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Wenzel Matiaske, Dorothea Alewell, Ortrud Leßmann - The 'Betrieb' as Corporate Actor

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Wenzel Matiaske (ed.), Dorothea Alewell (ed.), Ortrud Leßmann (ed.)

The 'Betrieb' as Corporate Actor

2022

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Wenzel Matiaske, Dorothea Alewell, Ortrud Leßmann The “Betrieb” as corporate actor S. 7-20

„… corporate actors.In his chapter “On the responsibility of corporate actors for human rights in the supply …” „… collective organizational change on the other as a future path in research on corporate actors.The Chapter …” „… result from negotiations and compromises within the board and between its multiple actors.The last …”

Rolf Brühl On the responsibility of corporate actors for human rights in the supply chain S. 60-83

„… actors.In order to be able to act, intentions are considered central (Goldman, 1970). Be-cause intentions …” „… Rolf Brühl*On the responsibility of corporate actors for human rights in the supply …” „… are of great relevance.Key words: Corporate Actor, Human Rights, Multinational Corporation …”

Charlotte Schmitt-Leonardy Criminal Responsibility for Corporate Crimes in Germany? The Never Ending Story to finally get (to) the Corporate Actor S. 46-59

„… Story to finally get (to) the Corporate ActorIntroductionWhen it came to criminal procedures in the …” „… and – in this way – could be addressed as a corporate actor with an equivalent to criminal …” „… criminal law system as a new and uniform type of criminal actor. There is the corporation as a social …”

Berndt Keller Works councils: collective action within corporations S. 228-250

„… negotiations in a system of long-term mutual interdependence of corporate actors.The remaining empirical …” „… ‘Betrieb’ as the homogeneous entity and unitary actor is fre-quently made not only in traditional economic …” „… different actors, works councils (WCs) and unions with their legally established division of labor (but in …”

Frank Schirmer Micropolitics in Organizational Change S. 181-197

„… ) is often referred to as ‘corporate actor’, assuming that corporations behave like an individual. This …” „… actor by highlighting the (micro-) political character of organizational change. I do not present …” „… inspire the reflection on the role of micropolitical actors in organizational change. Research shows that …”

Albert Martin Base and Superstructure: Results of Simulation Calculations about the Role of Ideology in Stabilizing Personnel Policy S. 140-166

„… between (among other things) system requirements, identity policy, actor preferences, and institutional …” „… beliefs of political actors, their programs and the guiding ideas on which they base their use of …” „… discrepancies between the actors’ requirements and the efficiency of the institutional arrangement.5 In this …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… SønderborgEditionRainerHamppWenzel Matiaske | Dorothea Alewell Ortrud Leßmann [Eds.]The ‘Betrieb’ as Corporate ActorThe Deutsche …” „… Cataloging-in-Publication DataMatiaske, Wenzel | Alewell, Dorothea | Leßmann, OrtrudThe ‘Betrieb’ as Corporate Actor …” „… LeßmannThe “Betrieb” as corporate actor …”

Arne L. Kalleberg Corporate Personhood: Corporations’ Legal Rights and Obligations in the United States S. 21-45

„… StatesAbstractCorporate personhood denotes the legal rights and responsibilities that corporative actors – owners …” „… the legal rights2 and responsibilities that corporative actors3 – owners, managers, employees, and …” „… on government behavior (Greenfield, 2018: 65).3 Corporative actors and their behavior have been …”

Dieter Sadowski Board-level co-determination in Germany – The importance and economic impact of fiduciary duties S. 251-274

„… interest. Abandoning the idea that the corporate actor “supervisory board” has an a priori objective …” „… reduce the fear of one-sided withdrawals from employer promises. They are meant to enable the actors to …” „… and capable of imposing their will on to all of the actors in and around the enterprise” (Faust …”

David Marsden, Berndt Keller Organisational Ownership and Employee Well-being – A conversation S. 275-286

„… Action of Corporate Actors in the USA. In W. Matiaske, D. Alewell, & O. Leßmann (Eds.), The ‘Betrieb’ as …” „… corporate actor. Nomos Verlag.Marsden, D. (1999). A theory of employment systems: Micro-foundations of …” „… , & O. Leßmann (Eds.), The ‘Betrieb’ as corporate actor. Nomos Verlag.Shleifer, A., & Summers, L. H …”

Wolfgang Mayrhofer Institutionalization of personnel management and collective action S. 167-180

„… systems populated with different actors with their own, partially conflicting interests that act in a …” „… legitimized actor that constitutes a center of calculation, transforms uncertainty into risk and makes …” „… processes that are opposed to classic labor relations relying on institutionalized actors such as trade …”

Hartmut Kliemt What should moral managers do? The moral virtues of shareholder value conceptions of management S. 108-121

„… actor of which the owners hold shares oblige the owners and you as their agent. Yet, these bylaws will …”

