Filter results

Results (8838)

Sort by:

Select all Select all

Page 3

No access

Select

Nancy L. Segal

Deliberately Divided

2021

Results in this title

2: Policies and People S. 13-34

„… 13• 2 •Policies and PeopleSeparated by DesignThe story of the Louise Wise Services (LWS)-Child …” „… , Cambridge, MA.Policies and People 151981 when she was replaced by Sheldon Fogelman, but she continued to …” „… opinion until the final chapters:Policies and People 17• Dr. Viola W. Bernard claimed that twins would …”

Preface

„… : Twin Studies 1 2 Policies and People: Separated by Design 13 3 How Did It Work? Inside the Twin Study …” „… policies, and the issue of researcher responsibilities. The book was going to be divisive, and I would be …”

Index S. 489-498

„… , 423n51, 428n60Adoptees’ Liberty Movement Association (ALMA), 61–62, 79–80, 85adoption policies, xv, 31 …” „… , 473n8;see also adoption policies; twins reared togetherLWS. See Louise Wise ServicesLWS-CDC twin …”

6: 60 Minutes S. 91-112

„… continuing investigations into Louise Wise Services’ (LWS’s) twin adoption policies, and the LWS-Child …” „… Polier].”Public interest in LWS’s policies and the LWS- CDC twin study never disappeared. In 2006, 60 Minutes …”

18: Letters of Protest S. 319-340

„… the decision to separate the triplets or what policies were followed at the time. I would like to be …” „… policies and practices were indicated. Interspersed among the various comments were criticisms of …”

14: Not Just a Doppelgänger? S. 253-268

„… might start asking questions.Having examined LWS’s policies and the LWS- CDC twin study as a possible …”

12: Unpublished or Unavailable? S. 217-232

„… adopted a child were eligible to adopt siblings.59 Moreover, research on sibling placement poli-cies shows …”

20: Over or Unfinished? S. 367-390

„… fact, support the opinions and policies of Dr. Bernard and the LWS. After all, purposefully placing …”

Notes S. 391-478

doi.org/10.5771/9781538132869

Isabel Schäfer, Jean-Robert Henry - Mediterranean Policies from Above and Below

No access

Select

Isabel Schäfer (ed.), Jean-Robert Henry (ed.)

Mediterranean Policies from Above and Below

2009

Results in this title

Jean-Robert Henry Mediterranean Policies of France S. 17-38

„… 17 Mediterranean Policies of France Jean Robert Henry Abstract Like other “great powers” in the …” „… rather its Mediterranean policies. As Hayète Chérigui has perfectly analysed, the deciders in charge of …” „… . But such an articulation does not easily provide hold either to the formulation of public policies or …”

Salvatore Bono Italy’s Mediterranean Policies S. 87-111

„… 87 Italy’s Mediterranean Policies Salvatore Bono Abstract This contribution provides a …” „… . 5umerous actors of Mediterranean policies, in particular in the fields of culture and dialogue, are …” „… terrorism), even less in a position to carry out any Mediterranean policies, which could be concrete and …”

Mark A. Heller Mediterranean Policies in the Middle East: The Case of Israel S. 228-237

„… 228 Mediterranean Policies in the Middle East: The Case of Israel Mark A. Heller Abstract …” „… broader Euro Med (i.e. Euro Arab) dialogue. It does this with two parallel policies: multi bilateralism …”

Dimitar Bechev Distant Neighbours: the Mediterranean Policies of the Countries in South East Europe S. 171-186

„… 171 Distant eighbours: the Mediterranean Policies of the Countries in South East Europe …” „… Dimitar Bechev Abstract This paper deals with the foreign policies pursued by several states in South …” „… the Balkan states’ foreign policies towards the West. The paper discusses the cur rent and …”

Paola Gandolfi Euro-Moroccan Migratory Mobility, Transnational Networks and Civil Society: Dynamics of Mediterranean Policies from Below S. 370-390

„… Mediterranean Policies from Below Paola Gandolfi Abstract In this case study, Euro Moroccan mobility covers …” „… as spaces of action Morocco, It aly, and France; this choice is to deepen Mediterranean policies …” „… “transnational civil society”), as key factors of the new dynamics of Mediterranean policies. The research …”

Isabel Schäfer, Jean�Robert Henry Introduction S. 11-16

„… research project on “Mediterranean Policies from Above and Below” was conceived and coordinated by the …” „… comprehensive comparative analysis of the Mediterranean policies of governmental and non9governmental ac9 tors …” „… . By Mediterranean policies, we understand initiatives undertaken in the frame9 work of the Euro9 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Isabel Schäfer/Jean-Robert Henry (eds.) Mediterranean Policies from Above and Below Nomos 1 …” „… Introduction 11 Part I: Mediterranean Policies of State Actors: Between Harmonisation and Diversification …” „… Europe Jean Robert Henry Mediterranean Policies of France 17 Miguel Hernando de Larramendi The …”

