Filter results

Results (3188)

Sort by:

Select all Select all

Page 1

Steve Peers, Tamara Hervey, Jeff Kenner, Angela Ward - The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

No access

Select

Steve Peers (ed.), Tamara Hervey (ed.), Jeff Kenner (ed.), Angela Ward (ed.)

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2014

Results in this title

Steve Weatherill Article 38 – Consumer Protection S. 1048-1069

„… Article 38 Article 38 Consumer ProtectionUnion policies shall ensure a high level of consumer …” „… Consumer Protection—that one should look to discover the most obvious and direct source of Article 38 of …” „… Competence in Consumer ProtectionArticle 4(2)(f) TFEU identifies consumer protection as a competence shared …”

Erika Szyszczak Article 36 – Access to Services of General Economic Interest S. 1012-1025

„… protection; Article 38—consumer protection. No mention is made as to how Article 36 interacts with these …” „… , social policy, economic, social and territorial cohesion, the environment, consumer protection …” „… service, affordability, as well as user and consumer protection.23These common elements are now set out in …”

Ruth Lamont Article 24 – The Rights of the Child S. 704-735

„… , ‘Advertising Regulation and the Protection of Children-Consumers in the European Union: In the Best Interests …” „… , ‘Advertising Regulation and the Protection of Children-Consumers in the European Union (n 19) 530. This is also …” „… Article 24*Article 24The Rights of the Child1. Children shall have the right to such protection …”

Index S. 1904-1937

„… also marriageconstitutional adjudication, 444, 447, 462Consumer protection (Article 38), 1008–10, 1025 …” „… protection, 1213–17non-discrimination, 1228, 1231consumer protection, 1232discriminatory national remedies …” „… , 609trade agreements, 609–10weaknesses of the Article, 630–31data protection:balance of interest, 1482 …”

Elisa Morgera, Gracia Marín Durán Article 37 – Environmental Protection S. 1026-1047

„… ). 49 A Kiss, ‘Environmental and Consumer Protection’ in S Peers and A Ward (eds), The EU Charter of …” „… (non-discrimination).96 Which is used in Art 9 TFEU (employment and social protection) and Art 12 TFEU (consumer …” „… (Art 9 TFEU), non-discrimination (Art 10 TFEU), consumer protection (Art 12 TFEU), and animal welfare …”

Michele Everson, Rui Correia Gonçalves Article 16 – Freedom to Conduct a Business S. 480-507

„… pharmaceutical regulation and regulation for the protection of the health of consumers may be regarded as posing …” „… approach to an interpretation based on sound economic principles,’ within which protection of the ‘consumer …” „… European Union: Judgment Day’ (2007) 13 European Law Journal 279.LFM Besselink, ‘The Protection of …”

Pekka Aalto, Herwig CH Hofmann, Liisa Holopainen, Elina Paunio, Laurent Pech, Debbie Sayers, Dinah Shelton, Angela Ward Article 47 – Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial S. 1240-1319

„… non-discrimination, consumer protection and health and safety provisions have been particularly productive. In …” „… EU consumer protection Directives, that a national rule which in effect prohibits the national court …” „… even in absence of specific pleadings by the consumer, ‘effective protection of the consumer may be …”

Gabriel N Toggenburg The EU Fundamental Rights Agency and the Fundamental Rights Charter: How Fundamental is the Link Between them? S. 1656-1669

„… consumer protection (Art 38), to mention only two articles. ‘Victims of crime, including compensation to …” „… related to consumer protection (Art 38 of the Charter). ‘Rights of the child’ is an area where the …” „… only body of the European Union that is solely and specifically tasked to deal with the protection of …”

Appendix S. 1868-1903

„… sustainable development.Article 38Consumer protectionUnion policies shall ensure a high level of consumer …” „… on Article 38—Consumer protectionThe principles set out in this Article have been based on Article …” „… Environmental protectionA high level of environmental protection and the improvement of the quality of the …”

Lorna Woods Article 11 – Freedom of Expression and Information S. 354-383

„… the interests of consumer protection and transparency; Art 6 Directive 2000/31 (n 11).11.30324 Lorna …” „… critical/analytical mode) versus passive (uncritical). This parallels the concerns underpinning consumer protection …” „… safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the …”

Robin White Article 34 – Social Security and Social Assistance S. 970-993

„… services of general economic interest, environmental protection and consumer protection. The placement of …” „… before those dealing with health, and environmental and consumer protection. Reference is made in the …” „… social protection.III. Council of Europe TreatiesIn addition to the European Convention on Human Rights …”

Deirdre Curtin, Joana Mendes Article 42 – Right of Access to Documents S. 1142-1163

„… . Thus the privacy and the integrity of the individual, as well as the protection of personal data, as …” „… conformity with the European Union … legislation concerning the protection of personal data’.17 Integrity is …” „… treated as one exception together with the protection of privacy (eg in cases where information concerning …”

Niilo Jääskinen Fundamental Social Rights in the Charter—Are They Rights? Are They Fundamental? S. 1746-1757

„… (consumer protection) being exceptions to this. The rights under Title IV on solidarity can further be …” „… effects of these rights. Thirdly, I will discuss the particular features of the protection of fundamental …” „… competences and responsibilities in relation to protection of such rights. Finally, I will address the …”

Charlotte O’Brien Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities S. 752-791

„… , religion and sexual orientation) discrimination protection more in line with that offered on the grounds of …” „… playing an increasing role in human rights protection,28 and its prominent role in the Charter as a …” „… protection from the Union’s disregard for nationally provided rights. However, even that narrow reading could …”

Mats Lindfelt Article 44 – Right to Petition S. 1194-1203

„… , fundamental rights and justice, consumer protection, internal market, employment and social affairs.24 The …” „… on treaty provisions without widening or reducing the scope of application or the level of protection …” „… criteria of both direct and individual concern. The judicial protection offered under EU law is based …”

Olivier De Schutter The Implementation of the Charter by the Institutions of the European Union S. 1670-1699

„… rights policies and practices and endeavour to keep protection of those rights on a purely national basis …” „… rights and damaging the credibility of the EU’s external policy in the area of the protection of …” „… the requirements flowing from the protection of fundamental rights’.39 In other terms, it is not …”