Bénédicte Zimmermann The Five Features of a Capability-Enhancing Organization: Bridging Organizational and Workers’ Capabilities S. 198-213

„… , people remain core actors of learning processes within firms, whereas the latter provide a decisive …”

Cécile Ezvan Cécile Renouard Responsible investment towards sustainable human development: The critical contribution of the capability approach S. 84-107

„… (CSR) to multiple actors, and investment choices engage a collective and shared responsibility (Gond …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783957103963

Jonas Frank - Decentralization in Ecuador

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Jonas Frank

Decentralization in Ecuador

2007

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Individual Actor-Level S. 72-76

„… ActorsAggregate ActorsCollective Actors Corporate ActorsCoalition Club Movement AssociationAction Individual Joint …” „… actors.Depending on how actors are affected by decentralization, they will develop particular “action orientations …” „… 722.2. Individual Actor-LevelIn this section I will present my assumptions about actors, interests …”

Actors, Incentives and the Sequencing of Decentralization S. 99-103

„… 99Why do actors move through these different arenas? What explains and determines this sequence …” „… actors can emerge and consolidate. These are the questions to which I now turn.2.4. Actors, Incentives …” „… distribution of costs and benefi ts and identify winners and losers…Even without assuming that these actors are …”

The “Why” of Decentralization: Actors and Incentives S. 269-272

„… series of actors attempted to enact and implement far-reaching reforms to Ecuador’s intergovernmental …” „… decentralized administration. Throughout this process, some actors obtained temporary victories while others …” „… address both questions in more detail.7.1. The “Why” of Decentralization: Actors and IncentivesWhat …”

Actors, Interests, and the Collective Choice Arena S. 209-213

„… 2095. Hidden Agendas: Veto-Players and Free-Riders – Actor Equilibrium Five, 1993 to 1997 –One day …” „… was blocked by a single actor vested with informal veto-powers.The events that unfolded in February …” „… single actor be able to bring a process to a halt that, within eight months’ time, had gained the support …”

Actors, Interests, and Decentralization Outcomes 1979-1987 S. 172-184

„… in terms of decentralization? 3.2. Actors, Interests, and Decentralization Outcomes 1979-1987The …” „… leaders, actors remained in equilibrium with regard to decentralization outcomes.Table 7: Actors and …” „… politics of neoliberal reforms and the role of social actors (Acuña and Smith 1996; Tironi and Lagos 1991 …”

B: Decentralization in Ecuador: Actors, Institutions, and Incentives S. 109

„… 109Section B:Decentralization in Ecuador: Actors, Institutions, and IncentivesJ_Frank_Layout.indd …”

Actors, Institutions, and Incentives for Decentralization: Experiencing Real-Life Games S. 31-33

„… 31support their causes. To win in successive rounds, however, actors must fi nd suitable entry …” „… intergovernmental arrangements in the context of competing actors and interests. For these and other country cases …” „… ; but also why many goals often stay unrealized.Actors, Institutions, and Incentives for …”

Distrust between Actors and the “Tragedy of the Commons:” Excessive Earmarking S. 292-293

„… stakeholders involved.3.3. Distrust between Actors and the “Tragedy of the Commons:” Excessive …” „… property and the individual actor experiences incentives to over-exploit the common pool of national taxes …” „… . The result is a suboptimally high level of earmarking. All actors would be better off if they lowered …”

The Explanatory Framework and its Principal Elements S. 65-72

„… underlying dynamics of competing actors.Following their propositions, actors devise institutions as formal or …” „… there are fewer veto actors.”Assumption 6: “Decentralization becomes more likely when proponents can …” „… hierarchical leaders enact reform by imposing decisions on other actors.”IMPLEMENTATION RULES:Assumption 8 …”

Collective- Choice Level S. 76-99

„… veto-players.DECISION RULES:Assumption 5: “Decentralization becomes more likely when there are fewer veto actors.”In the …” „… by imposing decisions on other actors.”True incentives for decentralization, however, can originate …” „… framework. These are defi ned as a setting of actors and institutions in which interaction takes place …”

Summary S. 19-26

„… ? The Role of External ActorsThe objective in Section C is to conduct a primarily hypothetical exercise …” „… highlighting the role played by actors. Section B applies this framework to the case of Ecuador; I identify …” „… several actor equilibria which sustain a given distribution of power and resources. Section C inquires …”

Entry and Exit Rules S. 280-283

„… 280Conclusion and Outlook: New Twist to the Old Game? The Role of External ActorsAt the turn of the …” „… . All actor equilibria have led to sub-optimal outcomes: throughout much of its history, Ecuador …” „… success of a decentralization process, for Ecuador the challenge remains what can be done so that actor …”

