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Monopolkommission - Empfehlungen für einen effektiven und effizienten Digital Markets Act

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Monopolkommission (ed.)

Empfehlungen für einen effektiven und effizienten Digital Markets Act

Series: Monopolkommission - Sondergutachten

Volume 82 2022

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Kapitel 3: Gatekeeper als Normadressaten S. 17-22

„… Gatekeeper-Position verfügen. Der Gatekeeper-Status wird Unternehmen nach Art. 2 Abs. 1 DMA als „Betreiber von …” „… strukturiert.36 Demnach kann eine digitale Plattform etwa dann ein Gatekeeper-Plattformdienst sein, wenn es …” „… Gatekeeper-Position nicht notwendigerweise einen hohen Marktanteil, sondern lediglich einen hohen Grad der Kontrolle …”

Kapitel 5: Bewertung ausgewählter Verhaltenspflichten in Artikel 5 und 6 DMA S. 37-54

„… Gatekeeper-Rolle über den Zugang zu Endnutzerinnen und Endnutzern ein. Bevorzugen diese ihre eigenen Produkte oder …” „… . August 2021. 113 Siehe Tz. 78. 42 eine Gatekeeper-Funktion über den Zugang zu Endnutzerinnen und …” „… Gatekeeper-Funktion beim Zugang zu Softwareanwendungen, App-Stores eine Gatekeeper-Funktion beim Zugang zu mobilen …”

Kapitel 2: Ziele des DMA S. 11-16

„… ineffizienter Geschäftspraktiken von Gatekeeper-Plattformdiensten abzielen und damit der Sicherstellung gleicher …” „… . 1 DMA festgelegt und bestehen darin, bestreitbare und faire digitale Märkte, auf denen Gatekeeper …” „… erläutert. Danach haben Gatekeeper mit ihrer Tätigkeit große Auswirkungen auf digitale Märkte und …”

Kurzfassung S. 2-5

„… die Gatekeeper-Macht abgestellt wird. Ein solches Gatekeeper-Unternehmen verknüpft die digitale …” „… bestehen darin, bestreitbare und faire digitale Märkte, auf denen Gatekeeper-Unternehmen tätig sind, zu …” „… Märkten überwinden können. Das Ziel der Fairness soll Fälle adressieren, in denen Gatekeeper-Unternehmen …”

Kapitel 7: Fazit und Empfehlungen S. 73-75

„… in weitere Märkte zu hebeln. So gilt es, neben den Bereichen, in denen Gatekeeper-Plattformdienste …” „… Reichweite und nicht auf die Gatekeeper-Macht abgestellt wird. Das Ökosystem-Kriterium hätte zur Folge, dass …” „… . Gatekeeper), die digitale Plattformen betreiben, ganze Ökosysteme aufgebaut haben. Ein Ökosystemanbieter …”

Kapitel 4: Systematik der Artikel 5 und 6 DMA S. 23-36

„… Marktbeherrschung (Art. 102 AEUV) auf einen Gatekeeper-Status setzt, bereits Kapitel3. 48 Zu Art. 101 AEUV: EuGH …” „… Verhaltenspflichten Gatekeeper-Geschäftspraktiken adressieren, die im Ökosystemkontext aus ökonomischer Sicht …” „… Erwägungsgrund 10 des DMA: „[Diese Verordnung] soll sicherstellen, dass Märkte, auf denen Gatekeeper tätig sind …”

Kapitel 1: Einleitung und Überblick S. 6-10

„… gilt es, neben den Bereichen, in denen Gatekeeper-Plattformdienste eine zentrale Rolle spielen …” „… Plattformunternehmen als Betreiber von Ökosystemen („Gatekeeper“) klaren Verboten und Verpflichtungen unterwerfen …” „… . […] Einige wenige große Plattformen fungieren vermehrt als Zugangstore oder Gatekeeper zwischen gewerblichen …”

Kapitel 6: Notwendigkeit einer Effizienzeinrede S. 55-72

„… bestimmter zentraler Plattformdienste, die aufgrund ihrer Gatekeeper-Stellung wettbewerbsschädliche Effekte …” „… Märkten zurückgegriffen werden. Auch hinsichtlich des Gatekeeper-Status sieht Art. 4 Abs. 2 DMA eine …” „… ist. Im Zusammenhang mit der Benennung eines Unternehmens als Gatekeeper, und …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ............................................................................................ 14 Kapitel 3 Gatekeeper als Normadressaten …” „… ............................................................................................. 17 3.1 Gatekeeper …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748929208

Jens Peter Schmidt, Fabian Hübener - New Digital Markets Act

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Jens Peter Schmidt (ed.), Fabian Hübener (ed.)

