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Jospeter M. Mbuba - Comparative Criminal Justice

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Jospeter M. Mbuba (ed.)

Comparative Criminal Justice

2023

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Part 4: Middle East and South Asia S. 203-274

„… , which is the oldest counter- narcotics department in the Middle East/North Africa region and which has …” „… Part 4MIDDLE EAST AND SOUTH ASIA205CHAPTER 12The Egyptian Criminal Justice SystemSTEPS FORWARD …” „… Iran’s Police Forces and Social Control in the Islamic Republic,” Middle East Brief 120, no. 3 (2018 …”

About the Authors S. 351-360

„… articles and book chapters, and attended numerous conferences in the United States, the Middle East, and …” „… and implements projects in the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. As lecturer in law, he also …” „… also as the Middle East regional coordinator for the University of Oxford Price Media Moot Court …”

Jospeter M. Mbuba Introduction S. 1-8

„… region of the Middle East and in South Asia. Countries selected from this region include the Middle …” „… - Saharan Africa, based on the experiences of a sample of three countries, namely, Kenya from eastern Africa …” „… the largely Muslim north, and Christian- style customary law that is practiced in the eastern and …”

Preface

„… Justice System in Germany 185Raluca Enescu, Aneta Leszczynska, and Carsten MomsenPART 4: MIDDLE EAST AND …” „… 43Sebastian Okello Wang’ombePART 2: EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 4 The Australian Criminal Justice …”

Part 3: Europe and Eurasia S. 121-202

„… minors—often unaccompanied—originating mostly from the regions of the Maghreb, Nigeria, Eastern Europe, and …” „… the start, middle, or end of the system or process. Because understanding what it is that the police …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538173152

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Simone Heil

Young Ambassadors

2011

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Role of the Middle East Conflict S. 249-259

„… youth exchange participants. 6.12 Role of the Middle East Conflict The category results dealing with …” „… the role the Middle East conflict played in the German-Israeli exchange program will be highlighted in …” „… given to the Holocaust and the Middle East conflict during the exchange program. A closer look will then …”

Role of the Middle East Conflict S. 299-303

„… the Middle East Conflict The results regarding the role of the Middle East conflict in the …” „… direct impact on the way the Middle East conflict was discussed among the exchange students, the extent …” „… topic of the Holocaust, the Middle East conflict has played an increasingly important role within the …”

Main Topics S. 105-117

„… ; Holocaust; Middle East conflict; Political impact; Relations between Germans and Israelis during exchange …” „… memorial site Middle East conflict: ? Role of Middle East conflict during time in Germany/Israel ? Middle …” „… East conflict as topic of discussion ? Middle East conflict more in foreground than Holocaust …”

German-Israeli Relations 1972-73 S. 156-166

„… Middle East conflict right into the heart of Europe, but also damaged the image West Germany had intended …” „… , Puttkamer luncheon is cancelled, 02.11.1972 161 many into the Middle East conflict.751 According to the …” „… interest in the development of a peaceful solution of the Middle East conflict was evident, West Germany …”

German-Israeli Relations 1965-67 S. 145-156

„… effect on West Germany’s Middle East politics as Bonn feared that establishing diplomatic relations with …” „… standing and leading to an increase of Soviet influence in the Middle East. Instead of diplomatic relations …” „… the Middle East crisis, Foreign Minister Willy Brandt emphasized that ‘military neutrality did not …”

Role of the Holocaust S. 298-299

„… common interests and values. 7.2.12 Role of the Middle East Conflict The results regarding the role of …” „… the Middle East conflict in the German-Israeli youth exchanges support the first assumption since the …” „… political context in each timeframe had a direct impact on the way the Middle East conflict was discussed …”

Role of the Holocaust S. 241-249

„… German and Israeli youth exchange participants. 6.12 Role of the Middle East Conflict The category …” „… results dealing with the role the Middle East conflict played in the German-Israeli exchange program will …” „… compares the importance given to the Holocaust and the Middle East conflict during the exchange program. A …”

Table of Contents S. 7-11

„… Relations between Germans and Israelis 78 3.2.3.11 Role of the Holocaust 79 3.2.3.12 Role of the Middle East …” „… Mission 111 4.3.3.9 Political Importance 112 4.3.3.10 Holocaust 112 4.3.3.11 Middle East Conflict 113 …” „… Middle East Conflict 249 6.13 Change of View of the Other Country 259 6.14 Participants as Multipliers …”

Preparation S. 197-200

„… ’, ‘current politics’, ‘Middle East conflict’, ‘security’ and ‘manners’ will be especially highlighted. As …” „… throughout the different timeframes, it is noteworthy that the Middle East conflict and the security aspect …” „… exchange participants to be able to explain the Middle East conflict to their German hosts. Both teachers …”

Preparation S. 289-290

„… school exchange participants should act as facilitators in the Middle East conflict (see discussion below …” „… teachers’ attempts to prepare their students as ambassadors who could explain the Middle East conflict to …” „… the past and the conflict situation in the Middle East in the present. 7.2.5 Finances The empirical …”

