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Ruslan Grinberg, Peter Havlik, Oleh Havrylyshyn - Economic Restructuring and Integration in Eastern Europe

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Ruslan Grinberg (ed.), Peter Havlik (ed.), Oleh Havrylyshyn (ed.)

Economic Restructuring and Integration in Eastern Europe

2008

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Gábor Hunya FDI in the New EU Borderland S. 73-94

„… , mid-fi eld group. Finally, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus have attracted the smallest amounts of FDI/GDP …” „… Havlik_Layout.indd 73 12.06.2008 09:25:55 74 where GDP grows faster than FDI, thus the FDI/GDP indicator declines …” „… increasingly FDI which caused the FDI/GDP indicator to stagnate. Some of the countries that had still small …”

Peter Zashev, Peeter Vahtra, Kari Liuhto Russia’s Outward FDI: Lessons and Policy Recommendations S. 357-376

„… 357 Russia’s Outward FDI: Lessons and Policy Recommendations Peter Zashev, Peeter Vahtra and Kari …” „… the important objectives of their reform strategies was the attraction of FDI. In the 1990s it would …” „… companies actively involved in OFDI. Growth and geographical direction of Russian outward FDI Uniquely …”

Gábor Hunya Can Internationalization Through Inward FDI be Advantageous for Russia? S. 453-462

„… , although fi nally all of them receive one or the other. FDI-related gains of the NMS materialize both in …” „… 453 Can Internationalization Through Inward FDI be Advantageous for Russia? Gábor Hunya This …” „… chapter reviews the experience of Central Europe (CEEC’s) or the NMS with FDI, including its policies …”

Janusz Chojna, Ewa Kaliszuk, Krzysztof Marczewski, Ryszard Michalski Economic Restructuring and FDI Policies for NIS: Lessons from the Polish Experience S. 417-428

„… terms of its scale and the importance for the economy, as measured by FDI/ GDP and FDI/GFCF (gross fi …” „… 417 Economic Restructuring and FDI Policies for NIS: Lessons from the Polish Experience Janusz …” „… countries is not facilitated by signifi cant foreign direct investment (FDI) infl ows. Their trade with the …”

By Peter Havlik, Oleh Havrylyshyn Introduction S. 7-16

„… from the EU budget, attraction of FDI). But, as already pointed out, the association of CIS with the …” „… contribution suggests it should not try to be so special, then more FDI could be attracted.). The major …” „… (signifi cantly, FDI policy is not mentioned). The argument of possible IP ineffi ciencies and the danger …”

Imre Fertő, Károly Attila Soós Institutional Reforms and Evolution of Industry, Trade, Technology in the EU’s New Borderland S. 397-412

„… descriptions of FDI’s contribution to R&D expenditure (see Inzelt, 1998), to the enhancement of the …” „… displayed in Table 1, total net FDI infl ow into the eight NMS has been approximately 3.5 times higher than …” „… investment, FDI in the NIS has usually remained below 10% of the analogous fi gures of those CE countries …”

Oleh Havrylyshyn Structural Change in Transition 1990-2005: A Comparison of New Member States and Selected NIS Countries S. 17-46

„… implementation problems, the special role of FDI, ‘discipline’ imposed by IFIs, EU accession process, WTO, and …” „… measures: Tiits; Fertő and Soós; Pindyuk; Filatov et al. Hunya’s chapters emphasize the role of FDI in …” „… , 2006). For the Russian auto industry Berezinskaya (2006) describes how FDI is providing some stimulus …”

Alexander Libman Explaining Structural Change in Kazakhstan S. 219-230

„… . It is one of the leading countries in the post-Soviet for attracting FDI, whose share in gross …” „… capital formation reached 50% in several years. Offi cial government data show annual infl ow of FDI till …” „… are somewhat lower nevertheless it is clear Kazakhstan outperformed all other CIS countries on FDI …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… on Growth, Employment and Productivity 47 Peter Havlik FDI in the New EU Borderland 73 Gábor Hunya …” „… Russia’s Outward FDI: Lessons and Policy Recommendations 357 Peter Zashev, Peeter Vahtra and Kari Liuhto …” „… and FDI Policies for NIS: Lessons from the Polish Experience 417 Janusz Chojna, Ewa Kaliszuk …”

Alexander Libman Moldova: Structural Change, Trade Specialization and International Integration S. 231-260