New Digital Markets Act

2023

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Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow, Robert Pahlen Chapter 3 Gatekeepers (Art. 2 DMA) S. 23-28

„… CHAPTER 3GATEKEEPERS (ART. 2 DMA)Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow/Robert PahlenBibliography: Achleitner …” „… Digital Markets Act – a Gatekeeper’s Nightmare?’, WuW 2021, 318; Herbers, ‘Der Digital Markets Act (DMA …” „… ) kommt – neue Dos und Dont’s für Gatekeeper in der Digitalwirtschaft’, RDi 2022, 252; Jovanovic/Greiner …”

Jens Peter Schmidt Chapter 7 Compliance and reporting obligations of gatekeepers S. 59-62

„… the gatekeeperThe head of the compliance function reports directly to the gatekeeper’s management …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IV. Remit of the management body (Management Board) of the gatekeeper . . . . 6B. Review and annual …” „… compliance with the obligations that are directly applicable to gatekeepers; in addition to public …”

Markus Brösamle, Johanna Krauskopf Chapter 4 Designation as a gatekeeper (Art. 3 DMA) S. 29-35

„… DMA).Emerging gatekeepersThe group of undertakings designated other than via presumption also includes …” „… CHAPTER 4DESIGNATION AS A GATEKEEPER (ART. 3 DMA)Markus Brösamle/Johanna KrauskopfBibliography: De …” „… ) (last accessed: 12.7.2023); Geradin, ‘What is a digital Gatekeeper?’ (2.4.2021 …”

Lucas Gasser, Jochen Hegener Chapter 6 Conduct obligations for gatekeepers (Art. 5–7 DMA) S. 41-58

„… the core platform services of the gatekeeper.End users are thus also given the opportunity to use …” „… competitive advantage for the gatekeeper.Rec. 48 DMA also clarifies that the obligation set out in Art. 6(2 …” „… justified by the gatekeeper.This conduct obligation is evidently based on Apple’s practice of preventing …”

Annex: Digital Markets Act S. 177-254

„… into the technological design used by the gatekeepers.It may in certain cases be appropriate for the …” „… therefore can confer on the provider of those services the position of a so-called gatekeeper. At the same …” „… economic power that could qualify them to be designated as gatekeepers pursuant to this Regulation …”

Markus Brösamle, Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow Chapter 5 Review by the European Commission (Art. 4 DMA) S. 36-40

„… review options open to the European Commissionand gatekeepersIn addition to the review of the designation …” „… companies concerned and the European Commission.I. Review options for gatekeepersA gatekeeper may request …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141. Routine review of gatekeeper status (para. 2 subpara. 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler B. Basis for private enforcement of the DMA S. 116-125

„… gatekeepers.This Chapter explains the basic structures of the enforcement mechanism of the DMA, which is unwritten …” „… . Direct applicability as the basis of private enforcementThe DMA is initially aimed at gatekeepers and …” „… above (→ mn. 6). This Article refers to special obligations for gatekeepers, even specifying the …”

Jens Peter Schmidt Chapter 12 Third-party rights before the European Commission and national authorities S. 107-111

„… with the DMA obligations.B. Information on practices or behaviour of gatekeepers(Art. 27 DMA)Art. 27(1 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. Information on practices or behaviour of gatekeepers (Art. 27 DMA) . . . . . . . 5I. Third …” „… . Comments on compliance measures by gatekeepers (Art. 8 DMA) . . . . . . . . . . 14D. Comments in the …”

Jens Peter Schmidt Chapter 9 Merger control (Art. 14 DMA) S. 74-79

„… demanded by Germany, among others.5I. Obligation to inform for gatekeepersArt. 14(1) sent. 1 DMA obliges …” „… by gatekeepers.ProcedureAfter being informed of a proposed concentration, the European Commission …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4I. Obligation to inform for gatekeepers …”

Jens Peter Schmidt Chapter 1 The DMA at a glance S. 1-2

„… exclusively up to the European Commission to designate a company as a gatekeeper.At the heart of the DMA are …” „… platforms, known as gatekeepers, on which new obligations are imposed. Gatekeepers are companies that …” „… services (Facebook). Gatekeepers also have a specific size and importance in the EEA, generally measured …”

Francesco Maria Salerno, Edoardo Ricci H. Private enforcement in Italy S. 149-153

„… of Consumers Act 2023, qualified entities will be entitled to take actions against gatekeepers.H …” „… commenced, representative actions against gatekeepers may be litigated by qualified entities in Ireland.A …” „… with the fact that many of the largest gatekeepers are based in Ireland, mean that Ireland is expected …”

