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Gordian N. Hasselblatt - Community Trade Mark Regulation

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Gordian N. Hasselblatt (ed.)

Community Trade Mark Regulation

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

Results in this title

Costs S. 903-923

„… ). SECTION 2 Costs Article 85 Costs 1. The losing party in opposition proceedings, proceedings for revocation …” „… party as well as all costs, without prejudice to Article 119 (6), incurred by him essential to the …” „… the limits of the scales set for each category of costs under the conditions laid down in the …”

Enforcement of decisions fixing the amount of costs S. 923-926

„… costs 1. Any final decision of the Office fixing the amount of costs shall be enforceable. 2 …” „… costs in inter partes proceedings before OHIM, Art. 86 CTMR is addressing the enforcement of these …” „… awards of costs against the losing party. 2 Furthermore, Art. 86 CTMR applies on decisions where OHIM is …”

Bulgaria S. 1290-1297

„… such as translation costs/as all the written evidences should be translated into Bulgarian language/as …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6. Costs …”

Belgium S. 1282-1290

„… such as translation costs/as all the written evidences should be translated into Bulgarian language/as …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4. Costs …”

Measures under Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC S. 1262-1274

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2. Legal costs(Art. 14 …” „… , which may be pre-established. 2. Legal costs(Art. 14) 52 The legal costs incurred by the successful …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 VII. Damages and legal costs (Artt. 13, 14 …”

Entry into force S. 1259-1262

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2. Legal costs(Art. 14 …” „… authority that issues enforceability certificates for OHIM cost decisions, as mandated by Art. 86 (2) CTMR.2 …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 VII. Damages and legal costs (Artt. 13, 14 …”

Ireland S. 1369-1376

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6. Costs …” „… cost but at a slower pace through the general High Court or entering the ‘fast track’ option offered by …”

Sweden S. 1465-1470

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 VIII. Costs …” „… under the Swedish Trademark Act. I. Costs 4 From an international perspective, the costs for litigating …”

Actions before the Court of Justice S. 757-797

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 XI. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1. Costs following a decision on the merits …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 2. Costs following other end to proceedings …”

United Kingdom S. 1470-1478

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 7. Costs …” „… referrals to the CJ for guidance on matters of trade mark law and practice. I. Costs 2The UK is also among …”

Italy S. 1376-1386

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 7. Costs …” „… 18:54:44 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm I. Costs 2 Traditionally, Italy is among the …”

Latvia S. 1386-1395

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IV. Costs of proceedings …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5. Legal costs …” „… thereof. IV. Costs of proceedings 4 The costs may vary greatly depending on the complexity of an issue …”

Germany S. 1349-1355

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Litigation costs in Germany …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. Costs …” „… CJ1. II. Litigation costs in Germany 3 Generally, litigation costs depend on several factors such as …”

Austria S. 1274-1282

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Costs and timescale …” „… ) Costs …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm II. Costs and timescale 3 The approximate costs of a trial cannot easily …”

Malta S. 1413-1419

„… judgment. 6Regarding the issue of costs, these vary according to the particular circumstances of each case …” „… , however on a broad basis one may categorise judicial fees and costs as follows on an approximate basis: (a …” „… ) at first instance: attorney fees (judicial only) EUR 1,500/miscellaneous judicial costs EUR 1,500; (b …”

Lithuania S. 1395-1406

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. Representation costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3. Other costs …”

Hungary S. 1361-1369

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5. Costs …” „… bailiff, the execution procedure is complicated, slow and inefficient. I. Costs 2 It is relatively …”

Slovakia S. 1442-1450

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Costs of the proceedings …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 c) Recovery of legal costs …” „… the preliminary injunction. II. Costs of the proceedings 4 The costs of the proceeding depend to a …”

Index S. 1598-1627

„… 161 et seq. – actionable decisions 65 161 – applicants 65 162 et seq. – costs 65 221 et seq. see Costs …” „… Application for appeal before the General Court – Costs 65 139 et seq. see Costs of appeal – decision of the …” „… shape marks 7 118 Award of costs by OHIM 85 10 Award of costs in inter partes proceedings 85 1 et seq …”

Denmark S. 1319-1328

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 III. Estimated costs of proceedings …” „… courts an average duration of one year. III. Estimated costs of proceedings 10For all court proceedings …” „… party succeeding in its claim will, as a main rule, be awarded costs. However, in injunction proceedings …”

Oral proceedings S. 842-846

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5. Costs …” „… because of its cost. Since opening in 1996, only less than a handful of oral hearings have taken place in …” „… providing for interpretation into the language of proceedings (at the cost of the respective party). 3 …”

The Netherlands S. 1419-1425

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 II. Costs …” „… level at low cost in a very short amount of time. In addition, the Dutch procedural system provides for …” „… destruction of goods and damages. II. Costs 5An injunction and ex parte proceedings generally can be obtained …”

Greece S. 1355-1361

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 d) Costs …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm II. Costs 2Greece is not an expensive jurisdiction in comparison …”

Czech Republic S. 1311-1319

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… Czech Republic (see below C. I.). I. Costs 3 The court fees vary depending on whether financial …” „… The costs of average trade mark litigation in the Czech Republic are EUR 2,000– 4,000.00 in one …”

Slovenia S. 1450-1460

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 8. Costs …” „… negative consequences occurred in Slovenia10. 2. Costs 11The court’s official fee is calculated on the …”

Spain S. 1460-1465

„… instance and in an appeal.Each party must pay the fees of its experts and cost of submitting its documents …” „… and evidence. 9 Parties cannot recover all the costs incurred in litigation, even the party that wins …” „… legal costs, except if it finds that the case presented serious doubts in fact or in law. However, if …”

France S. 1340-1349

„… represented. 4Costs vary with the complexity of issues and the extent of the assistance provided by the client …” „… especially in connection with the facts findings. Costs pertaining to the preparation of trials, in …” „… itself a party would typically incur costs for proceedings before the tribunal de grande instance of EUR …”

Finland S. 1333-1340

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I. Costs …” „… 2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm I. Costs 5Costs for litigating a CTM infringement case can …” „… factors. As a general rule, the costs for a ‘typical’ trade mark infringement action will run from EUR …”

Cyprus S. 1305-1311

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Costs …” „… : 160.00mm 240.00mm II. Costs 3Compared to a number of other EU jurisdictions, litigation costs in Cyprus …” „… the time involved. In addition, costs vary depending on the complexity of the issues brought before …”

Romania S. 1434-1442

„… summary and main proceedings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 IV. Costs and …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 III. Costs of litigation …” „… stage. IV. Costs and efficiency of proceedings – general aspects 8 In the absence ofclaims for …”

Estonia S. 1328-1333

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Costs …” „… . Costs 3The costs of proceeding are not as high as in most European countries. For example, the state fee …” „… extended to the mentioned amount. Usually the costs are approximately EUR 2,500–8,000 depending on the case …”

Portugal S. 1430-1434

„… decisions as a complementary sanction and a new framework for damages including legal costs. 3Our law …” „… court costs are usually lower in the fast measure (less than E 500,00) and, in the main proceedings they …” „… avoid the duplication of the controversy and the increase of court costs. The ‘inversion of the …”

Croatia S. 1297-1305

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. Costs …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7. Costs …” „… jurisdiction hierarchy prevents the forum shopping. 2. Costs 9 The value of a claim, determination of which is …”

Taking of evidence S. 846-860

„… afterwards should be considered inadmissible, Art. 76 (2). 5. Costs 16The costs of an oral hearing are costs …” „… of proceedings and will be subject to the decision on costs according to Art. 85 (1) and R 94 (7) of …” „… hearing, R 97 of the Implementing Regulation. Costs for the oral hearing are costs essential to the …”

Termination of financial obligations S. 900-903

„… exceeding the tenth page. – Fee for the review of the determination of the procedural costs to be refunded 3 …” „… ). SECTION 2 Costs Article 85 Costs 1. The losing party in opposition proceedings, proceedings for revocation …” „… party as well as all costs, without prejudice to Article 119 (6), incurred by him essential to the …”

Annex 2 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 2868/95 S. 1488-1533

„… proceedings are closed pursuant to paragraphs 2 or 3, no decision on costs shall be taken. (5) If before …” „… decision on costs. (3) The decision shall be signed by the Chairman and the other members of the Board of …” „… shall rule on the objection. Rule 59 Costs of taking of evidence (1) The taking of evidence by the …”

Poland S. 1425-1430

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Costs …” „… cases is decided in less than 12 months from filing a suit. 3. Costs 6Costs of litigating Community …” „… (around EUR 25) for each claim. 8Professional fees depend on many factors, but total costs of litigating …”

Fees regulations S. 1161-1171

„… reduction, as the value increased without further costs. 4The earlier fee for the alteration of the …” „… with costs that the loosing party may have to reimburse to the winning party in inter partes …” „… proceedings and where the Office’s role is limited to decide on the allocation and the fixing of costs (Art …”

Opposition S. 637-657

„… , Section 3, Payment of fees, costs and charges …” „… , https://oami.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/ trade_marks/Guidelines/02_part_a_general_rules_section_3_payment_of_fees_costs …” „… decision on costs according to Rule 18 (4) CTMIR. Furthermore, the notification of the opposition to the …”

Luxembourg S. 1406-1413

„… damages are in principle granted. 5The cost of an infringement procedure varies depending on several …” „… legal fees and other costs if the parties can find an agreement. II. Out-of-court settlement 8 Following …” „… of the infringing goods. Costs associated with such measures are borne by the infringer.21 37 …”

Boards of Appeal S. 1134-1139

„… apportionment of costs – The fixing of the amount of costs – The closure of the file – The staying the …” „… the amount of costs pursuant to Art. 85 (6) – where the decision consist in the review of the amount …” „… of costs determined pursuant to Art. 85 (6) – where the decision only concerns the admissibility of …”

Date of Filing S. 555-559

„… , Part A, Section 3 (Payment of Fees, Costs and Charges). Content I. General …” „… Internal Market’, Part A, Section 3 (Payment of Fees, Costs and Charges). 1. Applicable fees 14It is …” „… , Costs and Charges), available on the office’s website. Community Trade Mark RegulationCTMR Art. 28 532 …”

Annex 4 Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the council S. 1542-1554

„… the case in question and providing the guarantees needed to cover the costs and the injury caused to …” „… , such as the costs of identification and research. (27) To act as a supplementary deterrent to future …” „… reasonably satisfactory. Section 6 Damages and legal costs Article 13 Damages 1. Member States shall ensure …”

Opposition Divisions S. 1127-1129

„… 240.00mm – The apportionment of costs – The fixing of the amount of costs – The closure of the file – The …”

Cancellation Divisions S. 1132-1134

„… apportionment of costs – The fixing of the amount of costs – The closure of the file – The staying the …”

Exhibition priority S. 590-593

„… claim exhibition priority instead of claiming convention priority may be to avoid the costs of filing a …” „… , claiming priority generally does not incur further costs. II. Practical remarks 6 The OHIM regularly …”

Administration of Trade Marks and Legal Division S. 1129-1132

„… 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm – The apportionment of costs – The fixing of the amount …” „… of costs – The closure of the file – The rejection of the opposition as inadmissible before the …”