„… Transdniestria. Macroeconomic and structural dynamics and FDI Industrial restructuring trends were typical of …” „… attracting FDI, and given the small absolute size of the Moldovan economy, it is not surprising that …” „… Moldova’s share in the annual total FDI infl ow in the CIS (even excluding Russia) since 1992 has not …”

Imre Fertő, Károly Attila Soós Intra-Industry Trade Between the Old EU and the NMS Before Enlargement S. 95-118

„… country’s net FDI infl ow in per cent of GDP as compared to that of the richer country, the greater will be …” „… the share of vertical (horizontal) IIT in total trade. When searching for relationships between FDI …” „… and IIT, theoretical analysis speaks of positive spill-over between FDI and IIT only on the basis of …”

Olga Pindyuk Trade Restructuring in the NIS: Lessons of the NMS and Policy Recommendations S. 463-472

„… created favorable environment for attracting FDI, signifi cant infl ow of which served as acatalyst for …” „… itself (Tiits, 2006). The EU accession process, the associated trade liberalization and FDI fl ows have …” „… FDI spurred by improved access of the EU companies to big markets of the CIS countries; FDI from more …”

Ildar Gazizulin State Aid in Ukraine: Practice and Challenges S. 429-440

„… will come from new loans and FDI, but, because a large portion of current and expected FDI infl ows go …” „… course, does not mean that Ukraine should abuse state aid given to attract FDI. A certain degree of …”

Gulnur Rakhmatulina Kazakhstan: Diversifi cation from Resource Intensity S. 441-452

„… of FDI is seen in Figure 2. Figure 2: Investments in fi xed capital (KZT billion) 0 500 1000 1500 …” „… period of sovereignty more than USD 50 billion of FDI have come in, making Kazakhstan a leading …” „… destination among the CIS countries with the highest FDI per capita. At the same time domestic investments …”

Peter Havlik Structural Change and Trade Integration on EU–NIS Borders S. 119-148

„… The NMS restructuring process was supported by massive infl ows of FDI (Hunya, 2006) with the most …” „… integration and FDI infl ows, while the NIS essentially maintained or even strengthened their traditional …” „… the NMS has been facilitated by the process of EU integration and massive infl ows of FDI. Again …”

Marek Tiits Estonia’s Economic Integration into Cross-Border Production Networks of the Baltic Sea Region S. 281-296

„… investment fl ows – Sweden and Finland account for nearly two thirds of Estonia’s inward FDI.10 The majority …” „… of FDI were absorbed by various service sectors, such as wholesale and retail trade and banking …” „… Baltic Sea region, inward FDI has gained impetus also in manufacturing (Table 3). While the decline of …”

Julia Wörz, Olga Pindyuk, Mario Holzner, Vasily Astrov Russia, Ukraine and Belarus: Effects of WTO Accession in the Medium and Long Run S. 377-396

„… impact of liberalising barriers to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in services for Russia using …” „… estimates of ad valorem equivalents of barriers to FDI. They fi nd that the largest source of the gains to …” „… of Barriers against FDI in Services for Growth and Poverty Reduction. In: Poverty and the WTO …”

Peter Havlik Economic Restructuring in the New EU Member States and Selected Newly Independent States: Effects on Growth, Employment and Productivity S. 47-72

„… costs and the pool of skilled labour make the NMS an attractive location for FDI in export-oriented …” „… process stimulated particularly by effects of FDI. In several NMS (especially in Hungary, Poland …” „… . Damijan, J., M. Knell, D. Majcen and M. Rojec (2003), ‘Technology Transfer through FDI in Top-10 …”

Svetlana Glinkina, Natalia Kulikova Impact of EU Enlargement on Economic Restructuring in Russia S. 321-356

„… 65% (ANNEX 1, Tables 1, 2). FDI, about 80% of which came from EU countries, were the major factor of …” „… investment markets. FDI took the form of joint ventures, participation in privatization, branch and …” „… . In Hungary FDI developed the automobile industry, high-tech electric engineering and electronic …”

Kiryl Kurilionak, Stanislav Vassilevsky, Vitaly Medvedev The Consequences of WTO Accession for Belarus S. 297-320

„… . In particular, steps should be taken to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in establishing new …” „… of barriers to FDI in areas where nowadays the state companies Beltelecom and Belpochta currently …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845210049

Stefan Kratzsch - Forms and Performance of Foreign Direct Investments in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Stefan Kratzsch

Forms and Performance of Foreign Direct Investments in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018

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4. The theoretical underpinnings of FDI performance S. 163-210