Rob Corbet, Richard Willis G. Private enforcement in Ireland S. 145-149

„… of Consumers Act 2023, qualified entities will be entitled to take actions against gatekeepers.H …” „… claims asserted by consumers and small businesses against gatekeepers by way of an action for redress in …” „… who will be designated as gatekeepers under the DMA.The centrality of Ireland to the private …”

Pablo Figueroa, Jorge Masía, Ana Parés K. Private enforcement in Spain S. 171-175

„… user without using the core platform services of the gatekeeper.Second approach: unfair tradeThe …” „… is modelled, a claimant seeking compensation under Art. 1902 CC from a gatekeeper who has breached …” „… . 5(5) DMA on restrictions on use, since the gatekeeper shall allow end users to access and use …”

Gonçalo Machado Borges, Sofia Vaz Sampaio, Leonor Martins Machado J. Private enforcement in Portugal S. 165-171

„… regime, business users cannot bring representative actions against gatekeepers.The clarification in rec …” „… resulting from competition law infringements, claims based on breaches by gatekeepers of obligations imposed …” „… digital services which are currently dominated by a designated gatekeeper. Therefore, rather than …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Act (DSA), among others, is being created in parallel to the DMA.25GatekeeperGatekeepers control …” „… ‘gatekeepers’ under the DMA, have to comply with. The rights of business users and end users of digital …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D. 22CHAPTER 3GATEKEEPERS (ART. 2 DMA)Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow/Robert PahlenOverview …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler A. Private enforcement – a key implementation mechanism of the DMA S. 114-116

„… secondary claims based on DMA violations by gatekeepers.This Chapter explains the basic structures of the …” „… ; Herbers, ‘Der Digital Markets Act (DMA) kommt – neue Dos and Don'ts für Gatekeeper in der …” „… EU-Regulierung für digitale Gatekeeper’, ZWeR 2021, 29; Zober, ‘Durchsetzung des DMA-E und dessen Verhältnis zum …”

Johanna Krauskopf, Markus Brösamle Chapter 8 Market investigations (Art. 16–19 DMA) S. 63-73

„… : Moving from Competition Law to Regulation for Large Gatekeepers’, EuCML 2021, 60; Schweitzer, ‘The new …” „… ) (last accessed: 12.7.2023); Schweitzer, ‘The Art to Make Gatekeeper Positions …” „… EU-Regulierung für digitale Gatekeeper’, ZWeR 2021, 29; Zober, ‘Durchsetzung des DMA-E und dessen Verhältnis zum …”

Franck Audran, Elsa Mandel E. Private enforcement in France S. 128-135

„… disproportionate to the service provided by the gatekeeper to the business users.’As the wording and conditions of …” „… could qualify as gatekeepers (such as Amazon or Booking), using the legal basis of the prohibition of …” „… courts as a PRC in itself, which could trigger the gatekeeper’s liability (e.g. violation of the …”

Fabian Hübener, Raphael Reims Chapter 10 EU penalties, investigative powers and legal protection S. 80-95

„… die Fusionskontrolle in digitalen Märkten’, WuW 2022, 582; Schweitzer, ‘The Art to Make Gatekeeper …” „… to 10 % of the gatekeeper’s total worldwide turnover in the preceding financial year, and in the case …” „… a non-compliance decision directed against a gatekeeper under Art. 29 DMA. In this decision, the …”

Markus Brösamle, Emilia Etz Chapter 11 Role of national authorities and courts S. 96-106

„… ; Podszun/Bongarzt/Langenstein, ‘The Digital Markets Act: Moving Away from Competition Law to Regulation for Large Gatekeepers …” „… digitale Gatekeeper’, ZWeR 2021, 29; Zober, ‘Durchsetzung des DMA-E und dessen Verhältnis zum Kartellrecht …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40A. OverviewThe DMA intends to establish a harmonised regulatory framework for gatekeepers (cf. Art …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler F. Private enforcement in Germany S. 135-145

„… the obligations for gatekeepers set out in Art. 5 to 7 DMA give rise to corresponding rights.92 …” „… for injunctive relief against the gatekeeper in the event of infringements of Art. 5 to 7 DMA. If the …” „… gatekeeper commits the violation intentionally or negligently, the affected parties also have claims for …”

Juliane Mendelsohn, Oliver Budzinski Chapter 2 DMA: background, objectives, and its relationship to competition law S. 3-22