Community implementing provisions S. 1240-1244

„… file; (l) review of the determination of the procedural costs to be refunded. 3. The Implementing …” „… procedural cost to be refunded (Art. 1622)(l); Rule 94 (4)) EUR 100 Community Trade Mark RegulationCTMR Art …”

Filing of applications S. 541-546

„… applicant a fee which shall not exceed the administrative costs of receiving and forwarding the application …” „… Market (Trade Marks and Desings) on Community Trade Marks, Part A, Section 3 (Payment of Fees, Costs and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-27

„… .......................................................................... 873 SECTION 2 Costs …” „… ........................................................................................................................ 876 Article 85 Costs …” „… ......................................................................................................................... 876 Article 86 Enforcement of decisions fixing the amount of costs …”

Notification S. 860-867

„… evidence, regarding certain information duties, regarding costs and regarding finalization of the evidence …” „… stage. These rules are supplemented by those relating to costs, R 59 of the Implementing Regulation, and …”

The application for a community trade mark as an object of property S. 540-541

„… weeks after filing. It may charge the applicant a fee which shall not exceed the administrative costs of …”

Community trade mark S. 28-62

„… trade mark makes a very modern, strong and territorially expansive legal instrument available. The costs …” „… for securing CTM protection are relatively low, especially when compared with the costs that would be …” „… territory of those Member States automatically and without involving additional costs with effect as of the …”

Consequences of revocation and invalidity S. 723-725

„… damage costs by negligence or lack of good faith or to unjust enrichment. SECTION 5 Proceedings in the …”

Competence S. 1123-1125

„… not touch the merits of the case, such as decisions on the apportionment of costs, the staying of …”

Examiners S. 1125-1127

„… decisions that do not touch the merits of the case, such as decisions on the apportionment of costs, the …”

Conditions with which applications must comply S. 546-555

„… Market (Trade Marks and Desings) on Community Trade Marks, Part A, Section 3 (Payment of Fees, Costs and …” „… (Payment of Fees, Costs and Charges). Content I. General …”

Claiming the seniority of a national trade mark S. 593-602

„… the cost of the trade mark systems of the Member States. In fact, the main obstacle for such a …” „… . This may be particularly attractive for the trade mark proprietor since costs and time for …”

Office S. 62-65

„… provide access to registered trade marks at minimum cost and difficulty to applicants, so as to make CTM …”

Decisions in respect of appeals S. 754-757

„… to costs) and the reasons for the decision. The latter is also required under Art. 75 CTMR. VI …”

Register of Community trade marks S. 926-930

„… Member State will normally require a translation of the decision fixing the costs into the language of …”

General principles of representation S. 947-951

„… under Art. 92 (3) does not count as a professional representative for the award of costs, even if he is …”

Extent of jurisdiction S. 981-984

„… court is situated (Art. 98 (2)). To avoid a partial dismissal of an action and the adverse cost effects …”

Withdrawal, restriction and amendment of the application S. 667-671

„… also issue an order for cost.81 SECTION 5 Withdrawal, restriction, amendment and division of the …”

Transformation S. 1236-1240

„… the determination of the procedural costs to be refunded. 3. The Implementing Regulation and the rules …”

Application for revocation or for a declaration of invalidity S. 725-729

„… national provisions relating either to claims for compensation for damage costs by negligence or lack of …”

Presumption of validity – Defence as to the merits S. 984-988

„… to Art. 99 (3).7 Finally, filing a counterclaim can have the effect of increasing costs, which the …”

Applicable law S. 1000-1004

„… of proceedings, oral hearing, court notices or the duration and costs of proceedings. 14 S. the …”

Budget S. 1151-1156

„… above full costs leading to repeated positive economic outturns and the accumulation of significant …”

Opposition S. 1221-1227

„… on the apportionment of costs shall be taken.20 If the ex officio provisional refusal is not upheld …”

Dealing with Community trade marks as national trade marks S. 465-482

„… take heed of various different rules. This reduces complexity, the costs of information and – quite …” „… a single residual national law reduces the legal costs for enforcement and most likely makes …”

Renewal S. 681-688

„… to the non-renewal of a the CTM, the proprietor of the expired CTM must bear the costs and fees …”

Provisions relating to the enlargement of the Community S. 1251-1259

„… Community. Holders of CTM rights do not have to undergo any formality or pay any additional costs as a …”

Effects vis-a`-vis third parties S. 532-540

„… parties instead can re-file their application, which is both timeand cost efficient.17 II. Comments on …”

Annex 3 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 2869/95 S. 1533-1542

„… procedural costs to be refunded (point 14 of Article 140 (2), Rule 94 (4)) 100 31.30 Fee for the filing of an …”

Statement of reasons on which decisions are based S. 822-831

„… right to take additional action at national trade mark Offices, resulting in significantly higher costs …”

Examination of opposition S. 657-667

„… final. The Office will also issue an order for cost.81 SECTION 5 Withdrawal, restriction, amendment and …”

Grounds for revocation S. 697-708

„… object. Each party will usually have to bear its own costs. When it is first decided, however, that the …”

Request for the application of national procedure S. 1047-1060

„… multiplication of proceedings and the accumulation of additional costs if the owner of prior rights is not able …”

Transfer S. 482-497

„… writ of execution, as well as a decision on the determination of costs or expenses by an officer of the …”

Licensing S. 515-532

„… several sets of proceedings concerning the same infringement and increase his legal costs, but also bears …”

Classification S. 559-578

„… , Costs and Charges), available on the office’s website. Community Trade Mark RegulationCTMR Art. 28 532 …”

Use of Community trade marks S. 439-465

„… fast and cost-efficient procedures than its American counterpart16. The EU does acknowledge intent in …”

Relative grounds for refusal S. 225-322

Absolute grounds for refusal S. 96-225

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258904

Kai Ambos, Otto Triffterer - The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

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Kai Ambos (ed.), Otto Triffterer (ed.)

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2016

Results in this title

Claus Kreß, KIMBERLY PROST . Costs S. 2156-2158

„… 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 100 Costs 1. The ordinary costs for execution of …” „… , which shall be borne by the Court: (a) Costs associated with the travel and the security of witnesses …” „… and experts or the transfer under article 93 of persons in custody; (b) Costs of translation …”

Roger S. Clark . Transfer of the person upon completion of sentence S. 2197-2199

„… the person to remain in its territory. 2. If no State bears the costs arising out of transferring the …” „… person to another State pursuant to paragraph 1, such costs shall be borne by the Court. 3. Subject to …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 II. Paragraph 2: ‘If no State bears the costs [of transfer] such costs shall be borne by the Court …”

Maarten Halff, David Tolbert, Renan Villacis . Funds of the Court and of the Assembly of States Parties S. 2254-2263

„… ) 78–86; Provisional Estimates of the Staffing, Structure and Costs of the Establishment and Operation of …” „… discontinuation of certain activities, or simply because of overly high cost estimates made at the beginning of …” „… , the development of the budget from an ‘object of expenditure’ budget (in which costs are classified …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Official and working languages S. 1324-1332

„… institutions, account must be taken of the practical and cost implications of attempting to work in multiple …” „… costs of interpretation and translation, particularly since these costs increase with the number 1 …” „… in order to reduce costs and the potential delays involved in obtaining written translations. The …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Escape S. 2213-2215

„… comment can be given on the costs of an escape. Codified in the Austrian Agreement under Article 18 …” „… , paragraph 3 thereof states that ‘[i]n case of escape, the costs associated with the surrender of the …” „… ever occurs, it seems quite likely that the Court will be the entity who will have to pay the costs …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Salaries, allowances and expenses S. 1320-1323

„… entitlements of judges with respect to travel costs and subsistence benefits. The Court is obliged to pay …” „… authority of the President of the Court17. Travel expenses shall include the cost of business class travel …” „… using the most cost-effective and time-efficient means18. When 5 Preparatory Committee (Consolidated …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Role of States in enforcement of sentences of imprisonment S. 2174-2187

„… headquarters agreement referred to in article 3, paragraph 2. In such a case, the costs arising out of the …” „… legal and logistical issues for the administering party and will have considerable cost implications …” „… for special arrangements with a view to the transfer, the responsibility thereof and the travel costs …”

Index S. 2328-2353

„… , obstructing or retaliating against a witness 70 8 et seq. Costs of execution of request 100 1 et seq. – costs …” „… of transport of persons being surrendered 100 7 – costs of travel, security of witnesses and the …” „… transfer of persons 100 3 – costs of expert opinion or report 100 6 – costs of translation, interpretation …”

Maarten Halff, David Tolbert, Renan Villacis . Voluntary contributions S. 2264-2267

„… trust fund has been established by the UN to help poorer States defray their own costs ensuing from …” „… the resources should follow – and be equal to the costs, rather than the other way around. In this …” „… opposed to substantive or operational costs are less likely to attract contributions from the general …”

Karim A. A. Khan . Trust Fund S. 1902-1909

„… order of the Court to one or more of the following: – The Registrar, to defray the costs of the trial …” „… Court receiving the funds or assets in order to defray costs, or (ii) the States of which victims were …” „… own costs. The Fund is intended to be the recipient of this money and property. Rule 148 of the Rules …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Staff S. 1290-1296

„… Court for programme support costs related to gratis personnel’22. These costs are calculated at thirteen …” „… percent (13 %) of the average cost of a P-3/P-4 staff member23. The requirement that gratis personnel be …”

Giulia Pecorella, William A. Schabas . Exercise of jurisdiction S. 691-703

„… costs that would be involved in lengthy investigations relating to frivolous or otherwise politically …” „… some portion of the costs of proceedings but this was opposed by other delegations16. As well, it was …” „… connection with that referral, shall be borne by the United Nations and that such costs shall be borne by the …”

Karim A. A. Khan . Organs of the Court S. 1198-1204

„… of chambers was also the result of a bid to reduce costs and to give organizational form to the Court …” „… order to save costs, it was therefore decided that the judges comprising the Presidency would take up …” „… improve the overall functioning, efficiency (including costs) and effectiveness of the Registry. With …”

Alexander Heinze, Otto Triffterer No title S. 645-657

„… . Dominican Republic, Judgment (Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs), 27 February 2012, para …” „… . 128 with fn. 154; Garcı´a and Family Members v. Guatemala, Judgment (Merits, Reparations and Costs …” „… , Judgment (Merits, Reparations and Costs), 20 November 2012, para. 193 with fn. 190; The Rı´o Negro …”

Rod Rastan . Protection of national security information S. 1776-1816

„… , Reparations and Costs), 31 August 2004, para. 96; Palamara Iribarne v. Chile. IACtHR, Judgment (Merits …” „… , Reparations and Costs), 22 November 2005, para. 85; Gomes Lund et. al. v. Brazil, IACtHR, Judgment …” „… (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations, and Costs), 24 November 2014, para. 229. 46 Jacobsen, pp. 9–11 …”

Christopher K. Hall, Dov Jacobs . Rights of persons during an investigation S. 1395-1411