Isabel Schäfer The EU’s Mediterranean Policy: Competing Frameworks, Actors and Dynamics from Above S. 186-212

„… , concrete examples of a certain Europeanisation of the foreign policies of the EU Member States, in the …” „… develop their own strategies and Mediterranean policies and to scrutinise the Euro9Mediterranean project …” „… Brussels, the impact of non9governmental actors on the Mediterranean policies is increasing. Theoretical …”

Note on contributors S. 609-616

„… Policies of the European Parliament for three years. She specialises in the study of defence and security …” „… Moroccan migratory mobility for several years. Her current research fields include educational policies …” „… and articles in international pe9 riodicals. The 3rd edition of his classic Foreign Policies of Arab …”

Ozan Serdaroğlu Euro-Turkish Business Cooperation Networks: the Example of TÜSỈAD S. 435-455

„… areas and criticising the government’s economic policies. In 1987, TÜSĐAD became a member of the Union …” „… of the issue of Mediterranean Policies, on the one hand, Turkey belongs to the same category as the …” „… process”.13 11 “Since March 2000, the EU has formulated its policies in line with the ambitious …”

Tuomo Melasuo Finland in the Mediterranean S. 155-171

„… , including in Mediterranean policies and relations. The Mediterra nean policy of Finland since 1995 has been …” „… this required that she be active and credible, including in Mediterranean policies. Secondly, Finland …” „… mainstream European Union Mediterranean policies. One of the particularities of the Finnish approach is to …”

Bahgat Korany A Case of Increasing Prominence: Egypt’s Euro-Mediterranean Foreign Policy S. 212-228

„… part of the regime’s privatisation policies, and political coordination with Euro Med countries. The …” „… recent study is a chapter in Analysing Middle East Foreign Policies (Nonneman 2005), devoted to Egypt’s …” „… Middle East Foreign Policies and the Relationship with Europe, London/New York: Routledge. 214 cinctly …”

Nahed Ezzeldeen Civil Society Actors and Social Movements in Egypt S. 498-524

„… majority against the EMP, which extends the economic policies of free trade, having negative effects on …” „… their standard of living. These groups are disadvantaged by the economic policies adopted by the State …” „… : Democracy and Political Stability In this sphere, European policies reflect a double standard on the issue …”

Catherine Baron, Malika Hattab�Christmann Local Development and Territorial Governance: Civil Society Actors in Morocco in the Context of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership S. 549-568

„… regulation and the role that different local actors play in this process. Public policies, in the context of …” „… appropriation of development policies by the different actors, the partici pation of all actors (public …” „… majority of development policies neglect possible interactions between the local and the global level. A …”

Dorothée Schmid Entrepreneurs in the Mediterranean: An Amateur Approach to Regional Identity S. 412-435

„… regional free trade, which has driven all European policies on the Mediterranean since the 1970s, rests …” „… ” policies; as we will see when ana9 lysing the UMCE initiatives, they still think in the terms of the …” „… policies and also has a decisive influence on how the Turkish busi9 ness associations relate to their …”

Ibtesam Al Atiyat The Role of Feminist Networks in Democratising the Arab Southern Mediterranean S. 455-478

„… culture, government policies, and legal frameworks. Examples of discrimination can be found in the way …” „… policies. In countries like Morocco, Jor9 dan, and the Palestinian Territories, these organisations are …” „… lack of policies and interven9 tions that aim at improving women’s status. Another challenge to be …”

Adnen Mansar Tunisia and the Association Agreement with the EU: Expectations of Tunisian Civil Society S. 288-303

„… , officially at least, the priority of government economic and social policies. Indeed, the official economic …” „… , given the failures of old migration policies organised by various European countries since the 1970s …” „… , which is particularly due to families’ set9 tlement; and the failure of repatriation policies practised …”

Delphine Perrin Beyond the Borders: Dual Nationality in Western Mediterranean Countries S. 568-592

„… Abstract Whereas Mediterranean policies tend to reduce and control international circula tion, dual …” „… Mediterra9 nean. The Amsterdam Treaty provided for the communitisation of asylum and im9 migration policies …” „… gov9 ernmental policies. Dual nationality always ensues from circulation and some kind of mixing. It …”

Esther Barbé, Eduard Soler i Lecha Catalan Mediterranean Policy: Interests, Impact and Actorness S. 340-355

„… policies) towards the Mediterra9 nean, we evaluate whether or not the Catalan government can be considered …” „… facilitated the existence of strong autonomous development coop9 eration policies on development issues …” „… Catalan bourgeoisie were always behind ambitious Spanish foreign policies; to give an example, their …”

Mohamed-Chérif Ferjani The Concept of “Civil Society” and the Tunisian Example S. 524-549

