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Scott A. Snyder, Kyung-Ae Park - North Korea’s Foreign Policy

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Scott A. Snyder (ed.), Kyung-Ae Park (ed.)

North Korea’s Foreign Policy

2022

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Part I: Understanding North Korea’s Foreign Policy under Kim Jong-un S. 1-62

„… 1Part I: Understanding North Korea’s Foreign Policy under Kim Jong-un 3Chapter 1Making Sense of the …” „… ’ Access to Foreign Culture and Policy Measures from the Standpoint of North Koreans living in China” [중국 …” „… explicit policy prevents the use of foreign currencies at markets. The traumatic experience of currency …”

Preface

„… North Korea’s Foreign PolicyNorth Korea’s Foreign PolicyThe Kim Jong-un Regime in a Hostile …” „… FOREIGN POLICYPerhaps the boldest feature of Kim Jong-un’s foreign policy legacy in his first decade of …” „… foreign policy : the Kim Jong-un regime in a hostile world / Scott A. Snyder and Kyung-Ae Park. Other …”

About the Contributors S. 271-278

„… , including articles in Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy. In 2017, Foreign Policy magazine included him in …” „… of North Korean Foreign Policy; Korean Security Dynamics in Transition, and China and North Korea …” „… Korea studies and director of the pro-gram on US-Korea policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR …”

Part III: North Korean Diplomacy toward the World S. 147-240

„… Evasion and the Effect on the Practice of North Korea’s Foreign PolicySanctions minimization has in …” „… North Korea’s foreign policy under Kim Jong-un is incomplete without a discussion of the effect of …” „… of North Korea’s foreign policy has itself led to the imposition and intensification of UN sanctions …”

Bibliography S. 241-266

„… the Trump-Kim Love Letters.” Foreign Policy, August 13, 2021.CBS News. “Transcript: CIA Director Mike …” „… .” Foreign Policy Analysis 7, no. 4 (2011): 381–402.Easley, Leif-Eric. “Trump and Kim Jong Un: Climbing the …” „… ’ Access to Foreign Culture and Policy Measures from the Standpoint of North Koreans living in China” [중국 …”

Index S. 267-270

„… Indexelites, xiv–xv; North Korean, 3–5, 12, 151; Soviet or Eastern European, 4–5foreign policy: challenges to …” „… ; economic policies under, xv, 13–17, 26–29, 37; foreign policy objectives of, xii–xiii, 70–71, 112–13 …” „… : foreign policy objectives by, 71–72; inauguration of, 112; North Korea policy of, xviii, 75–77, 112Nixon …”

PART II: North Korea’s Summit Diplomacy under Kim Jong-un S. 63-146

„… Lessons of the Trump-Kim Love Let-ters,” Foreign Policy, August 13, 2021, https: // foreignpolicy .com …” „… has commanded such absolute authority in Chinese domestic politics and foreign policy making as Xi …” „… rendered a top-level summit infeasible.Under Xi, China’s most acute foreign policy priorities have included …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538160312

Kristen Ringdal, Sabrina P. Ramet, Danica Fink-Hafner - Small States, Big Challenges

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Kristen Ringdal (ed.), Sabrina P. Ramet (ed.), Danica Fink-Hafner (ed.)

Small States, Big Challenges

2016

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Torbjørn L. Knutsen, Zlatko Sabic 13 Norwegian and Slovenian Foreign Policy S. 310-337

„… Torbjørn L. Knutsen and Zlatko Šabič Norwegian and Slovenian Foreign Policy They praise his …” „… particular other states. To more fully appreciate the nature of foreign policy it is useful to recall, first …” „… Policy and International Relations: whereas Foreign Policy tends to concern individual states …”

Jože Mencinger, Jonathon Moses 9 Economic developments in Slovenia and Norway S. 226-251

„… policy enabling tolerable liquidity, flexible exchange rate regime, reliance on foreign equity capital …” „… actual normative setting, and reality were always wide. Fourth, some economic policy changes had greater …” „… Yugoslav economy are described in many articles, among others in: Horvat, Branko, “Yugoslav Economic Policy …”

Kristen Ringdal, Sabrina P. Ramet, Danica Fink-Hafner 1 Comparing Two Small States, Norway and SloveniaAn Introduction S. 8-37

„… states have different security challenges and different foreign policy imperatives from larger states …” „… surroundings as regards both their foreign and their domestic policies. In terms of foreign policy, because of …” „… government continued the policy of expanding Norwegian selfrule to include foreign policy. The political …”

Damjan Lajh, Jonathon Moses 12 Relations with the EU S. 288-309

„… in practice to the Union’s common monarch (especially with respect to foreign policy). The Kalmar …” „… recognized18 as the country’s main foreign policy goal even before the formal declaration of independence …” „… behaved cautiously, making sure that EU policy-making processes ran smoothly and in a problem-free way.46 …”

About the Contributors S. 340-345

„… Trondheim. He has published journal articles on issues of foreign policy, peace and conflict. His books …” „… currently completing a book on Norwegian foreign policy. Alenka Krašovec is Professor of Political Science …” „… equality in Norway (2012) and public policy on gender equality (2011). Ola Listhaug is Professor of …”