Conclusion S. 63-65

„… capture the underlying dynamics of competing actors.Following their propositions, actors devise …” „… 63First, human actors as decision-makers are largely excluded from its analysis. With its exclusive …” „… focus on structure, it denies that actors have their own interests and a certain degree of …”

Conclusion S. 206-209

„… and eased the distributional pressures for domestic actors.That actors became victims of their own …” „… roughly 92 percent.53The tragedy is that actors could have decentralized given the favorable conditions …” „… actors form an equilibrium? Actors formed an equilibrium because widespread agreement about the need for …”

The “How” of Decentralization: Ineffi ciencies S. 272-279

„… Role of External ActorsJ_Frank_Layout.indd 279J_Frank_Layout.indd 27 27.06.2007 …” „… empirical evidence of all actor equilibria identifi ed in the Ecuador case show exactly the opposite. I …” „… outcomes.First, there are stakeholders in ineffi cient institutions. There are actors who benefi t from poorly …”

Emergence of a Decentralized State: 1830-1924 S. 110-125

„… ) accepted by other actors.Veto-player.Maintain infl uence on presidents and other regions.Bankers of …” „… (Figure 11) has a surprising amount to offer for a case study on the actor dynamics underlying …” „… to begin with, often largely outside the control of actors. Their interests and incentives are shaped …”

Conclusion S. 184-187

„… reciprocal change of institutions and actors.The breakdown of the hierarchy arena following the return to …” „… able to dominate the arena and defend their stakes. Actors also formed equilibrium because they remain …” „… municipal government. Surprisingly in Ecuador, the opposite was true.3.3. ConclusionWhy did actors form an …”

Conclusion S. 233-237

„… decisions: decentralization is less likely when there is a high number of veto actors.Such veto-players …” „… build on their past achievements.5.7. ConclusionWhy did actors form a new equilibrium? Actors formed an …” „… – creates lower barriers to entry, and creates more actors with agenda-setting powers. Yet this also implied …”

Reform Attempts S. 192-206

„… pressures for domestic actors.That actors became victims of their own reforms becomes evident in two areas …” „… local government.Once actors obtained a clearer picture of what benefi ts and costs were associated with …” „… (FODESEC) Source: own elaboration.These bargains reveal two important aspects of actors within the …”

Consolidation of the Arena of Hierarchy: 1972-1978 S. 142-157

„… individual actors.(ii) It altered interaction rules since horizontal exchange among groups was weakened, one …” „… several populist presidents that were in charge of the national government during this time. Actors …” „… , regime change – and changes to the actor arena – was also triggered “from below,” from the threat that …”

Indigenous People S. 231-233

„… when there is a high number of veto actors.Such veto-players existed at both national and local levels …” „… actors were not willing to bear the cost associated with decentralization.Table 13: Spending and Own …” „… reforms that were introduced. The decentralization process, though still ephemeral, signaled to all actors …”

Bibliography S. 303-327

„… Deville. 1985. Man, Decisions, Society. The Theory of Actor-System Dynamics for Social Scientists, New …” „… ). 2003. “Local Economic Development: New Generations of Actors, Policies and Instruments for Africa …” „… , Laurence. 1986. “Policy Recommendations for Multi-Actor Implementation: An Assessment of the Field …”

Defi nitions and Scope of Analysis S. 34

„… actors.Decentralization implies that political, administrative and fi scal powers shift in two arenas: (i) among national …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Jonas FrankDecentralization in EcuadorActors, Institutions, and IncentivesNomos1. Auflage 2007 …” „… Actors, Institutions, and Incentives for Decentralization: Experiencing Real-Life Games …” „… ................................................................................................... 632. The Explanatory Framework: Actors, Institutions and Incentives ...................... 652.1. The …”

The “How” of Decentralization S. 104-108

„… actors, institutions and incentives. Although this framework enables complexity to be simplifi ed, the …” „… the path towards decentralization. By looking at the dealings of real-world actors, each competing for …” „… the game. Actors are able to change institutions only incrementally. By considering formal and …”

Structure S. 36-38

„… semistructured interviews with different decentralization actors in Ecuador. This provided rich fi rst-hand …” „… provinces. Successive rounds of interviews facilitated the understanding of actors and their interests in …” „… have also reviewed a large number of secondary sources. Policy documents of decentralization actors …”

The “Why” of Decentralization S. 103-104

„… actors, institutions and incentives, it is possible to gain a new perspective on the “why” and “how” of …” „… protagonists of the game to understand the “why” of decentralization. Actors have particular interests that …” „… of government. Actors, interests and incentives explain the “why” of reform.With this new look at …”

Bargaining: New Incentives for the Veto-Players? S. 294-296

„… repeatedly blocked the enactment of reform: AME, the military and León Febres Cordero.External actors are …” „… ” (Scharpf 2000, p.185) actors can reach an agreement that refl ects consensus. The episode from 1993 to 1997 …” „… is an example of this, with actors presenting several decentralization proposals spontaneously and in …”