Topics S. 66-94

„… the Holocaust and the Middle East conflict in the exchange program). Other topics which had not been …” „… ), discussing the Middle East conflict, learning more about the Holocaust and meeting concentration camp …” „… democracy, religions, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, Neo-Nazism and racism, current affairs, the Middle East …”

Change of View of the Other Country S. 259-261

„… Holocaust perpetrators. Later German exchange generations tended more to have the Middle East conflict on …” „… timeframes tended rather to think about the Middle East conflict and the Israelis about a modern European …” „… Helmut Girardet – Cologne Participant 1967: 72 261 about the every day life of the Israelis, the Middle …”

Historical Development of Town Partnership S. 139-142

„… politicians had a one-sided approach to the Middle East conflict. In order to have a political balance in the …” „… .639 Furthermore, in November 2004, an online forum—the “Bremen Middle East portal”, which connects …” „… labor party there were also other opinions regarding the Middle East conflict amongst the young German …”

Generation of Coding Frame S. 128-131

„… - Middle East conflict - Geography - Religion - Culture - Manners - Security - Social events - Language …” „… covered during the preparation meetings and mentions explicitly the Middle East conflict, this category is …” „… not to be coded. In this case, the category “Middle East conflict” is used. After first taking the …”

Motivation S. 194-197

„… more knowledge about the Middle East conflict, wanted to go on a big exotic trip abroad and experience …” „… join the German-Israeli exchange than the topic of ‘learning more/talking about the Middle East …” „… sub-categories ‘Holocaust’, ‘history of Germany/Israel’, ‘current politics’, ‘Middle East conflict’, ‘security …”

Secondary Literature S. 319-330

„… perceptions of the Middle East conflict: Images and identifications during the 1967 war. Journal of Palestine …” „… and the Middle East, Patterns and Prospects. London: Printer Publishers Limited. ConAct. (2010 …” „… ., & Ehteshami, A. (Eds.). (2002). The foreign policies of Middle East States. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers …”

Status of Youth Exchange within Town Partnership S. 143-145

„… state. This doctrine had a direct effect on West Germany’s Middle East politics as Bonn feared that …” „… boosting East Berlin’s international standing and leading to an increase of Soviet influence in the Middle …” „… establishing diplomatic relations with Israel would lead to the Arab states recognizing East Germany, thus …”

Acknowledgements S. 15-16

„… , due to my travels in Israel in the 1990s, I became very interested in the Middle East. Therefore, I …” „… / Israel on Middle East Politics. The combination of both interests thus led me to choosing this topic. My …”

Political Relations S. 53-54

„… repercussions and [b] the Middle East conflict”.225 The development of German foreign policy towards Israel and …” „… the Middle East is elaborated for example by Giordano,226 Perthes227 and Weingardt.228 Timm229 …”

Quality Control S. 132-133

„… example was attributed to the subcategory ‘Family/Kibbutz stay’ of the main category ‘Middle East as topic …” „… Middle East conflict during time in Germany/Israel’: “Did you talk about Israeli-Palestinian issues at …”

Selectivity S. 182-190

„… , Holocaust, Middle East conflict and view of the other country will be presented. Then the results of the …” „… participant of the Israeli group of 1967 confirmed: “We were middle and upper class people.”888 Also on the …” „… interviewed former participants had a university degree and held upper/middle class occupations (cf. tables …”

Motivation S. 288-289

„… politicians that German school exchange participants should act as facilitators in the Middle East conflict …” „… could explain the Middle East conflict to the Germans and the continuous emphasis on the Holocaust as …”

Finances S. 290-292

„… situation in the Middle East in the present. 7.2.5 Finances The empirical analysis provided ample evidence …” „… the Middle East conflict on the German side in later periods. These findings indicate the influence of …”

Change of View of the Other Country S. 303-305

„… whether German youngsters can act as facilitators in the Middle East conflict. In this qualitative study …” „… Middle East 1373 Lachenmair-Tüllmann 1993: 32; Nadan 2006: 38, 43 1374 von Gizycki 1972: 68 304 …”

Historical Overview S. 56-62

„… , role of the Holocaust, role of the Middle East conflict, change of view of the other country, youth …” „… important instrument to counter xenophobic tendencies. After the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, intensified …” „… youth contacts between Germans and East Europeans were demanded by politicians as a measure to underpin …”

German-Israeli Relations 2000 S. 177-181

„… Middle East immediately. But the circle of violence continued for several more years. In the course of …” „… was criticized as Rau clearly put more emphasis on building good ties with Israel during his Middle …” „… East tour.860 During the talks in Ramallah, Arafat bemoaned the stalled negotiations between Israelis …”

Participants as Multipliers S. 261-264

„… 261 about the every day life of the Israelis, the Middle East conflict and Israeli politics/society …” „… Middle East conflict and the Israelis about a modern European country before departing to Israel/Germany …”

Importance of Exchange Experience for the Individual Biography S. 264-270

„… respondents stressed that political topics such as ‘New Germany and its past’ and the ‘Middle East conflict …” „… Wischnewski about the Middle East conflict, conducted surveys about anti-Semitism and attended the …”