„… The theoretical underpinnings of FDI performance Firm-level characteristics, such as those …” „… described in the previous chapter, are critical determinants for the growth and performance of FDI in SSA …” „… a bearing on its performance. A further example of the influence of FDI characteristics on …”

5. Empirical analysis of FDI performance in SSA S. 211-274

„… fluctua‐ tions and distance to markets (Ellis 2007). FDI-related literature has fo‐ cused on the link …” „… UNCTAD FDI database http://www.unctad.org/fdis‐ tatistics (accessed on 11 February 2015). 5. Empirical …” „… Empirical analysis of FDI performance in SSA A general conclusion of the extant literature review …”

2. A macro-economic perspective of FDI in SSA S. 42-119

„… data for inward and outward FDI flows and inward and outward FDI stocks through its “FDI-TNC-GVC …” „… : www.unctad.org/fdistatistics (accessed on 11 February 2015). 2.3 Aggregated FDI statistics in SSA from different sources 63 …” „… of UNCTAD’s FDI/TNC flow and stock database. The data is further complemented by data obtained from …”

3. A firm-level perspective of different FDI forms in SSA S. 120-162

„… A firm-level perspective of different FDI forms in SSA Available resources and foreign firm-level …” „… SSA-wide enterprise-level surveys in an attempt to complement macro-economic FDI statistics and to overcome …” „… foreign subsidiaries cannot therefore be regarded as representative of the FDI pop‐ ulations in the …”

1. Introduction S. 29-41

„… contri‐ bution of specific MNE segments would be of great support in crafting successful FDI-host country …” „… Introduction The foreign direct investment (FDI) scenario in Sub-Saharan Africa Classical …” „… emphasis on the attraction of various types of foreign direct invest‐ ments (FDI) (Wells and Wint 2000 …”

6. Conclusions, limitations and outlook S. 275-288

„… draw a picture of different forms of FDI in SSA, using both macro-economic information from the BOP and …” „… firm-level data of foreign subsidiaries. It rests on the premise that FDI in SSA can take very heterogeneous …” „… different types of FDI are complex and anything but homogenous. FDI follows the different invest‐ ment …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-27

„… forms of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at the macro-level as well as the …” „… mi‐ cro-level. The understanding of these different FDI forms provides the foundation for a detailed …” „… analysis of the multifaceted dimensions of FDI performance through an OLS regression model. The Book posits …”

Bibliography S. 309-348

„… Reporting FDI/TNC Statistics: Institu‐ tional Issues. New York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on …” „… , D. (2003). 'South-South FDI flows: How big are they?'. Transna‐ tional Corporations, 13(1), 149–176 …” „… ., Coniglio, N. D., Prota, F. and Seric, A. (2013). 'FDI and Local Linkages in Developing Countries: Evidence …”

Annex Tables and Figures S. 289-308

„… direct investment components of FDI assets (FDI outflows) 253 Annex Table 3: BOP reporting of SSA …” „… countries on the direct investment components of FDI assets (FDI outflows) Country Equity and …” „… ) . Annex Tables and Figures 296 Comparing SSA’s FDI inflows with FDI greenfield and M&A databases, 2006 to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845291604

Felipe Alexander Dunsch - Conflicting Strategies to Enhance Foreign Aid Efficacy in Africa

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Felipe Alexander Dunsch

Conflicting Strategies to Enhance Foreign Aid Efficacy in Africa

2012

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Capitalization, Loans, and FDI S. 120-125

„… capitalization, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and loans. This chapter is not so much the assessment of …” „… , and FDI Moyo insists that instead of claiming aid money, African governments could issue bonds in the …” „… direct investment (FDI) flows to Africa, Moyo paints a bleak picture. Of the $1.4 trillion of global FDI …”

RFE examples S. 116-120

„… investment (FDI), and loans. This chapter is not so much the assessment of a strategy to improve foreign aid …” „… the relationship between aid, trade, and growth. 3.3.1 Capitalization, Loans, and FDI Moyo insists …”

Trade S. 125-139

„… World Bank uses changes in FDI/GDP or trade/GDP instead of levels. Countries that started slow and show …” „… exports from this country group reached almost $2 trillion. FDI flows ($ 211 billions) and workers …” „… for Africa. In particular capitalization, trade, banking and FDI should serve as saviors for the …”

Table of Acronyms and Abbreviations S. 7-8

„… Agriculture Organisation FDI Foreign direct investment ff. and the following pages GDP Gross Domestic Product …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Transfers - PROGRESA 119 3.3 Freeing up markets 120 3.3.1 Capitalization, Loans, and FDI 120 b) Foreign …”