„… practically all Member States of the European Un9 ion, as well as the US, despite policies based on greater …” „… policies “of governments, ap9 plying to theologians. The participation of theologians in the process grew …” „… what9 ever means, regardless of the nature of its policies. This distinction between political and …”

Susan Rockwell Palestinians and the Mediterranean S. 251-268

„… policies is a prerequisite for political stability and the springboard for intercultural dialogue. The …” „… respond to Israeli practices and policies that im9 peded or prevented greater Palestinian participation in …” „… ongoing Israeli unlawful policies like settlement construction, prolonged administrative detention and …”

Isabelle Montoya, Djamila Chikhi The European Parliament and the EMPA S. 355-369

„… of participating in EU programmes and policies on the basis of jointly agreed priorities and …” „… , Israel, PLC, EMPA) are directly involved in work on Mediterra9 nean policies and programmes, without …” „… on almost all EU policies gives it a stronger case to be recognised as a moral, authoritative voice …”

Isabel Schäfer Germany’s Mediterranean Policy S. 111-137

„… other persons in Beirut. 29 He is very interested in the Maghreb and in Mediterranean policies, having …” „… strengthen the policies they had already been pursuing.32 In the newly9established institutions of the UfM …” „… , 27/5/2009. 126 4. Other Actors and Policies from Above The Ministry for Economic Cooperation and …”

Miguel Hernando de Larramendi The Mediterranean Policy of Spain S. 38-63

„… Arab Middle East states were used as one of the “replacement policies” designed to overcome the …” „… development policies with the African conti9 nent. The Barcelona summit also adopted by consensus a Euro9 …” „… , Security and Justice, EU agencies and programmes, and different EU policies). In November 2008, dur9 ing …”

Richard Gillespie The UK and the Mediterranean: Finding and Adding Value in the Barcelona Process S. 137-155

„… .) (2000): The For eign Policies of European Union Member States, Manchester: Manchester University Press …” „… pils” of the EU, including in Mediterranean policies and relations. The Mediterra nean policy of …” „… policies. Secondly, Finland understood that if she wants to have the support and the comprehension of the …”

Aomar Baghzouz The Mediterranean Policy of Algeria S. 268-288

„… , 2001, redoubles its restrictive and repressive policies toward human migration flows. On the other …” „… movements at the borders” (Bedjaoui 2006). That is why policies tending to concentrate regional and …” „… , on the other. The result is a weak autonomy, com9 pared to European and American policies towards an …”

Saloua Zerhouni Morocco’s Mediterranean Policy: Actors and Strategies S. 303-318

„… foreign policy, a complex of juxtaposed sectoral policies, not always subsumed un9 der a strategic vision …” „… impact on the new King’s domestic and foreign policies. Reinforcing the cooperation with the European …” „… European Union.20 Although Moroccan NGOs are not involved in the conception of foreign policies, they de …”

Verónica Martins Portugal and the Mediterranean Region: What Role for Civil Society in Foreign Policy? S. 63-87

„… Stelios/Couloumbis, Theodore/Veremis, Thianos/Waites, Neville (eds.) (1999): The For eign Policies of the European …” „… /2004/12/13/internacional/todo_o_medio_oriente_quer_ estabelece.html. 87 Italy’s Mediterranean Policies …” „… the practices within different Euro Mediterranean forums. 5umerous actors of Mediterranean policies …”

Salam Kawakibi Syria’s Mediterranean Policy S. 237-251

„… may, in Syrian public opinion – Islamists included – be a counterweight to biased American policies …” „… Europe’s enlargement, its new members have adopted policies similar to those of the United States. Recent …”

Angelika Timm Civil Activities to Promote the Quality of Life and Environment in the Mediterranean – the Example of Israel S. 592-608

„… . They influence public policies, stimulate activism and mediate between citizens and the state. Larry …” „… government policies and corporate practices af9 fecting the environment and public health. Special advocacy …”

Omar Derras The Contribution of NGOs of the North and the EU to the Development of Civil Society in Algeria – A Case Study on Associations S. 478-498

„… policies of the Parties and shall constitute an essential element of this Agreement”.3 1.1. Critical …” „… policies. They believe it is too early to implement it. They disapprove of the new sectoral method and …”

Gérard Groc Turkey’s Perspective on the Mediterranean S. 318-339

„… policies. 339 Groc, Gérard (2005): “Démocratie et société civile”, in: Vaner, Semih (ed.) (2005): La …”

Vera van Hüllen Transnationalising Euro-Mediterranean Relations: The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network as an Intermediary Actor S. 390-412

„… in EU Commission policies” (EMHRN 2002b: 83) and which recommenda9 tions that the EU included in its …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220444

No access

Select

Reimund Seidelmann (ed.)