Concluding Remarks S. 317-318

„… Studies in Marburg, World Congress of Middle Eastern Studies in Barcelona), but also with practitioners …”

Aims of the Research / Research Questions S. 95-96

„… Middle East conflict on the programs are taken into consideration as well. 4.2 Methodology and Sources …”

Design of the Interview Guide S. 104-105

„… ; Holocaust; Middle East conflict; Political impact; Relations between Germans and Israelis during exchange …”

Exploratory Qualitative Research Design S. 96-97

„… Middle East conflict on the programs are taken into consideration as well. 4.2 Methodology and Sources …”

Reaction S. 292-293

„… the beginning, and the Middle East conflict on the German side in later periods. These findings …”

Limitations S. 316-317

„… Congress of Middle Eastern Studies in Barcelona), but also with practitioners (at events organized by …”

Development of Youth Exchange between the Cities S. 142-143

„… labor party there were also other opinions regarding the Middle East conflict amongst the young German …”

Political Mission S. 212-222

„… pro-Israeli stance regarding the Middle East conflict during their exchange stay in Israel and later acted as …” „… , also for Israel. You should convey the Israeli point of view in Germany concerning the Middle East …”

Summary S. 283-285

„… Middle East conflict played in the programs and the participants’ view of the other country prior to …”

German-Israeli Relations 1990-91 S. 166-177

„… been helping Saddam Hussein complete in the Middle East what Nazi Germany started in Europe 50 years …” „… rivalry and East-West confrontation had an impact on international politics in general and on …” „… East European block, re-unification of Germany and the first Gulf War represents a historical turning …”

Political Impact S. 227-236

„… exchange. First of all, East Germans were now also able to travel to Israel and town partnerships between …” „… East German and Israeli cities were established.1110 Germans from the former GDR were keen to explore …” „… explore Israel. The teacher recalled that the East German pupils were highly motivated to take part in the …”

The Special Relationship Theory S. 47-52

„… priority of German Middle East policy by all relevant political forces. What has changed, however, if one …” „… 47 versal, transcending national boundaries.184 On the East German side, Timm analyzed the role of …”

Newspaper Articles S. 331-343

„… finalizes slave labor fund. (18.07.2000), Jerusalem Post. Schroeder begins Middle East tour. (29.10.2000 …” „… share in Mid East policy. (13.05.1965), Jerusalem Post. Joint Communique establishes …” „… . (03.06.1973), Jerusalem Post. Eban lauds Bonn’s policy on Mid East. (03.06.1973), Jerusalem Post. Poll shows …”

Executive Summary S. 18-25

„… ; role of the Middle East conflict during the youth exchanges; impacts of the political events of 1965-67 …” „… GDR did not maintain diplomatic relations with the Jewish State and East Germans were able to travel …” „… Israel and East Germany in this research which analyzes the historical development of German-Israeli …”

Importance of Exchange Experience for the Individual Biography S. 306-309

„… respondents stressed political topics such as ‘New Germany and its past’ and the ‘Middle East conflict’ as …”

Research Studies S. 62-66

„… German-Israeli youth exchange studies in particular (such as the role of the Holocaust and the Middle East …”

Differences between the German-Israeli Exchange and Other Exchanges S. 190-194

„… foreign office in 1973 in an attempt to have a more balanced approach to the Middle East opposed the …”

Cologne-Tel Aviv Town Partnership S. 134-139

„… , Indianapolis and Volgograd during the Cold War, Norbert Burger aimed as well at contributing to the Middle East …”

Political Importance S. 222-227

„… Heribert Schüller, a former participant outlined: “In these years, in the 60s, in the middle of the 60s it …” „… teacher in East Berlin who had initiated German-Israeli youth exchanges after the reunification of Germany …”

Contribution S. 277-282

„… the Israeli position regarding the Middle East conflict to their exchange partners.1327 Connected to …”

Finances S. 200-207

„… topic during the preparation especially on the German side. The fact that the Middle East conflict got …”

Impact of Youth Exchange on Politics S. 270-277

„… Cologne Christian-Jewish association, talked with Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski about the Middle East conflict …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845232690

Pablo Ferrara - Sovereignty Disputes and Offshore Development of Oil and Gas

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Pablo Ferrara

Sovereignty Disputes and Offshore Development of Oil and Gas

Series: Studies in International Law of the Sea and Maritime Law - Internationales Seerecht und Seehandelsrecht

Volume 9 2016

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4 Middle East: the kingdom of political economy S. 69-113

„… Middle East: the kingdom of political economy In particular, four broad claims have been made about …” „… states; that the central category for understanding the international relations of the Middle East and …” „… their apparatus. Fred Halliday, The Middle East in International Relations Seven bilateral treaties in …”

BIBLIOGRAPHY S. 177-188

„… HALLIDAY, THE MIDDLE EAST IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: POWER, POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY (2005) HUMAN RIGHTS IN …” „… on Oil, 58 MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL 424 Gerd Nonneman, Saudi-European Relations 1902-2001: A Pragmatic …” „… Quest for Relative Autonomy, 77 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 631–661 Ali R. Abootalebi, Middle East Economies …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… schemes in the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico and West Africa – schemes that have so far not received the …” „… Variables 61 Endogeneity 67 Case Study 68 Middle East: the kingdom of political economy4 69 Institutional …”