Article 17 – Right to Property S. 508-561

„… 124 and consumer protection125 as well as the protection of the environment126 can be mentioned. Next …” „… principle of EU law (cf 17(1).03).(c) Scope of ProtectionThe right to property offers not only protection …” „… Economic Constitution’ (2007) Yearbook of European Law 254.AR Çoban, Protection of Property Rights within …”

Tamara Hervey, Jean McHale Article 35 – The Right to Health Care S. 994-1011

„… and practices. A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and …” „… the Union’s policies and activities’. A failure to ensure a high level of health protection in any …” „… found in the right to protection of personal data (Art 8) and the right to good administration (Art 41 …”

Ronan McCrea Article 10 – Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion S. 334-353

„… are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public …” „… order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.’The right …” „… protection of freedom of thought, conscience and religion. As Article 51(2) notes, the Charter ‘does not …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-43

„… ...............................................................................................................1002Article 38 – Consumer Protection …” „… , President of the Court of Justice of the European UnionThe protection of fundamental rights in the European …” „… , on the other, the harmonious coexistence of these parallel systems of protection over several decades …”

Anthony Arnull Protocol (No 30) on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and the United Kingdom S. 1638-1655

„… consumer protection. Article 1(2) states that Title IV does not have direct effect in Poland or the United …” „… undermine the efforts of the EU to reach and maintain a uniformly high level of protection.A similar point …” „… Layden and T Lock, ‘Protection of Fundamental Rights Post-Lisbon: The Interaction between the EU Charter …”

Helen Stalford Article 32 – Prohibition of Child Labour and Protection of Young People at Work S. 912-933

„… Article 32 Article 32 Prohibition of Child Labour and Protection of Young People at WorkThe …” „… Explanatory Note on Article 32This Article is based on Directive 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at …” „… on the application of Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at …”

Steve Peers, Sacha Prechal Article 52 – Scope and Interpretation of Rights and Principles S. 1498-1565

„… the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the meaning and scope of …” „… prevent Union law providing more extensive protection.4. In so far as this Charter recognises fundamental …” „… paragraph is designed to allow the Union to guarantee more extensive protection. In any event, the level of …”

Sabine Michalowski Article 3 – Right to the Integrity of the Person S. 82-103

„… provision for integrity in the fields of medicine and biology. With regard to the protection and improvement …” „… requirements linked to the promotion of … a high level of … protection of human health.’ Public health issues …” „… holds legislative powers, including consumer policy, environmental policy, and social policy. The main …”

Hanns Peter Nehl Article 48 – Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence (Administrative Law) S. 1320-1345

„… judicial interpretation of the scope of the protection provided for by the presumption of innocence, as a …” „… protection professional secrecy enshrined in Article 339 TFEU 8 Cf also Opinion of AG Kokott in ECJ Case C …” „… European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) of 4 November 1950 …”

Lamin Khadar, Jo Shaw Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament S. 1070-1099

„… , the environment and consumer protection all applied in Gibraltar.The argument between the parties was …” „… are afforded some form of guarantee of equal treatment or protection against irrationality and …” „… arbitrariness, does such protection derive from Article 39 CFR, from Article 3, Protocol 1 of the ECHR, or from …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259055

No access

Select

Steve Peers (ed.), Tamara Hervey (ed.), Jeff Kenner (ed.), Angela Ward (ed.)

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

2022

Results in this title

Steve Weatherill Article 38 – Consumer Protection S. 1065-1084

„… de Dijon ). Article 38 Article 38 Consumer Protection Union policies shall ensure a high level …” „… of consumer protection. Text of Explanatory Note on Article 38 The principles set out in this …” „… levels, one standard ? The multi-level regulation of consumer protection in Europe ’ in J Devenney and …”

Erika Szyszczak Article 36 – Access to Services of General Economic Interest S. 1025-1040

„… — environmental protection; Article 38 — consumer protection. No mention is made as to how Article 36 interacts …” „… market, social policy, economic, social and territorial cohesion, the environment, consumer protection …” „… consumer protection. 26 These common elements are now set out in primary law in Protocol No 26, using …”

Albertina Albors-Llorens The Asymmetrical Impact of Article 47 of the Charter on National and EU Remedies S. 1735-1756

„… procedural protection of a consumer before and after the conclusion of a contract to have an impact on the …” „… emphasised by the Court, is the protection of the consumer as the weaker party in such transactions. 63 The …” „… also the compelling study by S Prechal in ‘ The Court of Justice and Effective Judicial Protection …”

Gabriel N Toggenburg The Implementation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the EU Member States (as Refl ected in the Work of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency) S. 1791-1808

„… ’ s rights, the right to good administration or consumer protection are examples mentioned in the …” „… protection to consumers, the Consumer Protection Act interfered with the principles of a fair trial and …” „… acknowledged that the Slovak Constitution does not provide a specifi c right to consumer protection and that …”

Index S. 1927-1968

„… consumers interests basic rights, 1067 effective remedy, 1066 environmental protection, 1066 …” „… practices, 104 consumer interest, 1073 data protection, 168 , 189 evidence, 1361 , 1363 , 1365 …” „… freedom and consumer protection, 1077 – 78 freedom of religion, 319 – 20 health protection for …”

Angela Ward Article 47 – Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial S. 1245-1384

„… Union law the protection is more extensive since it guarantees the right to an effective rem-edy before …” „… protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion …” „… Protection in EU law: an Unruly Horse ? ’ ( 2011 ) 36 European Law Review 51 . — — ‘ Article 47 CFR and …”

Ruth Lamont Article 24 – The Rights of the Child S. 693-724

„… workers; information, society and media; environment; consumer protection; agriculture and food safety …” „… protection and care as is necessary for their well-being. They may express their views freely. Such views …” „… Global Protection of Children ’ s Rights: Norms, laws and policy dimensions ( Barbara Budrich Publishers …”

Elisa Morgera, Gracia Marín Durán Article 37 – Environmental Protection S. 1041-1064

„… Environmental Law Review 165. A Kiss , ‘ Environmental and Consumer Protection ’ in S Peers and A Ward …” „… ). 50 A Kiss , ‘ Environmental and Consumer Protection ’ in S Peers and A Ward (eds), The EU …” „… ). 114 Which is used in Art 9 TFEU (employment and social protection) and Art 12 TFEU (consumer …”

Michelle Everson, Rui Correia Gonçalves Article 16 – Freedom to Conduct a Business S. 463-488