The New Germany

2011

Results in this title

Reimund Seidelmann Germany’s Foreign Policy S. 275-301

„… factors of interest and power dominate the political dynamics, the modes of policies/politics carry a …” „… minimising reform or new-approach-costs for policies/politics due to a special constellation of interests …” „… product of norms, interests, and power policies, which sometimes compete and sometimes – such as in the …”

Reimund Seidelmann Germany’s Security Policy S. 301-316

„… build-up of Europe’s Common Foreign and Security Policies (CFSP) project including its military dimension …” „… . While the political dimension of FRG’s security policies is closely related to its foreign policy in …” „… the Allies, the year 1945 marked a fundamental historical change for German security policies in …”

Dieter Eissel The German Social Market Economy S. 103-111

„… market effectiveness. His understanding of policies concerning social justice had its roots in the …” „… . Redistribution policies should be carried out as basis for the acceptance of a social capitalism by the …” „… equalizing policies through a progressive tax-legislation. “The inequality of incomes goes along with the …”

Christoph Schuck The Concept of Good Governance S. 177-188

„… support the development of cooperative and non-aggressive foreign policies. Although they cannot be …” „… foreign policies must be given more weight than periodic elections or the establishment of a largely …” „… Concept Approaching good governance from the perspective of development policies (in contrast to …”

Christoph Schuck Germany’s Development Policy S. 382-392

„… : First, Germany’s development policies have always been part of regional or even global approaches and …” „… strongly infl uenced by the USA, Germany gradually began to coordinate its policies with the European …” „… uctuated in the same way as the policies of many other countries in the West. Looking at some sixty years …”

Kirsten Westphal German Energy Policy S. 137-146

„… environment policies, where it has competence to defi ne policy goals that have to be implemented by the …” „… EU energy policies have their particular strength. Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the EU has …” „… . Therefore, the decisions that are taken in the EU‘s environmental policy affecting energy policies have …”

Kirsten Westphal Germany and Russia S. 373-382

„… ; the Soviet Union suffered with 27 mio human losses. Prepared during détente policies in the 1970’s …” „… appeared for a readjustment of German policies towards Russia. Chancellor Merkel has not only been the fi …” „… Schroeder’s criticism of the Bush administration and silence on President Putin’s policies. Merkel has …”

Dieter Eissel The German Social Security System and its Reforms S. 121-137

„… social security and labour market policies. Nevertheless Germany is bound as well to the signed …” „… particular, German social policies as well as its labour market strategies are shaped by the EU and cannot …” „… lowincome groups, equal opportunity policies in the educational system, and the idea that the tax system …”

Dieter Eissel The German Economy S. 75-103

„… , which infl uenced and still infl uences social policies of the Christian Democratic Party and …” „… nancial policies it is pursuing. To improve the economic coordination of the numerous market actors and …” „… the federalist system of shared and divided public policies at each level by respecting the principle …”

Wichard Woyke French-German Cooperation: Axis and Engine in European Politics S. 335-349

„… be based on close French-German agreements in various policies, which were not in sight. For example …” „… , both France and Germany would like to promote the Europeanisation of foreign policies, but France no …” „… quite different approaches to migration and asylum policies and progress in other areas of justice and …”

Peter Walter The German Chancellors since 1949 S. 65-74

„… and his visionary policies but as well the response to fundamental changes in the international …” „… into the Federal Republic of Germany. In reference to his pro-European policies, Kohl combined German …” „… progress in good neighbourhood policies and in European integration, and a professional management of her …”

Michael Dreyer Germany and the United States S. 349-360

„… intransigence rendered it more and more obsolete. Stalin’s policies wherever Soviet occupying forces had …” „… South Korea in June 1950 left no doubt about his intentions. During these years, U.S. policies slowly …” „… backing by superpower détente policies. Yet at the same time the Republican Nixon never fully trusted …”

Alexander Grasse Federalism in Germany S. 239-269

„… higher number of concurrent competencies of the federation and its states in the same policies, thus …” „… following policies: protection of nature and landscape management, land distribution, regional planning …” „… informal co-operative relations exist among the states in various policies. It is their function to …”

Markus Paesler Theory and Historical Development of the Social Market Economy in Germany S. 111-121

„… Market Policies The following is a brief overview of the most important aspects: – The theory of …” „… competition itself. The Social Dimension of Social Market Policies Alfred Mueller-Armack comments in his …” „… policies to open up opportunities to children from socially deprived families and to allow not only …”

Dieter Eissel Elections to the German Bundestag S. 208-225

„… pragmatic approach to environmental policies, and the “fundamentalists” (Fundis), who rejected compromise …” „… this considerable long “CDU/CSU-state” can be found not only in the programmes and policies of the …” „… policies met fi rm opposition of the SPD and in the case of re-armament led to broad public protests of …”

Hanne-Margret Birckenbach Germany and European Integration S. 316-335

„… . Keeping these factors in mind helps to understand the seven core and key strategies of German policies …” „… policies for more independence from the U.S., Germany profi led with its commitment to the entire Western …” „… historic cornerstones of Germany’s European policies. It was concluded on an initiative of the French …”