2 Framework: Markets, cases and stages S. 24-59

„… dependence on imported oil from an unstable Middle East. The second, broader face is, over time, the …” „… Middle East and 400 in Europe.8 5 BOUNDARIES AND ENERGY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS 3, 6 (Gerald Blake et al …” „… MIDDLE EASTERN STATES AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 208 (1979); CONVENTION ON THE DELIMITATION OF THE …”

7 Conclusions S. 169-174

„… above. In the case of Middle Eastern countries, the agreements proved to be extremely short and narrowly …” „… regional conflicts, in order to deal with their European, American or Far Eastern clients. Pro-forma …”

6 Africa: a long night’s trip into the light S. 133-168

„… even the Middle East (39%) in the high proportion of private wealth held abroad. It is estimated that …” „… diversify their sources of hydrocarbon supplies away from the Middle East. Nigeria is capitalising on this …” „… African savings are held outside the continent, compared with just six percent for East Asia and three …”

3 The Origin of this study S. 60-68

„… to the Middle East, America and Africa. 114 These observations include higher levels of cooperation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845271743

Thomas Fischer - Neutral Power in the CSCE

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Thomas Fischer

Neutral Power in the CSCE

Series: Wiener Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 12 2009

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The Austrian Middle East Proposal – First to Fail S. 189-191

„… to be found.632The Austrian Middle East Proposal – First to Fail In the process of the establishment …” „… link of MBFR to the CSCE remained open, the Austrian Middle East proposal suffered an early blow …” „… difficult to convince the other participants to engage the CSCE with the problems of the Middle East. When …”

Neutral and Non-Aligned Agenda Proposals S. 177-181

„… contribution to détente in the Middle East”, which proposed the formation of a committee of 586 The question …” „… statements from the neutral states, and that the Austrian proposal to include the Middle Eastern issue in the …” „… Berne was convinced by the proposal to include the subject of the Middle East on the conference agenda …”

Austria S. 120-128

„… proposal: to include the problem of the Middle East on the future agenda of the conference. He first spoke …” „… that the “war-like situation” in the Middle East currently threatened peace and security in Europe, he …” „… felt that a security conference did not merit such a name if the Middle East was not included on its …”

Other Military Aspects of Security S. 191-193

„… 191consensus on an agenda excluding the Middle Eastern topic.640 Kirchschläger was quite frank …” „… show the countries in the Middle East that they were trying to help find a peaceful solution, [and …” „… the Austrian Foreign Ministry in Vienna stood by their Middle East proposal at that stage, ignoring …”

The Catalogue of Principles S. 187-189

„… the principles of sovereignty and human rights was yet to be found.632The Austrian Middle East …” „… open, the Austrian Middle East proposal suffered an early blow during the third session of the Dipoli …” „… CSCE with the problems of the Middle East. When speaking on 5 February on the possibility of including …”

Reactions to the Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals on Security Matters S. 181-185

„… . As far as the Austrian proposal on a European contribution to détente in the Middle East was …” „… . The formation of a good offices committee for the Middle East by the CSCE would be rejected …” „… for the Austrian Middle East proposal, even more so since the American delegation had signalled a …”

Multilateral Détente in Europe S. 60-63

„… Kippur war in the Middle East in October 1973, when both superpowers accused each other of having …” „… the wake of the war in the Middle East in 1973, and following Nixon’s forced resignation over the …” „… East-West relations in Europe following Stalin’s death, and Khrushchev’s declaration of peaceful coexistence …”

The Principle of Equal Participation and the Rule of Consensus S. 324-327

„… weapons-free zone proposal, Austria’s Middle East proposition, or Swedish and Yugoslavian claims for inclusion …” „… East-West détente in order to improve their own security environment, and a determination not to allow the …” „… ”.12461242 For example: Renk, Der Weg der Schweiz nach Helsinki, 189; Nuenlist, “Expanding the East-West …”

Five Times Neutral and Non-Aligned S. 54-55

„… ; it soon travelled to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The conflict spread from Korea to Vietnam …” „… dealing with both East and West, which often gave rise to criticism from both sides. Yet the country’s …” „… . All were middle powers at best with a secondrank importance in international affairs. They had little …”

Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up S. 307-316

„… and the Middle East.1191 Following the crisis in Cyprus in summer 1974, a working group had been …” „… conflict in the Middle East stood no chance of acceptance. Switzerland, sympathetic to the idea of a …” „… East-West forum, since this would enable them to continue playing the role they had been able to play in the …”

Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki: Deciding on the Venue of the Conference S. 201-216

„… ) that this demand excluded the Middle East question. The Swiss and Italians raised the idea of a …” „… , but limited it to the points of the agenda (therefore not including the Middle East), and added a more …” „… East-West dialog beyond the bloc division”, fn. 73. 720 In April 1973 Austrian foreign minister …”