„… protection of the health of consumers may be regarded as posing a potential obstacle to the exercise of …” „… interpretation based on sound economic principles ’ , within which protection of the ‘ consumer ’ is paramount …” „… Day ’ ( 2007 ) 13 European Law Journal 279 . LFM Besselink ‘ The Protection of Fundamental …”

Charlotte O’Brien Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities S. 743-778

„… disability (and age, religion and sexual orientation) discrimination protection more in line with that …” „… something different and additional to the protection from discrimination already provided for in Article 21 …” „… role in human rights protection, 31 and its prominent roles in the Charter as both a stand-alone right …”

David Mangan Article 7 (Private Life, Home and Communications) – Respect for Private and Family Life S. 151-194

„… , for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others …” „… . C Kuner , ‘ International agreements, data protection, and EU fundamental rights on the …” „… , LA Bygrave , C Docksey , L Drechsler (eds), The EU General Data Protection Regulation: A …”

Appendix S. 1891-1926

„… sustainable development.Article 38Consumer protectionUnion policies shall ensure a high level of consumer …” „… constitutions.Explanation on Article 38—Consumer protectionThe principles set out in this Article have been based on Article …” „… Environmental protectionA high level of environmental protection and the improvement of the quality of the …”

Oxana Golynker Article 34 – Social Security and Social Assistance S. 985-1006

„… protection and consumer protection. The placement of the article on social security comes after the articles …” „… dealing with labour market protection and before those dealing with health, and environmental and consumer …” „… the entitlement to social security benefits and social services, provid-ing protection in events such …”

Lorna Woods Article 11 – Freedom of Expression and Information S. 333-370

„… ) 556 fi nal, 13 September 2011; Commission, ‘ Communication on the protection of consumers, in …” „… information to be given in the interests of consumer protection and transparency; Art 6 Directive 2000/31 (n …” „… integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals …”

Mats Lindfelt Article 44 – Right to Petition S. 1199-1210

„… of the environment, freedom of movement, fundamental rights and justice, consumer protection …” „… or reducing the scope of application or the level of protection. 31 44.1744.18Art 44 – Right to …” „… concern. The judicial protection offered under EU law is based primarily on the preliminary rulings …”

Angela Ward Article 51 – Field of Application S. 1553-1610

„… , it should be remembered that the requirements flowing from the protection of fundamental rights in …” „… , The Limits of Fundamental Rights Protection by the EU: The Scope for the Development of Positive …” „… Law Review 81 . J Laffranque (ed), The Protection of Fundamental Rights Post-Lisbon: the …”

Niilo Jääskinen Fundamental Social Rights in the Charter – Are They Rights? Are They Fundamental? S. 1855-1870

„… (environment) and 38 (consumer protection) being exceptions to this. The rights under Title IV on solidarity …” „… Constitutional Rights ( Oxford , Oxford University Press , 2010 ) 337 – 43. 3 Protection of fundamental …” „… Ben-Bassat and Dahan have studied the correlation between the scope of constitutional protection of economic …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLIV

„… 7 December 2000. Of course, fundamental rights protection in the law of the Union predates the …” „… as regards the right to respect for private and family life and the right to the protection of …” „… protection in practice, will, I believe, find answers to his or her questions in the pages of this part of …”

Tamara Hervey, Jean McHale Article 35 – The Right to Health Care S. 1007-1024

„… protection for consumers. 53 As Kenner has pointed out, 54 the ruling in Deutches Weintor does not rely on …” „… . A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all …” „… ensure a high level of health protection in any Union law or policy, and, equally, its implementation by …”

Steve Peers Article 3 – Right to the Integrity of the Person S. 39-58

„… special provision for integrity in the fields of medicine and biology. With regard to the protection and …” „… account requirements linked to the promotion of … a high level of … protection of human health. ’ Public …” „… the EU holds legislative powers, including consumer policy, environmental policy, and social policy …”

Helen Stalford, Nuno Ferreira Article 32 – Prohibition of Child Labour and Protection of Young People at Work S. 923-942

„… cial Publications of the European Communities, 1990. Points 20 – 23 relate to the ‘ Protection of …” „… children and adolescents ’ . Article 32 * Article 32 Prohibition of Child Labour and Protection of Young …” „… the protection of young people at work, 1 Article 7 of the European Social Charter 2 and points 20 to …”

Steve Peers, Sacha Prechal Article 52 – Scope and Interpretation of Rights and Principles S. 1611-1674

„… which correspond to rights guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and …” „… Convention. This provision shall not prevent Union law providing more extensive protection. 4. In so far as …” „… protection. In any event, the level of protection afforded by the Charter may never be lower than that …”

Hanns Peter Nehl Article 48 (Administrative Law) – Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence S. 1385-1412

„… : protection of species of wild fauna and fl ora). 3 Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental …” „… 48(1), it is necessary to take account of Article 6(2) of the ECHR as a minimum threshold of protection …” „… of the protection provided for by the presumption of innocence (as a general principle and …”

Catherine Barnard Article 28 – Right of Collective Bargaining and Action S. 801-826

„… . ’ 20 Barnard , ‘ The worker protection justifi cation: lessons from consumer law ’ in P Koutrakos …” „… ’ ( 2008 ) 45 Common Market Law Review 1115 . T Novitz , International and European Protection of the …” „… http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/secretariat_general/relations/relations_other/npo/letter_to_nal_parl_en.htm . S Prechal and S de Vries , ‘ Seamless web of judicial protection in the internal market …”

Ferdinand Wollenschläger Article 17 (1) – Right to Property S. 489-518

„… . Beck , 2015 ). AR Ç oban , Protection of Property Rights within the European Convention on Human …” „… European Convention on Human Rights. Protection of property ( https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art …” „… distinction has been established in German constitutional law differentiating between the protection of …”

Jo Shaw, Lamin Khadar Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament S. 1085-1112

„… persons, services and capital, health, the environment and consumer protection all applied in Gibraltar …” „… ) , 45–95, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43764-0_4 . form of guarantee of equal treatment or protection …” „… against irrationality and arbitrariness, does such protection derive from Article 39 CFR, from Article 3 …”

Jonathan Tomkin Article 50 – Right not to be Tried or Punished Twice in Criminal Proceedings for the same Criminal Offence S. 1509-1552