Conclusion S. 266-269

„… reshaped. Given that there is currently no strong domestic actor (or actors) who would be able to topple …” „… this equilibrium alone, this points again to external actors as the principal source for change. I will …” „… return to this in Section C.6.4. ConclusionWhy did actors form an equilibrium? Actors formed an …”

Veto-Players and Implementation S. 296-297

„… accepted, and in a constantly changing actor set, the military were among only a few actors with stable …” „… objectives and goals.In the future, however, it is unlikely that a single actor will be able to unilaterally …” „… impose decisions on other actors. In multi-centered networks, actors rely more on bargaining and less on …”

Volatility and Short-term Incentives S. 297-299

„… , external actors may themselves play the role of veto-players and undermine the efforts of domestic actors …” „… self-enforcing. Actors involved in this process need sustained incentives in order to commit themselves to …” „… Ecuador.Decentralization actors have responded eminently to short-term interests in an extremely volatile environment …”

Conclusion S. 135-137

„… 1351.4. ConclusionWhy did actors form an equilibrium between 1830 and 1963? Actors formed an …” „… unitary state. This had fundamental consequences on the rules of collective choice. No actor was able to …” „… actors did not have a tradition of sharing information; group interaction negatively affected the …”

Partial Decentralization Equilibrium S. 263-266

„… mandate, which makes “transfers mandatory if they are solicited.”67 Actors at local levels are trapped in …” „… EquilibriumThe incentives that keep actors from adopting effi ciency-enhancing decentralization originate in two …” „… people, middle classes, and business groups. Though these actors have overlapping memberships, I will …”

The “Why” and the “How” of Decentralization S. 27-30

„… implemented and what its likely outcomes will be.In this book I contend that actors, their interests and …” „… constraints that are faced by actors pursuing decentralization. I believe that an actor’s study on …” „… are better understood when looking at actors and their incentives. In my view, decentralization is an …”

Assessment and Outlook S. 300-302

„… adjusting position, interaction and decision rules it may be possible to play out actors, not only on paper …” „… because decentralization actors are subject to an “accountability failure” as argued above. Enforcing …” „… Responsibility Law adopted in 2001.28External actors have possibilities of improving this incentive system. In …”

Withholding of Information S. 291-292

„… possibilities to transform these interaction rules amongst domestic actors. One way to achieve this is to …” „… information is a major incentive problem and a social dilemma: if one actor reveals his information, he benefi …” „… expenditures and their own revenue. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that actors in the costa and the …”

Weak Budget Constraints and Fiscal Responsibility S. 299-300

„… GDP growth. On examining these data, it became clear that actors at all levels of government have …” „… declaring themselves “autonomous” or sovereign. It would be necessary for other actors to minimize this risk …” „… rent-seeking. The dilemma for potential sanctioners is that all actors are better off if they unilaterally …”

Weak Enforcement of Sanctions S. 300

„… adjusting position, interaction and decision rules it may be possible to play out actors, not only on paper …” „… because decentralization actors are subject to an “accountability failure” as argued above. Enforcing …” „… Responsibility Law adopted in 2001.28External actors have possibilities of improving this incentive system. In …”

Ideological Deadlock: the Symbol of “Autonomía” S. 290-291

„… and business groups. Though actors with overlapping memberships, these three groups are the most opted …” „… been infl uenced considerably by symbols and ideas. Coastal and Guayaquil actors, in particular, have …” „… transform these interaction rules amongst domestic actors. One way to achieve this is to generate and …”

Non-cooperative Equilibrium: 1925-1948 S. 125-127

„… government’s fi nancing problem.For a large part, this policy reversal occurred because all actors entered into …” „… interrupted, distributional coalitions collapsed. And all actors faced incentives to rearrange and adopt new …” „… positions (position rules).But no actor accepted each other’s position for a sustained period of time. Some …”

Conclusion S. 157-161

„… other means to achieve their goals.2.4. ConclusionWhy did actors form an equilibrium? Actors between …” „… government and a wide range of social actors into an arena of hierarchy.This imposed fundamental changes on …” „… , varied in nature and to different actors in society, created strong vertical and weak horizontal …”

The Reform Coalition and the Collective Choice Arena S. 187-192

„… 1874. Successful Failure – Actor Equilibrium Four, 1988 to 1992 –Three weeks after President Borja …” „… of mayors were affi liated to the ID party he headed and communication was fl uid.Other actors joined …” „… . Actors formed an equilibrium because, while there was widespread agreement on the need for reform, there …”

The Sub-game and Equilibrium among Municipalities and Provincial Councils S. 237-248

„… 2376. Winners Take All– Actor Equilibrium Six, 1998 to 20031 –Provincial Prefects still remember 21 …” „… ceremony was symbolic of this new actor equilibrium. There was sustained pressure “from below” – from each …” „… because they portray actors and their proposals: (Muñoz 1999; Barrera 1999; Ojeda 1998; Ojeda 2000; Ojeda …”