The hopeful - Jeffrey Sachs S. 27-39

„… capital further deters foreign direct investment (FDI) that could provide being conducive to growth (Sachs …”

Macroeconomic Performance - Poverty S. 11-15

„… ), Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and remittances remained largely constant. The 500 largest African …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238197

Philipp Fink - Late Development in Hungary and Ireland

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Philipp Fink

Late Development in Hungary and Ireland

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 168 2009

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Economic Impact of FDI in Hungary S. 160-166

„… 2004; Kirby 2006). This context reveals the middleclass bias of the respective FDI-led development …” „… 2000b: 835). Inequalities also question the level of solidarity of the FDI-level development regime …” „… of market generated incomes and access to education based on class positions. 4.2 FDI-led Transition …”

External and Internal Factors for Hungarian FDI-Attraction S. 115-119

„… instability by increasing consumption-driven imports. 3.3 The Hungarian FDI-led Development Regime Beginning …” „… External and Internal Factors for Hungarian FDI-Attraction However, the choice of forming a development …” „… importance (Greskovits 1998: 47). They supported the move towards export-orientation and FDI-led development …”

Results of FDI-led Development in Hungary and Ireland S. 239-241

„… . 4.6 Results of FDI-led Development in Hungary and Ireland The analysis of the results of the Hungarian …” „… and Irish FDI-led development regimes reveals the dualistic nature of growth in both countries. TNCs …” „… presumptions on the merits of the FDI-led development strategy, developmental inputs from investing TNCs do not …”

Macroeconomic Effects S. 106-108

„… 106 3. The Current FDI-Led Development Regime The failure of previous development regimes led the …” „… development regime. Beginning with a theoretical overview on the envisaged benefits of the FDI-led …” „… competitiveness of the productive structure. Beginning with Hungary, the formation of the FDI-led development …”

Introduction S. 17-27

„… advantages (Pailiginis 2000; Krugman 1997). The apparent success of the Irish export-oriented and FDI-led …” „… (Bradley 2000: 23) However, Hungary was implementing its own FDI-led development strategy long before …” „… . 2003: 12). In contrast, within the current context of export-oriented FDI-led development, as …”

Regime Readjustments in Ireland S. 138-154

„… FDI-led and exportoriented development regime (Ó Riain 2004a: 170). Internal constraints in the form of …” „… investment, employment and exports. 3.4.2 Regime Readjustments in Ireland The evolution of the Irish FDI-led …” „… ) The initial phase (1955-1973) of Ireland’s FDI-led development regime brought the first fruits of …”

Attraction Strategy S. 109-112

„… strategy only implies one feature of the FDI-led development regime. Industrial policy is the other. Both …” „… 109 Secondly, FDI can also lead to the increased efficiency of resource use in the host economy …” „… attraction strategy stems from the na- 110 ture of FDI, which is defined as the result of international …”

Hungarian Regime Readjustments S. 119-134

„… FDI-friendly development regime was also an expression for the low level of external autonomy. The transition …” „… further example of incumbent arrogance (Ágh 2000: 299). The second phase of the Hungarian FDI-led …” „… implement the development policies, which centred on exports and FDI-led growth. However, the ensuing social …”

The 1958 Revolution? S. 134-138

„… maximise its votes on the right fringe (Kovács 2002: 408). Hence, the third period of the Hungarian FDI-led …” „… middleclass. 3.4 The Irish FDI-led Development Regime Breen et al. (1990: 37) as well as Smith (2005: 105 …” „… ) relate the switch in the Irish development strategy based on FDI-induced and export-oriented growth to “a …”

Conclusion: Myth or Mirage? S. 242-252

„… 242 Conclusion: Myth or Mirage? The portrayal of the Irish and Hungarian FDI-led development …” „… and the high levels of high technology FDI inflows, the FDI-led development regime has not enabled …” „… , both countries installed the current development regime of FDI-led export-orientation after the …”

Implications for State Autonomy, Capacity and Consent S. 114-115

„… : ibid; Moran 2001: ibid). 3.2.3 Implications for State Autonomy, Capacity and Consent The FDI-led …” „… consumption-driven imports. 3.3 The Hungarian FDI-led Development Regime Beginning with Hungary, the attraction of …” „… . Whilst the latter can only be indirectly influenced by the state’s FDI sourcing priorities, the other …”

