re-Imagining Key U.S. Security Partnerships S. 93-172

„… PART IIRe- Imagining Key U.S. Security Partnerships Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… _1-308.indd 93 8/10/20 3:15 PMRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 94 8/10/20 …” „… statelessness had led Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 95 8/10/20 3:15 …”

Part I: Defusing Regional Conflicts and Rebuilding Diplomatic Influence S. 23-92

„… Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 23 8/10/20 3:15 PMRand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308 …” „… developments in Syria present a threat to regional stabil-Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308 …” „… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 26 8/10/20 3:15 PM27The Syrian Crucible and Future U.S …”

Contributors S. 291-296

„… Scholars and research scholar at the Johns Hopkins School Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii …” „… Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 292 8/10/20 3:15 PM293ContributorsWashington Post. He co …” „… secretary for the Bureau of International Or-Rand-Miller_Re-engaging the Middle East_i-xxii_1-308.indd 293 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815737629

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

No access

Select

Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

Results in this title

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ?the?DRL?funding?goes?to?the?NED,?as?Wittes?highlights,?“in?2004?the?NED?spent?$25,325,936?on?programs?in?the?Middle?East.”20 …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?was?widely?discussed?in?their?office.?Suddenly?this?issue?was?in?the?national?security?interest.?As?a?result?of ?this?change,?the?NED?received?supplemental?money.?It?was?a?foregone?conclusion?that?the?additional?money?NED?received?post?9/11?was?going?to?be?allocated?to?the?Middle?East.In? addition? to? those? initiatives? mentioned …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… freedom?to?those?applying?for?U.?S.?funds.?Allegedly,?diplomatic?pressure?was,?also?due?to?competing?imperatives,?not?applied?sufficiently.?One?can?perhaps?conclude?that?the?Bush?administration,?through?its?new?focus?of ?integrating?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ,?simply?sought?to?‘normalize’,?in?terms?of ?a?democracy?focus,?relations?with?the?region.Middle East Partnership Initiative …” „… ?Most?democracy?promoters?perceived?MEPI?as?an?instrument?to?promote?the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?Allegedly,?the?program?had?a?difficult?time?getting?off ?the?ground.?Beyond?its?difficult?launch?in?2002 …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… Policies towards the Middle EastThe?Middle?East,?with? the?exception?of ? the?Arab-Israeli? conflict? and …” „… ? invested?considerable?time?and?effort?in?the?Middle?East?peace?process,?Clinton?did?not?achieve?a?considerable?breakthrough.?Having?noted?Clinton’s?fruitless?efforts,?the?Bush?administration?decided?to?carefully?evaluate?its?options?in?the?region.?As?Gordon?highlights:“The Bush administration came to office with a strong bias against getting bogged …” „… For?five?years?during?the?Clinton?administration,?CIA?director?Tenet?had?made?eleven?trips? to? the? region?contributing? to?negotiations?on? the?Middle?East?peace?process.? In?March?2001 …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 118-119

„… the pursuit of Middle East peace, partnership with Morocco is vital to U. S. interests in the Middle …” „… ? the?agenda?than?prior?to?9/11?and?that?the?new?security?rationale?was?reflected?in?the?programs?implemented.Middle East …” „… ?programs?with?three?bilateral?MEPI?programs,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative,?U.?S.?Department?of ?State,?http://2002-2009-mepi.state.gov.23 …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… ? supporting?the?status?quo?to?actively?elevating?democracy?promotion?much?higher?on?the?political?agenda.?MEPI’s?establishment?and?its?leading?figure?thus?symbolized?a?radical?departure?from?the?past.Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)The?establishment?of ? the?Middle?East …” „… ? prosperity? in? the? Middle? East.26? In? early? 2002 …” „… East free trade area within a decade, to bring the Middle East into an expanding circle of opportunity …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… ? the?beginning?mainly?on?its?economic?pillar.?It?is?thus?based?on?the?highly?dubious?assumptions?of ?the?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?its?funding?to?government?agencies?or?earmarks?its?money?for?sites?in?Israel,?the?so?called?democratic?outpost?in?the?Middle?East.46Furthermore,?MEPI’s?budget?is?not?based?on?particular?countries,?avoiding?a?sense?of …” „… ?their?long-term?interests.?It?is?not?clear?to?what?extent?MEPI?was?successful?in?doing?so,?but?it?is?likely?to?remain?important?in?the?future.Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)The? establishment? of ? MEFTA? is? based? on? the? assumption? that …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1163The Middle East and …” „… .?partners?in?the?Middle?East,?and?called?these?moderate?Arab?states,?including?in?this?category?Egypt,?Jordan,?Saudi?Arabia?and?Kuwait.?In?this?context,?she?stressed?that?the?Middle?East …” „… ?was?a?region?of ?core?interest?to?U.?S.?policy?and?highlighted?America’s?special?relationship?with?Israel.?Zoellick?stressed?that?he?was?pinning?his?hope?on?new?leaders?in?the?Middle?East,?such?as?in?Morocco?and?Jordan,?where?younger?leaders?had?recently?inherited?power.?From?a?U.?S.?perspective,?in?2000 …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 119