Bilateral Superpower Détente S. 55-60

„… ; it soon travelled to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The conflict spread from Korea to Vietnam …” „… . These contrasting perceptions came to a head during the Yom Kippur war in the Middle East in October …” „… reverberated in Europe as well. Within ten years after World War II, the European East-West division was …”

The Role of Personalities S. 330-340

„… ambitions (the Middle East initiative, the energy crisis, and the network of European waterways), for a long …” „… between the two blocs of east and west, the four neutrals in the middle, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland and …” „… East-West dialog beyond the bloc divison”, 216f. 333inclusion of a reference to the right to neutrality in …”

Summary and Conclusions S. 357-376

„… or the Austrian Middle East initiative, so far had been met with only qualified statements by the …” „… post-Cold War European efforts to engage the Northern African and Middle Eastern littoral states in a …” „… Iron Curtain. Switzerland and Sweden by contrast were less directly affected by East-West tensions, and …”

Moving from Helsinki to Geneva S. 219-226

„… considered a “European contribution to the relaxation of tensions in the Middle East” a necessity, Minic, in …” „… subjects included on the agenda of the CSCE (hence not the Middle East). Italy, on behalf of the EC and …” „… countries’ fundamental belief that the CSCE process should strengthen the non-bloc nature of East-West …”

The N+N at the Helsinki Summit (30 July – 1 August 1975) S. 317-324

„… global level as well, hence his regret that the Austrian proposal for an inclusion of the Middle Eastern …” „… dependent on the oil coming from the Middle East as their primary energy resource. The Austrian chancellor …” „… . The beginnings of cooperation manifest in the Helsinki Final Act between the states in East and West …”

Assuming Responsibility as Coordinators of Basket III S. 240-243

„… Responsibility as Coordinators of Basket III As indicated above, the real battle between East and West (and with …” „… on into November with no real progress.859 In mid-October, when the East tried to reopen the …” „… system, was no partner to the East in this field.860During the Helsinki multilateral preparatory talks …”

The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM S. 200-201

„… what was going on in disarmament talks of the military alliances. With East and West in agreement over …” „… competence of the alliances, CBM, originally considered only a second best option, became a middle road on …” „… . Leatherman, Engaging East and West, 421f; Renk, Der Weg der Schweiz nach Helsinki, 109. 683 Cf. Maresca, To …”

Yugoslavia S. 50-54

„… Commission for Europe (ECE), a group that cut across the East-West division. Yugoslavia also strongly …” „… neighbour to the East to ensure that its political room to manoeuvre was not compromised. Moreover, Helsinki …” „… East and West during the Cold War. A relatively young and multi-ethnic nation, modern Yugoslavia came …”

Opening Statements S. 162-164

„… Middle East question on the conference agenda,529 while the Finnish declaration highlighted the efforts …” „… , 43-48; Ghébali, La diplomatie de la détente,13-21; Leatherman, Engaging East and West, 389-406. However …” „… words between East and West. Finally, the Soviet delegate stated that the utmost his delegation was …”

The Soviet Njet to the Swiss SRPD Project S. 250-254

„… Swiss, rather than adopt a middle-of-the-line position between East and West (as attempted by Yugoslavia …” „… alterations. Western delegations such as France, the US, and the FRG that shared basic Eastern objections …” „… original proposal obviously had not alleviated the negative Eastern stance towards their idea of a …”

Prospects for Common Positions S. 141

„… at all, such as the Austrian proposal to include the Middle Eastern problem in the CSCE. Still, the …”

Operation Baskets S. 173-177

„… contribution to détente in the Middle East”, which proposed the formation of a committee of 586 The question …” „… in Christian Nuenlist, “What Role for a Small Neutral State in East-West Détente? New Perspectives on …” „… Eastern bloc and the 576 ÖStA/AdR, BMfaA, II-Pol/International 12, [non-registered box C, 1972 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… 185The Catalogue of Principles 187The Austrian Middle East Proposal – First to Fail 189Other Military …” „… CSCE 324The Principle of Equal Participation and the Rule of Consensus 325East-West Polarization and …” „… the first row would have sat West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and East German State President …”

Yugoslavia S. 138-141

„… at all, such as the Austrian proposal to include the Middle Eastern problem in the CSCE. Still, the …” „… Countries in East/West Relations, 90f; Zielinski, Die neutralen und blockfreien Staaten, 144-149. 444 Ibid …”

Basic Terms S. 29-32

„… the Uncommitted European Countries in East/West Relations.University of Sussex: Centre for …” „… Warsaw Pact/COMECON (the Eastern bloc Council for Mutual Economic Assistance). As discussed in the …” „… neutrality date back to the 16th century.28 After a period of expansionist wars towards the end of the Middle …”

Switzerland S. 32-36

„… Transformation during the First East-West Détente, 1953-1958.” Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4, Fall …” „… policy with regard to NATO/EC (European Communities) and the Warsaw Pact/COMECON (the Eastern bloc …” „… period of expansionist wars towards the end of the Middle Ages, the turning point in the Confederation’s …”