Social Dichotomy S. 159-160

„… 2004; Kirby 2006). This context reveals the middleclass bias of the respective FDI-led development …” „… 2000b: 835). Inequalities also question the level of solidarity of the FDI-level development regime …” „… of market generated incomes and access to education based on class positions. 4.2 FDI-led Transition …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… 101 2.4 Autonomy, Capacity and Consent 104 3. The Current FDI-Led Development Regime 106 3.1 Envisaged …” „… Effects of FDI-led Development 106 3.1.1 Macroeconomic Effects 107 3.1.2 Microeconomic Effects 108 3.2 …” „… State Autonomy, Capacity and Consent 114 3.3 The Hungarian FDI-led Development Regime 115 3.3.1 External …”

Macro and Micro-Coordination S. 112-114

„… strategy only implies one feature of the FDI-led development regime. Industrial policy is the other. Both …” „… indigenous firms in order to unleash the microeconomic effects of FDI-led development. UNCTAD (1999: 323-324 …” „… for State Autonomy, Capacity and Consent The FDI-led development strategy has implications for …”

Bibliography S. 253-278

„… ): “FDI-led Growth and Rising Polarisations in Hungary: Quantity at the Expense of Quality”, in: New Political …” „… , MAGDOLNA (2001): “Greenfield Investments in Hungary: Are They Different from Privatization FDI?”, in …” „… Papers 9 (2); 8-37. BARRY, FRANK (2004b): “FDI and the Host Economy: A Case Study of Ireland”, in …”

Industrial Dualism S. 156-159

„… 156 4. Uneven FDI-led Development Following the development of aggregate figures, it seems that the …” „… FDI-led development regime is at last delivering the necessary results in both countries. During the …” „… . Therefore, FDI-led growth can be of high quantity, but of doubtful developmental quality, as Hungarian and …”

Irish Indigenous Industry S. 207-218

„… ongoing demise since the initiation of the FDI-led development regime in the 1950s during the period of …” „… , FDI did not compliment indigenous employment creation, rather foreignowned firms continued to …” „… emphasise Ireland’s dependency on high technology FDI to produce the relevant growth inputs. TNCs accounted …”

Irish Social Dichotomy S. 238-239

„… Social Dichotomy The analysis of the social outcomes of the Irish FDI-led development strategy poignantly …” „… . 4.6 Results of FDI-led Development in Hungary and Ireland The analysis of the results of the Hungarian …” „… and Irish FDI-led development regimes reveals the dualistic nature of growth in both countries. TNCs …”

Dichotomy of Industry in Hungary S. 177

„… 177 4.2.5 Dichotomy of Industry in Hungary The analysis of the economic results of the FDI-led …” „… FDI-led growth in Hungary. 4.3 Hidden Inequality in Hungary Whilst not singularly responsible for the rise …” „… development regime shows that the large levels of FDI inflows into the Hungarian economy supported the …”

Dichotomous Irish Industrial Structure S. 218

„… capacity in attracting high technology FDI. It marketed Ireland as a stepping stone for TNCs to produce for …” „… the Single European Market. The resulting large levels of FDI inflows into the manufacturing sector …” „… of FDI, the state displays a low level of capacity to ensure a sufficient integration of TNCs into …”

Linkages S. 166-169

„… secondary effects of FDI on the productive structure. The FDI-led development strategy foresees the host …” „… source for FDI in Hungary (Sass 2004: 66). However, the overvaluation of Hungarian GDP does pose …” „… high level of FDI inflows has been impressive. Those sectors targeted by investing TNCs have …”

Foreign-Owned Growth in Ireland S. 195-201

„… structure, the explicit aim of the Irish Republic’s FDI-led development strategy has been to create …” „… averages and had increased from around 50% in 1973. The prominence of FDI-dominated IRS sectors in Irish …” „… employment, increase exports and induce industrialisation via the attraction of FDI (McAleese/Foley 1991: 3 …”

Microeconomic Effects S. 108-109

„… catch-up with technologically advanced countries (Klein et al. 2001: 5). FDI-related gains to the …” „… ). 3.1.2 Microeconomic Effects Microeconomic effects characterise the envisaged impact of FDI on the …” „… to international economic participation (UNCTAD 1999: 317). The transmission of technology via FDI …”

Linkages S. 201-207

„… Linkages The discussion of the direct economic impact of FDI inflows into Ireland has shown that their …” „… contribution of TNCs to the Irish exchequer has been considerable, despite the financing of the FDI attraction …” „… strategy and TNC transfer pricing. Continuous FDI inflows and the high profitability of TNCs coupled with …”