The Return to the Previous Regional Equilibrium: 1948-1963 S. 127-135

„… level, actors were able to organize at the local level. This worked in their favor once they returned to …” „… suddenly calmed, actors achieved a new equilibrium after 1948. Again, it was the coast that was the engine …” „… underlying logic of this game. They favor a single, unifi ed, and organized policy process.36 Coastal actors …”

Crisis Theories S. 44-51

„… not given a voice, and social and regional actors felt the need to recover and strengthen democracy …” „… 18:02:2027.06.2007 18:02:247actors who, with a centralized service delivery, would have had much more political …” „… road. This is a risky maneuver if regional actors reveal the real motivation behind these attempts.A …”

Majority Decisions S. 296

„… accepted, and in a constantly changing actor set, the military were among only a few actors with stable …” „… objectives and goals.In the future, however, it is unlikely that a single actor will be able to unilaterally …” „… impose decisions on other actors. In multi-centered networks, actors rely more on bargaining and less on …”

Hierarchical Decisions S. 296

„… accepted, and in a constantly changing actor set, the military were among only a few actors with stable …” „… objectives and goals.In the future, however, it is unlikely that a single actor will be able to unilaterally …” „… impose decisions on other actors. In multi-centered networks, actors rely more on bargaining and less on …”

The New Role for Guayas Province S. 213-222

„… years following 1992, the actor set would be heavily infl uenced by the political leaders in the most …” „… gave coastal actors a relative advantage vis-à-vis other actors in agenda-setting culminated. Above all …” „… ). Privatization signaled to actors that a change in position rules was possible, and it promised greater profi t …”

Highly Asymmetric Fiscal Capacity across Regions S. 283-285

„… set in after 1992 may already indicate that globalization has provided domestic actors with those …” „… motivation of the political right, under the leadership of Febres Cordero, to pursue local “autonomy” (Actor …” „… once currency devaluations are ruled out.2 All this indicates that external actors today have more …”

Non-Cooperation and Unilateral Decisions: Threats to Secession? S. 293-294

„… actors are partly responsible for this. Donors are often pushing counterparts relentlessly to reach …” „… process of “mutual adjustment” (Scharpf 2000, p.185) actors can reach an agreement that refl ects …” „… consensus. The episode from 1993 to 1997 is an example of this, with actors presenting several …”

Institutions in a Newly Democratizing Unitary State S. 161-172

„… 1613. The Return to Democracy: New Rules, Old Players– Actor Equilibrium Three, 1979 to 1987 –In …” „… President. The reason for this lies at a deeper level.Actors between 1979 and 1987 formed an equilibrium …” „… games provide actors with perverse incentives through which they hurt themselves in the short run. For …”

Stakeholders in Central Government S. 227-231

„… led to uncoordinated efforts, but more importantly, they were not supported by other societal actors …” „… agencies, mediating among actors – not only came late, but also was never accepted by the main stakeholders …” „… actors and international donors in particular had hoped (or had the illusion) that this agency would be …”

Sub-game and Equilibrium between Sub-national and Central Government S. 248-263

„… incentives so they would accept the changes. By setting a fl oor to the amount of transfers, actors accepted …” „… is the principal risk underlying bargains as unanimous decisions: all actors can agree to introduce …” „… decentralization back on a fi scally sustainable track.New incentives for coastal actors. The decay of national …”

Centralization in an Arena of Hierarchy: 1964-1966 S. 137-141

„… 1372. Petropolitics: Attempts at Co-optation – Actor Equilibrium Two, 1964 to 1978 – On the morning …” „… developed until 1963, though overall suboptimal, was rational for the actors involved. Thus, to expropriate …” „… little room to maneuver, let alone oversight and control. The only actor that was able to effectively …”

The Partial Decentralization Equilibrium (1997-2003): New Incentives for the Winners? S. 288-290

„… actors react to these incentives and adopt a sectoral strategy of decentralization, they would not only …” „… adoption of new functions, increasing tax effort and being accountable to the people. External actors have …” „… administrations.Setting aside the possibility of completely stopping the fl ow of credit,18 external actors can help solve …”

Threat to the Equilibrium: Return to Democratic Rule 1967-1972 S. 141-142

„… charge of the national government during this time. Actors, though they rearranged briefl y, remained in …” „… himself dictator. From this perspective, regime change – and changes to the actor arena – was also …” „… second step, I will ask two questions that help understand why a new actor equilibrium formed around the …”

Public Choice S. 39-44

„… criticism can be put forward. Public Choice focuses solely on political parties as decentralization actors …” „… legislatures. In this book, I endeavor to highlight the role played by non-traditional actors and the ways in …” „… that Public Choice is weak in explaining the transfer of power to actors other than the parties …”