Growing Mutual Respect and Understanding S. 343-347

„… neutrals could play as facilitators of East-West contacts.1335 For Finland specifically, it was about …” „… beneficial relations with all sides on the basis of a peaceful coexistence not only between East and West but …” „… exercise in elegant fencing”. Quoted in Leatherman, Engaging East and West, 619. 1335 Cf. Statement …”

The Role of a Neutral/Non-Aligned State and Possible Forms of Cooperation S. 141-150

„… at all, such as the Austrian proposal to include the Middle Eastern problem in the CSCE. Still, the …” „… character of all previous East-West negotiations concerning Europe, the small and medium sized states should …” „… of an East-West conference. On the other, Swiss neutrality had to constantly prove its usefulness to …”

Switzerland S. 63-65

„… this impression only lasted for about a year. In the wake of the war in the Middle East in 1973, and …”

Presentation of Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals in Basket I S. 228-238

„… , and that the cause for its persistent survival – similar to that of the Austrian Middle East …” „… 1973; Cf. Nuenlist, “Expanding the East-West dialog beyond the bloc division”, 214. 813 CSCE: Second …” „… economic aspects of East-West cooperation on the continent: the UN Economic Committee for Europe (ECE). On …”

A Breakthrough on CBM Parameters S. 297-307

„… Kissinger the previous week during the Vienna talks on MBFR. This East-West bargain prompted the N+N states …” „… international law, by peaceful means and by agreement.” In a recent essay, Siegfried Bock, then head of the East …” „… neutral pressure, the East had given away practically nothing since their minor concessions preceding the …”

Introduction S. 17-28

„… bilateral East-West exchanges, namely through French president Charles De Gaulle’s eponymous policy of …” „… bilateral initiatives of De Gaulle and Brandt explored new possibilities for East-West talks by searching …” „… of the East-West confrontation and the implosion of the Yugoslav Republic in the early 1990s. This …”

The Swiss-Austrian Quarrel over Neutrality S. 254-263

„… middle-of-the-line position between East and West (as attempted by Yugoslavia in February 1974), took a robust …” „… similar resistance from the Eastern delegations. Thus by summer 1974 the Swiss SRPD project had lost any …” „… East consistently resisted entering into a more substantial debate on concrete measures before the West …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217703

Cornelius Adebahr - Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

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Cornelius Adebahr

Learning and Change in European Foreign Policy

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2009

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The Middle East Peace Process S. 26-29

„… (Krause/Schlotter 2007, 362).1.1.2 The Middle East Peace ProcessIn the early- and mid-1990s, not only the wars in …” „… Central Africa were of major concern to the EU but also the developments in the Middle East. At their …” „… joint actions should be applied. One of these areas was to accompany “the Middle-East peace process by …”

Mandates continued, and ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former Yugoslavia S. 36-38

„… means to this end was the EUSR.1.2.3 Mandates continued, and ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former …” „… changes in Brussels.66The Middle East Peace Process was marred by the outbreak of the so-called second …” „… ; Asseburg 2003b, 184; Ortega 2003, 53. Tellingly, Solana, while frequently travelling to the Middle East …”

Tasks S. 137-142

„… , Macedonia, Moldova, South Caucasus, SudanProposalsGeneral Central Asia, Great Lakes (2002), Middle East …” „… Herzegovina, Great Lakes (2005), Macedonia (2005), Middle East Peace Process (2005), South Caucasus (2004 …” „… Joint Action 2003/869/CFSP of 8 December 2003) or as a task (e. g. for the Middle East Peace Process …”

Invention of EUSRs S. 117-119

„… the Great Lakes and the Middle East Peace Process that had led to a change of routines: First as a …” „… (Great Lakes) and Joint Action 96/676/CFSP of 25 November 1996 (Middle East Peace Process). 2008 …” „… (Interviewee #18; cf. McLoughlin 1998, 2; Cunningham 1996, 11).273 In particular in the Middle East, the desire …”

The Great Lakes S. 21-26

„… doorstep, EU Special Representatives emerged in the African Great Lakes region and for the Middle East …” „… concern to the EU but also the developments in the Middle East. At their meeting in December 1993 just …” „… of these areas was to accompany “the Middle-East peace process by use of the political, economic …”

Integration into CFSP structures S. 121-124

„… the Middle East task force with the respective mandate, while for the Balkans, coordination takes …” „… of the Middle East task force before being appointed EUSR, is the exception rather than the rule: He …” „… ) within the Secretariat, officially covers the Balkans, the Middle East, and Africa (Interviewees #28 and …”

Different roles of special envoys S. 80-82

„… management in general and to one region in particular (the Middle East). 219 Cf. Bretherton/Vogler 1999, 5 …” „… in the Middle East Peace Process or vis-à-vis the actors already engaged in Central Asia.– Likewise …” „… in the South Caucasus and, again, within the Middle East Quartet.– Activity-oriented mandates are …”

External cooperation S. 149-151

„… Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC);”317– The mandate for the Middle East …” „… East peace process, other countries of the region, members of the Middle East Quartet and other …” „… fatigue’ (Lautze et al. 1998, 88–89), and the Middle East, but also in the South Caucasus, where the OSCE …”