Toril Aalberg, Marko Milosavljević 4 The Norwegian and Slovenian Media System Compared S. 82-123

„… owned by the parties, but formed 3 Sandra Bašić-Hrvatin and Marko Milosavljević. Media Policy in …” „… generally high support for a strong public service broadcaster, as well continued policy aid and regulations …” „… , the introduction of foreign media owners have raised similar concerns about the preservation of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-7

„… Espen Moe Environmental Issues in Norway11 271 FOREIGN RELATIONSPART FOUR – Damjan Lajh and Jonathon …” „… Moses Relations with the EU12 291 Torbjørn L. Knutsen and Zlatko Šabič Norwegian and Slovenian Foreign …” „… Policy13 311 About the Editors 339 About the Contributors 341 8 Contents …”

Matej Knep 10 Slovenia: An Evironmental Leader, a Laggard or Both? S. 252-269

„… considered a new policy paradigm. In his study of economic policymaking in Britain, Hall describes the policy …” „… in the environmental field and otherwise is regarded as a policy-taker. When it comes to the modern …” „… examples of sustainable forest management and protective policy measures, as well as engaged enthusiasts …”

Ola Svein Stugu, Peter Vodopivec 5 Narratives of the Nation History Textbooks and National Identities in Norway and Slovenia S. 124-145

„… centuries and the hard life of Slovene peasant subjects under “foreign”, mainly “German” landlords …” „… state frameworks and under various foreign rulers. History textbooks published in the 1920s thus paid …” „… of the relentless German pressures but also because of the opportunistic policy of the Slovene middle …”

Espen Moe 11 Environmental Issues in Norway S. 270-287

„… .) European environmental policy: The pioneers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 287-330 …” „… nature. It very clearly represents one of several recurring themes in Norwegian environmental policy …” „… , enacted in order to prevent foreign capital from acquiring all of Norway’s natural resources put a …”

Christine M. Hassenstab, Sabrina P. Ramet 8 The Norwegian Church: From the Reformation to Partial Disestablishment S. 194-225

„… of Norway, and that the two countries would have a common foreign policy. Here, it is also important …” „… government, well before Bismarck’s national insurance policy, introduced in the 1880s.50 Somewhat earlier, in …” „… and proceeded to cut taxes and pursue a policy of deregulation. This was followed by an economic …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265797

May-Britt U. Stumbaum - The European Union and China

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May-Britt U. Stumbaum

The European Union and China

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2009

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Analyzing European Foreign Policy S. 16-18

„… of policymaking.This book aims to examine EU foreign policymaking concerning China by tracing the …” „… traditional focus on regional proximity.1.3 Analyzing European Foreign PolicyExplaining European Union foreign …” „… ,” so is European foreign policy.Already during EPC, EC foreign policy cooperation was “less than …”

International Relations Theory, Foreign Policy Analysis and Multilevel Games: Approaching European Union Foreign Policy S. 30-40

„… decisionmaking as a central “building block” of policymaking.What Is European Foreign Policy?Given the stated …” „… Engaging China, Uniting Europe?30ropean foreign policy—the “Community method” in the first and the …” „… : Approaching European Union Foreign PolicyFor the last ten years, a wide variety of approaches have been …”

Approaches to European Foreign Policy as a Process: European Foreign Policy Analysis as a Sub-Field of IR S. 40-46

„… European foreign policymaking (or decisionmaking) as the lowest level of analysis.EFP Systems and …” „… : (1) the notion of a system of foreign policymaking and (2) of a feedback loop within this system …” „… external actions the approach focuses once more on the output of the foreign policymaking process, not at …”

Analyzing Decision-Making in European Foreign Policy on China S. 18-26

„… are most influentially shaping European foreign policymaking towards China.The Analytical ModelSince …” „… foreign policymaking, different actors pursuing specific interests cooperate horizontally (between the …” „… parliaments and the European Parliament on European foreign policymaking increases if the executive is …”

Contribution to the Analysis of European Foreign and Security Policy and EU-China Relations S. 217-219

„… Chapter 7: Conclusion—European Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Regarding China217the …” „… the process of European foreign policymaking has only been growing recently. The same situation can …” „… to fill this gap by providing an analysis of European foreign policymaking towards China. Built on …”

Evolution: Recurring Patterns in the Development of European Foreign Policy and Sino-European Relations S. 67-82

„… countries of Eastern Europe make themselves increasingly heard in European foreign policymaking (e.g …” „… coordinate their foreign and defense policy—under significant leadership from the US (Forster and Wallace …” „… the US within European foreign policymaking remained (Forster and Wallace, 2000: 466 …”

Decision-Making in the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy Towards China: Lifting or Keeping the EU Arms Embargo on China? S. 166-173

„… China in the years 2003 to 2005.6.2 Decision-Making in the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy …” „… foreign policy decisionmaking process, CFSP is governed by consensus with unanimity being the …” „… and the Parliament play only limited roles. Foreign and security policy touch on the core of national …”

Introduction S. 29-30

„… policymaking (White, 2003; Algieri, 2007). In order to understand the EU’s foreign policies and develop …” „… , Uniting Europe?30ropean foreign policy—the “Community method” in the first and the intergovernmental …” „… European Union Foreign PolicyFor the last ten years, a wide variety of approaches have been developed to …”