„… ; Schrepel, ‘Antitrust Without Romance’, NYUJLL 13 (2020), 326; Schweitzer, ‘The Art to make Gatekeeper …” „… Gatekeeper’, ZWeR 2021, 29.A. Background …” „… services market.1 This information services market sometimes assumes the status of a gatekeeper. It often …”

Rick Cornelissen, Lumine van Uden I. Private enforcement in the Netherlands S. 153-164

„… compensatory relief. These rules may be applicable to actions that users might bring against gatekeepers for …” „… RAD ‘shall apply to the representative actions brought against infringements by gatekeepers of …” „… designated gatekeeper cannot already be enforced pursuant to the DMA itself, several legal 156 It was only …”

Index S. 255-260

„… requirements 10 43– grounds for annulment 10 44 et seq.– obligations of gatekeepers 10 45– right to …” „… seq.Emerging gatekeeper 8 12End user 13 51, 255, 267– claims under national law 13 130 et seqq.– claims …” „… choice 6 30 et seq.GAFMA companies 2 4, 3 4, 8, 19Gatekeeper 1 2, 2 12, 3 1 et seqq., 13 297, 305 …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler C. Civil law claims under the DMA S. 125-127

„… rights to business users and end users. Different types of rights or – from the gatekeepers’ perspective …” „… – obligations can be identified here. Specifically, the DMA requires gatekeepers to provide access and use …” „… relationships between gatekeepers and business users.These rights and obligations may in themselves already be …”

Henner Schläfke L. Conclusion and outlook S. 175-176

„… provisions on Spanish procedural law, it can be anticipated that undertakings qualified as gatekeepers by the …” „… , give users of platform services the possibility to control the market power of gatekeepers in a …” „… claim based on a decision by the European Commission finding that a gatekeeper has infringed a provision …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler D. International jurisdiction S. 127-128

„… particularly relevant, at least insofar as the potential gatekeeper also has a registered office in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748937067

Kayla G. Jachimowski, Jonathon A. Cooper - Police Response to Mental Health Calls for Service

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Kayla G. Jachimowski, Jonathon A. Cooper

Police Response to Mental Health Calls for Service

2020

doi.org/10.5771/9781793601735

Corinne M. Dalelio - Interactive Media and Society

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Corinne M. Dalelio

Interactive Media and Society

2022

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The New Gatekeepers S. 177-196

doi.org/10.5771/9781793633019

Mohammad Ayish, Noha Mellor - Reporting in the MENA Region

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Mohammad Ayish, Noha Mellor

Reporting in the MENA Region

2015

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Ch08. Citizen Journalists versus Traditional Gatekeepers S. 139-156

„… traditional journalism, in which journalists still act as gatekeep-ers who filter the news while the …” „… they can, for instance, commission and publish polls; here, again, journalists act as gatekeepers in …” „… their audiences, requesting their 8XCitizen Journalists versus Traditional Gatekeepers140 Chapter 8 …”

Introduction S. 1-8

„… Arab journalists as gatekeepers and how social media have challenged that role by providing audiences …” „… traditional role of journalists as gatekeepers by offering raw YouTube footage from the Arab streets in order …”

Preface

„… versus Traditional Gatekeepers 139Conclusions 157References 167Index 179Contents …”

Index S. 179-182

„… ArabicFuture Television, 35Game of Nations, 98gatekeepers, 2, 26, 78, 135–36, 139, 145–46Gaza, 3, 14, 68–69, 79 …”

Ch06. Audience Engagement S. 103-120

„… research agenda that investigates new forms of gatekeep-ing and agenda-setting power within social news and …” „… more or less reflect the professional and political parameters defining gatekeep-ing practices at the …”

Ch07. Social Media in Newsrooms S. 121-138

„… still act as gate-keepers with the power to filter comments, or, as a social media expert said: “The …” „… gatekeepers and scrutinizers: “Technol-ogy now enables anyone to publish and disseminate news, but I think the …”

Ch01. Arab Journalism S. 9-30

„… “gatekeeper” approach, presuming “that cultural items simply appear at the ‘gates’ of the media—or …” „… to be heard; traditional media have practiced their role as gatekeepers in selecting the information …”

Conclusions S. 157-166

„… journalist as gatekeeper, here in the Arab region they seem to be perceived by Arab journalists as enhancing …”

Ch03. Digital Transitions S. 51-66

„… phenomenon of citizen journalism and the challenges facing the traditional gatekeeper roles of Arab …”

Ch04. Social Media Traffic Trends S. 67-84

„… MEDIA USAGE PATTERNSSocial media staff in media institutions are typically gatekeepers who follow …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442237636

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