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco119Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)“Morocco has been a …” „… ,? moderate?and?progressive,?an?ideal?candidate?to?benefit?from?the?trade?agreement?and?intensified?bilateral?relations.?In?addition,?preparations?for?the?FTA?facilitated?smoother?functioning?of ?various?U.?S.?assistance?programs,?such?as?MEPI?in?the?economic?sector.Broader Middle East and …” „… ?the?‘Forum?for?the?Future’.?Since?BMENA?was?initiated?by?the?U.?S.,?selecting?Morocco?as?the?first?host?of ?these?meetings?displayed?in?“Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers? tools …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… ?Most?development?programs?however?seem?to?run?on?the?assumption?that?raising?living?standards?automatically?triggers?greater?political?performance?and?that?markets?in?the?Middle?East?are?driven?by?the?same?incentive?based?market?mechanisms.?The?validity?of …” „… ?these?assumptions?is?in?the?Middle?Eastern?context?is?again?highly?debatable.?Repercussions?of ?this?kind?of ?thinking?are?rarely?reflected?upon.?Ultimately,?in?relation?to?MEFTA,?as?of ?2008 …” „… ,?interview?data?suggests?that?it?is?not?clear?whether?MEFTA?has?been?beneficial?for?the?Arab?world.Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA)Many?are?skeptical?of …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 97-98

„… ?all?U.?S.?imports.?Nevertheless,?19?percent?of ?imported?oil?in?the?U.?S.?comes?from?the?Middle?East.29 …” „… ?Preferences?(GSP),?Trade?and?Investment?Framework?Agreements?(TIFA’s),?and?Bilateral?Investment?Treaties?(BITs).?Together?these?would?then?lead?to?a?Free?Trade?Agreement?with?the?U.?S.?Furthermore,?even?though?U.?S.-Middle?East?trade?relations?might?not?have? required? these? agreements,? it?was? also? a? symbolic? gesture,? a?display?of …” „… dle?East?was?allegedly?set?to?push?the?reform?process?in?this?direction.Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 119-120

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco119Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)“Morocco has been a …” „… ,? moderate?and?progressive,?an?ideal?candidate?to?benefit?from?the?trade?agreement?and?intensified?bilateral?relations.?In?addition,?preparations?for?the?FTA?facilitated?smoother?functioning?of ?various?U.?S.?assistance?programs,?such?as?MEPI?in?the?economic?sector.Broader Middle East and …” „… ?the?‘Forum?for?the?Future’.?Since?BMENA?was?initiated?by?the?U.?S.,?selecting?Morocco?as?the?first?host?of ?these?meetings?displayed?in?“Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers? tools …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… 183ConclusionThis? study?has?demonstrated? that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion? in? the?Middle?East? is …” „… ? a?complex?issue.?The?analysis?here?has?sought?to?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?a?Middle?Eastern? context? beyond? simplistic? condemnations? of ? the? Bush? administration’s …” „… ? so-called?‘imperialistic? policies’? in? the? Middle? East.? Instead,? the? goal? here? was? to? highlight …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… b)?President?Bush?Discusses?Freedom?in?Iraq?and?Middle?East.?Remarks?by?the?President?at?the?20th?Anniversary?of ?the?National?Endowment?for?Democracy?(November?6,?2003 …” „… ?South?Carolina?Columbia,?South?Carolina:?President?Bush?Presses?for?Peace?in?the?Middle?East?(May?9,?2003).The?White?House?(2004)?President?Welcomes?King?Mohamed?VI?of …” „… ?(2002-2009)?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative,?Bureau?of ?Near?Eastern?Affairs,?http://2002-2009 …”

Appendices S. 193-198

„… ? for? Middle? Eastern-Western?Dialogue,?(December?13,?2007 …” „… ?the?interview?is?provided?in?brackets.?In?addition?to?the?interviews?listed?here?seven?additional?official?interviews?were?conducted?with?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?and?Middle?Eastern?affairs?at?USAID,?the?Pentagon?and?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State.?Policy?makers?at?each?of …” „… ,?Washington?D.C.).Leslie?Campbell,?Senior?associate?and?regional?director?for?the?Middle?East?and?North?Africa?(MENA)?at?the?National?Democratic?Institute,?(February?28,?2008,?Washington?D.C.).Thomas? Carothers,? Vice …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… Middle East?(London:?Routledge,?2003,?3rd?edition),?236.66 …” „… ? democratizing? the? Middle? East?suggest?that?the?potential?power?of ?civil?society?had?been?overvalued.73?In …” „… .,?2008.83? Roger?Owen,?State, Power and Politics in the making of the modern Middle East?(London:?Routledge …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ?democracy?promotion?did?not?translate?to?the?Middle?East.?Under?Clinton,?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?did?not?play?a?large?role?in?the?administration’s?priorities.?Indeed,?President?George?W.?Bush?continued?Clinton’s?stability-oriented?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?in?the?first?months?of ?his?presidency.?Up?to?9/11,?the?support?of …” „… ?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?was?guided?by?a?traditional?attachment?to?the?force?majeure?of ?energy?politics?and?regional?stability.?In?addition,?the?Bush?administration?did?not?want?to?become?entangle?in?the?Middle?East …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ? is?whether?advancing?democracy?in?the?Middle?East?genuinely?seemed–to?all?parts?of ?the?U.?S.?government–to?be? in?the?national? interest.?At?the?rhetorical? level,?for …” „… ? instance?democracy?promotion?was?certainly?presented?as?being?in?the?U.?S.?national?interest.?But?U.?S.?security?interests?in?the?Middle?East?had?previously?been?cited?as?having?inhibited?prior?U.?S.?administrations? from?more?actively?promoting?democracy? in? the …” „… ? interests?and?positions?will?provide?an?indication?of ?the?obstacles?in?putting?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… ? democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.?In?the?1990s,?the?Middle?East …” „… ?State?for?the?Middle?East?at?the?time,?U.?S.?geo-strategic?interests?were?too?important,?it?was?feared?that?engaging?in?democratization?efforts?might?hamper?the?Arab-Israeli?peace?process.12?As?the?U.?S.?Government?Accountability?office?(GAO)?notes:“From the 1950s through 2001, U. S …” „… . bilateral economic assistance to the Middle East and North Africa focused primarily on promoting regional …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ? introduce?questions?addressed?in?development?studies?regarding?whether?and?how?to?promote?democracy?as?well?as?debates?regarding?democratization?as?a?means?to?‘drain?the?swamp?for?terrorist?motivations’?as?an?appropriate?working?assumption?for?the?Middle?East.?It?will?also?discuss?competing?ideals?and?assumptions …” „… ?U.?S.?relations?with?Morocco?have?for?wider?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?The?second?chapter?will? focus?on? the?George?W.?Bush?administration’s? foreign?policy?outlook?before?the?attacks?of ?9/11 …” „… ,?there?was?little?indication?that?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ? into?practice?through?a?bureaucracy?driven?by?competing?interests.?The?study?also?explores?the?challenges?of ?U.?S.?democracy?assistance,? in?a?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ? is?important?because?we?continue?to?grapple?with?many?related?issues?today.?Namely,?how?and?whether?to?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East,?whether?democratization?is?the?best?way?to?fight?terrorism,?how?to?balance?short-term?and?long-term?security?interests,?how?to?engage?with?Islamists,?and?the?overall?repercussions?of …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… esis?three?(fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy)?offers?the?more?accurate?explanation,?and?indeed,?there?was?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.At?first,?in?2000,?there?was?very?little?indication?that?the?incoming?Bus …” „… h?administration?would?change?longstanding?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East.?However,?9/11 …” „… ?fundamentally?changed?the?administration’s?view?of ?the?Middle?East …”

Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… ?bringing?about?a?democratic?wave?in?the?Middle?East?and?President?Bush’s?personal?interest?in?the?subject?reinforced?the?overall?sense?or?need?to?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East.The?Arab?Human?Development?Report,?published?in?July?2002,?described?po …” „… ?For?those?who?were?arguing?for?more?aggressive?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East,?the?timing?of ?the?publication?was?excellent.?Proponents?of …” „… ? President?Bush?Discusses?Freedom?in?Iraq?and?Middle?East,?Remarks?by?the?President?at?the?20th?Anniversary?of ? the?National?Endowment? for?Democracy,?United?States?Chamber?of …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… Middle East?(Washington,?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2005).6 Tamara? Cofman? Wittes …” „… ? the?U.?S.?should?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?during?this?time-period.?Other?studies?that?examine?U.?S.?engagement?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?tend?to?focus?mainly?on?the?reasoning?behind?the?Iraq?war,?which?actually?had? little? to?do?with?democracy?promotion.1? In? those?studies,?particular? attention?was?paid? to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Middle East during the George W. Bush AdministrationNomos1. Auflage 2010© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft …” „… The Middle East and democracy promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 …” „… the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Conclusion …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… ? Marina?Ottaway,?Nathan?Brown,?Amr?Hamzawy,?Karim?Sadjadpour?and?Paul?Salem,?The new Middle East?(Washington?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2008),?23.2010 …” „… ?as?a?player?in?the?region,?but?that?in?principle?reform?had?to?come?from?within.?Rather?than?exporting?democracy?to?the?Middle?East,? the?U.?S.?could?only?assist?with?these?efforts.?This?re-orientation?was?mainly?a?result?of …” „… ?unforeseen?challenges?in?Iraq?and?the?‘wrong’?election?results?in?Egypt?and?Palestinian?territories.?Unexpected?and?unforeseen?troubles?in?stabilizing?Iraq?also?reduced?U.?S.?leverage?on?the?democracy?front.?In?the?“The?new?Middle?East”,?it?is?argued?that:“By mid-2006, with the situation in Iraq deteriorating and concern about Iran mounting, the …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… ? East?seemed?real,?but?were?often?guided?by?naivety?and?optimism.?The?assumption?that?once?people?were?free?to?choose?they?would?opt?for?a?value?system?similar?to?the?one?of ?the?U.?S.?deeply?influenced?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.When idealism and …” „… East is unlikely, if not impossible. They argue that the people of the Middle East have little desire …” „… ?self-government.?And?our?nation?has?special?responsibilities?to?these?countries,?responsibilities?we?will?keep.”?President?Bush?Presses?for?Peace?in?the?Middle?East,?Remarks?by?the?President?in?Commencement?Address?at?the?University?of ?South?Carolina.?Columbia,?Couth?Carolina?May?9,?2003.5 …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?266.2010_Diss_Nautre_09_Conclusion.i190 …” „… ?democracy?was?also?again?put?into?question.Despite?these?obstacles,?skepticisms?and?setbacks,?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policies?did?take?place?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?At?the?macro?level,?diplomatic?and?military?policies? remained? to? a? large? extent?hostage? to?overriding? security? imperatives.?U.?S.?policy? in …” „… ? assistance?programs?in?the?Middle?East?increased?tremendously?after?9/11.?Initiatives?in?Morocco?for? instance?demonstrate? that?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promoters.?The?goal?here?is?to?illustrate?that?some?premises?on?which?U.?S.?policy?makers?operate?have?serious?limitations?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Not?because?there?is?something?so?specific?to?the?Middle?East,?but?because?there?is?a?systematic?misconception?of …” „… ?how?U.?S.?policy?makers?approach?the?Middle?East.?By?looking?for?what?they?want?to?see,? they?often?overlook?the?reality?on?the?ground.?This?approach?might?conceal? key? aspects?of …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ? place.? Schlumberger? and? Albrecht? argue? that? “when? will? Middle? Eastern?countries?democratize”79 …” „… Overall?then,?it?is?difficult?to?differentiate?between?development?theories?in?general,?and?how?they?apply?to?the?specific?context?in?the?Middle?East.?Studies?have?been?completed?regarding? the? lack?of ?democracy? in? the?Middle?East?and?specific? regional? reasons? for?this.73 …” „… ?The?overview?presented?here?notes?regional?specification?with?regards?to?democratic?developments?in?the?Middle?East?in?particular?when?necessary,?but?not?at?all?times.?The?focus?here?is?on?the?assumptions?and?mindset?of ?U.?S.?policy?makers,?rather?than?an?analysis?on?the?lack?of …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… the Middle East.Developmental pre-requisitesBased on the development theories of the 1950s it was …” „… context of democracy promotion in the Middle East, it involves otherwise seemingly outdated debates about …” „… components relevant to U. S. democracy promoters acting in a Middle Eastern context: civil society and …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… Middle?East?from?democracy?promotion?efforts?due?to?security?reasons,?the?Bush?administration?now?embraced?the?idea?that?there?was?actually?nothing?exceptional?about?the?Middle?East?and?that?democratic?principles?should?be?applied?to?the?region.?The?Bush?administration’s? rhetoric? then? suggested? that? democracy? promotion? would? from …” „… ? now?onwards?override?prior?security?rationales?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Thus,?overall,?post?9/11?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… lack of freedom in the Middle East did nothing to make us safe–because in the long run, stability …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… .?The?chapter?is?divided?according?to?the?three-part?conceptual?framework:?‘idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy’,?‘competing?interests’?and?‘contested?development?theories’.?These?three?parts?are?further?divided?into?two?different?sections:?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco.?This?structure?is?intended?to?illustrate?how?these?concepts?each?apply?to?the?Middle?East?as?a?whole?and?to?Morocco?in?particular.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: Middle EastU. S …” „… ? East?seemed?real,?but?were?often?guided?by?naivety?and?optimism.?The?assumption?that?once?people?were?free?to?choose?they?would?opt?for?a?value?system?similar?to?the?one?of ?the?U.?S.?deeply?influenced?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.When idealism and …” „… appliedThis?chapter?applies?the?conceptual?framework?to?the?Middle?East?and?to?Morocco?in?particular.?Based?on?the?information?gathered?in?former?chapters,?this?chapter?examines?the?implications?of ?the?concepts?already?discussed.?It?will?demonstrate?that?the?three?conceptual?lenses?of …”