Irish Income Inequality S. 218-225

„… social partnership is a “constitutive feature” (Kirby 2002: 135) of the Irish FDI-led development regime …” „… capacity in attracting high technology FDI. It marketed Ireland as a stepping stone for TNCs to produce for …” „… the Single European Market. The resulting large levels of FDI inflows into the manufacturing sector …”

Complementarity and Divergence S. 154-155

„… FDI-led development regimes displays a number of differences, there are similarities, resulting from the …” „… malaise, the decision to attract FDI was also the result of specific socioeconomic and political issues …” „… , foreign capital replaced national capital in the new development regime. Initially FDI was used in the …”

Hungarian Social Dichotomy S. 194-195

„… the Irish industrial structure, the explicit aim of the Irish Republic’s FDI-led development strategy …” „… inflows of FDI have contributed to a distinct labour market demand shift in favour of younger and skilled …” „… has been to create employment, increase exports and induce industrialisation via the attraction of FDI …”

General Trends in Hungarian Income Inequality S. 177-180

„… 177 4.2.5 Dichotomy of Industry in Hungary The analysis of the economic results of the FDI-led …” „… FDI-led growth in Hungary. 4.3 Hidden Inequality in Hungary Whilst not singularly responsible for the rise …” „… development regime shows that the large levels of FDI inflows into the Hungarian economy supported the …”

Indigenous Firms S. 169-171

„… . Regional and national market-seeking brownfield FDI tended to continue the supplier relationships of their …” „… of the investing firm. Hence, privatisation FDI and investments based explicitly on local supplies …” „… Export Sales 83% 17% Share of Total Imports 79% 21% a based on Hungarian official FDI records, which …”

Characteristics of Indigenous Firms S. 171-177

„… of the economic results of the FDI-led development regime shows that the large levels of FDI inflows …” „… markets, illustrating the continued peripheral nature of FDI-led growth in Hungary. 4.3 Hidden Inequality …” „… of FDI have led to above average remuneration levels for those employed by TNCs. Incomes for those …”

Poverty, Inequality and the Irish State S. 233-238

„… domestic one”. Nevertheless, profit repatriations are the flipside of the FDI-led development strategy …” „… [government’s] anti-poverty strategy in all likelihood made only a marginal contribution”. Rather, FDI-led …” „… analysis of the social outcomes of the Irish FDI-led development strategy poignantly displays the …”

Autonomy, Capacity and Consent S. 104-105

„… development regimes prior to the current development regime of FDI-led export-orientation, despite the obvious …” „… upon resorting to the development strategy of FDI attraction. Both countries were constrained in …”

Protectionism (1932-1958) S. 98-104

„… development regime of FDI-led export-orientation, despite the obvious differences, both countries show …” „… tariffs to shield Irish enterprise, FDI restrictions, farming subsidies and industrial investment support …” „… strategy of FDI attraction. Both countries were constrained in regards to their external autonomy …”

The Dual Monarchy (1867-1919) S. 60-68

„… , foreign capital in form of FDI, portfolio investments and loans was to be the main source of financing for …” „… industrial investment (Berend 2001d: 46).30 FDI was most prominent in the area of heavy industry and mining …” „… . Complementary to the development of the transport sector, Austrian, German and French FDI was involved in …”

Inequality, Poverty and the Hungarian State S. 189-194

„… short-sighted to place the full responsibility on the inflows of FDI. The social implications of the strategy …” „… skills, nationality of employer and increasingly social status. The large inflows of FDI have contributed …”

List of Tables S. 13-14

„… 13 List of Tables Table 1 FDI Manufacturing Penetration in Hungary and Ireland, 2001 18 Table 2 TNC …”

Abbreviations S. 15-16

„… Members of the European Union after 1st May 2004 EPZ Export Processing Zones FDI Foreign Direct Investment …”

The Free State (1922-1932) S. 91-98

„… contrast to Hungary, the Irish development regimes preceding the current FDI-led export-oriented …” „… supporting increased state engagement for industrialisation, FDI attraction and industrial subsidies were …”

Social Implications S. 225-233

„… middle-income decile shares emphasises the nature of the FDI-led development strategy as a middle class project …” „… domestic one”. Nevertheless, profit repatriations are the flipside of the FDI-led development strategy …”

Continued Hungarian Backwardness S. 90-91

„… regimes preceding the current FDI-led export-oriented industrialisation regime are fewer and the time span …”