Bibliography S. 229-249

„… Foreign PolicyMaking’, in G. Edwards and D. Spence (eds), The European Commission (London …” „… PolicyMaking (London: Routledge).Smith, M. E. (2004) Europe’s Foreign and Security Policy: The …” „… ) ‘Conclusions: the European Rescue of National Foreign Policy?’, in C. Hill, (ed.), The Actors in Europe’s …”

EU Policy-Making Towards the People’s Republic of China – The Puzzle of Decision-Making and Non-Decision-Making S. 46-59

„… European foreign policymaking towards China by focusing on the microlevel of EFP analysis and here …” „… policies (“Common Foreign and Security Policy”—CFSP), which only layer on top of the national foreign …” „… , it is important to focus on the process of European foreign policymaking concerning China—in other …”

“High Politics” Decision-Making Towards China: Security, Human Rights and International Organizations S. 116-127

„… procedure” (Ginsberg, 1997).China’s Role in the EU‘s Common Foreign and Security PolicyThe People’s Republic …” „… values that should form the bottomline for EU foreign policy—at least in theory.The Instruments of the …” „… EU’s Common Foreign and Security PolicyThe Treaty of Maastricht and the subsequent Treaties of …”

The European Union as an Emerging Global Actor S. 14-16

„… PolicyExplaining European Union foreign policy poses a major challenge to main theories of International Relations …” „… European Union is a global actor “in the making,” so is European foreign policy.Already during EPC, EC …” „… collective “European foreign policy” is a controversial idea both in academic circles and over kitchen table …”

Summary S. 13-14

„… categories of European foreign policy—supranational, first pillar and intergovernmental, second pillar …” „… 131.1 SummaryThe European Union’s foreign policy is a rapidly evolving but still nascent and …” „… fragmented domain where most policies derive from ad hoc decisions. EU foreign policy encompasses the …”

Conclusion S. 127-130

„… the full spectrum of its foreign policy—in trade, aid, security and international organizations. It …” „… is therefore important to understand throughout what determines European foreign policymaking …” „… Chapter 4: Decision-making in European Foreign Policy Towards China127(Nuttall, 1994: 25). CFSP …”

Institutionalizing Momentum in EU-China Relations S. 96-103

„… comprehensive European foreign policy.Applying the complex decisionmaking process in EU foreign policy to …” „… superpower and the first priority of Chinese foreign policy.Despite increasingly closeknit cooperation, and …” „… strands of European foreign policy: “Trade and Aid” on the one hand and the EU’s “Common Foreign and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… : Conclusion Engaging China, Uniting Europe? European Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Regarding China …” „… . StumbaumThe European Union and China Decision-Making in EU Foreign and Security Policy towards the People’s …” „… Programms „European Foreign and Security Policy Studies“ der VolkswagenStiftung, der Compagnia di San Paolo …”

Member States at the Relations’ Core: The PRC and the “Big Three” S. 82-90

„… integration of foreign policy—as expressed in the UK’s opposition to a EU foreign minister. 2008 …” „… 23.10.2008 10:00:43 UhrChapter 3: The Evolution of European Foreign Policy and Sino-European Relations83 …” „… common foreign and security policy among member states, implementation of any comprehensive policy …”

Introduction S. 95-96

„… EU policy towards China. The European Union pursues two types of foreign policy—”low politics” in …” „… policy.Applying the complex decisionmaking process in EU foreign policy to EUChina relations, this chapter …” „… decisionmaking process in the EU’s foreign policy in order to identify the pushes and pulls in the formulation of …”

The Tyranny of Distance and Primacy of Trade in a Not So Secondary Relationship S. 63-67

„… background for an analysis of European foreign policymaking towards China. It thereby combines a review of …” „… European foreign policymaking (e.g. Poland in Russiarelated policies), it is important to also keep their …” „… philosopher1Looking at the historical development of European foreign policy and SinoEuropean relations …”

Findings of the Case Studies’ Analysis S. 207-217

„… Chapter 7: Conclusion—European Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Regarding China207process …” „… 23.10.2008 10:03:30 UhrChapter 7: Conclusion—European Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Regarding …” „… the strongest influence on European foreign policymaking.”In the textile case study, business …”

Decision-Making in EU-China Relations S. 103-116

„… policymaking (and hence decisionmaking) processes in the European Union that also apply to the EU’s foreign …” „… foreign policySource: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2007In reference to the different policy fields …” „… Organizations such as the United Nations.The EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy“As a union of 25 states …”

Conclusion S. 59-62

„… , the process of EU foreign policymaking towards China and thereby the influence of the different …” „… Common Foreign and Security Policy towards the PR China. Which factors have been decisive in the EU …” „… process?2.5 ConclusionDrawing on the definition by White and Smith for European foreign policy, several …”

Outlook S. 219-224

„… Chapter 7: Conclusion—European Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Regarding China219Future …” „… still find it difficult to act collectively. The European Union’s compartmental foreign policymix of …” „… decisionmaking process in EU foreign policymaking regarding the People’s Republic of China leaves a mixed …”