„… , free of any cost, the assistance of a competent interpreter and such translations as are necessary to …” „… cost, the assistance of a competent interpreter and such translations as are necessary to meet the …” „… ., article 67 para. 1 (f) guarantees to an accused: ‘To have, free of any cost, the assistance of a competent …”

Roger S. Clark . Entry into force S. 2321-2322

„… costs as widely as possible. In the debates and consultations at Rome, a large cluster of States …”

Odo Annette Ogwuma . Service of judges S. 1205-1216

„… contrary to the aims of cost reduction and flexibility.11 The part-time service of judges at a permanent …” „… full the footnote to the paragraph 7 on travel/relocation costs provides: ‘The Rome Statute does not …” „… costs of travel to official meetings of the Court.69 Finally, Judges who have not yet been called to …”

Hirad Abtahi, Rebecca Young . The Presidency S. 1237-1247

„… Regulations of the Registry. These concern matters such as medical care29; postal costs30; telephone calls31 …” „… ; monitoring of telephone calls32; telephone cost33; visits34; monitoring of visits35; segregation36; use of …”

S. Rama Rao . Financial Regulations S. 2248-2252

„… establish the special account for the advance of defense costs relating to Mr. Bemba. Taking note that the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2147 Article 100. Costs …” „… . However, pressure to keep costs down exists in tandem with calls to intervene and end impunity for …” „… of internal reform initiatives. These are not mere cost-cutting exercises, but are part of the …”

Alejandro Kiss, Otto Triffterer . Requirements for the decision S. 1827-1853

„… , Reparations and Costs, 1February 2006, para. 149; Palamara Iribarne v. Chile, C N\ho 135, Judgment on Merits …” „… , Reparations and Costs, 22 November 2005, para. 225; Acosta Caldero´nl v. Ecuador, C No. 129, Judgment on …” „… Merits, Reparations and Costs, 24 June 2005, para. 118; Tibi v. Ecuador, C No. 114, Judgment on …”

Philipp Ambach, S. Rama Rao . Assembly of States Parties S. 2216-2247

„… of its financial contributions towards the costs of the Court shall have no vote in the Assembly and …” „… related costs but also the functioning and operations of the governance structure for the project.162 The …” „… States’ representatives on the matter for a ‘lean, cost-effective mechanism which could be expanded on a …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Seat of the Court S. 42-103

„… referred to in article 3, paragraph 2. In such a case, the costs arising out of the enforcement of a …” „… jurisdiction but also with a view to costs and responsibilities40? Who 40 Although it is not specified in the …” „… ICTY-documents, it has been the practice for the ICTY to be responsible for the costs of all specialist treatment …”

Raul C. Pangalangan . Non-retroactivity ratione personae S. 972-979

„… September 2012, Preliminary objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Series C No. 250, IACtHR, 4 Sept. 2012 …”

Philipp Ambach . Relationship of the Court with the United Nations S. 23-41

„… choice would come at the cost of full universality (at least during the early stages of the Court’s life …” „… the deployment of its operations and helped reduce costs. Further, the MoU’s in force to date have …”

Claus Kreß, KIMBERLY PROST . Other forms of cooperation S. 2079-2103

„… before the Court. This does not include bearing the costs of the trip of a witness or an expert to the …” „… ICC. Costs are covered by article 100. Yet, a number of States have taken a very encouraging approach …”

Morten Bergsmo, Dan Zhu . Deferral of investigation or prosecution S. 771-781

„… detrimental to the maintenance of international peace and security. In political terms, the costs of such an …”

Odo Annette Ogwuma . Judicial vacancies S. 1227-1236

„… scheduled for November 2009 in order to avoid the ensuing additional costs and to provide States Parties …”

Otto Triffterer, Till Zimmermann . Place of trial S. 1552-1563

„… because of its travel cost-reducing proximity to the crime scenes. Part 6. The TrialArticle 62 24–27 1560 …”

Olympia Bekou, Morten Bergsmo, Pieter Kruger . Duties and powers of the Prosecutor with respect to investigations S. 1382-1394

„… representatives of the Prosecutor. Furthermore, the logistical and cost aspects thereof generally make it more …”

Yvonne McDermott, William A. Schabas . Rights of the accused S. 1651-1681

„… present other evidence admissible under this Statute; (f) To have, free of any cost, the assistance of a …” „… provided at no cost to the defendant87. 22b) Time to prepare defence. This provision is modeled on article …”

Mohamed Elewa Badar, Rod Rastan . Jurisdiction ratione temporis S. 658-672

„… and family members v. Dominican Republic, Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs …”

Fabricio Guariglia, Gudrun Hochmayr . Functions and powers of the Pre-Trial Chamber S. 1422-1437

„… many practical obstacles, such as distance, costs, or outright refusal of national authorities to allow …”

Bruce Broomhall . Rules of Procedure and Evidence S. 1333-1352

„… single judge or single judges in order to expedite proceedings and to ensure cost efficiency …”

David Donat-Cattin . Protection of victims and witnesses and their participation in the proceedings S. 1682-1712

Astrid Reisinger Coracini, Immi Tallgren . Ne bis in idem S. 900-932

Albin Eser . Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility S. 1126-1161

Mohamed M. El Zeidy, William A. Schabas . Issues of admissibility S. 782-832

Christopher K. Hall, Daniel D. Ntanda Nsereko, Manuel J. Ventura . Challenges to the jurisdiction of the Court or the admissibility of a case S. 850-899

Kai Ambos . Individual criminal responsibility S. 980-1030

„… Laurent Gbagbo in power at any cost, including through the use of force against civilians’ was inferred …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845263571

Marcella Vicari - Das Informationsrecht und das Recht auf Privatsphäre in Italien

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Marcella Vicari

Das Informationsrecht und das Recht auf Privatsphäre in Italien

Series: Veröffentlichungen aus dem Institut für Internationale Angelegenheiten der Universität Hamburg

Volume 31 2007

Results in this title

Der Art. 15 Cost. S. 148

„… . 2. Der Art. 15 Cost. Die Problematik im italienischen Recht liegt in der Interferenz zwischen dem …” „… Art. 21 Cost. und dem Art. 15 Cost. In der herrschenden Doktrin ist man der Auffassung, dass in Art …” „… . 15 Cost., welcher das Briefgeheimnis schützt, auch mailing-lists und Videokonferenzen ihren Schutz …”

Schranken des Art. 21 Cost. S. 104-106

„… Cost. Der Art. 21 Abs. 6 Cost. enthält eine Beschränkung für die Meinungsäußerung, die gegen die guten …” „… . 21 Abs. 6 Cost. statuiert zusätzlich, dass das Gesetz die geeigneten Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung und …” „… Unterbindung von Zuwiderhandlungen bestimmt. Die Rechtslehre hat versucht, aus den Schranken des Art. 21 Cost …”

Anwendung des Art. 21 Cost. auf Online-Information S. 148-150

„… . 2. Der Art. 15 Cost. Die Problematik im italienischen Recht liegt in der Interferenz zwischen dem …” „… Art. 21 Cost. und dem Art. 15 Cost. In der herrschenden Doktrin ist man der Auffassung, dass in Art …” „… . 15 Cost., welcher das Briefgeheimnis schützt, auch mailing-lists und Videokonferenzen ihren Schutz …”

Meinungsäußerungsfreiheit und Informationsfreiheit in der Verfassung S. 54-59

„… Verfassung erkennt nur die unmittelbare Drittwirkung der Grundrechte ausdrücklich an223. Der Art. 2 Cost …” „… Solidarität”. Durch den Art. 3 Abs. 2 Cost. will die Verfassung gegen die Herrschaftsposition von Privaten …” „… beseitigen, welche die Freiheit und die Gleichheit der Bürger faktisch einschränken….”. Der Art. 41 Cost …”

Die Geltung des EG-Rechts in Italien S. 48-50

„… in Italien zu verstehen, ist ein kurzer Blick in die Rechtsprechung erforderlich. Die Art. 10 Cost …” „… . und 11 Cost. geben keine umfassende Lösung zur Frage der Anpassung179. Die Corte costituzionale hat …” „… festgelegt, dass Art. 11 Cost. die Bezugsnorm für die Verwirklichung des EWG-Vertrages ist. Infolgedessen hat …”

Recht auf Achtung der Privatsphäre S. 60-69

„… Absatz des Art. 15 Cost. enthalten ist, wurden häufig mit dem Art. 21 Cost. verbunden, so dass sie als …” „… costituzionale hat bestimmt, dass der Art. 15 Cost. auch die Kommunikation durch Funkgeräte mit Niederfrequenz …” „… Teilaspekt des Persönlichkeitsrechts anzuerkennen, dessen Fundament in Art. 2 Cost. liegt. Mit dem Urteil der …”

Die Geltung der EMRK im italienischen Recht S. 36-39

„… . Die automatische Anpassung, die in Art. 10 Cost. enthalten ist, soll als eine allgemeine …” „… Vertragsrecht bezieht. Der Rang der allgemeinen Regel des Völkerrechts ist nach Art. 10 Abs. 1 Cost. umstritten …” „… ist das dualistische System besonders zu erkennen102. Art. 10 Abs 1. Cost. besagt, dass die …”

Unverletzlichkeit des Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnisses S. 59-60

„… Art. 15 Cost. hinzuweisen, der besagt: “Die Freiheit und die Geheimhaltung der Korrespondenz und jede …” „… . 21 Cost. sind Grundrechtsträger des Art. 15 Cost. alle natürlichen und juristischen Personen des …” „… Privatrechts. Es sind aber einige Unterschiede zum Art. 21 Cost. hervorzuheben. Während der Art. 21 Cost. die …”

Die Entstehungsgeschichte der italienischen Verfassung und der Informationsfreiheit S. 51-54

„… Verfassung215 garantiert der Art. 21 Abs. 1 Cost. unter der Überschrift „Rechte und Pflichten des Bürgers …” „… democraticità e quello di imparzialità della pubblica amministrazione ex Art. 97 Cost.)220. Das Informations …” „… - 216 Corte cost. sent. 9/ 1965, siehe Paladin L., Diritto costituzionale, Padova 1991, S. 623. 217 …”

Rundfunkrecht S. 94-102

„… allgemeinen Nützlichkeit des Art. 43 Cost. zu bewerten501. Im deutschen Recht steht nach Art. 5 GG dem Bund …” „… Corte cost. n. 194 vom 1987, dazu Martines T., Diritto costituzionale, S. 676. 499 Corte cost., sent …” „… . vom 13. Juli 1960 Nr. 59, in: Foro padano, 1960, IV, S. 118; und Corte cost., vom 10 Juli 1974 Nr …”

Der Wahrheitsbeweis S. 116-117

„… Cost. überholt. 647 Corte di Cassazione a sezioni Unite, Urteil vom 30. Mai, 2001; in: “Guida al …” „… Cost. geregelt und wird durch richterliche Entscheidung bei Straftaten vorgenommen, für die das …” „… Vorschriften über die Ermittlung des 650 Corte cost. sent. 9/ 1965, unter www.cortecostituzionale.it …”