Social Implications S. 185-189

„… . However, it would be short-sighted to place the full responsibility on the inflows of FDI. The social …”

Re-feudalisation S. 28-33

„… 28 1. Defective Capitalism The rationale behind the eventual initiation of the FDI-attraction …”

Transitional Winners and Losers S. 180-185

„… increasing returns to education as a result of FDI-driven technological change. In comparison to indigenous …”

Economic Nationalism (1921-1944) S. 68-76

„… industry, the role of FDI decreased in comparison to the previous development regime (Berend/Ránki 1974 …”

Popular Consent and Dissent S. 59-60

„… regimes prior to the current FDIled development strategy can be identified (Berend 2001a: 1-2). The first …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217208

Cordula A. Meckenstock - Investment Protection and Human Rights Regulation

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Cordula A. Meckenstock

Investment Protection and Human Rights Regulation

Series: Leipziger Schriften zum Völkerrecht, Europarecht und ausländischen öffentlichen Recht

Volume 17 2010

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FDI in the Rule of Law Reform Process S. 40-41

„… mechanism has to do with FDI being more of a long term investment in contrastto portfolio investment which …” „… can be withdrawn from the host country at once. The relatively high sunk costs of FDI lead to a …” „… an “exodus” of the presentFDI as well. The retainment of FDI can strongly be promoted through …”

The Relationship between the Rule of Law and FDI S. 34-40

„… stay in and to attract more FDI.If big and well-known foreign investors leave the country, a big …” „… the rule of law, the attraction of FDI and the economic development of that specific country. The …” „… business opportunities does not attract FDI. A country withperfect business opportunities, but with an …”

Integrating FDI into the Rule of Law Reform Process S. 41-42

„… investors can help considerably to induce andaccelerate rule of law reforms.4.5 Integrating FDI into the …” „… frequently claimed linear causality between the rule of law, the inflow of FDI and thefollowing economic …” „… to be described as intertwined and cyclical. Therule of law is not a conditio sine qua non for FDI to …”

Volume of Foreign Direct Investment S. 21-22

„… of Foreign Direct InvestmentAccording to the UNCTAD World Investment Report 2008, the worldwide FDI …” „… Each decade worldwide FDI inward flows quadrupled, with an explosivedecade between 1990 and 2000 during …” „… which the volume sextupled.13 This explosionof FDI happened due to the big privatization and …”

Pros and Cons of Foreign Direct Investment S. 22-24

„… distribution of FDI inward flows was uneven with 70% of FDI remaining between WesternEurope, the US, Canada and …” „… Japan. Asia received 7 % of worldwide FDI inward flows,Latin America 11 % and Africa 9 %. The regional …” „… distribution has not changed that muchover the last nearly four decades. Nowadays still 70 % of worldwide FDI …”

Meaning of the “Rule of Law” S. 32-33

„… for the attraction of FDI. Thereis a widespread assumption in favour of a causal linear chain in the …” „… way that the rule oflaw attracts FDI which in turn leads to economic development.58 At a second …” „… , closer look,however, things are not that easy. The role of FDI is not that of a mere passive …”

In Detail: State Contracts S. 29-32

„… the rule oflaw remains to be examined as an important prerequisite for the attraction of FDI. Thereis …” „… FDI which in turn leads to economic development.58 At a second, closer look,however, things are not …” „… that easy. The role of FDI is not that of a mere passive spectatorthat comes into a certain country …”

Short History of Foreign Investment S. 20-21

„… between socalled foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment.4 Foreign direct investment is a …” „… corporationsis drawn at the level of 10-20% of the shares. Above this threshold the investment isseen as FDI …” „… international level . There are different approaches how “investment”—including FDI and portfolio investment—is …”

Conclusions S. 42-44

„… law, the inflow of FDI and thefollowing economic development of the host country has proven untrue …” „… . Therule of law is not a conditio sine qua non for FDI to flow into the host country. The rule oflaw is …” „… grounds. FDI therefore flows into a country becauseof the perceived business opportunities—but in general …”

What is Foreign Investment exactly? S. 20

„… between socalled foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment.4 Foreign direct investment is a …” „… corporationsis drawn at the level of 10-20% of the shares. Above this threshold the investment isseen as FDI …” „… international level . There are different approaches how “investment”—including FDI and portfolio investment—is …”