Structure of the Analysis S. 206-207

„… 23.10.2008 10:03:26 UhrChapter 7: Conclusion—European Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Regarding …” „… foreign policy, China presents a critical challenge to the European Union. The emerging global power …” „… decisionmaking process in EU foreign policy towards China. It has tried to identify the factors and actors that …”

Reasons for the Book S. 205-206

„… decision?Spread across the pillar structure of the European Union, European foreign policy is based on uneven …” „… pool more competences in foreign and security policy even though other emerging and established global …” „… in EU foreign policy towards China. It has tried to identify the factors and actors that mainly …”

Introduction S. 63

„… background for an analysis of European foreign policymaking towards China. It thereby combines a review of …” „… philosopher1Looking at the historical development of European foreign policy and SinoEuropean relations …” „… : European integration per se and subsequently the creation of European foreign policy have been seen as a …”

EU-China Relations since 1975 S. 225-229

„… Studies, 16(1): 19–38. Allen, D. (1996) ‘Conclusions: the European Rescue of National Foreign Policy …” „… ?’, in C. Hill, (ed.), The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy (London: Routledge).Almond, G. A. (1956 …” „… Foreign Policy: The European Union’s Policy in the Field of Arms Export Controls’, in B. Tonra and T …”

Conclusion S. 90-94

„… relations as well as European foreign policy have survived the end of bipolarity and have blossomed in the …” „… new era. On the EU side, a Common Foreign and Security Policy (and for that matter, a European …” „… Evolution of European Foreign Policy and Sino-European Relations91received legitimacy for and practical …”

Acknowledgements S. 7-12

„… , Uniting Europe? European Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Towards China2008_China_EU.indb 11 …” „… last year, I have been financially supported as a grantee of the “European Foreign and Security Policy …” „… and journalists that helped me to understand the process behind European foreign and security policy …”

Multilevel Decision-Making and Bargaining: Analyzing the Factors That Influenced the EU’s Decision-Making Process in the 2004/5 Arms Embargo Debate S. 183-199

„… slowly evolving policyfield of a European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The process …” „… decisionmaking power in foreign policy (Zeit, 2005). When resistance to the lifting grew among the Member States …” „… and officials such as Blair’s Senior Foreign Policy Adviser John Sawyers still seemed to be …”

Conclusion S. 199-204

„… , the debate instilled more strategic thinking in EU foreign policymaking and resulted in strategic …” „… Union Foreign and Security Policy-Making Regarding China2008_China_EU.indb 203 23.10.2008 10:03:23 …” „… European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The process was not based on a common strategic …”

Introduction S. 165-166

„… the lifting of the EU’s arms embargo on China within the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP …” „… Foreign and Security Policy. Following the same structure as the case study on the textile dispute, this …” „… EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy Towards China: Lifting or Keeping the EU Arms Embargo on …”

Structure of the Book S. 26-28

„… the study, the current state of research on European foreign policy will be summarized in chapter …” „… pathdependent development of European foreign policy as well as of EUChina relations are outlined in chapter …” „… basis of decisionmaking in European foreign and security policy towards China. It introduces the two …”

“Decision” and “Non-Decision” in the Arms Embargo Lifting S. 173-183

„… Berlin in 2003. China published its first ever foreign policy paper on the EU, calling for a lift of the …” „… policy with the British Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott and Foreign Minister Straw trying to position …” „… unwilling to support a policy change without any human rights gesture in return. The conservative opposition …”

Decision-Making in the Textiles & Clothes Sector S. 132-140

„… , Commission, European ParliamentTextiles are within the scope of the EU’s Common Commercial Policy (CCP) and …” „… principal decisionmakers, a variety of nongovernmental actors try to influence the policy process …” „… professional body, backed up by the Commission, wielding profound influence on the shape of EC textile policy …”

Decisions in the EU-China Textiles Dispute in 2005 S. 140-146

„… weavers, Eurocoton and national policy networks in southern Member States. A far larger group processing …” „… leadership, French textile industry and its national policy network managed to make Chirac tabling the issue …” „… FranceCommission nexus in trade policy (Peterson and Bomberg, 1999: 112–114).14 Imports from Hong Kong, Taiwan …”

Conclusion S. 159-164

„… in European foreign policy in this particular case by keeping the momentum due to fixed mechanisms in …” „… policy networks and centralized interest representations, the exclusive competences for the Commission …” „… preceding quota fiasco.The case study disclosed the influence of policy networks and the relationship …”

Multilevel Decision-Making and Bargaining: Analyzing the Factors Influencing the EU’s Decision-Making Process in the 2005 Textile Dispute S. 146-159

„… UhrEngaging China, Uniting Europe?148to convince the EP itself of his policy—although the EP’s power is …” „… concerned about public opinion in China itself, which has been a factor in EUChina policymaking since the …” „… official pointed out, “Euratex’s influence on policymaking is not to be underestimated” (Interview, 22 May …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213637

Sophie Wulk - The Role and Relevance of Higher Education Policy in EU External Relations

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Sophie Wulk

The Role and Relevance of Higher Education Policy in EU External Relations

Series: Europawissenschaftliche Schriften der Europa-Universität Flensburg | Miscellanies of the Europa-Universität Flensburg

Volume 2 2015

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Understanding EU Foreign Policy S. 36-112