Figures and Tables S. 13-16

„… ..................................................................................LIFigure B.6.3: Total Transfers to Sub-national Government and Actor Equilibria (in log Sucres, nominal …” „… to Sub-national Government (in thousand Sucres, real terms) and Actor Equilibria, 1979-2002 …” „… B.6.7: International Price Per Barrel of Oil (in US$) and Actor Equilibria, 1980-2000 …”

Sub-game between Municipalities and Provincial Councils S. 222-224

„… with a wide variety of stakeholders before being submitted to Congress. • Third, actors had a neutral …” „… distribution of powers among stakeholders and the equilibrium that had developed.In this equilibrium, actors …” „… were able to block other actors, but were unable to enact and implement alternative proposals. Coastal …”

The Congressional Decentralization Committee S. 224-227

„… external debt. All actors gain in such an arrangement: it allowed local politicians to protest against …” „… distributional base was never clarifi ed, another sign that actors benefi t from blurred rules of the game. In …” „… supported by other societal actors outside the government arena, which limited chances for success and …”

Determinism S. 59-63

„… new groups often fi nd that their claims are hardly represented by traditional actors, there is a …” „… 6 27.06.2007 18:02:2127.06.2007 18:02:263First, human actors as decision-makers are largely …” „… excluded from its analysis. With its exclusive focus on structure, it denies that actors have their own …”

“Pugna de Poderes:” Games Played between Presidents and Legislators S. 287-288

„… conditions for transparent and rule-based relations once domestic actors have to adapt and follow principles …” „… (education, health, roads) instead of levels of government (municipal, provincial). If domestic actors react …”

Globalization and Localization S. 51-55

„… fact that networks of private and public actors in which decisions are adopted provide too low a level …” „… globalization, but avoid any reference as to how decisions are achieved, how actors bargain and negotiate to …”

Distributional Coalition: Games Played between Mayors, Prefects and Legislators S. 286-287

„… create conditions for transparent and rule-based relations once domestic actors have to adapt and follow …”

Social and Cultural Theories S. 55-59

„… traditional actors, there is a missing link with political decisions that facilitate and explain …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845203904

Edmund Ratka, Olga Spaiser - Understanding European Neighbourhood Policies

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Edmund Ratka (ed.), Olga Spaiser (ed.)

Understanding European Neighbourhood Policies

Series: Münchner Beiträge zur europäischen Einigung

Volume 22 2012

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Ludwig Schulz A Strategy Theory Approach to the Analysis of European Foreign Policy S. 87-106

„… . Taken together, strategy becomes an actor-specific process of thinking and acting within a social …” „… : Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations”, in: Foreign Policy Analysis (1) 1 2005. 1-30 …” „… incorrectly most of the time. When actors, factors, ideas, intentions and interests should receive special …”

Natasha Wunsch Civil Society Organisations as Change Agents: Bottom-up Europeanisation in the Western Balkans S. 323-343

„… bilateral relations between EU and state-level actors, with the former exerting an asymmetric pressure for …” „… adaptation upon the latter. Other domestic players, and especially the attempts of sub-state actors to …” „… and state-level actors and by examining Europeanisation as a triangular process involving sub-state …”

Bernd Weber The Evaluation of the EU’s Neighbourhood Policies: How to Measure the Effectiveness of External Europeanisation S. 69-87

„… effectiveness focuses on policy ‘outputs’ as the results of political actors’ decision-making, in the form of …” „… on the process of development and strategic decision-making on policy options by domestic actors …” „… international actor (see Lister 1997). Furthermore, the FPA’s focus on the ‘intrinsic’ dimension, and therefore …”

Christine Normann Analysing the Evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy: Theoretical and Methodological Triangulation S. 53-69

„… , and 2. 2.1 54 this social reality is constructed by the interaction of actors. The principle of …” „… commonality describes the extent to which a norm must be accepted by a majority of actors in order to be …” „… extent to which the norms are specified and clearly articulated. While actors create social reality …”

Edmund Ratka, Olga A. Spaiser Introduction: Understanding European Neighbourhood Policies S. 15-24

„… ’ of the European Union; • a multi-level and multi-actor approach, taking into account the EU, member …” „… foreign policy actor and pinpoints the current strategic deficit. Weidenfeld contends that it is possible …” „… demonstrate the role of sub-state actors in the target states for the EU’s democracy promotion efforts (Wunsch …”

Patrick Müller Europeanisation within and beyond the EU: A Conceptual Overview S. 35-53

„… states remain central actors in European foreign policy-making and differences in national interests …” „… which domestic actors in third countries internalise EU norms and values (Schimmelfennig/Sedelmeier 2004 …” „… , priorities and objectives in the positions of other EU-foreign policy actors (e.g. other member states …”