„… , Article 7 of the Convention on the Protection of the European Communities ’ Financial Interests and …” „… Fransson. Fishing for better rights protection: the court of justice on the application of the Charter in …” „… Transnational Ne Bis in Idem Principle in the EU Mutual Recognition and Equivalent Protection of Human Rights …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913245

Partial access

Select

Christopher Hodges

Law and Corporate Behaviour

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2016

Results in this title

Consumer Trading and Protection S. 351-418

„… 14 Consumer Trading and Protection Enforcement of general consumer protection law has always …” „… http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/consumer_ protection/ oft992.pdf . 2 TNS BMRM , Consumer Detriment 2012 ( Consumer Focus , 2012 ) at …” „… , 2014 ) . 352 Consumer Trading and Protection been consistent over some years in revealing signifi cant …”

Index S. 745-802

„… 585, 590 – 1, 703 capture, risk of 458 cartels 102 competition 439 consumer protection 416 …” „… Team 489 confi dentiality 484, 489 consumer protection 374, 485 co-regulation 469 …” „… command and control regulation 448 competition 136, 435, 444, 472 consumer protection 351, 356 – 61 …”

Standards, Accreditation, Self-Regulation and Co-Regulation S. 461-502

„… intervention initiative: Business Leadership in Consumer Protection. A Discussion Document on Self Regulation …” „… ( Chichester , John Wiley & Sons , 1994 ) . 3 See Business Leadership in Consumer Protection. A …” „… ) . Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 on European standardisation. 26 Green Paper on EU Consumer Protection 2001 …”

The Enforcement Policies of Individual Agencies S. 269-350

„… general consumer protection and competition ( chapters 14 and 15 respectively), which it is more …” „… http://www.parliament.uk/deposits/depositedpapers/2010/DEP2010-2070.pdf . The FCA was initially named the Consumer Protection and Markets Authority …” „… : — Securing an appropriate degree of protection for consumers; — promoting effective competition in the …”

Appendix 2: Guidance for Enforcers of Consumer Law S. 715-744

„… Enterprise Act 2002 against infringements of consumer protection legislation. 8. ECMs widen the orders …” „… against a trader for infringement of consumer protection legislation. The key power is an enforcement …” „… likely to engage in conduct that infringes relevant consumer protection legislation. 18. Following …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXX

„… ...................................................... 269 14. Consumer Trading and Protection …” „… ...................................................................................................... 348 14. Consumer Trading and Protection …” „… communications provider CPP Consumer Protection Partnership CQC Care Quality Commission CR corporate …”

Financial Services S. 611-666

„… stability of the UK fi nancial system, securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers, and the …” „… . Transparency. E. Increasing consumer protection and facilitating redress. F. Controls on Remuneration. G …” „… Consumer Protection and Financial Market Supervision ’ Bern University Law School, Working Papers Law No …”

The Structure of Regulation and Self-Regulation in the UK S. 173-212

„… horizontally (general consumer protection and law enforcement). Table 9.1: (Continued) 178 The Structure of …” „… Consumer Protection. The Interplay between Private and Public Enforcement ( Antwerp , Intersentia , 2009 …” „… , on the one hand, enforcement of consumer protection and competition regulation, and, on the other …”

Competition S. 419-446

„… approach of the OFT to enforcement of consumer protection law developed in parallel to its development of …” „… effective enforcement, extend competition frontiers, refocus consumer protection, achieve professional …” „… are evolving 3 Refocus consumer protection — Empower consumers to exercise informed choice, using …”

Public Regulation S. 159-172

„… , criminal and governmental liability. 49 A 2008 review of consumer protection enforcement revealed a …” „… Consumer Protection Legislation ’ ( 2008 ) 20 ( 4 ) Loyola Consumer Law Review 361 . 51 Dir 2004/35 …” „… intrinsically more serious in terms of constituting a threat to society than misleading advertising of consumer …”

Conclusions on Current Enforcement Policy S. 447-460

„… general consumer trading, bribery and corruption, and both vertically and horizontally for competition …” „… regulators to share data and the revised consumer enforcement bodies ’ landscape encourages increased …” „… offenders, the reduction of crime (including its reduction by deterrence), and the protection of the public …”

Regulating Safety S. 529-610

„… , such as health and safety in general, health and safety at the workplace, the protection of consumers …” „… which regulatory regimes control the safety of selected types of consumer products and services. All …” „… are medicinal products, engineered products, general consumer products, health and safety in the …”

Conclusions: Ethical Regulation S. 695-706

„… 19 and 20. The FCA (Financial Conduct Authority) has created a unit that focuses on how consumers …” „… Affect Consumer Decisions? (FCA, 2014). 700 Conclusions: Ethical Regulation Both structures and …” „… ombudsmen, who function as part dispute resolution body, part consumer adviser, and part regulatory …”

Introduction S. 1-12

„… the workplace. Chapters 14 and 15 cover consumer protection and competition respectively, against the …” „… consumer) and often with limited or even no knowledge of the landscape or of similar debates in other …” „… individuals, especially consumers who typically incur levels of detriment that are individually small. Given …”

Private Enforcement in USA S. 67-86

„… Effectiveness of Public and Private Models for Regulating Consumer Protection ’ in W van Boom and M Loos …” „… (eds), Collective Consumer Interests and How They Are Best Served in Europe ( Vienna , Kluwer …” „… to the class and almost none of them provided in-kind, injunctive, or declaratory relief. Consumer …”

Deterrence Theory S. 45-66

„… Law ’ ( 1951 ) 4 Current Legal Problems 137 . Noted in P Cartwright , Consumer Protection and …” „… Society ( 2008 ) 35 ( 3 ) 389 – 416 ; R Van den Bergh , ‘ Should Consumer Protection Law be Publicly …” „… Cane (n 35) 116, 119, 207. Other extrinsic functions he identifi ed include the protection of property …”

Criticisms of Deterrence S. 107-138

„… include the protection of property, reinforcement of contract, the preservation of competition, loss …” „… spreading, the protection of life and property, law enforcement, the due administration of justice and …” „… , such as distributors, then retailers, then consumers). The payment of full compensation by those who …”

Compliance within Business Organisations S. 503-528

„… standards are industry specifi c, aiming at increasing safety and environmental protection, improving …” „… No 370, 2012 . 59 For USA: Environmental Protection Agency, ‘ Incentives for Self-Policing …” „… Environmental Protection Agency, ‘ Incentives for Self-Policing: Discovery, Disclosure, Correction, and …”