Introduction S. 11

„… ? into?practice?through?a?bureaucracy?driven?by?competing?interests.?The?study?also?explores?the?challenges?of ?U.?S.?democracy?assistance,? in?a?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ? is?important?because?we?continue?to?grapple?with?many?related?issues?today.?Namely,?how?and?whether?to?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East,?whether?democratization?is?the?best?way?to?fight?terrorism,?how?to?balance?short-term?and?long-term?security?interests,?how?to?engage?with?Islamists,?and?the?overall?repercussions?of …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… promotion in the Middle East?(Washington,?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2005),?61.34 …” „… ?Neoconservatives?and?assertive?realists?in?particular?were?successful?in?setting?the?agenda?as?they?filled?a?knowledge?vacuum?and?provided?an? intellectual? framework?for?viewing? the?Middle?East …” „… ?or?the?democratic?peace?theory)?have?played?prominent?roles?in?shaping?the?debates?around?the?U.?S.?administration’s?new?approach?towards?the?Middle?East.?Several?of ?these?arguments?and?factors?will?now?be?explored.Self-reflection-why do they hate us?The? attacks …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… . initiativesHaving?now?explored?the?different?ideas?and?assumptions?and?possible?changes?in?U.?S.?policy? towards? the?Middle?East,? this? chapter?will? focus?on?how? this? policy …” „… ? towards?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?established?post?9/11 …” „… .?In?particular,?it?will?introduce?the?rationales?behind?the?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?(MEPI)?initiated?in?2002,?the?Middle?East?Free?Trade?Area?(MEFTA)?discussed?in?2003,?the?Br …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?U.?S …” „… ?U.?S.?economic?and?security?interests?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?largely?overrode?humanitarian?concerns.?Although?the?goal?of ?political?reform?in?the?Middle?East?was?discussed?in?U.?S.?State?Department?and?U.?S.?Agency?for?International?Development?strategy?papers,?U.?S.?officials?“commonly?assumed?that?pressing?hard?for?political?reform?in?the?Middle?East?would?be?destabilizing?and?potentially?damaging?to?U.?S.?interests”.37Prior? to? 9/11,? the?Bush? administration? had …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… ? in?U.?S.?policy? towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …” „… ?terrorism.?Security?imperatives?remained?in?place?and?critics?stressed?that?any?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?advocated?at?a?rhetorical?level?never?actually?translated?into?practice.?If ?pressure?was?exerted …” „… ? the?Middle?East?have?disappeared?from?the?agenda.?Since?U.?S.?policy?has?no?patience? for? long-term?processes? and?developments,?it? returns?to?what? it?knows?best,?stability …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… );?Daniel?Lerner,?The passing of traditional society: modernizing the Middle East?(New?York:?Free?Press?of ?Glencoe …” „… ? room.?The?same?complexity?applies?to?development?theories?regarding?how?to?promote?democracy.?The?former?section?dealt?with?the?necessity?and?desirability?of ?democratic?results?in?the?Middle?East? from?a?U.?S.?perspective.?The?question?of ?“if …” „… ? in?executing?their?policies.?It?will?help?to?set?the?framework?to?later?on?analyze?the?intentions?and?assumptions?of ?U.?S.?programs?targeted?at?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.Lack of …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change?of …” „… ?a?u-turn:?some?U.?S.?government?agencies?concluded?that?Morocco?was?doing?well?enough?and?that?the?U.?S.?should?focus?on?other?countries?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?that?had?shown?less?progress?in?reform?than?Morocco.?This?u-turn?proved?only? temporary?however,?after?2006,?when?the?U.?S.?administration?was?running?out?of …” „… Having?explored?how?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?affected?and?guided?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco,?the?next?section?will?turn?to?the?different?U.?S.?interests?that?frustrated?the?implementation?of ?the?new?security?rationale?of …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… ?terrorism?started?to?emerge.?This?new?strategy?was?intended?to?improve?U.?S.?security.?Washington?D.C.?policy?circles?seemed?to?agree?that?even?though?the?Middle?East?appeared?to?be?stable,?political?oppression?and?economic?stagnation?could?not?guarantee?U.?S.?security?interests? in?the?long-term.?Although?it? is …” „… .?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.On?September?13,?2001 …” „… ,?New?York?Times?columnist?Thomas?L.?Friedman?published?an?article?titled?“Foreign?Affairs;?World?War?III”.41?In?this?article,?Friedman?argued?that?Middle?Eastern …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… ?secondary?nature.?Although?it?was?introduced?as?an?apolitical?organization?that?would?base?its?decision?on?‘neutral’?indicators,?it?soon?became?clear–in?particular?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …” „… gible?countries,?a?real?effort?was?made?to?include?them.?Morocco?and?Jordan?signed?a?compact?agreement,?while?Yemen’s?threshold?program?was?first?approved?in?2004,?then?suspended?in?2005?and?reinstated?in?2007.?MCC’s?assistance?in?the?Middle?East …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… ?the?Muslim?brotherhood?in?Egypt.?Highlighting?the?need?to?promote?democratic?developments?in?the?Middle?East? as? an? antidote? to? terrorism? seemed? to? almost?disappear …” „… ?many?U.?S.?government?officials?were?simply?not?convinced?of ?the?need?for?the?new?rationale?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …” „… ? ignore.?Many?government?officials,?especially?those?at?the?State?Department,?were?outraged?by?the?build-up?to?the?Iraq?war?and?thought?that?the?idea?of ?triggering?a?democratic?wave?in?the?Middle?East …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ,? (Eds.),?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?219.105? Ibid:?224.106 …” „… participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?229.110 …” „… ?helping?the?king?to?modernize?so?that?pre-requisites?necessary?before?real?elections,?such?as?higher?education?levels?and?more?reliable?institutions,?could?establish.103?As?in?other?Middle?Eastern …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 98-99