Problemstellung im europäischen Raum S. 93-94

„… , ETS N. 171 vom 1. 10. 1998. 496 Engel C., (Privater Rundfunk), S. 30. 497 Corte cost. sent. 13 …” „… von Fall zu Fall im Verhältnis zu dem Kriterium der allgemeinen Nützlichkeit des Art. 43 Cost. zu …” „… , das auf Anträge der 498 Corte cost. n. 194 vom 1987, dazu Martines T., Diritto costituzionale, S …”

Weitere Einschränkungen S. 117

„… beachten. Die Beschlagnahme ist durch die Artt. 21 Abs. 3 und 4 Cost. geregelt und wird durch richterliche …” „… Beschlagnahme erlaubt, oder bei Verletzung der Vorschriften über die Ermittlung des 650 Corte cost. sent. 9 …” „… oder schwächt. Der Abs. 2 ist nach Auffassung der Corte nicht mit dem Art. 21 Cost. vereinbar und …”

Schranken-Schranken S. 117-118

„… beachten. Die Beschlagnahme ist durch die Artt. 21 Abs. 3 und 4 Cost. geregelt und wird durch richterliche …” „… Beschlagnahme erlaubt, oder bei Verletzung der Vorschriften über die Ermittlung des 650 Corte cost. sent. 9 …” „… oder schwächt. Der Abs. 2 ist nach Auffassung der Corte nicht mit dem Art. 21 Cost. vereinbar und …”

Presserecht S. 73-82

„… Abs. 5 Cost. erklärt, dass das Gesetz vorschreiben kann, dass die periodisch erscheinende Presse …” „… . 2 Cost. weil es sich um eine Maßnahme formaler Natur handelt365. Wer ein Druckereigewerbe ausüben …” „… von 1968368 den Ordine Professionale befürwortet, dieser verstieße nicht gegen den Art. 21 Cost. Die …”

Rechtsgrundlagen S. 146-148

„… Zugangsfreiheit, die Anbieterverantwortlichkeit und den Datenschutz enthält. 2. Der Art. 15 Cost. Die …” „… Problematik im italienischen Recht liegt in der Interferenz zwischen dem Art. 21 Cost. und dem Art. 15 Cost …” „… . In der herrschenden Doktrin ist man der Auffassung, dass in Art. 15 Cost., welcher das Briefgeheimnis …”

Weitere Regelungen S. 46-48

„… erforderlich. Die Art. 10 Cost. und 11 Cost. geben keine umfassende Lösung zur Frage der Anpassung179. Die …” „… Corte costituzionale festgelegt, dass Art. 11 Cost. die Bezugsnorm für die Verwirklichung des …” „… , 14.02.2003, n. 41. 179 Art. 10 Abs. Cost. bevorzugt die Anpassung des italienischen Rechts zum …”

Das Verfassungsrechtliche Fundament des Rechts auf Zugang S. 184-185

„… Rechts auf Information des Art. 21 Cost. dar. Loiodice bezieht sich insoweit auf die Auffassung von …” „… Recht auf Information des Art. 21 Cost. auch das Informationsrecht im passiven Sinne enthält, also das …” „… auf der Basis des Art. 21 Cost. konstruiert und dieses Recht auf das Recht auf Zugang zu den …”

Das Recht auf Vertraulichkeit als Grenze des Zugangs zu Verwaltungsdokumenten S. 189-191

„… in Art. 21 Cost. gewährleistet ist. Das Recht auf Vertraulichkeit ergibt sich dagegen aus dem Art. 2 …” „… Cost.; als fundamentales Recht könnte es zu den so genannten „diritti impermeabili“ gehören, also zu …” „… Zugang gestellt wurde, nicht zwischen dem Zugangsrecht (Art. 21 Cost.) und dem Recht auf Vertraulichkeit …”

Die juristische Natur des Rechts auf Zugang S. 185-187

„… bereits im Rahmen der Regeln zur Pressefreiheit den Weg zu einer offenen Auslegung des Art. 21 Cost …” „… . 21 Cost. in re ipsa angesehen956. 7. Die juristische Natur des Rechts auf Zugang Ein Teil der Lehre …” „… Recht auf Information in der Verwaltung in Art. 21 Cost. enthalten ist, und dass das Recht auf Zugang …”

Der Schutz der Privatsphäre und das Recht auf persönliche Identität S. 106-110

„… . August 1985 Nr. 3769 auf den Art. 2 Cost. und den Art. 5 c.c., als sie zwischen Identität und …” „… rettifica), siedelte die Rechtsprechung im Fall Veronesi diese in Art. 2 Cost. an589. Der Schutz wendet sich …” „… , in: Tutela civile, S. 53 ff. 594 Pace A., Il c.d. Dir. all’identità personale e artt. 2 e 21 Cost …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 15-18

„… giuridico Corte cost. Corte costituzionale Corte eur. Corte …” „… europea Cost. Costituzione c.p. codice penale c.p.c. codice di …” „… Grundgesetz Giorn dir. Amm. Giornale di diritto amministrativo Giur. Cost …”

Das Recht zur Kritik S. 91-92

„… 91 6. Das Recht zur Kritik Gestützt auf Art. 21 Cost. wird auch das Recht zur Kritik. Das Recht …” „… der Privatsphäre481. Die Indemnität des Abgeordneten nach Art. 68 Abs. 1 Cost. bezieht sich nur auf …” „… historischen Kritik Der Historiker ist gemäß Artt. 21 und 33 Abs. 1 Cost. berechtigt, geschichtliche …”

Der Schutz der Vertraulichkeit angesichts des Gesetzes 675/96 und des neuen Kodex S. 180-184

„… pubblici in D. Lgs. vom 11. Mai 1999, Nr. 135, in: I Tar, 1999, II, 157 ff. 944 Der Art. 6 Cost. schützt …” „… in Kalabrien und die serbo-kroatische in Molise. Der Art. 8 Cost. schützt ergänzend die religiösen …” „… Schutz des Rechts auf Information des Art. 21 Cost. dar. Loiodice bezieht sich insoweit auf die …”

Die Satire S. 92-93

„… Recht zur historischen Kritik Der Historiker ist gemäß Artt. 21 und 33 Abs. 1 Cost. berechtigt …” „… 1991, 606. 487 Art. 33 Abs. 1 Cost (Freiheit der Kunst und der Wissenschaft). Siehe Cass., 19. 10 …” „… , ETS N. 171 vom 1. 10. 1998. 496 Engel C., (Privater Rundfunk), S. 30. 497 Corte cost. sent. 13 …”

Das Recht zur Berichterstattung S. 87-91

„… . 21 Cost. bezieht. Das italienische Recht nennt drei Voraussetzungen, damit die Berichterstattung …” „… Berichterstattung wegen der Verletzung des Art. 27 II Cost. Die Regeln zur Gerichtsberichtserstattung sind im …” „… . Das Recht zur Kritik Gestützt auf Art. 21 Cost. wird auch das Recht zur Kritik. Das Recht zur Kritik …”

Schadenersatz in Geld S. 218-225

„… . 4366. 1122 Corte cost. sent. 30. 6. 1986, n. 184 und Corte cost. 7. 5. n. 341 und 18. 7. 1991 n. 356 …” „… , die nach Ansicht des Kassationshofes die Artt. 24 und 3 Cost. nicht verletzte1129. Der spätere Art. 13 …” „… ., in: Riv. dir. civ., 1984, I, 448 ff. 1131 Corte cost. 30.6.1986, n. 184, in: FI 1986, I, 2053. 224 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Art. 21 Cost. 104 2. Einschränkungen zum Schutz privater Rechte 106 3. Der Schutz der Privatsphäre …” „… . Rechtsgrundlagen 146 2. Der Art. 15 Cost. 148 3. Anwendung des Art. 21 Cost. auf Online-Information 148 4 …”

Zusammenfassung S. 262-266

„… wichtige Aufgabe: er muss nicht zwischen dem Zugangsrecht des Art. 21 Cost. und dem Recht auf …” „… Vertraulichkeit der Person (Art. 2 Cost.) oder des Unternehmers (Art. 41 Cost.) abwägen, sondern zwischen dem …”

Der Schutz der Vertraulichkeit und das Interesse der Minderjährigen S. 139-143

„… vermindern könne, seiner Persön- 752 Corte cost. vom 1981, Nr. 16: "l'attività del giornalista deve …” „… und 3 Cost. basiert771. Nun stellt sich die Frage, welchen Schutz Minderjährige erhalten, die in ein …” „… Strafverfahren verwickelt sind. In Betracht kommt die Unschuldsvermutung des Art. 27 Cost.772. Die Kassation773 …”

Verwaltungsakt S. 188-189

„… dessen Schutz in Art. 21 Cost. gewährleistet ist. Das Recht auf Vertraulichkeit ergibt sich dagegen aus …” „… dem Art. 2 Cost.; als fundamentales Recht könnte es zu den so genannten „diritti impermeabili“ gehören …”

Pressekonzentration S. 82-87

„… Cost. geschützt sind, die sich aber nicht in den Albo professionale eintragen müssen. Um von der …” „… Rechtsaktes gebracht werden. Finanzierung von 82 Milliarden Lire. Der Art. 21 Cost. Abs. 5 besagt, dass …” „… Meinungsäußerungsfreiheit des Art. 21 Cost. bezieht. Das italienische Recht nennt drei Voraussetzungen, damit die …”

Rufschädigung und Schutz Minderjähriger S. 143-145

„… Cost. basiert771. Nun stellt sich die Frage, welchen Schutz Minderjährige erhalten, die in ein …” „… Strafverfahren verwickelt sind. In Betracht kommt die Unschuldsvermutung des Art. 27 Cost.772. Die Kassation773 …”

Der vorläufige Rechtsschutz gemäß Art. 700 c.p.c. S. 227-229

„… . 3 Cost. nicht verletzt wird1150. Das italienische Gesetz kennt keine Vorschrift in der …” „… . und Bartolini F, Il Codice civile, Piacenza 1993 S. 602. 1150 Corte cost. vom 12. April 1973 Nr. 38 …”

Einführung S. 32-34

„… Information wird nämlich indirekt durch Art. 21 Cost. geschützt76. Nach dem VerfGH umfasst das …” „… ., Il diritto alla riservatezza, Napoli 1960, S. 2 f. 76 Urteil der Corte Cost. 105/1972, siehe auch …”

Einführung S. 175-177

„… Cost. ein subjektiv-öffentliches Informationsrecht zu, das u.a. historisch zu erklären ist. Nach dem …” „… Rede. Diese Verspätung der italienischen Rechtsordnung ergab sich auch aus dem Art. 21 Cost., der nur …”

Die Rechtsprechung und die Auffassung der Datenschutzbehörde S. 191-193

„… Grund des Art. 2 Cost. und des Unternehmens auf Grund des Art. 41 Cost. unterscheidet. Das Recht auf …”

Der Kodex zum Schutz personenbezogener Daten S. 150-153

„… beinhaltet auch das Recht auf Anonymität. Ein Selbstbestimmungsrecht muss jeder Person nach Art. 2 Cost …” „… dazu Corte cost., Urteil vom 14. November 2006, n. 372, in: Il diritto dell’informazione e …”