„… Commission and other policy-entrepreneurs attempted to enhance the legitimacy of an EU foreign policy …” „… 36 Part 1: Understanding EU Foreign Policy In order to identify linkages between the EU’s foreign …” „… scrutinise more closely the EU’s foreign policy. It seeks to identify the instruments employed and the …”

Linking EU Education and Foreign Policy S. 202-239

„… 202 Part 3: Linking EU Education and Foreign Policy After having provided a detailed account of …” „… the foreign policy aspects of EU higher education initiatives in the earlier parts of this work, this …” „… thus discuss the role of the university as an agent in foreign policy from the perspective of …”

Introduction S. 13-35

„… (foreign) politics. In this context it will be important to investigate the policy-entrepreneurs …” „… and reality, primarily the result of the intergovernmental nature of its foreign policy. Member States …” „… meant that the EU’s strength as a foreign policy unit remains rather modest, which prefers to opt for …”

Conclusion S. 240-246

„… competences in the field of foreign policy. It has concentrated on its emergence, the evolution of legal …” „… institutional structures. Conclusion 242 The first part has shown that the EU engages in a foreign policy …” „… in efforts of Europeanisation beyond Europe as a main strategy of its foreign policy. To sum up, the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… methodology 30 D. Structure of the book 33 Part 1: Understanding EU Foreign Policy 36 1.1 Historical Analysis …” „… legitimacy in the 21st century (2000-2009) 47 1.1.5 EU foreign policy after Lisbon 49 1.1.5.1 Normative basis …” „… 50 1.1.5.2 Institutional and personnel novelties 51 1.1.5.3 Traditional foreign policy: CFSP and CSDP …”

Bibliography S. 247-261

„… Commission: The EU in the world. The foreign policy of the European Union. Office for Official Publications …” „… .pp. 23-29, 2013. Keukeleire, Stephan: Structural Foreign Policy [Submitted to ‘Foreign Policy …” „… Analysis’, 2012], 2012. Keukeleire, Stephan/ MacNaughtan: The Foreign Policy of the European Union …”

Understanding EU Higher Education Policy S. 113-201

„… governance approach in the framework of its foreign policy. As it seems, the EU employs measures in the field …” „… TEMPUS), the European External Action Service (EEAS) and the Foreign Policy Instrument (FPI) will …” „… foreign policy instrument of the EU. This will be treated more in detail at a later stage. 2.1.2 …”

List of Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… Common Commercial Policy CCT Common Commercial Tariff CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CRE …” „… Conférence des Recteurs Européens CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy CU Customs Union DCI Development …” „… University Students ESDP European Security and Defence Policy ESF European Social Fund List of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845251257

Dörte Dinger - From Friends to Collaborators

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Dörte Dinger

From Friends to Collaborators

Series: Internationale Beziehungen

Volume 19 2013

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Italian foreign policy S. 339-341

„… heavily influence foreign policy identities. The question of status seems to cause most trouble in …” „… particular Italo-German case. Instead, they may contribute to foreign policy analysis in Italy and Germany …” „… theoretical conclusions regarding the constitution of foreign policy formulation. 7.2.1 Italian foreign policy …”

German foreign policy S. 341

„… 341 tions could be observed in the social structures of interest framings and foreign policy …” „… identities, either. 7.2.2 German foreign policy: The return of influence and status To the same extent …” „… , results are revealing for research on German foreign policy. Firstly and most importantly, the here work …”

Italian foreign policy after the cold war S. 22-31

„… German foreign policy would be more successful when returning to its traditional integrative stance …” „… start playing up to its potential. 1.2 State of the Art – Bilateral relations meet foreign policy …” „… end to old certainties. In politics, the foreign policy debate centered on strategies and orientations …”

German foreign policy after the cold war S. 31-38

„… end of the 1990s. Nowadays, it is less focused on the foreign policy’s substance and more concerned …” „… 31 1.2.2 German foreign policy after the cold war If the end of the Cold War caused an earthquake …” „… overall foreign policy continuity in the end of the 1990s. A second debate on «new” German foreign policy …”

Bibliography S. 347-374

„… and the Europeanisation of foreign policy: a politicalcultural approach. In: Tonra, Ben/ Christiansen …” „… , Thomas (eds.): Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp …” „… . 81-98. Aliboni, Roberto (2003a): Neo-Nationalism and Neo-Atlanticism in Italian Foreign Policy. In: The …”

Bilateral relations in international politics S. 38-45

„… 38 1.2.3 Bilateral relations in international politics The intense debates on future foreign policy …” „… more so, in Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations, bilateral relations do not play a …” „… both foreign policy analysts and IR scholars. 1.2.3.1 Italo-German relations: Parallels, prejudices …”

Estrangement or business as usual in Italo-German relations? S. 19-22

„… countries’ foreign policy analysis for decades. They haven’t played a large role in political circles, nor …” „… have they been a matter of study in foreign policy research. Most importantly, the inspiring debates on …” „… foreign policy developments after the Cold War have so far not been brought to the realm of Italo-German …”

Bilateral relations in international politics S. 341-343

„… 341 tions could be observed in the social structures of interest framings and foreign policy …” „… identities, either. 7.2.2 German foreign policy: The return of influence and status To the same extent …” „… , results are revealing for research on German foreign policy. Firstly and most importantly, the here work …”