„… ?secondary?nature.?Although?it?was?introduced?as?an?apolitical?organization?that?would?base?its?decision?on?‘neutral’?indicators,?it?soon?became?clear–in?particular?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …” „… gible?countries,?a?real?effort?was?made?to?include?them.?Morocco?and?Jordan?signed?a?compact?agreement,?while?Yemen’s?threshold?program?was?first?approved?in?2004,?then?suspended?in?2005?and?reinstated?in?2007.?MCC’s?assistance?in?the?Middle?East …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …”

Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 65-68

„… umble,?focused?and?less?interventionist?foreign?policy?guided?by?moral?clarity?and?U.?S.?national?interests.?The? Middle? East–with? the? exception? of ? Iraq,? where? the? majority? of ? Bush’s? foreign?policy …” „… Policies towards the Middle EastThe?Middle?East,?with? the?exception?of ? the?Arab-Israeli? conflict? and …” „… ? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?discourse.?The?Vulcans?mainly?expected?continuity? in? their? relationship?with?partners?in?the?Middle?East …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… ? its?predecessor’s?policies.?Even?though?Clinton?had?advocated?democracy?promotion?in?a?post?Cold?War?world?where?allegedly?ideals?and?interests?had?fused,?the?Middle?East?had?been? almost? completely? left? out? from? this? vision.? Instead,? the?Clinton …” „… ? administration?preserved?close?ties?with?autocratic?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?that?served?U.?S.?major?interests,?including?access?to?oil,?support?for?the?Arab-Israeli?peace?and?cracking?down?on?Islamic?fundamentalist?groups.?As?Carothers?notes:“…in the Middle East, the [Clinton] administration showed little proclivity to find a way to introduce …” „… U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?from?November?2000 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ?wider?policy?and?the?Middle?East?as?a?whole??Which?actors?should?the?U.?S.?try?to?promote?and?what?exactly?was?the?U.?S.?hoping?to?achieve??These?trade-offs?and?concerns?with?regards?to?U.?S.?interests?raise?a?large?of ?number?of ?questions,?each?important?and?relevant?when?examining?the?actual?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ?that?the?United?States?supports? authoritarian? governments? in? the? Middle? East? while? promoting? democracy …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ? Marina?Ottaway,?Nathan?Brown,?Amr?Hamzawy,?Karim?Sadjadpour?and?Paul?Salem,?The new Middle East?(Washington?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2008),?23.2010 …” „… The?new?U.?S.?rationale?meant?that?from?now?on?democracy?promotion?would?not?only?be?conducted?for?benevolent?reasons,?but?also?for?U.?S.?national?security.?NGOs?working?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?suddenly?played?a?much?larger?role?than?before.?Post?9/11 …” „… ?as?a?player?in?the?region,?but?that?in?principle?reform?had?to?come?from?within.?Rather?than?exporting?democracy?to?the?Middle?East,? the?U.?S.?could?only?assist?with?these?efforts.?This?re-orientation?was?mainly?a?result?of …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… ? to?positive?change.?This?section?has?explored?the?different?competing?interests?that?guided?and?limited?U.?S.?policy?implementation.?The?next?section?will?deal?with?development?theories?that?affect?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?their?daily?operational?goals?at?a?more?subconscious?level.Contested development theories: Middle EastExpectations of the role of …” „… ? it?had?not?been?for?the?terrorist?attacks,?a?major?increase?in?attention?and?funding?vis?à?vis?the?Middle?East?would?not?have?occurred.?However,?the?over-focus?on?the?war?on?terrorism?also?suggests?that?post?9/11?the?U.?S.?government?was?spreading?activit …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promoters.?The?goal?here?is?to?illustrate?that?some?premises?on?which?U.?S.?policy?makers?operate?have?serious?limitations?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Not?because?there?is?something?so?specific?to?the?Middle?East,?but?because?there?is?a?systematic?misconception?of …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… ? the?Middle?East,?modernization?was?judged?to?be?more?important?than?democratization.?The?MCC?is?thus?based?on?the?same?problematic?assumptions?discussed?earlier.?It?reflects?the?belief ?that? economic? development? and? growth? might? facilitate? democratization.? Initiated? in?2003 …” „… ? footing.?Although? it? is?not?directly?geared? towards? the?Middle?East,? it? is? relevant? to? include …” „… NGOsIncreased?support?for?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?seems?to?have?been?one?of ?the?most?remarkable?changes?of ? the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ?speeches?and?official?documents;?primary?government?and?non-government?material,?for?example?funding?figures?for?democracy?assistance? projects? in? the? Middle? East? and? finally;? over? fifty? interviews? conducted …” „… ? in?the?Middle?East,?and?those?listed?in?documents?provided?by?the?Congressional?Research?Services,?complement?these?numbers.?Overall,?the?figures?have?been?used? in?an?attempt?to …” „… ? indicate?the?general?funding?trend?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?since?9/11.Research?is?also?based?on?two?rounds?of …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… ?Themes?such?as?economic?integration,?consolidating?peace?in?the?Balkans,?NATO?enlargement,?and?relationships?with?allies?were?also?discussed?on?a?frequent?basis.8In?the?context?of ?upcoming?foreign?policy?challenges,?the?Middle?East …” „… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …” „… 15:32:00 UhrChapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1163The Middle East …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… framework“Neocons provided an intellectual framework for understanding the Middle East following the attacks of …” „… ?the?terrorist?attacks?along?existential?terms?and?argued?that?it?was?time?for?a?strong?moral?component?in?foreign?policy,?making?the?democratic?transformation?of ?the?Middle?East?a?priority.?As?Amy?Hawthorne?suggests:”Neoconservative analysts in particular …” „… Bush administration to make the democratic transformation of the Middle East a cornerstone of the war …”