Das Internet und das Gesetz vom 7. März 2001 Nr. 62 S. 153-157

„… beinhaltet auch das Recht auf Anonymität. Ein Selbstbestimmungsrecht muss jeder Person nach Art. 2 Cost …” „… dazu Corte cost., Urteil vom 14. November 2006, n. 372, in: Il diritto dell’informazione e …”

Praxis der Banken S. 169-174

„… Verfassung zu finden sein, insbesondere der des Art. 47 Cost.898, der die Ersparnis schützt, und der des Art …” „… . 41 Cost.899, der die freie Unternehmenstätigkeit gewährleis- 895 CAI steht für Centrale d’allarme …”

Die Gerichtsberichtserstattung S. 102-103

„… bewahren gilt558, sind in Italien die Filmaufnahmen von Strafverhandlungen zulässig und von Art. 21 Cost …”

Anhang S. 277-388

„… Verfassung (eigene Übersetzung) Art. 2 Cost. La Repubblica riconosce e garantisce i diritti inviolabili …” „… l’adempimento dei doveri inderogabili di solidarietà politica, economica e sociale. Art. 2 Cost. 1. Die …” „… unabdingbaren Pflichten politischer, ökonomischer und spezieller Solidarität. Art. 10 Cost. (co. 1) 1 …”

Das Namensrecht S. 110-111

„… . Besonders bei Volksentscheidungen nach Art. 75 Cost. (referendum) kann man dieses erkennen. 4. Das …”

Die Ausübung eines Rechts S. 115-116

„… 649 durch den Art. 21 Cost. überholt. 647 Corte di Cassazione a sezioni Unite, Urteil vom 30 …”

Recht auf Privatsphäre und Recht auf Geheimnis S. 134-135

„… . 21 Cost. ist wichtig, weil ein kollektives Interesse für eine korrekte Tätigkeit im Bereich der …”

Die Geschichte der italienischen Pressefreiheit S. 72-73

„… Genehmigung noch Zensuren unterliegen darf. Der Art. 21 Abs. 5 Cost. erklärt, dass das Gesetz vorschreiben …”

Zweiteilung des Rechtsweges S. 241-243

„… eingelegt werden, einzig unter Berufung auf Zuständigkeitsmängel gemäß Art. 111, Abs. 3 Cost. Dieser Artikel …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 267-276

„… , Diritto alla riservatezza: fondamento e limiti, in: Giur. cost., 1974, 610 ff. Chiavario M., Le garanzie …” „… . pubbl., 1987, 615 ff. Pace A., Il c.d. Dir. all’identità personale e artt. 2 e 21 Cost., in: Stampa …”

Einleitung S. 19-22

„… Recht auf freie Persönlichkeitsentfaltung auf Art. 2 Cost. gestützt hatte. In der Praxis wurde aber ein …”

Fälle am Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte S. 258-261

„… EMRK garantiert nicht, wie Art. 2 Cost., ein Auffangfreiheitsgrundrecht, sondern nur ein weiteres, dem …”

Der Konflikt im Lichte des D. Lgs. 135/99 und 281/99 S. 196-199

„… erforderlich ist. Ein Anspruch aus Art. 21 Cost. soll nicht unter dem Gesichtspunkt eingeschränkt werden, dass …”

Codice di deontologia giornalistica S. 135-139

„… mit dem Recht auf Information und der Pressefreiheit an. Der Verweis auf Art. 21 Cost. ist wichtig …”

Abhörungen der Telefongespräche oder Mitteilungen durch Informationssysteme S. 160-164

„… ausgeschlossen hat, und somit eine nicht begründbare Lücke in dem Schutz des Rechts, das in Art. 15 Cost …”

Gerichtlicher Schutz des berechtigten Interesses zum Zugang zu Verwaltungsdokumenten und das Recht auf Vertraulichkeit Dritter S. 245-250

„… , Nr. 98, in: CS, 1996. 1236 Corte cost. vom 30. Dez. 1994, Nr. 463, siehe unter …”

Der Rechtsschutz durch das Gesetz 675/96 und im Rahmen des neuen Kodex S. 229-235

„… wegen Vorsatz und grober Fahrlässigkeit1173. Der Art. 28 Cost. erklärt, dass die Funktionäre und die …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205151

Marc Cervellini - Der Bericht des Aufsichtsrats - Element guter Corporate Governance

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Marc Cervellini

Der Bericht des Aufsichtsrats - Element guter Corporate Governance

Series: Schriften des Augsburg Center for Global Economic Law and Regulation - Arbeiten zum Internationalen Wirtschaftsrecht und zur Wirtschaftsregulierung

Volume 53 2012

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„Hidden Costs of Control” S. 189

„… werden. 3. „Hidden Costs of Control” „Agency Costs“ sollen helfen, institutionelle …” „… Die „Agency Costs” deuten jedoch an, dass die Schwelle wirtschaftlich sinnvoller Investition in …” „… „Agency Costs“ im Ergebnis weitere Kostenfaktoren („Hidden Costs of Control“) entstehen, die es zu …”

„Agency Costs“ als Gestaltungsparameter der Agency-Beziehung S. 184-187

„… 184 3. „Agency Costs“ als Gestaltungsparameter der Agency-Beziehung In einer pareto-optimalen …” „… „Agency Costs“ (Vertretungs- oder Agenturkosten).685 Die Realität bietet wegen der bestehenden …” „… und Meckling688 sind die drei folgenden Kostenarten zu unterscheiden. a) „Monitoring Costs“ bzw …”

Ökonomisches Paradigma und Handlungstheorie S. 188-189

„… Versicherungsverträgen – mit ihren universellen Handlungsempfehlungen gerecht zu werden. 3. „Hidden Costs of Control …” „… ” „Agency Costs“ sollen helfen, institutionelle Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten aufzufinden und zu bewerten …” „… von Steuerungssystemen Effizienzkriterien berücksichtigen.707 Die „Agency Costs” deuten jedoch an …”

Rechtliche Bewertung des Agency-Modells zur Organstruktur der AG S. 189-193

„… werden. 3. „Hidden Costs of Control” „Agency Costs“ sollen helfen, institutionelle …” „… Die „Agency Costs” deuten jedoch an, dass die Schwelle wirtschaftlich sinnvoller Investition in …” „… „Agency Costs“ im Ergebnis weitere Kostenfaktoren („Hidden Costs of Control“) entstehen, die es zu …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 255-257

„… Vorstandsmitglieder 44 Bilanzsitzung des Aufsichtsrats 37 BilMoG 24, 35, 48 ff., 106 ff., 218, 235 f. „Bonding Costs …” „… f. „Hidden Costs of Control” 189 „Hidden Information“ 178, 183 Insiderinformationen 158 ff., 238 …” „… „Monitoring Costs“ 184 f. Mindest- und Sollinhalt des Aufsichtsratsberichts 206 Normenkollision § 116 Satz 2 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… Information“ und das Problem des „Moral Hazard“ 183 3. „Agency Costs“ als Gestaltungsparameter der …” „… Agency-Beziehung 184 a) „Monitoring Costs“ bzw. Überwachungskosten des Prinzipals 184 b) „Bonding Costs“ der …” „… Costs of Control” 189 4. Rechtliche Bewertung des Agency-Modells zur Organstruktur der AG 189 VI …”

Agency-Probleme in der Beziehung Hauptversammlung / Aufsichtsrat S. 178-184

„… Ringleb/Kremer/Lutter/v. Werder, DCGK Komm., 4. Aufl. 2010, Rn. 1161. 184 3. „Agency Costs“ als Gestaltungsparameter der …” „… sie zur Definition der „Agency Costs“ (Vertretungs- oder Agenturkosten).685 Die Realität bietet wegen …” „… und Meckling688 sind die drei folgenden Kostenarten zu unterscheiden. a) „Monitoring Costs“ bzw …”

Beidseitige Informationsgefälle S. 187-188

„… „Residual Loss“ im Überwachungssystem der AG in der Anhebung der „Bonding Costs“ des Aufsichtsrats. Das …” „… gesetzliche Vorgaben oder strenge gesetzesausfüllende Rechtsprechung versuchen wird, seine „Bonding Costs …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 243-254

„… , S. 704 Falk, Armin/ Kosfeld, Michael, The hidden costs of control, American Economic Review Vol. 95 …” „… , Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Cost and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial …”

§ 171 Abs. 2 AktG als lex specialis zur Verschwiegenheitspflicht S. 194-197

„… Überwachungstätigkeit. Eine extensive Auslegung von § 171 Abs. 2 AktG erhöht die „Bonding Costs“ des Aufsichtsrats …”

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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 10 Payment of costs S. 1141

„… liable for all costs, loss or damage sustained through such omission by the person entitled. With regard …” „… Article 32 of the Rotterdam Rules). Article 10 Payment of costs Unless otherwise agreed between the …” „… consignor and the carrier, the costs (the carriage charge, incidental costs, customs duties and other costs …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 6 Compensation for recovery costs S. 1340-1341

„… 6 Compensation for recovery costs 1. Member States shall ensure that, where interest for late …” „… compensation for the creditor’s own recovery costs. 3. The creditor shall, in addition to the fixed sum …” „… costs exceeding that fixed sum and incurred due to the debtor’s late payment. This could include …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.11 (Costs of performance) S. 612

„… . 7.4.12).6 Article 6.1.11 (Costs of performance) Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its …” „… obligations. Each Party Bears its Own Costs as a Default Rule Unless otherwise agreed (Arts. 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 …” „… ), each party has to bear what it costs to perform the obligation due1 (i.e. to deliver, produce, service …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.8 (Obligor’s additional costs) S. 726

„… restriction). Article 9.1.8 (Obligor’s additional costs) The obligor has a right to be compensated by the …” „… assignor or the assignee for any additional costs caused by the assignment. A. An Innovative Concept In …” „… assignment of rights (monetary or nonmonetary,4 wholly or partial)5 additional costs, if any, from …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… aspects are, for example, the allocation of the costs for transportation, export and import clearance …” „… Ship (FAS), Free on Board (FOB), Cost and Freight (CFR) and Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF). All …” „… Incoterms® rule, such as its use, when risk passes, and the allocation of costs between buyer and seller …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.12 (Imputation of payments) S. 612-614

„… . 7.4.12).6 Article 6.1.11 (Costs of performance) Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its …” „… obligations. Each Party Bears its Own Costs as a Default Rule Unless otherwise agreed (Arts. 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 …” „… ), each party has to bear what it costs to perform the obligation due1 (i.e. to deliver, produce, service …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 11 Examination S. 1142

„… When by virtue of an agreement between the consignor and the carrier, the costs are payable by the …” „… consignor shall remain liable to pay the costs. The consignor’s obligation to pay is regulated in Article 10 …” „… logical that the responsibility for agreeing the payment of costs should also be left to the consignor and …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 7 Unfair contractual terms and practices S. 1342-1349

„… many cases incur very little cost. Member States can provide for fixed sums as compensation of recovery …” „… costs which are higher and are therefore more favourable to the creditor. They may also increase these …” „… recovery costs for different levels of debt.14 IV. Other recovery costs In addition to an entitlement to a …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 74 CISG S. 339-348