Thomas Meyer Social Democracy: The Underlying Political Philosophy of the German Constitution S. 168-177

„… social structures, regulate the economy and conduct re-distributive policies in order to implement the …” „… its own way – also in an Asian society like Japan. The policies of these countries insures their …” „… domestic poverty, and to support the development of cooperative and non-aggressive foreign policies …”

Iwona A. Hanska Germany and Poland S. 360-373

„… the FRG’s new policies towards the East and in particular towards Poland were similar – i.e. to …” „… attitude towards Poland. Détente policy in general and the FRG’s policies3 in particular towards Poland …” „… fundamentally different policies within the EU in general and concerning in particular essential issues like …”

Andreas Vasilache The Idea of Democracy in the West S. 147-168

„… and consequent anti-dictatorship policies and mechanisms on the one hand, with “universalism” on the …” „… policies against defectors or religious heretics demonstrate the negative effect of such universalism …” „… , some enlightened missionary policies (in particular the doctrine promoted by Bartholomé de las Casas …”

Ursula Birsl The German Parliamentarian System S. 189-208

„… and become experts for certain policies. Rarely, they are organized in party-affi liated associations …” „… . Mostly, they are experts in decisive policies and they are assigned leading positions e.g. the position …” „… central policies fall to the Federation and with that to the Bundestag. This contains foreign and …”

Reimund Seidelmann Introduction S. 9-10

„… history, basic political and socio-economic ideas and policies, the political model, and foreign …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Prof. Dr. Reimund Seidelmann (ed.) The New Germany History, Economy, Policies Nomos 1. Auflage 2011 …”

Hans-Juergen Schroeder From Division to Unity: The History of the Federal Republic of Germany S. 11-65

„… general principles to be applied to their occupational policies, the so-called four D’s: demilitarization …” „… . To reconciliate with France and to create good German-French neighbourhood policies. 5. To guide …” „… Allies regarded the process of integration as a corner stone of their policies towards Germany. “If …”

Mathias Fich Local Politics in Germany: Constitutional Basics, Problems and Current Developments S. 269-274

„… delay or limit policies to diverse, innovate, and attract outside investment. Also municipalities 5 …”

Mathias Fich The German Party System S. 225-239

„… movements of the 1970’s to establish a party in order to shape real policies. After German unifi cation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227115

Alexandra Sakaki, Hanns W. Maull, Kerstin Lukner - Reluctant Warriors

No access

Select

Alexandra Sakaki, Hanns W. Maull, Kerstin Lukner

Reluctant Warriors

2019

Results in this title

Arms Export Policies: Fragile Legitimacy S. 131-176

„… 1315Arms Export PoliciesFragile LegitimacySimilar to military interventions, the legitimacy of arms …” „… PoliciesDuring the initial postwar time period, prospects for German and Japa-nese arms exports appeared dim …” „… _1-280.indd 146 9/17/19 1:51 PM147Arms Export PoliciesParty (CDU- FDP) coalition government under …”

Index S. 267-0

„… geostrategic environ-ment, 54, 56–57, 76, 80–81Security policies. See Military security policiesSelective …” „… anti-militarist culture, 85–89; and arms export policies, 173, 175; and domestic poli-tics, 72–73; electoral …” „… ), 69Andrews, Kevin, 165Anti-militarism: and arms export policies, 138–39, 169; and Cold War …”

Conclusion: Still Reluctant Warriors? S. 177-208

„… changes in the military security policies and attitudes toward the use of force in both Germany and Japan …” „… Japan’s military se-curity policies continue to hold. Overall, we see modifications within continuity …” „… rather than significant discontinuities in the foreign and secu-rity policies of the two countries. Both …”

Introduction S. 1-18

„… shaping German and Japanese security policies and postures, leading the two countries to pursue the …” „… foreign and security policies of “civilian powers.”10 There is, however, considerable disagree-ment about …” „… and security policies would be guided by a continuing reluctance to play a greater mili-tary role …”

The Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics S. 19-44

„… security policies would therefore be greater in Japan than in Germany. Whereas the Japanese constitution …” „… , combined with the occupation’s re- socialization policies, gave rise to an incipient anti- militarist …” „… military policies that plunged Japan into a war it could not win against a superior foreign power; the …”

The Post-Cold War Era: Geostrategic Environment and Domestic Politics S. 45-90

„… deviations in their military security policies become more apparent, albeit within the frameworks and …” „… policies toward Bundeswehr participation in UN peace-keeping operations (UNPKOs) outside NATO, and Bonn …” „… European security and defense policies was becoming ever more important. Since early 2017, CSDP has taken a …”