Policy input S. 151-153

„… ‘envoy fatigue’ (Lautze et al. 1998, 88–89), and the Middle East, but also in the South Caucasus, where …” „… Representatives152– The EUSR for the Middle East Peace Process shall “report on the possibilities for European …” „… ongoing Middle East peace process-related European Union efforts;”323– Likewise, the EUSR for Moldova is …”

Current or former staff from the EUSRs, the Council Secretariat (including the Policy Unit), member states’ permanent missions or foreign ministries S. 239-241

„… for Central AsiaMarc Otte, EUSR for the Middle East Peace Process [interview in Berlin]Christian …” „… the Middle East Peace ProcessElena Maria Peresso, Assistant to the Director-General E (Robert Cooper …” „… Desk, Policy Unit, Council SecretariatTobias Tunkel, Political Advisor, EUSR for the Middle East Peace …”

Press documents S. 250-251

„… 2001George, Allan (2000) Peace Will Herald New Middle East Marshall Plan, in: Evening Standard (UK …” „… warning of tragedy and Bush all but washing his hands of the Middle East, the EU must intervene, in: The …” „… .Pelletreau, Robert H. (1998) The U. S., Britain and Europe: Prospects for a joint approach to the Middle East …”

Case selection: Why study the EUSRs? S. 82-84

„… was an important element for the EU in the Middle East Peace Process or vis-à-vis the actors already …” „… policy) in certain places, like in the South Caucasus and, again, within the Middle East Quartet …” „… : The Western Balkans and Southeastern Europe, Central Africa and the Middle East, as well as the …”

External cooperation S. 187-189

„… most prominent of these fora that precook multilateral decisions is the Middle East Quartet …” „… Darfur), and most prominently for the Middle East Peace Process (the ‘Middle East Quartet’). In addition …”

ESDP chain of command S. 185-187

„… these fora that precook multilateral decisions is the Middle East Quartet. Ultimately, this has …” „… for the Middle East Peace Process (the ‘Middle East Quartet’). In addition, plenty of lower level …”

Tenures extended S. 46-49

„… the Middle East during this period got off to an unspectacular start but in the end were shaped by …” „… Middle East Quartet. This body’s most important output of that time, other than continuous multilateral …” „… , in late 2005, the EU deployed its first two ESDP missions in the Middle East requiring him to build a …”

Official publications and speeches S. 247-250

„… Middle East Peace Process, FYROM and the Stability Pact. Doc. 14003/02. Brussels, 3 December 2002.Council …” „… , Allan (2000) Peace Will Herald New Middle East Marshall Plan, in: Evening Standard (UK), London, 13 …” „… of tragedy and Bush all but washing his hands of the Middle East, the EU must intervene, in: The …”

New mandates: Macedonia, Afghanistan S. 33-36

„… EUSR.1.2.3 Mandates continued, and ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former YugoslaviaExisting mandates …” „… Brussels.66The Middle East Peace Process was marred by the outbreak of the so-called second Intifada in …” „… , 184; Ortega 2003, 53. Tellingly, Solana, while frequently travelling to the Middle East, visited the …”

Secondary sources S. 251-267

„… , Robert H. (1998) The U. S., Britain and Europe: Prospects for a joint approach to the Middle East, in …” „… Crisis in the Middle East (Chaillot Paper 62). Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies …” „… , 11–26.Asseburg, Muriel (2003b) The EU and the Middle East Conflict: Tackling the Main Obstacle to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… The Middle East Peace Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.1.3 …” „… ceased: Great Lakes, Middle East, former Yugoslavia . . . . 361.3 Troubled growth: Expansion (2002–2005 …” „… middle-range theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137.2.2 Implications for International Relations …”

List of Abbreviations S. 242-244

„… ParliamentMEPP Middle East Peace ProcessNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOAU Organization of African …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Figure 2: Map of the Middle East …”

Former Yugoslavia S. 29-31

„… advanced a two-state solution to the Middle East conflict, which made the EU the first international actor …” „… Kosovo. This shifted much of the EU’s attention from the ‘wider neighbourhood’ (Middle East and Africa …” „… the EU that were modelled after the Europe Agreements for Central and Eastern Europe, thus containing …”

Introduction and Main Argument S. 13-20

„… regions of concern of the EU: the Western Balkans, Central Africa and the Middle East, as well as the …” „… the EUSR for the Middle East Peace Process was published in Germany (Dietl 2005). 7 For a comparison …” „… 3.1.2) but merely makes an illustrative example of it. Interestingly, with regard to the EU’s Eastern …”

Treaty changes in Amsterdam and Nice S. 31-33

„… , for the African Great Lakes and for the Middle East Peace Process, respectively, had been working in …” „… retained the term ‘Special Envoy’ for extensions of the Great Lakes and Middle East mandate until the end …” „… Agreements (SAA) with the EU that were modelled after the Europe Agreements for Central and Eastern Europe …”