„… potential costs of liability. By this means, the foreseeability rule stimulates inter-party information …” „… rely on the costs of cure, including the costs of replacing those parts of the delivery that have …” „… include costs incurred after the breach in a reasonable attempt to avoid further loss.27 Among the losses …”

Klaus Ramming Article 8 Liability of the shipper S. 1016-1018

„… the carrier under that provision are made at the cost of the shipper. A corresponding clause is not …” „… refer to both costs and damages, but only to damages. However, it is submitted that the carrier may …” „… claim from the shipper under Article 7.5 both costs in the cases addressed in Article 7.4 and damages in …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 30 Compensation for loss S. 1162-1163

„… costs resulting from the contract of carriage and against refund of the compensation received, less …” „… , where appropriate, costs which may have been included therein. Nevertheless he shall retain his rights …” „… again must be restored to the person entitled against payment of the costs resulting from the contract …”

Klaus Ramming Article 9 Termination of the contract of carriage by the carrier S. 1019-1020

„… agreed freight; or (b) in addition to any demurrage charge, a compensation equal to the amount of costs …” „… the goods is at the shipper’s expense. These expenses would not only include the discharging costs …” „… , but also, if applicable, the costs for deviating to the port of place of discharge. Although this is …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 25 S. 955-956

„… value of the goods.4 The question of if and to what extent surveying or salvage costs are recoverable is …” „… in dispute. It would seem that it is quite accepted that such costs, which do not lead to a …” „… mitigation of the loss, are not recoverable (for example costs for ascertaining the extent of the damage),5 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 9 Dangerous goods S. 1141

„… liable for all costs, loss or damage sustained through such omission by the person entitled. With regard …” „… Article 32 of the Rotterdam Rules). Article 10 Payment of costs Unless otherwise agreed between the …” „… consignor and the carrier, the costs (the carriage charge, incidental costs, customs duties and other costs …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 22 Consequences of circumstances preventing carriage and delivery S. 1154

„… recover the costs occasioned by a) his request for instructions, b) the carrying out of instructions …” „… , unless such costs were caused by his fault. The carrier may in particular recover the carriage charge …” „… the cost of the person entitled. Thereupon the carriage shall be deemed to be at an end. The carrier …”

Peter Csoklich Article 16 S. 935-937

„… received first (cp. → Art. 15 (2) CMR).9 Article 16 (1) The carrier shall be entitled to recover the cost …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Costs and expenses …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 I. Background See → Art. 14, para. 1 CMR. II. Costs and expenses The seeking for instructions …”

Marco Torsello Article 32 CISG S. 175-180

„… within the meaning of Article 31(a) CISG may imply several additional obligations and costs related to …” „… is based, including the principle according to which each party must bear the costs of his own …” „… Board), CFR (Cost and Freight) and CIF (Cost Insurance and Freight). Article 32(1), however, applies …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.2 (Full compensation) S. 676-678

„… ) provides a more specific rule for the compensation of additional costs due to a change of a party's place …” „… into account any gain to the aggrieved party resulting from its avoidance of cost or harm. 5 Official …” „… situation in case of full performance of the contract) or (b) on a ‘cost of cure’ basis (i.e. the costs to …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 23 Basis of liability S. 1155-1156

„… out. If the goods have been sold, the proceeds of sale, after deduction of the costs chargeable …” „… than those costs, the consignor must pay the difference. The procedure in the case of sale shall be …” „… justified, destroy them, at the cost of the consignor. The wording of Article 22 essentially follows the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 32 Compensation for damage S. 1164

„… of the goods) as well as the costs of examination of the contents of the consignment by the courts or …” „… by an expert. The costs of experts therefore fall within the scope of Articles 30 § 4 CIM and 32 § 4 …” „… , other costs of establishing loss and damage together with court and legal costs are to be shared between …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 31 Liability for wastage in transit S. 1164

„… of the goods) as well as the costs of examination of the contents of the consignment by the courts or …” „… by an expert. The costs of experts therefore fall within the scope of Articles 30 § 4 CIM and 32 § 4 …” „… , other costs of establishing loss and damage together with court and legal costs are to be shared between …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 33 Compensation for exceeding the transit period S. 1165

„… other damages, to the cost of repair. The compensation shall not exceed the amount payable in case of …” „… the depreciation, it is the costs of repair, excluding any other damages, which must be paid. The …” „… carrier must also refund the costs provided for in Article 30 § 4, in the proportion set out in § 1. The …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 7 Wording of the consignment note S. 1139

„… body designated in the contract; o) the costs relating to carriage (the carriage charge, incidental …” „… costs, customs duties and other costs incurred from the conclusion of the contract until delivery) in so …” „… far as they must be paid by the consignee or any other statement that the costs are payable by the …”

Petra Butler Article 48 CISG S. 249-256

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Costs …” „… , however, be regarded as a general principle of the CISG pursuant to Article 7(2).13 Costs The seller has …” „… to bear all costs associated with curing the failure to perform. The seller cannot charge the buyer …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 41 CISG S. 214-219

„… duties encumbering the goods can also constitute a defect in title as long as such costs have to be borne …” „… the buyer’s knowledge that the warehouse owner has a lien over the goods for storage cost,33 is not …” „… expected to discharge of the claim.46 No fundamental breach is assumed when the buyer can set off the cost …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… 9.1.12 – related rights UNIDROIT 9.1.14 – right to recover additional costs UNIDROIT 9.1.8 1 …” „… 5.1.8 6 Charter party Bill of lading UCP 22 1 et seqq. Cheapest cost avoider CISG 66 2 Cheapest cost …” „… . Cost and Freight Incoterms® 251 et seqq. Cost Insurance and Freight Incoterms® 318 et seqq. COTIF …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.6 (Restitution with respect to contracts to be performed at one time) S. 669-671

„… property rights, exit costs).16 (ii) In case of long-term contracts (Art. 1.11 3rd hyphen), it is …” „… . 3.2.15(4). It incentivises to preserve or maintain the object of restitution. It covers costs which are (i …” „… ) required and (ii) reasonable under the circumstances27 (e.g. costs of feeding and caring for a horse to be …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… transaction costs include communication costs and the costs of strategic behaviour whereby incentives exist to …” „… Cooter, ‘The Cost of Coase’ (1982) 11 Journal of Legal Studies 1, 18 (legal rules should be designed to …” „… minimize the cost when cooperation fails). 8 See Craswell, 492-493 (albeit not in the context of …”

Klaus Ramming Article 19 Calculation of compensation S. 1045-1046

„… costs of disposing or dumping of the damaged goods; the costs for surveying the goods in order to …” „… determine the extent, the amount or the cause of the damage;1 or the costs for posting general average …” „… , it is submitted that the loss of value may be measured directly by the reasonable costs incurred for …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.4 (Judicial penalty) S. 653-654

„… ) in case of payment in the wrong currency payment in the agreed currency may be requested if the costs …” „… obligor to offer a substitute product during repair or (b) the obligee to participate in the cost if the …” „… receive the exchanged, defective good after the repair subject to costs. C. Parallel Options See comments …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.5 (Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction) S. 683-684

„… whereby the costs for an unsuccessful negotiation of a replacement transactions which does not lead to a …” „… may include costs of entering into the replacement transaction, loss caused by the delay and …” „… incidental costs23 (such as, in case of a terminated contract for ship repairs, the costs of transportation …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 29 Presumption of loss of the goods S. 1162

„… costs resulting from the contract of carriage and against refund of the compensation received, less …” „… , where appropriate, costs which may have been included therein. Nevertheless he shall retain his rights …” „… again must be restored to the person entitled against payment of the costs resulting from the contract …”

Peter Mankowski Article 88 CISG S. 400-403

„… contracting at overcharged rates, but gets an incentive to keep expenses and costs as low as possible …” „… verkaufen in order to avoid that it must eventually bear the excessive part of storage costs.16 The first …” „… or in paying the price or the cost of preservation, provided that reasonable notice of the intention …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 23 S. 951-954

„… The sender, on the other hand, is liable to the carrier21 for all costs and losses regardless of …” „… losses and repair costs are excluded thereby.5 Exemptions from this limitation of liability may only be …” „… the value of the goods, costs of transport which might have been factored into the sales price, for …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 37 CISG S. 199

„… . Third, the seller’s cure must not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or cost. While the cost for …” „… an advance on cost.4 The seller may exercise any of the measures listed in Art. 37 at his own …”

Stefan Kröll Article 27 Clean Transport Document S. 1485

„… the IS- BP for the different documents.4 References to costs which may be levied for exceeding time …” „… limits, such as demurrage costs or detention cost, are not considered to constitute “additional charges …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.10 (Extent of contributory claim) S. 803-805

„… Eckart J. Brödermann 2 3 Cost and Interest While the UNIDROIT Principles (distinctly e.g from Art …” „… . 10:106(1) PECL) does not mention a claim for costs (in order to avoid an incentive for too much litigation …” „… )14 or for interest,15 such a claim may often be based on contract (or agency) for reasonable costs16 …”

Peter Mankowski Article 85 CISG S. 392-394

„… precautionary measures and their costs. Measures could take the shape envisaged in Arts. 87; 88 CISG, but also …” „… equal costs the seller is free in his choice.18 The duty to preserve is a contractual duty. Hence it …” „… (2nd sentence) Right to reimbursement First the seller has to incur the costs for the preservatory …”

Raimond Emde Article 17 S. 1287-1295

„… to amortize the costs and expenses that he had incurred for the performance of the agency contract on …” „… costs regarding loss of sub-agents? • Decrease in turnover of the principal; • Extent of the advantage …” „… 's activities, – and/or which have not enabled the commercial agent to amortize the costs and expenses that he …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.4 (Cure by non-performing party) S. 632-634

„… (iii) any risk of costs in connection with the cure,12 (iv) the obligee (→ Art. 1.11 4th hyphen) (a …” „… costs (para 1, opening sentence), e.g. for transport, loans and materials.21 As long as these conditions …” „… be recoverd, but not the costs of repair by another service provider). 19 Official Comments, Art …”

Marco Torsello Article 31 CISG S. 163-174

„… , the seller is not required to pay for the costs of carriage, as those costs are to be borne by the …” „… of business.53 Under these circumstances, the seller must bear the additional costs that may be …” „… documents Art. 31 CISG Marco Torsello 171 34 35 36 37 different options as to the allocation of costs and …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… risk from the seller to the buyer and with the allocation of costs and burdens relating to …” „… for “Free on Board”, “CIF” stands for “Cost, Insurance and Freight”, and “DDP” stands for “Delivered …” „… ” (i.e. “Carriage Paid To”), “CIP” (i.e. “Carriage and Insurance Paid To”), “CFR” (i.e. “Cost and Freight …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 32 Liability in case of cancellation, late running of trains or missed connections S. 1108-1109

„… reasonable costs of accommodation as well as the reasonable costs occasioned by having to notify persons …” „… running late. The damages covered by the CIV UR are limited to the reasonable costs of accommodation and …”