Intervention Decisions: Contested Legitimacy S. 91-130

„… trajectories in the post–World War II in-tervention policies and practices of Germany and Japan, with a …” „… norms continue to restrain Japan’s intervention policies to a greater degree than Germany’s. In this …” „… ’ future trajectory of easing their re-spective military deployment policies. Decisions made during this …”

Notes S. 227-266

„… Politics: The Foreign Policies of an Adaptive State (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2007); Kenneth B. Pyle …” „… Occupation Policies in Germany,” The Review of Politics, vol. 9, no. 3 (July 1947), 292. 6. In Japan, only …” „… Identity: The Politics and Policies of the Nakasone Administration,” in The Trade Crisis: How Will Japan …”

Preface

„… Legitimacy5 Arms Export Policies 131 Fragile LegitimacySakaki-Maull-Lukner-Krauss-Berger_Reluctant …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815737377

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

No access

Select

Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

Results in this title

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… . policiesArab?state’s?ability?to?adapt?to?Western?pressure?and?U.?S.?democracy?promoters’?negative?repercussions? in? the? region?are?understudied.103?As?noted?earlier …” „… ,? the?Bush?administration?seems?to?have?been?so?optimistic?in?their?anticipated?results?that?it?underestimated?the?reactions?its?policies?would?trigger.?U.?S.?policies?forced?the?recipient?government?to?re-adjust?their?policies,?but?also?gave?them?the?opportunity?to?potentially?manipulate?U.?S.?intentions,?especially?in?the?context?of …” „… ?the?negative?repercussions?and?happy?to?go?along?with?it?because?it?serves?their?interests.?U.?S.?policies?might?also?discredit?local?efforts?and?disrupt?local?developments?and?prevent?reform?because?it?favors?as?discussed?earlier?stability?over?unexpected?results.Overall,? the?various?competing?theories?and?assumptions?raise?a?whole?series?of …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… ? only?moment?the?Bush?administration?policies …” „… Policies towards the Middle EastThe?Middle?East,?with? the?exception?of ? the?Arab-Israeli? conflict? and …” „… prior to 9/1169ment? for? Arafat.39? Clinton’s? Iraq? policies? of ? containment? continued? and? in …”

Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 65-68

„… ? the?Washington?establishment,?and?Bush’s?‘distinctly?American?internationalism’?or?assertive?realism,?a?determination?to?act?when?necessary?to?pursue?American?interest.Once in officePolicies towards Great Powers and traditional security issuesAgainst?a?backdrop?of …” „… In?short,?defense?policies?were?not?going?in?the?right?direction?according?to?conservatives?and?neoconservatives.?However,?following?this?widespread?criticism,?the?Bush?administration?gave?in?and?raised?the?budget?in?August?2001.?On?other?defense?issues,?such?as?terrorism,? the? administration? remained? largely? silent …” „… ?Clinton’s?policies?were?perceived?as?deeply?flawed?and?the?Bush?administration?made?a?point?of ?reversing?some?of ?the?former?president’s?proposals?initiated?during?his?last?months?in?office.31 …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… ?policies?with?a?strong?awareness?of …” „… ?policies?that?lead?to?‘how?the?world?ought?to?be’.?The?authors?made?clear?that?they?believed?warlike?interventions?by?‘civilized?powers’?would?contribute?directly?to?world?peace.?In?this?context,?they?advocated?regime?change?in?Iraq?and?democracy?promotion?as?a?necessary?foreign?policy?tool.?They?explicitly?referred?to?the?fall?of …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?implementation?and?its?repercussions?on?the?Arab?world.?As?a?result,?the?framework?is?practice-oriented?and?approachable?to?practitioners?and?academics?alike.Specifically,? the? goal? here? is? to? explain? how? post? 9/11? policies? were? conceptionalized?and? then …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… ?policies,?which?ought?to?advance?a?normative?vision?about?a?desired?state?of ?the?world.?They?framed?the?conflict?and?the?source?of …” „… ?strong?leadership?by?the?President.Reconsideration of prior policiesA?key?immediate?reaction?post?9/11 …” „… ?also?led?to?reflections?on?the?source?of ?the?attacks?and?the?kind?of ?policies?that?should?follow.?Certain?arguments?and?factors? (such?as …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… negative repercussions outsiders could have.Repercussions of U. S. policiesArab state’s ability to adapt to …” „… democratising process would follow. This thinking had enormous consequences with regards to U. S. policies …” „… pursuing neo-liberal policies assumed that Western political values such as democracy would inherently lead …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… ?U.?S.?development?assumptions?in?the?region?is?highly?debatable?because?Middle?Eastern?markets?seem?in?many?ways?to?work?on?different?incentives.Repercussions of U. S. policiesFollowing? the? invasion? of ? Iraq,? there? existed? a? real? momentum? of …” „… ?freedoms,?they?believed?that?they?were?going?to?help?Arabs?be?more?like?Americans?and?that?Arabs?were?likely?to?be?grateful?for?this.?Not?enough?thought?seems?to?have?been?paid?into?how?far?U.?S.?policies?would?be?resisted?within?the?region?and?how?U.?S.?policy?would?be?perceived?if …” „… ?their?policies.?U.?S.?policies?were?therefore?guided?by?several?assumptions?about?how?democratic?transition?should?take?place,?shaping?the?implementation?of ?their?policies.Pre-requisites for democracy?The?debate?about?the?incompatibility?of …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ?the?issue?at?hand.?Crucially,?this?chapter?will?set?out?the?framework?for?analysis?and?provide?the?concepts?necessary?to?analyze?the?debates?after?9/11?and?the?actual? implementation?of ?policies.?The?chapter?will …” „… rom?a?bias?that?confirms?underlying?assumptions?or?theories.?Therefore,?interviews?provide?only?an?excerpt?of ?the?interpretations?of ?the?policies …” „… ?wider?conclusions?can?one?draw?from?this?analysis??In?which?way?are?U.?S.?policies?guided?by?underlying?assumptions?about?the?rest?of ?the?world??To?what?extent?do?individual?preferences?and?convictions?of …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… ?strong?leadership?by?the?President.Reconsideration of prior policiesA?key?immediate?reaction?post?9/11 …” „… ?also?led?to?reflections?on?the?source?of ?the?attacks?and?the?kind?of ?policies?that?should?follow.?Certain?arguments?and?factors? (such?as …” „… ?neoconservatism,?which?as?illustrated?earlier?is?more?an?ideological?movement?rather?than?a?clear?defined?ideology,?that?was?successful.?The?policies?advocated?by?some?so?called?neoconservatives?were?influential?because?of ?the?cohesiveness?of ?a?group?of ?individuals?and?a?shared?mindset?among?them.29 …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ?the?economic?pressure?without?allowing?more?political?space.?Focusing?mainly?on?economic?growth?might?actually?have?negative?repercussions.Repercussions of U. S. policiesAs?a?consequence?of ?the?9/11 …” „… ?U.?S.?interests,?but?later?rose?to?become?a?major?partner?for?the?U.?S.?in?the?war?on?terror,?and?a?role?model?for?the?region.?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?must?also?be?seen?against?the?background?of:?real?limitations?set?by?the?Moroccan?regime,?U.?S.?competing?interests,?lack?of …” „… ? support??Should?the?U.?S.?help?to?modernize?the?country??As?the?policies?then?implemented?show,?different?U.?S.?government?agencies?tried?to?pull?policies?in?different?directions,?but?mainly?opted?for?helping?to?modernize?the?country.Pre-requisites for democracy?Non-governmental? democracy? promoters,? as? well? as? skeptical? U.?S.? government …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… policiesDiplomatic …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… policiesDiplomatic …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… ? a?complex?issue.?The?analysis?here?has?sought?to?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?a?Middle?Eastern? context? beyond? simplistic? condemnations? of ? the? Bush? administration’s …” „… ? so-called?‘imperialistic? policies’? in? the? Middle? East.? Instead,? the? goal? here? was? to? highlight …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Analyzing?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?has?also?exemplified?the?various?challenges?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?faces?in?Arab?countries.All?in?all,?this?study?has?attempted?to?answer?the?following?key?research?questions:?Was?there?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… ?democracy?was?also?again?put?into?question.Despite?these?obstacles,?skepticisms?and?setbacks,?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policies?did?take?place?