Italo-German conflicts over SC reform in 1997/8 and 2004/5 S. 195-210

„… raise fears among their partners and hinder the Europeanization of foreign policy. In talks with …” „… on questions of foreign policy which regard all of us” (Fulci 2007a:163). In an initial …” „… Italian foreign policy: In the early 1990s, upheavals leading to the end of the First Republic had left a …”

Italo-German conflicts in the negotiation of Eastern enlargement S. 279-295

„… Enlargement. They agree upon their basic goals of foreign policy and especially, European integration, and in …” „… for foreign policy identities: These are predominantly constructed in common terms, thus contradicting …” „… historical ambiguities in German foreign policy. EU enlargement, it was hoped, would virtually ‘Europeanize …”

Bilateral relations as ‘microstructure’ S. 47-51

„… leaders and their impact on foreign policy decisions (Hudson 2005). Indeed, in one of the ‘classics’ of …” „… foreign policy analysis, Snyder et al. (1962) argue that foreign policy elites act on the basis of their …” „… to the recreation of the world as decision-makers view it. To explain foreign policy choices …”

Common identities S. 114-122

„… on the Andreotti case shows that Italy and Germany hold common foreign policy identities. The coding …” „… multilateral orientation of both countries’ foreign policy. Renunciation of force, reconciliation, and dialogue …” „… overall supranational and integrative orientation of its foreign policy identity. Quite the contrary, it …”

The surplus of constructivist bilateral relations research S. 343-345

„… foreign policy researchers in both Italy and Germany more strongly to their countries’ web of bilateral …” „… foreign policy research in disregarding government constellations. Also in my work, government changes …” „… accuracy depend. In this vein, the work presented here may further encourage Italian foreign policy …”

Andreotti and the ‘threat of pan-Germanism’ S. 97-103

„… moral commitments. Finally, foreign policy identities are shared: Self-images are similar and the …” „… Parliament. Invited to a debate on ‘foreign policy and the Italian democracy,’ DC’s Foreign Minister …” „… the German argumentation. On behalf of both foreign ministers, the bilateral commission was assigned …”

Research questions and structure S. 45-46

„… foreign policy, as well as the identification of lacunas in bilateral relations research, points to the …” „… questions I address in this work. In a nutshell, I draw on the investigation of foreign policy change in the …” „… least, the project may offer some interesting impulses for foreign policy analysis as well …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… relations meet foreign policy research 221.2.1 Italian foreign policy after the cold war 221.2.1.1 From the …” „… foreign policy after the cold war 311.2.2.1 From Bonn to Berlin 321.2.2.2 New challenges, bad performance …” „… framework to study foreign policy change 682.2.1 The existence of change 692.2.2 Different layers of change …”

Common identities S. 307-319

„… realign Italian foreign policy in order to «stand with our head held high, cooperatively and competitively …” „… European […] chancellery ever doubted the Italian government’s right to formulate its foreign policy in …” „… Euro group; later in 2002, they are mostly based on criticizing Berlusconi’s foreign policy which would …”

Italo-German conflicts in the negotiation of Southern enlargement S. 241-254

„… German and Italian foreign policy has repeatedly been labeled the most significant feature of their …” „… way in terms of foreign policy identities: As ‘pioneers of integration’ they resort to common identity …” „… way, and Italy’s and Germany’s foreign policy identities are common, since both states conceive of …”

Dimensions of bilateral images S. 54-68

„… given national interests. Rather, it is the perceptions within the foreign policy elite that establish a …” „… constructivist foreign policy research (Katzenstein 1996; Campbell 1998; Banchoff 1999; Hopf 2002; Hansen/Waever …” „… can be addressed in the context of domestic or societal influences on foreign policy; the conception …”

Compatible identities S. 144-152

„… reflect the domestic debates on aims and means of Italian foreign policy in the ‘Second Republic.’ To …” „… super-state will not come into being.”214 Bossi does not represent a consensus in foreign policy discourse at …” „… ” that would characterize Italian (more precisely, Berlusconi’s) foreign policy.217 As it is for …”

Compatible identities S. 225-236

„… capacities of Italy to pursue a proactive foreign policy, however, there is some dissent in the debates. In …” „… . The concept of multilateralism still enjoys centrality within foreign policy identity; but it is new …” „… integrative foreign policy, or adopt a more realist stance towards power politics. Given the stable preference …”

Italo-German conflicts over G7 establishment in 1975 and 1986 S. 157-174

„… Italian domestic instability. Following Missiroli, this reflects a general theme of Italian foreign policy …” „… the German government, however, from the very beginning the Foreign Ministry demonstrated high …” „… accuracy of press reports on the Helsinki lunch.241 As a consequence, the Italian foreign ministry’s …”

The existence of change S. 68-71

„… is a relative, and never an absolute, endeavor. Not a single foreign policy identity can be …” „… isolated conflicting HOSTILITY escalating opposed confrontational 2.2 A framework to ttudy foreign policy …” „… same vein, governments also change their officials and current topics of foreign policy differ from day …”