Support for NGOs S. 120-121

„… ? Interview?Laith?Kubba,?Senior?Director,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa;?Raja?El?Habti,?Program?Officer,?Middle?East …” „… ?&?North?Africa;?Atiaf ?Alwazir?Assistant?Program?Officer,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa,?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?November,?7,?2007?and?“Annual?report–Description?of …” „… ?grants?Middle?East?and?North?Africa?Morocco,”?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?(Year:?2001-2008).33 …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ? terrorism?emanating?from?the?Middle?East.?This?chapter’s?goal? is? to?give?an?indication?of ? the?debates? and? rationales? that?were?discussed? in?U.?S.?policy …” „… ?terrorism,?previous?U.?S.?policies?that?had?supported?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?were?re-considered.?These?discussions?led?to?the?seemingly?widely?accepted?opinion?that?U.?S.?policy?should?focus?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East …” „… .?To?understand?why?and?how?these?rationales?came?to?drive?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change?of …” „… ?a?u-turn:?some?U.?S.?government?agencies?concluded?that?Morocco?was?doing?well?enough?and?that?the?U.?S.?should?focus?on?other?countries?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?that?had?shown?less?progress?in?reform?than?Morocco.?This?u-turn?proved?only? temporary?however,?after?2006,?when?the?U.?S.?administration?was?running?out?of …” „… Having?explored?how?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?affected?and?guided?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco,?the?next?section?will?turn?to?the?different?U.?S.?interests?that?frustrated?the?implementation?of ?the?new?security?rationale?of …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …” „… the pursuit of Middle East peace, partnership with Morocco is vital to U. S. interests in the Middle …” „… ? the?agenda?than?prior?to?9/11?and?that?the?new?security?rationale?was?reflected?in?the?programs?implemented.Middle East …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… society,?the?Bush?administration?anticipated?creating?political?and?social?space?for?reform?demands?to?evolve.?But,?does?the?concept?of ?‘civil?society’?even?apply?to?the?Middle?East …” „… ?democracy?promotion?(those?U.?S.?government?officials?who?suggest?that?democracy?in?the?Middle?Eastern …” „… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ?incentives?for?greater?coordination?reveal?the?complexities?involved?when?implementing?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East.NGOs and structural challengesAdding?to?the?complexity?of …” „… ? Furthermore,?interviews?in?Washington?D.C.?suggest?that?the?NGO?community?that?had?highlighted?the?necessity?to?do?more?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?1990s?was?pleased?of …” „… ? room.?The?same?complexity?applies?to?development?theories?regarding?how?to?promote?democracy.?The?former?section?dealt?with?the?necessity?and?desirability?of ?democratic?results?in?the?Middle?East? from?a?U.?S.?perspective.?The?question?of ?“if …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… challengesIn?theory,?an?organization?might?receive?government?funding?but?act?independently?in?the?way?it?spends?the?funds?in?question.?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East …” „… ? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?78.29 …” „… ra?Cofman?Wittes?and?Sarah?E?Yerkes,?“The?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative:?Progress,?Problems,?and?Prospects,”?(Brookings?Institution,?November?29,?2004).2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 149 06.09.2010 15:36:01 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality …”

Additional measures & bilateral relations S. 121-123

„… ? Interview?Laith?Kubba,?Senior?Director,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa;?Raja?El?Habti,?Program?Officer,?Middle?East …” „… ?&?North?Africa;?Atiaf ?Alwazir?Assistant?Program?Officer,?Middle?East?&?North?Africa,?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?November,?7,?2007?and?“Annual?report–Description?of …” „… ?grants?Middle?East?and?North?Africa?Morocco,”?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?(Year:?2001-2008).33 …”