Why Foreign Investment? S. 17-20

„… economically active in the host country decides between socalled foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio …” „… shares. Above this threshold the investment isseen as FDI, below this threshold it is considered a …” „… how “investment”—including FDI and portfolio investment—is defined in thedifferent legal sources.5 In …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… . In Detail: State Contracts 294. The Rule of Law and its Attraction of FDI 324.1. Meaning of the “Rule …” „… of Law” 324.2. The “Reform Menu” 334.3. The Relationship between the Rule of Law and FDI 344.3.1 …” „… Motivations for FDI 374.3.5. Different Sensitivity to the Rule of Law 384.3.6. The Critical Mass Theory 394.4 …”

The “Regulatory Chill Effect” S. 97-100

„… the context of inflowing FDI, the host states’ right to regulate frequently even intensifies towards a …” „… fullrealization of human rights. The obligation to fulfilll means in the context of inflowingFDI that host states …” „… important obligation in connection with inflowing FDI.257 For the exact content of the states’ duty to …”

Stabilization Clauses Generating the Tension between Stabilization and Regulation S. 93-97

„… ’ investment protectionefforts aim at attracting and promoting FDI which they deem important for their economic …” „… state’s sovereignty rights.245 Host states have the legitimate interest to attract and promote FDI through …” „… /Sub.2/2003/9. July 2003 confirms that the host states correctlydeem FDI an important key to economic …”

Relevance of Stabilization Clauses S. 53-56

„… countries compete heavily for FDI and are therefore easilywilling to agree to State Contracts containing …” „… . A third regionalfocus lays in Latin-America and the Caribbean. A strong interest for FDI and …” „… Sub-Saharan Africa129, probably because these countries feltand still feel the greatest need to attract FDI …”

Introduction S. 13-16

„… .1 One tool to foster economicdevelopment is the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI). The …” „… crucial question inthis context is how to attract FDI. Foreign investors need a certain degree of legal …”

The “Reform Menu” S. 33-34

„… legislation and in the application of the law.For the further discussion of the interconnection between FDI …” „… causal chain between the rule of law, the attraction of FDI and the economic development of that specific …” „… The Rule of Law and its Attraction of FDIinto the substantive provisions of the law themselves …”

The “Selective Regulation” S. 100-102

„… of the Ogoni people. In the context of inflowing FDI the states’ duty toprotect therefore means that …” „… countriestypically depend on or consider themselves dependent on inflowing FDI for their economic development.265 …”

Treaty Law S. 24-26

„… investors also play an important role for theeffective protection of FDI.3.1 Treaty LawThe earliest treaties …” „… their economies.31 Since the big FDI rush in the 1990s, the most dynamic developments in the area of …”

In Detail: Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) S. 27-29

„… treaties which proved not to be specific enough to serve the purposeof an effective protection of FDI. The …” „… ” of theworldwide FDI volume. Nowadays, there are more than 2500 BITs in place worldwide.Germany is in …” „… the international legal order for the protection of FDIare Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs).39 …”

Conclusions about Stabilization Clauses in State Contracts S. 62-64

„… . Sub-SaharaAfrica is a region that is highly dependent upon FDI and at the same time not too stablein political …”

Case Law S. 121-122

„… FDI and are therefore willing to far going compromises, not considering the long term impact of the …”

Customary International Law S. 26-27

„… foreign investment flowinginto their economies.31 Since the big FDI rush in the 1990s, the most dynamic …” „… Treaties (BITs)The most important element in the international legal order for the protection of FDIare …”

Measures below the expropriating Threshold S. 87-88

„… of any compensation in difficult situations or theattraction and promotion of FDI. Nowadays foreign …”

Factual Background S. 149-153

„… Mediterranean sea.398 At the time of its construction it wasthe largest cross-border FDI project worldwide. Its …”

Conclusions S. 88-90

„… compensation in difficult situations or theattraction and promotion of FDI. Nowadays foreign investors profit …”

International Literature S. 118-121

„… attraction of FDI and are therefore willing to far going compromises, not considering the long term impact of …”

Bibliography S. 171-176

„… 2006:3, p. 657.Ledyaeva, S., Spatial Econometric Analysis of Determinants and Strategies of FDI inRussian …”

Expropriations S. 75-82

„… into aBIT. The developing countries’ motivation is usually the attraction and promotion of FDI.In order …”

International Law S. 102-110

„… COMESA regionfor cross-border investments as well as for third country FDI. It contains provisions …”

Ex Ante Tools S. 139-146

„… FDI and given it an importantplace in its modern, but abandoned Model BIT from 2007. Its Preamble says …”

Jurisdiction S. 27

„… the international legal order for the protection of FDIare Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs).39 …”

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