Zaki Laïdi Europeans without Europe: The Paradox of the ‘Arab Spring’ S. 107-119

„… turns out to be a secondary actor. The very special role of France A remarkable Arab public opinion poll …” „… conducted in October 2011 in the Arab region to assess attitudes towards the role external actors have …” „… played during the Arab Spring revealed that three primary foreign actors were regarded as the most …”

Marco Siddi The Russian ‘Other’: The Impact of National Identity Construction on EU-Russia Relations S. 249-267

„… determining an actor’s interests and foreign policy. This study briefly reviews the main findings of …” „… values of a prototypical group member. Alternatively, it can refer to the relationship a collective actor …” „… establishes with other collective actors by using its self-image and the image of the ‘other’ (Herrmann 2005 …”

Florent Parmentier The Clash of Neighbourhoods? The Impact of the ‘Arab Spring’ on the EU’ s Neighbourhood Policy S. 355-368

„… various sectors, actors and periods. Yet, this new diversity almost necessarily carries fears and risks of …” „… breaking the fragile balance between East and South, as the EU is “not a unified but a pluralist actor …” „… non-governmental actors originating from member states with sometimes very different preferences” (Delcour/Tulmets …”

Daniel Grotzky The Non-Democratic Other and the Borders of Europeanness S. 343-355

„… and agency of political actors. This is particularly the case when states of the European Union have …” „… EU-actors accepting a policy framework that was at its core based in an ethnic-nationalist discourse within …” „… practices of othering go hand in hand with reproducing relations of power between different actors, granting …”

Edmund Ratka From Barcelona to Berlin via Paris: Europeanisation Dynamics in Germany’s Mediterranean Policy S. 119-141

„… other sub-state actors that may influence foreign policy-making (Hudson 2007: 4-6). The increasing …” „… foreign policy analysis. Whereas ‘classical’ FPA sees bureaucracies and individual actors as key elements …” „… exist to be ‘discovered’ by self-interested, rational actors. Interests are constructed through a …”

Alina Homorozean Carrots, Sticks and Regional Cooperation: A Critical Analysis of the EU’s Approaches towards the Black Sea Region S. 191-213

„… increase the EU’s image as a foreign policy actor (Hatto/Tomescu 2009: 2-4). Even before 2007, EU officials …” „… actor. The EU illustrates the best case of institutionalised regionalism (Van Langenhove/Martinis 2008 …” „… coordination between actors more difficult. The same author also argues that there is no ideal model that the …”

Caroline du Plessix EU-Israel: An Enduring ‘Special’ Relationship despite Clashing Perceptions S. 157-175

„… these revolts clearly depends on the actor’s perceptions and interests in the region. Yet, despite these …” „… concentrating on both actors’ perceptions and expectations, and the way they can influence the future of their …” „… power within this system. This does not mean that they are the unique actors defining the European …”

Irene Hahn Democratising Power Europe? Modes of EU Democracy Promotion in Post-Socialist Europe S. 285-308

„… not least connected to the support of external actors, who through incentives try to avoid …” „… uniformity that characterises the field of democracy promotion of external actors over time and across …” „… non-state actors in third countries. This means, above all, a promotion policy that goes beyond …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… europäischen Einigung | 22 BUT_Ratka_7203-5.indd 2 24.05.12 10:45 Concepts, Actors, Perceptions …” „… governance, but it must also reinforce its capacity to be a foreign policy actor on the regional and …”

Michael Bauer, René Rieger Enhancing Interregional Partnership: Europe and the Gulf S. 175-190

„… external actors are urgently needed. These measures might include international conferences that stipulate …” „… keep the fragile security relations stable. Cooperation should be open for all regional actors and be …” „… ever. For external actors like the EU, a differentiated policy approach is needed that takes into …”

Filipa Bismarck Coelho From Accession Policy to Neighbourhood Policy: A Legal Perspective on EU Democracy Promotion S. 308-323

„… actors. Ukraine, for instance, is an example of a neighbour that is considered to be a ‘good pupil’ (Raik …” „… political actors who strive for democratic changes in their countries. Since democracy can never be imposed …” „… bilateral relations between EU and state-level actors, with the former exerting an asymmetric pressure for …”

Werner Weidenfeld Europe’s International Responsibility: A Continent in Search of its Strategy S. 25-34

„… externally. In this chapter, I will first trace the emergence of Europe as international actor. Even as its …” „… unification process. The emergence of Europe as international actor For decades the project of European …”

Olga A. Spaiser Germany’s Influence on EU Foreign Policy: The Case of the EU Strategy for Central Asia S. 267-284

„… assumes that member states are the primary actors and that the EU is the object and target of their agenda …” „… or actors should be mobilised in order to gain their support. Germany was very active diplomatically …” „… ). Diplomatic missions and highlevel meetings with Central Asia and actors with important stakes in the region …”