Responsive, Meta and Compliance Theories S. 241-256

„… environmental protection. 8 Haines has studied deaths in the Australian mining industry 9 and Thai manufacturing …” „… sheries protection and food production. A. Water Pollution Enforcement In his ground-breaking …” „… enforcers (for rules). 61 C. Fisheries Protection Baldwin and Black considered enforcement challenges of …”

The Findings of Social Psychology S. 13-44

„… , ‘ Time-Inconsistent Preferences and Consumer Self-Control ’ ( 1991 ) 17 Journal of Consumer Research 492, 497 ; D …” „… education, police protection, and fi re protection; they were threatened with information about the risks …” „… Kagan and D Thornton , ‘ Social Licence and Environmental Protection : Why Businesses go Beyond …”

Developments in Criminal Enforcement in the United Kingdom S. 213-240

„… protection of the public, and (e) the making of reparation by offenders to persons affected by their …” „… manipulation or insider trading, 8 the fi ght against fraud, the protection of the euro against …” „… of other areas, including road transport, data protection, customs and environmental protection. 9 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845274225

Anca Daniela Chirita - The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

No access

Select

Anca Daniela Chirita

The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 82 2011

Results in this title

Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 209-211

„… of the Treaty suggests that consumer protection and unfair practices, which still fall under the …” „… harmed. 6. Protection v Consumer Welfare This sub-chapter aims to provide a consistent understanding of …” „… consumer protection under the Treaty, as in recent years, the purpose of competition has been to promote …”

Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 203-205

„… Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare Since the rules of the game remain unchanged with regard …” „… the purpose of Article 102.802 It is questionable whether the broad meaning of consumer protection …” „… level of consumer protection». Accordingly, in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection, the …”

The Evolution and Role of Consumers’ Interests S. 211-213

„… protection objectives is an inconsistent approach to both consumer and competition law.844In conclusion, this …” „… awareness of consumer protection. Article 153(3) (b) of the Maastricht Treaty strengthened consumer policy …” „… and recognised the Community’s power in acting for consumer protection 841 For a contrasting view …”

Overview of Major Policy Objectives S. 27-46

„… to the abuse of dominance policy as a whole. Thus, Article 12 TFEU requires that «consumer protection …” „… «minimalist» consumer protection 59 A.D. ChiriY<, The Abuse of Dominant Market Position under Romanian …” „… Immenga/Mestmäcker, supra n 7, paras 16-17. Consumer interests fall under Section 5 Law on Consumer Protection; see …”

A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and Public Policy? S. 213-217

„… , especially where the «protection of consumers and the proper functioning of the internal market cannot …” „… . Thus, the Guidance Paper fails when it mentions broad consumer protection requirements, such as «health …” „… consumers is also an exceptional measure of consumer protection. The Commission was, therefore, reluctant to …”

Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks S. 196-201

„… objective for applying Article 102, whilst the protection of consumers is an intermediate goal. This view is …” „… , and should be left only for the EU unfair practices of consumer protection. As a result, the Union’s …” „… implications of «consumer protection requirements» must shed special light on Article 12 TFEU. After the …”

Undistorted Competition and the Old Teleological Interpretation of Article 102 S. 202-203

„… . 3. Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare Since the rules of the game …” „… consumer protection includes consumer welfare, and whether the broader legal language of the Treaty can …” „… Article 169(1) TFEU’s «high level of consumer protection». Accordingly, in order to ensure a high level of …”

The Competition Policy after Lisbon and the Interpretation of Article 102 S. 208-209

„… , Article 169(1) TFEU’s high protection for the narrowly defined consumers or the welfare of the final …” „… dynamic of the Treaty suggests that consumer protection and unfair practices, which still fall under the …” „… harmed. 6. Protection v Consumer Welfare This sub-chapter aims to provide a consistent understanding of …”

The Teleological Interpretation of Article 12 to Article 102 S. 217-220

„… another Treaty objective that could justify a high level of protection for the final consumer from those …” „… 169(2)’s «consumer protection requirements», which are tied to non-competition concerns. However, if …” „… consumer protection requirements broadly aim to implement «other» Union policies, it is obvious that, inter …”

Ambiguities: Where is a Clear Policy Standard? S. 162-165

„… or final consumer welfare, as under unfair competition or consumer protection law respectively. It …” „… L.Rev., 295. 631 Bundeskartellamt rejected the protection of consumer welfare or consumer interests as …” „… total welfare as a standard, helps markets to work better for «the benefit of businesses and consumers …”

Introduction S. 201-202

„… implications of «consumer protection requirements» must shed special light on Article 12 TFEU. After the …” „… Article 12, which ensures a «high level of protection» for the final consumers. The chapter explains how …” „… consumer protection requirements must be defined narrowly so that Article 12 may be applied teleologically …”

Reconcilable Tensions of the New Shift S. 165-168

„… protection against restraints of competition affecting so-called third parties, including consumers as any …” „… protection of consumer welfare or consumer interests as a primary objective of competition law; see Written …” „… service for consumers in order to achieve «consumer sovereignty», which was to be a key criterion against …”

Concluding Remarks S. 220-222

„… autonomous provision out of the Union’s pillar and out of the broader context of consumer protection makes …” „… itself shares competence with its Member States over unfair competition, the protection of consumer …” „… associations, broad consumer protection issues, or environmental protection. Otherwise, both the Commission and …”

Conclusions and Reasons to Enact an Unfair Competition Control Regulation Union-wide S. 372-375

„… practices under the Title on Consumer Protection, except for Article 102 on unfair anti-competitive …” „… consumer protection rules and unfair competition acts. In conclusion, pursuant to Article 228 TEU, the …” „… competition acts out of the area of commercial practice and those of EU consumer protection. The latter is …”

Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the Guidance Paper S. 158-162

„… unfair commercial practices or consumer protection and indicating which of them should then come under …” „… institutional protection of consumers’ interests, and some of those unfair commercial practices that directly or …” „… Article 82 is the protection of competition on the market as a means of enhancing consumer welfare and of …”