Weak political opposition S. 128-131

„… ?Moroccan?parliamentarians,?view?Saloua?Zerhouni,?“The?Moroccan?parliament”?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar?and?Saloua?Zerhouni,?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008).56 …” „… ,? (Eds.),?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?219.66? Ibid:?235.2010 …” „… ”,? Qantara,?(2006).?59? John?Entelis,?“The?Unchanging?Politics?of ?North?Africa,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14 …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… promotion policy in the Middle East.NGOs and structural challengesAdding to the complexity of the above are …” „… spread of democracy in the Middle East as a moral mission and as part of an American obligation to …” „… administration seemed to have a clear vision of how it wanted to ‘transform’ the Middle East’60. But given the …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… ,?there?was?little?indication?that?the?Bush?administration?would?change?the?policies?of ?his?predecessor?towards?the?Middle?East,?especially?because?the?Middle?East …” „… ?Themes?such?as?economic?integration,?consolidating?peace?in?the?Balkans,?NATO?enlargement,?and?relationships?with?allies?were?also?discussed?on?a?frequent?basis.8In?the?context?of ?upcoming?foreign?policy?challenges,?the?Middle?East …” „… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 106

„… ? the?Middle?East,?modernization?was?judged?to?be?more?important?than?democratization.?The?MCC?is?thus?based?on?the?same?problematic?assumptions?discussed?earlier.?It?reflects?the?belief ?that? economic? development? and? growth? might? facilitate? democratization.? Initiated? in?2003 …” „… ? footing.?Although? it? is?not?directly?geared? towards? the?Middle?East,? it? is? relevant? to? include …” „… NGOsIncreased?support?for?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?seems?to?have?been?one?of ?the?most?remarkable?changes?of ? the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy …”

Marginalization S. 131-133

„… ? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?73.69 …” „… ? above,?the?king?needed?to?take?into?account?growing?anti-Americanism?and?the?fact?that?U.?S.?policies? in? the?Middle?East?were? increasingly?perceived? as?hostile? to …” „… ?will,?based?on?the?information?provided?here,?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?in?depth?and?look?at?the?underlying?assumptions?and?competing? interests? that?guided?U.?S.?policies? in?Morocco?and?the?Middle?East.78 …”

Advocating a conventional foreign policy S. 64-65

„… umble,?focused?and?less?interventionist?foreign?policy?guided?by?moral?clarity?and?U.?S.?national?interests.?The? Middle? East–with? the? exception? of ? Iraq,? where? the? majority? of ? Bush’s? foreign?policy …” „… ? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?discourse.?The?Vulcans?mainly?expected?continuity? in? their? relationship?with?partners?in?the?Middle?East …” „… free trade. He should defend America’s interest in the Persian Gulf and advance peace in the Middle …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?197.37? Interview? U.?S …” „… As?noted?earlier,?some?U.?S.?government?officials?opted?for?simply?waiting?out?this?‘crazy’?idea,?namely?of ?democratizing?the?Middle?East.?Others?opposed?the?idea,?and?some?had?no? interest? at? all …” „… ? State,? March?2009.34? John?Entelis,?“The?Unchanging?Politics?of ?North?Africa,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol …”

Legitimacy of the King S. 123-125

„… Morocco?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar?and?Saloua?Zerhouni,?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008).42 …” „… ,? Tunisia? and? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?70.40? Sigrid?Faath,?Marokkos …” „… ? International?Crisis?Group,?Western Sahara: The Cost of the Conflict,?Middle?East/North?Africa?Report?N°65,?11?June?2007,?1.2010 …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?in?Morocco?between?2002?and?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 58 06.09.2010 15:31:51 Uhr …”

Conclusion S. 88

„… l’?war?against?terrorism?and?reassert?American?interests?by?showing?that?the?U.?S.?was?willing?to?use?force?and?act?decisively?to?defend?American?values?abroad.?The?U.?S.?policy?rationale?towards?the?Middle?East …” „… ? likelihood?of ?terrorism.?This?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East …”

At the periphery of U. S. interests S. 111-112

„… ? To?put?U.?S.?interests?indicated?by?funding?in?perspective:?Excluding?Israel,?Jordan,?Egypt?and?Palestine,?the?eight?remaining?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?the?bilateral?assistance?to?the?region.?Jeremy?M.?Sharp,?“U.?S.?Foreign?Assistance?to?the?Middle?East:?Historical?Background,?recent?trends?and?the?FY?2006?Request,”?Congressional?Research?Service,?June?13,?2005.2 …” „… ? “Background?note?Morocco:?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations,?Bureau?of ?Near?Eastern?Affairs,”?U.?S.?Department?of ?State,?October?2007.4? U.S?Department?of …”

Monopoly over the reform discourse S. 125-127

„… the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?207.50? Driss?Maghraoui,?“The?dynamics?of …” „… ?civil?society?in?Morocco”?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar,?Saloua?Zerhouni?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?195.2010 …” „… On?the?other?hand,?Morocco’s?elite?and?middle?class?fear?that?should?Islamists?gain?too?much?power?this?would?have?a?negative?impact?on?the?tourism?sector?and?the?wider?economy.?These?social?groups?also?fear?that?an?Islamist?political?victory?might?curb?individual?freedoms?and?the?level?of …”

Conclusion S. 108-110

„… ? rationale? of ? democracy? promotion? in? the? Middle? East? or? were? too …” „… ?dealing?with?the?Middle?East …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… ?and?facets?that?are?needed?to?analyze?U.?S.?democracy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?Morocco?from?2002?to?2008 …” „… ,? examining?U.?S.?policies?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context?exposes?that?U.?S.?policy?makers?were?some?times?unfamiliar?with? the?complexities?of ? the?region.?Rather? than?analyzing …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… ? to?how?to?react?to?these?attacks.?Idealists?were?content?because?the?‘Arab?exceptionalism’?argument?that?had?guided?prior?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?was?no?longer?valid,?and?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?received?more?attention?than?ever?before.?Further,? the …”