Mandates continued S. 51-54

„… considerable experience in Africa.130In the Middle East, victory of the Hamas party in the Palestinian …” „… elections in January 2006 put a freeze on Middle East diplomacy, effectively stopping an until then fairly …” „… the Great Lakes, in negotiations on dispute settlement at Sudan’s Eastern border with Uganda, which …”

Internal consolidation S. 49-51

„… considerable experience in Africa.130In the Middle East, victory of the Hamas party in the Palestinian …” „… elections in January 2006 put a freeze on Middle East diplomacy, effectively stopping an until then fairly …”

Index of Tables S. 244-245

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Figure 2: Map of the Middle East …” „… zu untersuchen. Auf diese Weise soll die Tragfähigkeit von OL als middle-range theory beleuchtet …”

Policy input S. 189-193

„… the Middle East. It was EUSR Jacobovits who first proposed the Transnistrian border mission …” „… for more EU engagement in the Middle East, namely through the two ESDP missions there, EUBAM Rafah and …” „… Eastern European member states and the European Parliament, for their inclusion in the revised policy …”

Selection of EUSRs S. 133-136

„… positive and oft-cited example is that of Marc Otte who before becoming EUSR for the Middle East Peace …” „… Process worked as head of the Middle East task force in the Policy Unit. As a Belgian diplomat, he also …”

Budgetary issues S. 125-128

„… /CFSP of 25 March 1996) and the Middle East Peace Process (Article 3 of Council Joint Action 96/676 …” „… Council Joint Action (2002/965/CFSP) of 10 December 2002 (Middle East Peace Process). 281 Only “such …”

Integration into CFSP structures S. 166-169

„… Policy Unit (Interviewee #6). Solana’s own interests centre mainly around the Balkans and the Middle East …” „… institutional rivalry for closeness to Solana emerged between the Secretariat’s Middle East task force and the …”

Organizational Learning as a middle-range theory S. 212-215

„… reservations about having a more comprehensive policy on the Middle East before appointing an EUSR; cf …” „… a middle-range theory, to IR theory, as well as to approaches that theorize European foreign policy …” „… . 7.2.1 Organizational Learning as a middle-range theory This study used an exploratory approach due to …”

Deutschsprachige Zusammenfassung S. 245-247

„… middle-range theory beleuchtet werden. Darüber hinaus schließt die Studie eine empirische Lücke, die mit Blick …” „… the Special Representative of the European Union for the Great Lakes Region, Afghanistan, the Middle …” „… East Peace Process, FYROM and the Stability Pact. Doc. 14003/02. Brussels, 3 December 2002.Council of …”

Double-hatting S. 195-200

„… heads of the respective support element to AMIS II;362 and in the Middle East, where an EUSR advisor is …” „… EU’s role. Reportedly, even in a highly security-related area such as the Middle East, the United …”

Increased number of EUSRs S. 119-121

„… special representatives has allowed sustained [EU] engagement in both the Middle East, Africa and the …” „… Committee resembles the Middle Ages (Interviewee #3) with EUSRs operating in a “relative institutional void …”

Index of Figures S. 244

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Figure 2: Map of the Middle East …”

Staff from the European Commission and Members of the European Parliament S. 241

„… Advisor, EUSR for the Middle East Peace ProcessRainer Uher, Coordination Unit, Council SecretariatClemens …”

Current or former EU Special Representatives S. 237-239

„… Berlin]Pierre Morel, EUSR for Central AsiaMarc Otte, EUSR for the Middle East Peace Process [interview in …”

Staff from European-policy think tanks S. 241-242

„… Advisor, EUSR for the Middle East Peace ProcessRainer Uher, Coordination Unit, Council SecretariatClemens …”

The EU's strategic role S. 200-202

„… Middle East, the United States has come to accept the EU’s soft power, both in development cooperation on …”

Budgetary issues S. 171-172

„… at an informal level, other instances are more formal. Early on, the EUSR for the Middle East Peace …”

The UN Special Representatives S. 62-68

„… Balkans, Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Moreover, their mandates have been …” „… from the middle of the century (Waters 1956 and Wriston 1960) are complemented by one book section …”

The U. S. Special Envoys S. 68-74

„… envoys to the Middle East, to Afghanistan and Pakistan, and, most notably, to Iran, thus bringing back a …” „… from the middle of the century (Waters 1956 and Wriston 1960) are complemented by one book section …”

Cooperation with the Commission and the Parliament S. 128-131

„… three EUSRs (for Moldova, South Caucasus, and the Middle East Peace Process, respectively) cover seven …”

Cooperation with the Commission and the Parliament S. 172-176

„… at an informal level, other instances are more formal. Early on, the EUSR for the Middle East Peace …”

Summary of instances of organizational learning (phase 1) S. 203-207

„… resolution of two long-standing conflicts (in the Great Lakes region and the Middle East), the Union …”

The EU Special Representatives S. 57-62

„… regions of concern to the EU: the Balkans, Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia …”

Analytical inferences from antecedent envoys S. 74-80

„… offensive, including the dispatching of high-ranking envoys to the Middle East, to Afghanistan and Pakistan …”

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