Sebastian Schäffer EU-Russia Relations and the Eastern Partnership S. 239-249

„… plays an essential role in determining an actor’s interests and foreign policy. This study briefly …”

Jan Busse Continuity and Change: Deconstructing German Foreign Policy towards the Middle East Conflict S. 141-157

„… Israel’s point of view, the framing of these revolts clearly depends on the actor’s perceptions and …”

David Rinnert Georgia and the Eastern Partnership: Progress, Problems and Prospects S. 213-239

„… priority within the ENP AP (ibid.). The EU is perceived as an important actor not only for economic …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845235486

Marianne Sieker - The Role of the German Political Foundations in International Relations

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Marianne Sieker

The Role of the German Political Foundations in International Relations

Series: Internationale Beziehungen

Volume 25 2019

Results in this title

Part I: Theoretical framework and research methods S. 43-120

„… Theoretical framework and research methods Transnational actors in IR theory The following chapter …” „… international relations (IR). For this purpose, transnational actors will be conceptualised first. Furthermore …” „… neoliberalism will be juxtaposed. Their views on the significance of transnational actors in IR will be outlined …”

Part III: Case studies S. 217-290

„… actor. The chapter starts with an overview on the framework in which the RLP operated, before I shed …” „… communication or within a network surrounding where connected actors brought various resources and shared values …” „… of the KAS as a transnational actor in the region. Generator In the context of the RLP in Southeast …”

Part II: Public diplomacy and practice S. 121-216

„… activities assuming a broader notion of diplomacy involving states and transnational actors alike. In the …” „… diplomacy is closely connected to the question of whether the foundations are transnational actors or …” „… public diplomacy and could, moreover, not count as transnational actors. Subsuming the German political …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… International Relations Transnational Actors in Public Diplomacy The series „Internationale Beziehungen“ is …” „… 14:14 Transnational Actors in Public Diplomacy The Role of the German Political Foundations in …” „… Political Foundations in International Relations Transnational Actors in Public Diplomacy Marianne Sieker …”

Chapter 1 – Introduction S. 23-42

„… the Stiftungen in international relations as either independent political actors or instruments of …” „… dominant rationalist approaches of neorealism and neoliberalism discuss, whether transnational actors …” „… explains the importance of transnational actors in international relations, as it concentrates on …”

Bibliography S. 291-330

„… (München: Droemer Knauer). Bibliography 292 Arts, Bas (2000) ‘Regimes, Non-State Actors and the State …” „… ’, in Arts, B./Noortmann, M./Reinalda, B. (eds) Non-State Actors in International Relations (Ashgate …” „… ) Nonstate Actors in Intrastate conflicts (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press): 1-11. Barnett …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845287904

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Paul Roberts

Reading Franz Liszt

2022

Results in this title

2. The Pianist as Actor S. 19-26

„… 19• 2 •The Pianist as ActorThe rise of the actor in music: a momentous event which not only leads …” „… Wagner (1911), first published in 1888. Why did he fear the actor in music? Why has Liszt been thrown …” „… a similar kind of virtuosity: “The musician is now becoming an actor, his art is developing ever …”

5. Music as Metaphor: Sonata in B minor S. 65-78

„… all it ignores the nature of music as metaphor.In a similar way to an actor grappling with the …” „… of Liszt’s Sonata in B minor (the pianist as actor) need to find some correspondence for the vast …” „… the same process experienced by an actor.There is an easy association to be made between the words …”

Introduction. Making a Sound S. 1-8

„… interpretation, for a director, an actor, and as I want to demonstrate, a pianist. In chapter 2, “The Pianist as …” „… Actor,” I look at the parallels that might be drawn between musical performance and acting. Beyond the …” „… score, with a literary quotation at its head, is analogous to an actor preparing a role. These questions …”

9. Music and Poetry: The Dante Sonata S. 131-144

„… the actor’s. When Hamlet advises the acting troupe, who will perform before the king at Elsinore, to …”

Preface

„… xiIntroduction: Making a Sound 11 Life, Literature, and Music 92 The Pianist as Actor 193 The Music of …”

Index S. 179-182

„… as actor, 4, 15, 19–25, 68–72, 73, 75, 134–35, 148Picasso, Pablo, 21Pichot, Amédée, 104poetry, 1, 7 …”

1. Life, Literature, and Music S. 9-18

„… the moment by the material under our fingers, just as an actor is taught to speak words as if they …”

Appendix S. 145-156

„… the pianist as actor.It is possible that Liszt took up Lenau not only on account of Faust but also …”

Notes S. 157-174

„… ), 201–02.CHAPTER 2: THE PIANIST AS ACTOR1. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Case Of Wagner, Nietzsche Contra Wagner …”

3. The Music of Desire: Petrarch Sonnets S. 27-48

„… (as pianist-actor—see chapter 2) became the embodiment of the orchestra, singer and conductor.SONNET …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538143353

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