Insisting interaction S. 210-218

„… , this idea seems to be rooted more generally in the European tradition of German foreign policy, and …” „… insinua- 378 Communication by the Minister for Foreign Affairs on UN Reform. In: Italian Foreign Policy …” „… contemptuous towards Berlusconi. In 2004/5, it still criticizes his foreign policy, but on matters of UNSC …”

Conceding interaction S. 103-108

„… of an EC foreign ministers’ reunion at Brussels. Even if both foreign ministers had negated the …” „… clearly from his Foreign Minister: «The Germans should not judge Italy by Andreotti alone, but take into …” „… «serious insult” inflicted upon Germany. In the same vein, Foreign Minister Genscher nearly suggests «the …”

Outlook: Prospects for Italo-German relations S. 345-346

„… 345 the complete disregard of social constructivism in Italian foreign policy research until now …” „… eccentricity; because it takes into focus the indeed new notions in Italian foreign policy, such as the …” „… integrative foreign policy, committed to hear and reconcile partner interests rather than asserting its own at …”

List of Interview Partners S. 375-377

„… United Nations from 1998 to 2002. Foreign Policy Counselor to the German Chancellor in 2002. VON KYAW …” „… Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979, and from 1989 to 1992. Foreign Minister from 1983 …” „… Coordination Group, German Foreign Ministry from 2000 to 2004. First Counselor (Political Affairs) at the …”

Conceding interaction S. 254-260

„… ) provide detailed overviews of Italy’s diplomatic and foreign policy activities. From 1977 to 1985, for …” „… accommodation of bilateral requests. Instead, they make part of European policy-making’s common practices …” „… complex picture of EC policy-making. In the period from 1977 to 1985, at their regular bilateral …”

Berlusconi and the ‘Nazi camp guard’ S. 124-131

„… . For them, the Italian European policy had become less calculable, since – at least on a rhetorical …” „… Doubts were nurtured by Foreign Minister Ruggiero’s dismissal in January 2002, the Italian withdrawal …” „… , there is vivid debate on whether Berlusconi’s European policy changed only in style or also in substance …”

Comparison by dimensions S. 326-335

„… identified because foreign policy identities shift from common to compatible; in the realm of European …” „… %. Thus, in both elements of the German foreign policy identity relevant to Italo-German relations we …” „… is thus seriously challenged, and both countries’ foreign policy identities move towards …”

Comparison by settings S. 335-339

„… distinctiveness that separates status conflicts from the other settings in both Italian and German foreign policy …” „… heavily influence foreign policy identities. The question of status seems to cause most trouble in …” „… particular Italo-German case. Instead, they may contribute to foreign policy analysis in Italy and Germany …”

From Andreotti to Berlusconi: Comparison of results S. 154-156

„… especially Genscher’s foreign policy not only in 1984, but for the whole period he stayed in office, and was …” „… further demonstration of traditional ambivalences in Italian foreign policy, and the quick adjustments by …” „… other into account when formulating their foreign policy – both countries have become lone fighters …”

Compromising interaction S. 131-137

„… chiarimento”, 5 July 2003) refers, in particular with Valdo Spini, foreign policy spokesman of the Democratici …” „… matters of foreign policy, considers Schröder’s reaction as «totally exaggerated and ridiculous,” while …” „… governments. Both diplomats engage an entire day in negotiating a common statement. Foreign Ministers Frattini …”

Solidary interests S. 180-186

„… ). In broader foreign policy discourses, in turn, the notions of common interests and positive values …” „… foreign policy. But what these codes share is actually the idea of solidarity in combination with rather …” „… extent, and this is an ever-present motive for bilateral talks: Foreign Minister Genscher, for instance …”

Results: A bilateral image of ‘collaboration’ S. 236-238

„… result of increasing opportunities and range of German foreign policy: It is lesser concentrated on …” „… a flower of speech without practical significance. When new horizons of German foreign policy …” „… solidarity and partner orientation before. For the dimension of foreign policy identities, it is remarkable …”

Egoistic interests S. 301-307

„… person of Berlusconi comes in, who meets with skepticism and refusal not only among German foreign policy …” „… , those thoughts are particularly vivid – and inspire, for instance, Foreign Minister Frattini who affirms …” „… dependent on the actual policy question at stake (and the resulting interest constellations). Essentially …”

Types of bilateral images S. 51-54

„… points in their own foreign policy. They are empathic in that they know – and are willing to take – their …” „… pretty important role in the foreign policy of their bilateral partners - as reciprocal attraction may …” „… national interests. Rather, it is the perceptions within the foreign policy elite that establish a dominant …”

Government publications S. 86-87

„… observation. In the Italian foreign ministry archive, documents are blocked for fifty years, a period that in …” „… exceptional cases may be reduced to thirty years. In the German foreign ministry archive, retention expires …” „… ). An exception was made only for former Foreign Ministers Genscher and Andreotti, who – due to the …”

Egoistic interests S. 218-225

„… Report by Foreign Minister Gianfranco Fini on UN Reform. In: Italian Foreign Policy Data and Resources …” „… goals. For example, Foreign Minister Frattini says in the Italian parliament that Berlin’s position is …” „… general commitment to integration, the EU’s relations with Russia, EU energy policy, or immigration policy …”