Peter Csoklich Article 10 S. 922-923

„… entitle the carrier to a refund of costs in connection with the removal of damages, including costs of …” „… cleaning of the truck and its equipment, but also for costs to prevent or mitigate damages due to defective …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.6 (Place of performance) S. 604-605

„… performance by an early set-off.15 C. Other Remedies As additional costs are explicitly covered by para. 3 …” „… the risk after performance at the right place;4 (iii) calculation of costs, Art. 6.1.11;5 (iv …” „… rule on place of performance by bank transfer, → Art. 6.1.8 no. 2). Payment of money transaction costs …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.7 (Payment by cheque or other instrument) S. 606-607

„… cost imputation (including possibly also an increase in insurance fees for transportation)29 in …” „… costs or on freezing the initial place of performace,32 e.g. as a prerequisite to the consent of the …” „… bank transfer costs, which are often worth negotiating; or the exact moment of discharge). Most parties …”

Stefan Kröll Article 18 Commercial Invoice S. 1466-1468

„… their costs and indicating that an account is (or was) payable. While Article 18 consistently refers to …” „… beneficiary, indicate the price or costs in the same currency as the credit. In addition, it must contain a …” „… pre-payments are no ground for refusal of an invoice.11 By contrast, charges, costs and interests must be …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 28 Damages in case of personal injury S. 1106

„… costs following the death, in particular those of transport of the body and the funeral expenses; b) if …” „… the damages shall comprise: a) any necessary costs, in particular those of treatment and of transport …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 27 Damages in case of death S. 1106

„… costs following the death, in particular those of transport of the body and the funeral expenses; b) if …” „… the damages shall comprise: a) any necessary costs, in particular those of treatment and of transport …”

Petra Butler Article 55 CISG S. 280-282

„… under the contract. Beyond the goods, this may include packaging, transport costs, insurance costs and …” „… draft is decisive.13 Costs which result from the payment by cheque or bank draft must generally be borne …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 19 Exercise of the right to dispose of the goods S. 1152

„… compensate the carrier for the costs and the prejudice arising from the carrying out of subsequent …” „… modifications. The obligation to compensate the carrier for costs and any damage suffered by the latter was …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 14 Completion of administrative formalities S. 1097

„… have not been respected, the carrier can require the passenger to pay the costs arising from the …” „… payment of the costs of examination related to the substantiated suspicion of non-compliance with the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 13 Examination S. 1097

„… have not been respected, the carrier can require the passenger to pay the costs arising from the …” „… payment of the costs of examination related to the substantiated suspicion of non-compliance with the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 8 Responsibility for particulars entered on the consignment note S. 1140

„… in the consignment note; b) the costs which the consignor undertakes to pay; c) the amount of the …” „… Responsibility for particulars entered on the consignment note The consignor shall be responsible for all costs …”

Petra Butler Introduction to Articles 45–65 CISG S. 232-237

„… using the defective goods (e.g., costs of defective processing, wasted construction or transport costs …” „… . Restitution, in particular of the goods, may lead to considerable costs and risks. The CISG therefore indorses …” „… avoid legal costs. In addition, a clause will provide clearer guidance for recovery than often the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.16 (Damages) S. 557

„… as the costs of transportation and installation),22 it has been argued that Art. 3.2.15, as the more …” „… special regime for restitution, bars recovery of costs payable under Art. 3.2.16,23 it is submitted that …”

Peter Mankowski Article 89 CISG S. 404

„… fees; an auction house’s fees; cost for transportation to the plae of selling or to the final buyer;43 …” „… marketing costs. The balance of the proceeds is for the other party. This means the effective proceeds, not …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.3 (Repair and replacement of defective performance) S. 652

„… regard to the circumstances7 between the costs of repair or replacement and “the advantage which the …” „… Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.2.1 no. 3. 75 A small Philippine trading company which wants to avoid the L/C costs told …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 31 S. 968-971

„… costs against a plaintiff who wholly or partly fails in his action. (5) Security for costs shall not be …” „… costs. Art. 31 CMR certainly applies if a carriage under the convention has commenced. It is, however …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… compensation costs; thus, he may waive his rights, as was held by the European Court of Justice:3 The incidents …” „… or compensation for recovery costs). In the course of the following proceedings, however, IOS Finance …” „… late payment and compensation for recovery costs grossly unfair. The ECJ, nevertheless, ruled otherwise …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 75 CISG S. 349-352

„… delivery and thus manufactures the goods to be sold to her third-party customers herself, the costs of …” „… production may not be considered costs of a substitute ‘transaction’. Accordingly, Article 74 applies.11 If a …” „… transaction. Additional costs (e.g., increased transportation) must be compensated; saved expenses must be set …”

Klaus Ramming Article 16 Liability for loss S. 1035-1039

„… document must be signed by or on behalf of the carrier (see Article 11.2). II. Liability for costs Article …” „… the carrier, must compensate him for all costs and damages incurred in carrying out instructions. This …” „… is justified in relation to costs being incurred by the carrier for the purpose of following the new …”

Article 37 Revision of the amounts for limitation of liability and unit of account S. 1072-1073

„… the proposed amendment on the cost of insurance. 6. (a) The amendment of the amount in accordance with …” „… cost of insurance (Article 37.5). CMNI provides for some restrictions which need to be considered in …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 17 Delivery S. 1148-1149

„… carrier would bear the risk of insolvency of the consignor, if the costs were not paid in advance. The …” „… . payment of transport costs, handing over of the original copy of the consignment note, confirmation of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.2.2 (Definition of hardship) S. 622-623

„… cost of a party’s performance has increased or because the value of the performance a party receives …” „… costs;5 or (ii) diminished value of the performance,6 while these criteria may sometimes supplement each …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.3 (Co-operation between the parties) S. 573-574

„… an excessive workload or considerable costs;8 to assist an assignee to receive security rights …” „… specific regard to (a) costs (argumentum Art. 7.2.2 lit. b), (b) the economic balance agreed in the …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 66 CISG S. 298-302

„… perspective, the rules on the passing of risk should be construed to provide for an allocation of the costs to …” „… the cheapest-costavoider or cheapest-cost-insurer among the parties. In most cases, this is the party …” „… . Ultimately, the rules on the passing of risk are to be considered a significant ‘cost factor’ for the price …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 37 S. 979-980

„… Convention, shall be entitled to recover such compensation, together with interest thereon and all costs and …” „… relates to all compensation paid in compliance with the provisions of the CMR.5 Consequently, the costs …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.7 (Harm due in part to aggrieved party) S. 686-687

„… additional costs of transportation, loss caused by the delay and incidental costs. Article 7.4.7 (Harm due in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.5 (Earlier performance) S. 602-603

„… Exception; Additional Costs If the ‘no legitimate interest’ exception applies, the obligor becomes …” „… needed).12 In contrast, additional costs (e.g. for storage)13 are irrelevant in this context, as the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.2 (Performance of non-monetary obligation) S. 647-651

„… performance or enforcement’) aims at a comparative economic assessment weighing costs of the obligor against …” „… the contract)25 they may be out of proportion26 (e.g. the costs for the obligor outweigh the benefits …” „… reasonably available elsewhere”.31 Often, the increase in costs for the obligor will correlate with an …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 67 CISG S. 303-308

„… contract’s allocation of costs and the parties’ obligations concerning transportation and insurance are …” „… allocation of the costs, but not as determining the place of delivery for the goods.7 It is irrelevant for …” „… cost-avoider and loss-insurer when choosing the option of bulk cargo shipping. Accordingly, she should bear the …”

Klaus Ramming Article 7 Dangerous and polluting goods S. 1013-1015

„… administrative authorization, the shipper shall bear the costs for the return of the goods to the port of loading …” „… shipper bears the costs for the return of the goods to the port or place of loading or any other place …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 6.1.10 611 Costs of performance …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 9.1.7 724 Obligor’s additional costs …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 76 CISG S. 353-355

„… for differences in the cost of transporting the goods. 2. 28 Ingeborg Schwenzer, ‘Article 75’ para. 13 …” „… transportation costs must be considered.12 The relevant point in time for determining the market price is the …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 41 S. 984-986

„… . Other costs arising out of the carrier’s payment default are not covered thereby. Consequently, the …” „… legal costs and expenses which the contractual carrier had to bear out of a court proceeding brought by …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 1307-1310

„… European legislation were a lump sum claim for incurred administrative costs as well as a compelling …” „… time or manpower to chase outstanding debts means that the administrative costs of pursuing debts are …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 22 Limits of Liability in Relation to Delay, Baggage and Cargo S. 1217-1220

„… from awarding, in accordance with its own law, in addition, the whole or part of the court costs and of …” „… provision shall not apply if the amount of the damages awarded, excluding court costs and other expenses of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… the other (potentially) non-performing party as certain costs of the (potentially) aggrieved party to …” „… so, it may be sensible to consider that set-off can reduce transaction costs, e.g. bank charges, and …” „… enforcement costs). In light of the characterisation of set-off as a general principle of 1. 64 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.9 (Interest for failure to pay money) S. 689-692

„… ’)22 under the circumstances, even if they increase the total damage (e.g. costs in attempting to …” „… . 7.4.4) do apply).31 Example: Increase of the costs of renovation by 10% during a three months delay to …”

Stefan Kröll Article 38 Transferable Credits S. 1499-1503

„… beneficiary. c. Unless otherwise agreed at the time of transfer, all charges (such as commissions, fees, costs …” „… transfer of a right to draw under a credit issued by the ultimate buyer reduces the costs of the …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 42 CISG S. 220-225

„… objecting against confiscation measures on the goods.56 The costs for such mitigation can be recovered from …” „… incur the cost associated with the investigation of non-registered rights.21 A seller can rely on …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.1.1 (Matters not covered) S. 535

„… connected costs are beyond the scope of the UNIDROIT Principles). Chapter 3 Validity Section 1 General …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 16 Transit periods S. 1147

„… goods in accordance with those prescriptions the carrier shall be entitled to do so; the resulting cost …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 14 Packing S. 1145

„… carrier for any loss or damage and costs due to the absence of, or defects in, the packing of goods …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 13 Loading and unloading of the goods S. 1145

„… carrier for any loss or damage and costs due to the absence of, or defects in, the packing of goods …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 64 Agreements concerning recourse S. 1127

„… , but also for compensations and other costs arising from the compliance with the PRR. These procedures …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 49 Settlement of accounts S. 1176

„… , charges or other costs arising out of the contract of carriage must pay to the carriers concerned their …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.9 (Usages and practices) S. 495

„… “creation of rights” (e.g. with respect to payment of costs incurred in reliance on the original behaviour …”

Article 36 Review and amendment S. 1072

„… the proposed amendment on the cost of insurance. 6. (a) The amendment of the amount in accordance with …”

Article 35 Denunciation S. 1072

„… the proposed amendment on the cost of insurance. 6. (a) The amendment of the amount in accordance with …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.4 (Partial assignment) S. 720

„… costs (e.g. bank charges) under Art. 9.1.8.3 B. Requirements Art. 9.1.4 distinguishes according to the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 9 Vesting of object in satisfaction; redemption S. 1375