Retaliation S. 74-76

„… we are now held in contempt by them, or we will be feared and respected throughout the Middle East …” „… ? After?talks?with?Bernard?Lewis?and?Fouad?Ajami,?Mr.?Cheney?apparently?also?abandoned?his?former?skepticism? about? the? potential? for? democracy? in? the? Middle? East? in? Michiko? Kakutani …”

Conservatism and tolerance S. 127-128

„… ?Moroccan?parliamentarians,?view?Saloua?Zerhouni,?“The?Moroccan?parliament”?in?Ellen?Lust-Okar?and?Saloua?Zerhouni,?(Eds.)?Political participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008).56 …” „… On?the?other?hand,?Morocco’s?elite?and?middle?class?fear?that?should?Islamists?gain?too?much?power?this?would?have?a?negative?impact?on?the?tourism?sector?and?the?wider?economy.?These?social?groups?also?fear?that?an?Islamist?political?victory?might?curb?individual?freedoms?and?the?level?of …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… ?helping?the?king?to?modernize?so?that?pre-requisites?necessary?before?real?elections,?such?as?higher?education?levels?and?more?reliable?institutions,?could?establish.103?As?in?other?Middle?Eastern …” „… ?their?choice?and?therefore?make?the?‘right’?(and?informed)?choice.?Most?democracy?promoters?on?the?ground?stressed?that?education?levels?must?be?raised,?the?middle?class?in?Morocco?ought?to?grow,?and?that?political?parties?and?institutions?should?be?strengthened?first.?In?addition,?the?idea?that?mainly?modernization?and?economic? liberalization …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… ?will,?based?on?the?information?provided?here,?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?in?depth?and?look?at?the?underlying?assumptions?and?competing? interests? that?guided?U.?S.?policies? in?Morocco?and?the?Middle?East.78 …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 115

„… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… Providing an intellectual framework“Neocons provided an intellectual framework for understanding the Middle …” „… East following the attacks of September 11, 2001”.22Various?commentators?have?suggested?that?after …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?197.37? Interview? U.?S …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227160

No access

Select

Eli Avidar

The Abyss

2015

Results in this title

7 A Smart Middle East S. 199-204

„… Chapter SevenA Smart Middle EastI remember precisely when I completed the first draft of the Hebrew …” „… morosenessof August 2014 are reliable guides to help anyone safely traverse the desertsof the Middle East. The …” „… study not only Arabic but also Islam, Arab culture, and thehistory of the Middle East. In the …”

Introduction S. 1-12

„… East.The State of Israel needs to learn the Middle East game of interests andunderstand the various …” „… need to act with modesty in the Middle East.Throughout the years, Israel has been characterized by …” „… . ForeignMinister of Israel, the present situation in the Middle East places the entireregion in great danger, and …”

3 A Demon Called Normalization S. 67-110

„… East.”When Peres spoke about economic cooperation and the establishment of acommon Middle Eastern market like …” „… MiddleEast. A region with no wars, no front-lines, yielding a missile-free and hun-ger-free Middle East.”But …” „… quite a few in the Middle East,ought to have isolated Israel and prevented it from integrating into and …”

1 A Dialogue of the Deaf S. 13-46

„… about it.The challenge is to learn how to talk with the peoples of the Middle East,to know their culture …” „… Jordan as important players in the Middle East.Although it is hard for Israel to accept this approach, we …” „… the worldview I was brought up on but alsobecause I understood that in the Middle East—one of the most …”

2 Unilateral Steps S. 47-66

„… dead of night—and maybe no one would notice. But the MiddleEast noticed, and how.The State of Israel …” „… , introduced to theMiddle East a new method of action in political science: “unilateral steps.”What is involved …” „… suggestedUnilateral Steps 49to President Nixon, “Let’s say we won and run.”1 In the Middle East, thatkind of thinking …”

Notes S. 205-212

„… , Winter 1992.Notes 2075. Shimon Peres, The New Middle East: A Framework and Processes in an Age of …” „… inthe peace process in the Middle East.22. Reut Institute, “The Cessation of Transfer of Funds Will Not …” „… . Ibid.19. Rachel Sharon-Krespin, “Fethullah Gulen’s Grand Ambition,” Middle East Quarterly,Winter 2009 …”

5 The Shi’a S. 143-166

„… Middle East?To try to answer these questions seriously, we need first to follow thedifferent stages that …” „… of the most overcrowded countries in the Middle East. It has more thanfour million inhabitants that …” „… Shi’a community but also the face of Lebanon, of the MiddleEast, and of the whole world.THE CHOICE OF …”

6 An Interfaith Dialogue S. 167-198

„… their citizens as corrupt led to agrowing rise in Islamic sentiment throughout the Middle East.The trend …” „… their vision of establishing Islamic religious states throughout theMiddle East.But in many cases, the …” „… the official auspices of Egypt, thelargest Arab country.Nonetheless, in the culture of the Middle East …”

Preface

„… Sanctions 1115 The Shi’a 1436 An Interfaith Dialogue 1677 A Smart Middle East 199Notes 205Index 213vii …”

4 Economic Sanctions S. 111-142

„… January 25, 2006, the Middle East awoke to a new political reality. Afterfour decades of unchallenged rule …” „… changeits mind,” I said.At the time, I was at the Middle Eastern economy section in charge of …” „… , acountry committed to a policy of democratization in the Middle East, wasforced to cope with an undesirable …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442245488

1

2 3 ... 1168