The Analysis and Interpretation of the Recent Romanian Amendment S. 150-156

„… consumer protection issues. Past enforcement by the CC with regard to both the competition object and the …” „… Consumers and the Harmonisation of the European legislation on consumer protection, 12 December 2007, OJ I …” „… competition to the detriment of consumers.585 The Monopolies Commission deemed the ban on selling below cost …”

The Comparative Understanding of Undistorted Competition within the Union’s Internal Market S. 205-208

„… with a further view to a high level of consumer protection, but not the superlative of it. Even a …” „… upon the greatest or the highest level of consumer protection would have a chilling effect upon the …” „… regarding consumer protection or unfair commercial practices as part of EU unfair competition law. 819 …”

Anti-competitive Foreclosure and Consumer Harm S. 173-176

„… already been explained, affording protection to consumers should be seen as a method of unfair competition …” „… 173 of customers or final consumers. However, competition authorities may at least benefit from …” „… by its object and another when foreclosing rivals’ access harms consumers indirectly, must be seen as …”

The Elements of Unfair Competition under Article 102 S. 359-361

„… consumer protection rules. The reason lies obviously in the original intent, namely, not to divide consumer …” „… , Section 20’s prohibition protects competitors or more recently consumers1443 as market participants, and …” „… effects on consumers are in line with the economic thinking of consumer welfare is the term «prejudice to …”

The Dominant Position and the Concept of Abuse S. 82-104

„… functioning of the internal market and achieve a high level of consumer protection by approximating the laws …” „… unfair competition. This is despite the lack of the Union’s exclusive competence for consumer protection …” „… least consumer protection falls under the Union’s share of competence with Member States, the Commission …”

Selling below Cost in the Food Trade Sector S. 257-259

„… competition law lies in the protection of small and medium-sized competitors and in keeping market entries …” „… the disposal of all undertakings, the FCO affords special protection to competitors.1036 Furthermore …” „… , without an economic analysis of actual effects on consumers and of the welfare benefits in the short run …”

The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary Requirements S. 176-180

„… 176 foreclosure.673 This focused more on competitors than on consumers, and it would be possible to …” „… if they were in competitive markets,674 the protection of competition against anticompetitive …” „… foreclosure effects should not be considered identical to the protection of the structure of the market, as it …”

Abuse of Economic Dependency: A Gap under Article 102 S. 322-325

„… unfair competition and to ensure consumer protection, whilst «making markets work well for consumers …” „… benefit of the consumer at all. Otherwise, any interference affords protection to less powerful …” „… under Article 102 is based on the assumption that those divergent provisions serve «consumer welfare …”

Consistency v Legal Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach S. 168-173

„… suggests, for assessing those cases where anti-competitive conduct does not have a consumer-protection …” „… already been explained, affording protection to consumers should be seen as a method of unfair competition …” „… anti-competitive practices should affect broadly and narrowly defined consumers’ interests respectively as the …”

The German Economic Thinking in the Light of an Economic Constitution S. 49-55

„… competition law with regard to the protection of smaller businesses or consumer welfare, it is necessary to …” „… would ensure the highest level of consumer protection. The Union’s historical evolution is another …” „… in aiming to investigate other cases where the concept leads to consumer-harm, directly or …”

Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: A New Exploitative Abuse of Property Rights? S. 307-314

„… consumers respectively, by imposing, directly or indirectly, sale or purchase prices. Novartis allegedly …” „… the period for which it had been granted a patent protection for its product «Valsartan», thereby …” „… . Under Article 102, the protection of own investments is not an objective justification of a refusal to …”

The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law S. 361-370

„… consumer protection», which does not rule out that advertisers on the internet could be made liable under …” „… of consumer protection».1488The clear conclusion is that during this process of approximation, the …” „… anti-competitive and unfair practices that may amount to harm to consumers; that may lead to the necessity of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare 2034. The Comparative Understanding of …” „… Interpretation of Article 102 2086. Protection v Consumer Welfare 2097. The Evolution and Role of …” „… Consumers 29c) Undistorted Competition and Market Integration 31d) Non-Competition or Public Policy …”

The Methodological Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law S. 180-190

„… » harmful for consumers.720However, the Commission introduced such broad consumer protection requirements as …” „… health and safety reasons that fall under the consumer protection rules and for which the Commission …” „… 180 evidence of consumer harm in the form of supra-competitive retail prices on the ADSL market.696 …”

Preface S. 11-12

„… enforcement priorities in applying Article 102 and upon the consumer protection function in the light of the …” „… , is replaced by a consumer protection function in the light of the Lisbon Treaty’s Article 12 TFEU …” „… efficiencies; consumer harm; consumer welfare; the balancing test and objective justification; performance and …”

Selling below Costs S. 252-257

„… the distribution chain and by limiting tobacco’s distribution to the prejudice of consumers.1014 …” „… 1999, the plaintiff had also limited distribution to consumers’ disadvantage and favoured SC T.D.G. SRL …” „… decisions are suggestive of the effects on consumers and the foreclosure of smaller competitors as unfair …”

Final Remarks for Germany S. 379-381

„… process and, as far as the present enforcement has shown, the focus upon the consumers’ protection has …” „… , such as trademarks, business secrets and any other issues that do not fall under consumer protection …” „… performance-competition or competition on the merits. Consumer sovereignty also experienced difficulties associated with …”

Margin Squeeze in the Telecommunications Sector S. 260-268

„… analysis of the US courts’ trend towards consumer welfare and not competitors’ protection see …” „… efficient» competitors out of the market, DT strengthened its dominant position and limited consumers …” „… , in particular, to protect consumers by means of undistorted competition».1066 Therefore, consumers …”

Distinctive Features in the Light of the Eighth German Amendment S. 146-150

„… . However, such a justification for this prohibition is the protection of competitors or consumers, which …” „… consumers from switching to other energy providers, as electricity is a quasi-homogenous good; rather, it …” „… protection to smaller 571 Opinion of Professor Justus Haucap, Stellungnahme Monopolkommission zur …”

Bibliography S. 383-395

„… .: Competition Law and Consumer Protection, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1st edn, 2005. Cseres, K.J.: The …” „… Gesellschaftspolitik. Haupt, Stefan: An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection in Contract Law, 4(2003)11 German …” „… ) Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht. Heim, Sebastian: Protection of Competitors, Consumers and the …”