„… any reasonable costs incurred in the exercise of any such remedy, then unless otherwise ordered by the …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… incurring unreasonably high costs. These cases are often explained as reaching the ‘limit of sacrifice’ or …” „… exemption on the basis of commercial impracticability.19 For instance, a 100% rise in costs will usually not …” „… is usually a cheaper cost-avoider than the buyer.31 This also holds true if the seller is not the …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 11 Report S. 1357

„… approximately half of all creditors do not claim interest for late payment or compensation for recovery costs.1 …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 23 Conversion of Monetary Units S. 1221

„… court costs and other litigation expenses including interest to the claimant under the lex fori …”

Klaus Ramming Article 15 Conditions for the exercise of the right of disposal S. 1034

„… instructions given to the carrier; (c) compensate the carrier for all costs and damage incurred in carrying out …”

Klaus Ramming Article 10 Delivery of the goods S. 1021

„… contractual partner, who is responsible for the freight and all other costs the carrier may claim under the …”

Peter Mankowski Article 26 S. 450

„… certainty and avoids any costs which would be incurred by a possible restitution. Art. 26 takes precedence …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.12 (Currency in which to assess damages) S. 694

„… indexation (e.g. to the cost of living at the place of business of the aggrieved party),6 “so as to avoid the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.11 (Manner of monetary redress) S. 694

„… indexation (e.g. to the cost of living at the place of business of the aggrieved party),6 “so as to avoid the …”

Stefan Kröll Article 37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party S. 1498

„… for any commissions, fees, costs or expenses (charges) incurred by that bank in connection with its …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 39 Liability in case of nuclear incidents S. 1169

„… the related costs to the infrastructure manager by means of recourse. A necessary element for the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.6 (Third party performance) S. 747

„… the obligee can avoid the practical hazzles and transaction costs of (re-)negotiations with the …”

Peter Csoklich Article 9 S. 921

„… claim the costs of any such checking.22 The result of such investigation shall be entered into the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 40 Persons for whom the carrier is liable S. 1169

„… the related costs to the infrastructure manager by means of recourse. A necessary element for the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.9 (Apportionment among joint and several obligors) S. 802

„… auxiliary argument (which may entail increased court (Art. 1.11 1st hyphen) costs. Para. 2 sentence 2 takes …”

Article 36 S. 979

„… Convention, shall be entitled to recover such compensation, together with interest thereon and all costs and …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 26 S. 957

„… cation as to the diminishment in value12 or, if the costs of repair would exceed the initial value …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.2.7 (Conflict of interests) S. 531

„… might remain liable for costs incurred by the third party to enforce the apparent authority argument …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.6 (Proof of harm by current price) S. 685

„… may provide details (e.g. to balance repair and transportation costs and the need for speedy …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.2 (Definition of offer) S. 501

„… responsibility for ‘sunk costs’ of the other party (Art. 1.8).13 Depending on the circumstances (Arts. 4.1–4.2 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 18 Right to dispose of the goods S. 1150-1151

„… carrier all costs and damages caused by the subsequent amendment. In this respect the consignee will …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.7 (Restitution with respect to long-term contracts) S. 672-673

„… (c) on time of performance; Art. 6.1.6(a) and (b) on place of performance; Art. 6.1.11 on costs;35 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 78 CISG S. 360-366

„… non-breaching party, however, demands compensation for mitigation costs, it must claim and prove accordingly.29 …” „… may be no double counting of capital costs as interest and damages; any interest received will be …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 19 Delay S. 1213-1214

„… recovery of punitive damages and emotional damages.8 Therefore, the cost of lost days of vacation, hotel …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… services, their production or the respective transaction. Due to the resulting cost burden, such different …” „… implementation cost70 would be too high in light of the protective provisions and the regulatory structure would …” „… ), Vollharmonisierung im Privatrecht, 2009, p 113. 70 Particularly affected are the external costs for the companies. 71 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.8 (Effect of judgment) S. 800-801

„… initiate legal proceedings against only one obligor to save costs (e.g. an increase of arbitration or state …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.14 (Application for public permission) S. 615-616

„… party in charge to apply for the permission is essential for the risk and cost assessment of the parties …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 12 Evidential value of the consignment note S. 1143-1144

„… payment of the costs of the examination. The result of the examination shall be entered on the consignment …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.11 (Successive assignments) S. 731-732

„… the risk exposure of the obligor (and transaction costs to determine the correctness of a series of …”

Peter Csoklich Article 14 S. 931-932

„… and/or the carrier as well as for the right of the carrier for a refund of costs and expenses under Art …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.2 (Effects of joint and several claims) S. 818-819

„… . 11.2.2 to accept performance8 (and the applicable procedure law will have to determine the cost …”

Peter Mankowski Article 87 CISG S. 398-399

„… bear the costs of depositing in a warehouse first, but can claim reimbursement from the other party12 …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 27 S. 958-959

„… claimed in accordance with the applicable national law.9 Consequently, legal fees,10 the costs of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.6 (Threat) S. 544-545

„… a surprising term in the standard terms;12 special expertise; cost and/or ease to acquire the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.15 (Negotiations in bad faith) S. 515-516

„… the frustrated costs are due to the violation of a duty to negotiate under an agreement pursuant to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 4.8 (Supplying an omitted term) S. 569-570

„… negotiation in case of dispute, the risk and the costs of a dispute remain under control (experience from …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.3 (Partial performance) S. 599-600

„… obligee in the non-performed part … compared to the costs which the obligor would incur when performing in …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 6.1.1 (Time of performance) S. 596-597

„… , currency, costs of performance, imputation of performance, public permissions). None of them is so …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 10 Remedies of conditional seller or lessor S. 1375-1377

„… any reasonable costs incurred in the exercise of any such remedy, then unless otherwise ordered by the …”

Peter Csoklich Article 12 S. 926-928

„… consequences of such instructions, including the distribution of additional costs and expenses caused by such …”

Raimond Emde Article 18 S. 1296-1298

„… customers and it includes special commission. There is no practice to reduce for professional costs. Finally …”

Peter Mankowski Article 81 CISG S. 381-383

„… SALE OF GOODS 382 Peter Mankowski 2 3 4 5 6 Costs and expenses for restitution are damages to be paid …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.1.1 (Definitions) S. 715-717

„… hyphen) are considered in Arts. 9.1.8 (right to compensation for additional costs), 9.1.9 (protection of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.7 (Price determination) S. 579-581

„… of the market price includes the absence of a market16 or disproportional costs to determine it.17 C …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.15 (Restitution) S. 554-556

„… Art. 6.1.11 each party bears the costs of restitution.17 D. Application of General Rules All duties …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.2 (Limitation periods) S. 765-767

„… separately (including ancillary claims3 for interests or reasonable expenses, costs; this avoids issues of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 34 S. 975-977

„… 1985, 48, Thume/Schmid, Art. 34 para. 6. Consequently, the freight forwarder working on a fixed costs …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.14 (Contract with terms deliberately left open) S. 512-514

„… ) Arts. 6.1.7-6.1.10 on payment and currency issues, (vii) Art. 6.1.11 on costs of performance, (viii …”

Peter Csoklich Article 8 S. 918-920

„… of the packages to be checked. The carrier shall be entitled to claim the cost of such checking. The …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 10 Recovery procedures for unchallenged claims S. 1353-1356

„… account of the individual rules in the Member States, which, inevitably, raises transaction costs for the …”

Petra Butler Article 60 CISG S. 289-291

„… costs for those activities, unless otherwise agreed between the parties or if to do so would be contrary …”

Petra Butler Article 58 CISG S. 285-287

„… goods before they are shipped. The buyer bears the costs for the inspection under Article 58(3). Article …”

Section 2 Registered luggage S. 1111-1115

„… costs included therein. Nevertheless he shall retain his rights to claim compensation for delay in …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 27 CISG S. 146-149

„… requires, inter alia, that (1) the means of communication chosen does not generate unreasonable costs for …”

Peter Mankowski Article 9 CISG S. 47-50

„… generate positive network externalities saving transaction costs.11 Market players anticipate compliance …”

Peter Mankowski Article 3 CISG S. 24-27

„… general costs of developing or designing.9 Furthermore, a threshold of minimum labour or services required …”

Petra Butler Article 46 CISG S. 239-242

„… compensation of the same category.19 The costs lie with the seller.20 The seller chooses which compensation to …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 4 Transactions between undertakings and public authorities S. 1334-1338

„… periods and late payment by public authorities for goods and services lead to unjustified costs for …”

Peter Mankowski Article 84 CISG S. 388-391

„… derived net proceeds after deduction of costs and expenses.44 Art. 82 (2) (c) CISG and its requirement …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 77 CISG S. 356-359

„… incentives can be created for cost-minimizing conduct on each side. Seen in this light, the Convention’s …”

Petra Butler Article 52 CISG S. 274-278

„… Consequences of taking delivery The buyer of course can accept early delivery. If the buyer incurs costs which …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… promulgate rules for letters of credit.6 The object was to reduce the transaction costs and to facilitate …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.1 (Scope of the Chapter) S. 761-764

„… hyphen) additional costs in the case of an assignment); other contractual rights agreed upon in the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.1 (Definitions) S. 813-817

„… performance to avoid (a) a deadlock between the obligees and (b) unnecessary difficulties, delay and/or costs …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 38 CISG S. 200-204

„… the other hand must prove unreasonable inconvenience or cost. He must also prove any damages he wants …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 72 CISG S. 327-331

„… has already caused costs (analogy to Articles 45(1)(b), 61(1)(b)).58 If the creditor suspends …”

Petra Butler Article 49 CISG S. 257-261

„… CISG’s strategy to keep the contract in existence as long and as far as possible and to avoid the costs …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.2.3 (Availability of defences against joint and several obligees) S. 820-824

„… avoid double litigation it makes sense (already to reduce the costs)14 to provide for obligations of …”

Klaus Ramming Article 24 Limitation of actions S. 1056-1060

„… reimbursement of costs. Difficulties may arise where both the principal and the recourse claims are subject to …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… Bonell on “UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts: A Valid and Cost Saving Alternative …” „… . 7.1.1 no. 2); and (ii) the application of the UNIDROIT Principles did avoid costs of pleading Chinese …”

Petra Butler Article 47 CISG S. 243-248

„… the buyer could easily repair the goods him- or herself.34 The seller bears the costs of the repair …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 35 CISG S. 190-196

„… them up. It also includes the duty to bear the cost for the packaging.56 IV. Exclusion of liability …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 21 CISG S. 105-111

„… the least cost avoider and party responsible for the delay, consequently bears the risk of the …”

Petra Butler Article 50 CISG S. 262-268

„… Further, the costs to remedy the non-conformity of the goods should also not be taken into account. Scope …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 71 CISG S. 319-326

„… side’s counter-performance.4 Suspension and stoppage avoid the costs of performing if it must be expected …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 2 Definitions S. 1311-1320

„… provided that the debtor is liable to pay those additional costs according to the contractual agreement. A …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 19 CISG S. 93-101

„… weeks different to the offer;48 shift in delivery costs from seller to buyer,49 and in response to an …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… particularly important in the context of international transactions. It is therefore both fair and more cost …”

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