Case selection S. 76-81

„… recurrent motive in the country’s foreign policy narrative (cf. Radbruch 1998; Santoro 1991; Coralluzzo 2000 …” „… foreign policies’ as well as their main points of bilateral contact, and are thereofre representative in …” „… Federal Republic and caused some storm in the waters of Italo-German relations: In 1984, when Foreign …”

Compromising interaction S. 295-301

„… he has always sponsored, including both Russia and Turkey, not to mention Israel.580 Italian Foreign …” „… regional policy spending in the Mezzogiorno, and compromises on minor technical issues – such as milk …” „… Italian colleague Agnelli, German Foreign Minister Kinkel recognizes the Mediterranean’s «particular …”

Common identities S. 266-278

„… Minister Forlani does in 1977 – that their «foreign policy strives for the individuation of Italy’s …” „… notwithstanding, overall foreign 278 policy identities of Italy and Germany are common ones. Both overwhelmingly …” „… , Foreign Minister Genscher states that for the Federal Republic, the EC has to develop into «a community of …”

Qualitative content analysis S. 91-96

„… already conducted research in the field, namely on Italian attitudes towards German foreign policy (Dinger …” „… foreign policy identities have not been linked to specific – that is substantial – contents in the …” „… them” indifference no particular consideration of the partner «our foreign ministry tends to forget …”

Results: A bilateral image of ‘collaboration‘ S. 152-154

„… : Relative code frequencies Comparing the composition of Italian and German foreign policy identities, it is …” „… orientation still predominates, this seems to be eroding. In Italy, foreign policy has become a means of …”

Expert interviews S. 87-89

„… was made only for former Foreign Ministers Genscher and Andreotti, who – due to the remarkable long …” „… the UNSC case). Thirdly, I incorporated the responsible officers from the foreign ministry, those …” „… concerned with bilateral relations and those engaged in the specific policy matter. I contacted everyone …”

Solidary interests S. 108-114

„… case shows that Italy and Germany hold common foreign policy identities. The coding process brings …” „… Foreign Minister has violated solidarity by challenging a vital German interest. In light of solidary …” „… foreign ministry declares that «in light of the close Italo-German friendship, the [Italian] Foreign …”

Egoistic interests S. 137-144

„… domestic debates on aims and means of Italian foreign policy in the ‘Second Republic.’ To start with …” „… , besides the German interest in this progress, at stake is also the reputation of his Foreign Minister who …” „… projects of cooperation within different policy fields; in this case, first of all the success of Italy’s …”

From conceding to compromising interaction S. 174-180

„… country’s favor.297 This is a concern also raised by the German ambassador in Rome, who asks the Foreign …” „… would remain reticent on matters of EC agricultural policy if, in turn, France and Germany agree upon …” „… participation at Rambouillet.299 By the same token, in a confidential talk with Genscher, Italian Foreign …”

List of Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… European Communities EU European Union FDP Freie Demokratische Partei FPA Foreign Policy Analysis FRG …” „… 11 List of Abbreviations AN Alleanza Nazionale CAP Common Agricultural Policy CDU Christlich …”

From Southern to Eastern enlargement: Comparison of results S. 321-323

„… of national distinctiveness. It is evident that foreign policy identities of both Italy and Germany …” „… Cold War, changes within European policy-making also weigh on Italy’s and Germany’s bilateral relations …” „… with EU partners: Due to the increased number of member states and policy fields, policy coordination …”

Results: A bilateral image of ‘friendship‘ S. 278-279

„… of foreign policy and especially, European integration, and in their perception, the respective other …” „… 278 policy identities of Italy and Germany are common ones. Both overwhelmingly describe themselves …”

Different layers of change S. 71-72

„… promising starting point, he limits changes to individual policy makers and cannot account for structural …” „… out by the actors on the basis of new experiences, but without challenging broader policy objectives …” „… . As Carlsnaes has shown convincingly, the study of foreign 44 Cf. chapter 2.1.3. …”

From G7 to the Security Council: Comparison of results S. 238-240

„… solidarity and partner orientation before. For the dimension of foreign policy identities, it is remarkable …” „… to individual preferences of policy-makers. From growing indifference and the dominance of …”

Results: A bilateral image of ‘friendship’ S. 122-124

„… among the European partners. For them, the Italian European policy had become less calculable, since …” „… even -sceptical positions.129 Doubts were nurtured by Foreign Minister Ruggiero’s dismissal in January …” „… the introduction, there is vivid debate on whether Berlusconi’s European policy changed only in style …”

Results: A bilateral image of ‘collaboration’ S. 319-321

„… foreign policy. So the observed Italo-German estrangement, as well as the continuing commonalities at the …” „… policy fields. To start with, European integration is a pretty sober endeavor, loosing some of its moral …”

Newspaper coverage S. 81-86

„… regional policy, geographic balance; GER: cutting EU budget; restrict labor mobility) 3.2 Data According …” „… observation. In the Italian foreign ministry archive, documents are blocked for fifty years, a period that in …” „… exceptional cases may be reduced to thirty years. In the German foreign ministry archive, retention expires …”

The constitution of change S. 72-73

„… processses of change as well. As Carlsnaes has shown convincingly, the study of foreign 44 Cf. chapter …” „… 2.1.3. 73 policy change has to detect all the processes that lead to change, including the structural …”

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