Brief Overview of Short-Term or Other Policy Goals S. 68-74

„… , but also consumers. Therefore, any protection afforded to competitors may be perceived as protecting …” „… protection to competitors in the light of the Treaty’s preamble that recognises fair competition.216 As has …” „… of unfair pricing, therefore, should be seen as a provision that also marginally affects consumers or …”

The European Commission’s Standard: Total v Consumer Welfare S. 65-68

„… may prove an exceptional circumstance for the benefit of consumers, but cannot completely replace an …” „… v Consumer Welfare In its Discussion Paper,200 the Commission proposed consumer welfare as a primary …” „… «means of both enhancing an efficient allocation of resources and consumer welfare».201 However, consumer …”

The Balancing Test: The Public Interest and Effective Competition S. 333-336

„… , etc». 334 interests of EU consumers? The latter aspect is critical where there should be legal …” „… interest. It cannot qualify as an exceptional circumstance if the public interests of consumers in general …” „… of innovation of the whole industry.1353The court held, however, that the protection afforded to …”

The Control of Unfair Competition Acts: A Dynamic Interpretation S. 370-372

„… measures even when they are designed to ensure a «high level of consumer protection».1488The clear …” „… interest of the general public, such as of any market participants, in particular consumers or competitors …” „… competition, the conflict-of-law rule should protect competitors, consumers and the general public». Thus it …”

Concluding Remarks on the Final Balancing of Policy Objectives, their Enforcement and Future Challenges S. 46-49

„… on competition, unfair commercial practices, and consumer protection rules.127Therefore, it is …” „… competition. Furthermore, in the light of Article 12, a narrow definition of a consumer could also be applied …” „… precedence over particular situations, where the interests of the final consumers are balanced against the …”

An Empirical Classification of Abusive Practices and Future Challenges S. 230-235

„… linked to the freedom of action providing the prejudice to consumers is due to the protection of consumer …” „… for affecting economic activity or the consumers. Therefore, competition is affected when a firm uses …” „… both economic freedom and consumers, it allows consideration of both economic variables, such as the …”

Performance v Prevention-Based Competition and Economic Efficiency S. 55-61

„… , where it has also a competitor-consumer protection-related function.174Briefly, the ordoliberal concept …” „… regard to a pragmatically induced shift from consumer sovereignty to market structure. The early concept …” „… of performance defined competition in terms of better service for consumers and aimed to achieve …”

Final Remarks for EU Competition Law S. 381-382

„… , such as trademarks, business secrets and any other issues that do not fall under consumer protection …” „… of consumers, as no efficiencies have been gained. However, also critical is the extent to which …” „… influence of consumer welfare and rule of reason with the Union’s own concepts and pre-conditions of how the …”

Concluding Remarks on the Eighth German Amendment and the Case Law S. 325-327

„… benefit of the consumer at all. Otherwise, any interference affords protection to less powerful …” „… of food is to achieve consumer welfare in the long run. Therefore, this approach is oriented more …” „… towards end-customers or consumers than to protecting competition as such. It is based on the likelihood …”

Business or Demand-induced Dependence S. 321-322

„… consumer harm. Of course, ultimately, the consumer protection may also be relevant. However, «product …” „… those divergent provisions serve «consumer welfare», as a policy objective. Without reiterating the …” „… case of Rossignol is offered as an exemplary evidence of conduct inducing «consumer harm», 22. The case …”

Economically Viable or Surviving in the Market S. 338-342

„… the detriment of consumers.1369Therefore, the court concluded that Microsoft had a lead over its …” „… network effects, efficiency, and/or consumer preference for a homogenous system.1372 It is, therefore …” „… emergence of a «new» product are analysed in the context of «damage to the interests of consumers». 1376 …”

Final Concluding Remarks S. 342-346

„… assessing dominance, but went beyond foreclosure itself when it required proof of consumer harm. Again, the …” „… latter appears to be in line with the unfair anti-competitive practices that protect consumers or prevent …” „… consumer harm by safeguarding primarily the overall public interest, as human health or safety standards …”

Export Sales below Cost and Dumping Pricing S. 268-270

„… thereby harming domestic consumers who would have to pay increased prices to cover the difference. Thus …” „… is unclear. It could be that it seeks to ensure that neither domestic firms nor consumers pay higher …” „… prices, thus allowing a dominant firm to sell its products at lower prices to foreign firms or consumers …”

Technical Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage S. 336-338

„… the information requested was subject to protection by patent and copyright. Thus, the court found …” „… that the refusal «limited technological development to the prejudice of consumers», whilst Microsoft’s …” „… or service finally reaches the end-consumer. Under German competition law, technical tying as product …”

Exclusionary Abuses S. 133-142

„… «limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers»,514 but replaced …” „… the «prejudice of users or consumers». As has already been noted, a systematic interpretation of …” „… Article 6 (b)’s special emphasis on consumers’ prejudice in corroboration with Article 6’s general clause …”

Monopoly Pricing S. 235-236

„… fall under the consumer protection laws. Gas Sud did not force its consumers to deal with its …” „… companies to make a connection, whilst consumers could not, ultimately, make any choice. Thus, this aspect …”

The Assessment of Market Dominance S. 112-127

„… found to be not dominant vis-à-vis end-consumers, even if it was the only supplier in the relevant …” „… latter stance is not beyond any criticism if it affords competitors’ protection where there are no real …” „… that leads to consumer harm. Overall, a comprehensive evaluation of the general factors achieves better …”

Technological Tying v Interoperability in the Software Industry S. 294-298

„… trade secrets laws that did not deserve the same level of protection as other forms of intellectual 296 …” „… Article 7, the UCPD directly protects «consumer economic interest from unfair business-to-consumer …” „… «limiting production, markets, or technical development to the prejudice of consumers», aiming to support …”

Excessive or Unfair Pricing and Unfair Trading Conditions S. 236-242

„… fall under the consumer protection laws. Gas Sud did not force its consumers to deal with its …” „… companies to make a connection, whilst consumers could not, ultimately, make any choice. Thus, this aspect …” „… and the impact on consumers. Such a concept imposes a stricter standard, but also increases …”

Predatory Pricing S. 245-252

„… protection against a competitor’s low prices is likely to be costly to consumers who are denied the advantage …” „… supply areas. There were barriers to entry for newcomers and no possibility for consumers to switch to …” „… that prejudiced particularly the final consumers.981The flaw in the CC’s approach is that it does not …”

Refusal to Grant Access to Essential Facilities S. 302-307

„… network facilities or supplying end-consumers with electricity.1252 The operation of side network …” „… effect economic activity or prejudice to consumers respectively, by imposing, directly or indirectly …” „… protection for its product «Valsartan», thereby attempting to annul the legal effects with regard to the …”

Cross-subsidisation S. 259-260

„… affords them protection to remain «viable» and resist the competitive pressure in the market, even by …” „… in its pricing decisions, and therefore were very low for consumers.1041Both firms gained a …”

Dependence upon a Certain Undertaking S. 314-319

„… extended because under the commercialisation regulation neither the National Authority for Consumer …” „… Protection nor the public authorities, such as fiscal authorities or city halls for notification of any sales …” „… latter situation overlaps slightly with unfair competition law, which affords competitors’ protection …”

Final Remarks and Policy Recommendations for Romania S. 376-379

„… enforcement has shown, the focus upon the consumers’ protection has been only marginal. (10) With relatively …”

The Legal Background of the Abuse of a Dominant Position S. 19-22

„… the economic activity or prejudice to consumers. Following the Competition Council’s legislative …” „… legislation that protects legitimate interests other than the protection of competition on the market must be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230306

Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer - Digital Revolution: Challenges for Contract Law in Practice

No access

Select

Reiner Schulze (ed.), Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.)

Digital Revolution: Challenges for Contract Law in Practice

2016

Results in this title

Caroline Meller-Hannich Share Economy and Consumer Protection S. 119-132

„… Share Economy and Consumer Protection Caroline Meller-Hannich* Collaborative Consumption rather …” „… than Consumer Protection? The reversal of the schematic division between production and consumption by …” „… consumer protection outdated? Is the main contribution made by the sharing economy that ‘it I. * Caroline …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Consumer Concept 111 Rafael Illescas Ortiz Share Economy and Consumer Protection 119 Caroline …” „… Contents Introduction The Challenges of Digitisation for Consumers 11 Gerd Billen Digital Revolution …” „… Meller-Hannich 7 Internet of Things Profiling and Targeting Consumers in the Internet of Things – A New Challenge …”

Natali Helberger Profiling and Targeting Consumers in the Internet of Things – A New Challenge for Consumer Law S. 135-164

„… consumer protection law and policy. In so doing, the chapter will focus in particular on the aspect of …” „… associated with data protection law and privacy. This chapter will demonstrate that consumer law, too, will …” „… personal data and data security. Insofar, when talking about IoT and consumer concerns, data protection and …”

Gerd Billen The Challenges of Digitisation for Consumers S. 11-20

„… opportunity to kick off this workshop by outlining the consumer-protection challenges that will have to be …” „… theme for any consumer-protection policy that is oriented by consumer interests, it would be trust. In …” „… Secretary to the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection. The contribution was held as opening …”

Rafael Illescas Ortiz Share Economy and the Consumer Concept S. 111-118

„… the new realities by the consumer protection rules currently in force and (ii) the new profiles within …” „… realities. Coverage of Consumer Protection Rules Determining the coverage of consumer protection rules …” „… required by consumer protection legislation. As a consequence, share economy can be located outside of the …”

Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Digital Revolution – Challenges for Contract Law S. 19-32

„… European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance …” „… also have to consider the consequences arising for consumer law (especially consumer protection in …” „… and the Draft Common Frame of Reference15) and EU legislation (in particular the Consumer Sales …”

Christiane Wendehorst Consumer Contracts and the Internet of Things S. 189-224

„… )(a) of the General Data Protection Regulation, and the trader must inform the consumer, before the …” „… provisions that would be essential for effective consumer protection in the field. What is really called for …” „… Consumer Contracts and the Internet of Things Christiane Wendehorst* Introduction The Internet of …”

Larry A. DiMatteo Regulation of Share Economy: A Consistently Changing Environment S. 89-112

„… regulatory apparatus recently put in place is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) established in …” „… Consumer Protection Act.3 The CFPB’s purpose is to protect consumers in financial transactions with bank …” „… issues posed by the information age. 3 Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, P.L …”

Geraint Howells, Chris Willett 3D Printing: The Limits of Contract and Challenges for Tort S. 67-86

„… Riefa, Consumer Protection and Online Auction Platforms (Ashgate 2015) ch 2. Geraint Howells / Chris …” „… challenge. Thus we might wish to exempt small time sellers from consumer law rules, as they cannot be …” „… code as a product become even stronger if consumers come to see 3D printing as an everyday device, so …”

Rolf H. Weber Contractual Duties and Allocation of Liability in Automated Digital Contracts S. 163-188

„… generally bear the cost of such a mistake. In relation to private buyers consumer protection law can remedy …” „… Strategy is built on three pillars, namely (i) improving the access for consumers and businesses to online …” „… cross-border e-commerce rules increasing consumers’ and businesses’ trust as well as the reinforcement of trust …”

Christian Twigg-Flesner Conformity of 3D prints – Can current Sales Law cope? S. 35-68

„… to comply with Consumer Protection Laws?’ (2008) 31 Journal of Consumer Policy 473, 473–487 …” „… consumer, as the weak party to the contract, complete and effective protection from faulty performance by …” „… 222. 35 the position of a (consumer) buyer who acquires an item produced by 3Dprinting technology …”

Rolf H. Weber Statement S. 263-266

„… (consumers, business entities) in the IoT must reflect this new appearance of correlation. Nevertheless, the …” „… legal situation is not completely new; as in case of the protection of personality the discussions …” „… Directive 2000 and the Data Protection Directive 1995: The scope of liability is much broader if an …”

Erica Palmerini, Andrea Bertolini Liability and Risk Management in Robotics S. 225-260

„… safety [2002] OJ L 11/4. 17 See Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection (DG SANCO), ‘Guidance …” „… and consumer protection for users of robotic devices. 108 See M. E. André, P. Grignon and P. Dumont …” „… intended for the consumer market are also subject to the General Product Safety Directive (GPSD),16 unless …”

Robert MacDougall Statement S. 265-271

„… area of IoT and are effective at providing privacy protections to consumers. Indeed, the automotive …” „… services/goods of suppliers or the confidence of users (consumers, business users) in IoT and/or data driven …” „… . For some IoT products, technology can enable and empower consumers so that insurers are able to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845273488

1

2 3 ... 638