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?At?the?macro?level,?diplomatic?and?military?policies? remained? to? a? large? extent?hostage? to?overriding? security? imperatives.?U.?S.?policy? in …” „… ? has?changed.?The?Bush?administration?has?‘normalized’?U.?S.?relations?with?the?Middle?East,?while?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?efforts?have?also?been?extended?to?this?region.?More?importantly,?9/11?and?the?policies …” „… ?terrorism,?are?debatable.?Further,?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East?often?overestimate?the?impact?they?could?potentially?have,?while?underestimating?the?importance?of ?the?local?context?and?the?ability?of …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… ?and?the?war?on?terror,?which?complicated?and?discredited?democracy?promotion.?The?Bush?administration?also?faced?resistance?to?U.?S.?policies …” „… ? as?their?assumptions?about?different?development?theories?that?might?not?apply?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Despite?these?obstacles,?U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?changed?in?a?fundamental?way.The? strategy? of ? democracy? promotion,? elaborated? amidst? the? war? on? terror,? was …” „… ? as?President?Bush’s?many?speeches?suggest,?from?the?very?beginning?not?clearly?articulated,?oversimplified?and?frequently?presented?as?a?black?and?white?issue.?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East?were?thus?often?presented?in?terms?of ?‘us?versus?them’?and?‘good?versus?evil’.? Consequently,? it? was? difficult? to? articulate? a …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… terrorism”.40Post?9/11,?the?rationale?that?former?policies …” „… ? tolerate?repressive?policies?would?nourish?further?resentment?and?possibly?perpetuate?terrorism.?Some?within?and?outside?the?administration?argued?very?forcefully?that?outdated?policies?such?as?quiet?acceptance?of ?political?repression?in?authoritarian?Arab?states?ought?to?be?reversed?in?favor?of …” „… ? the?governments? of ? Egypt? and? Saudi? Arabia,? whose? policies? today? were …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ?Bush’s?Freedom?Agenda?in?the?Middle?East,?but?the?final?goal?was?not?clearly?defined.?Expectations?about?what?U.?S.?policies?in?the?region?could?actually?achieve?were?based?on?a?variety?of ?different?assumptions.First,?as?examined?earlier,?most?of …” „… ?the?Bush?administration’s?policies …” „… ?were?based?on?excessively?optimistic?expectations?as?to?the?impact?of ?U.?S.?policies?in?the?region.?Because?more?attention?and?more?funding?were?poured?into?the?region,?policy?makers?expected?56? Interview?conducted?with?U.?S.?government?official?in?Rabat,?Morocco,?May?2008.57 …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… between?those?skeptical?about?U.?S.?engagement?for?humanitarian?reasons,? rather? than?national?interest.On? the?one?hand,? following?9/11,?U.?S.?policies? that?advocated …” „… .? More?idealist?voices?were?content?that?Clinton’s?policies?in?the?area?of ?democracy?promotion?continued? and?were? extended? to? the?Middle?East.?Crucially,? past …” „… ?terrorist?attacks.?Now?all?parties?agreed?to?a?certain?extent?that?democracy?promotion?was?in?the?U.?S.?national?interest?and?democracy?was?considered?a?normative?goal.As?a?result,?some?argued?that?9/11?allowed?for?a?continuation?of ?President?Clinton’s?‘idealist’?policies …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Repercussions of U. S. policies …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652010_Diss_Nautre_00_Inh_Vorsch.i5 5 27.09.2010 11:36:17 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality6Policies …” „… towards Great Powers and traditional security issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Policies towards …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… ?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.?Some?U.?S.?policy?makers?reportedly?thought?that?now?that?the?U.?S.?had?set?the?course?for?promoting?democracy?in?the?Arab?world?U.?S.?policies?would?be?greeted?with?enthusiasm?in?the?Middle?East.President?Bush’s?sudden?personal?interest?in?democracy?promotion,?the?popular?appeal?of ? the? democratic? peace? theory …” „… ?terrorism.?As?a?result,?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East?were?thus?from?the?very?beginning?guided?by?a?plethora?of ?underlying,?yet?widely?disputed?assumptions.Following?9/11 …” „… ? initiate?new?policies.?The?new?foreign?policy?agenda?towards?the?Arab?world?was?also?largely?driven?by?assumptions?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?history,?namely,?that?the?rest?of ?the?world?would?aspire? to? the? same? liberties? and? opportunities? that? Americans? enjoyed …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ?key?interest?here?is?also?whether?and?how?this?policy?was?implemented?through?various?different?U.?S.?government?agencies.?It?will?then?attempt?to?draw?wider?conclusions?from?U.?S.?policies?2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 11 06.09.2010 15:30:14 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality12 …” „… ?the?dilemmas?the?U.?S.?faces?when?promoting?democracy?in?the?region.?This?case?study?allows?for?an?in-depth?analysis?on?whether?a?change?took?place?or?not?in?U.?S.?policy;?and?how?policies …” „… ?formulated?in?Washington?D.C.?were?implemented?on?the?ground.?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?run?on?similar?assumptions,?but?also?run?into?similar?challenges?compared?to?other?Arab?states.?Many?of ?the?assumptions?and?rationales?that?will? be?highlighted? in? the? conceptual? framework? relate …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ?9/11?demanded?new?rationales?and?policies …” „… ?terrorism,?previous?U.?S.?policies …” „… ?American?nationalism,?exceptionalism,?religious?motivations?and?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?The?chapter?will?first?focus?on?the?immediate?reaction?to?the?attacks?and?then?examine?the?debates?that?led?to?a?reconsideration?of ?prior?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.Existential war and determination to actAsserting U. S …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… ?the?growing?terrorist?threat,?the?sudden?funding?available?and?the?pressure?to?deliver?results,?many?activities?were?thus?reportedly?implemented?on?an?ad?hoc?basis.?By?examining?the?programs?and?policies?implemented?in?Morocco?some,?though?very?limited,?conclusions?about?the?various?assumptions?of …” „… ?U.?S.?interests,?but?later?rose?to?become?a?major?partner?for?the?U.?S.?in?the?war?on?terror,?and?a?role?model?for?the?region.?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?must?also?be?seen?against?the?background?of:?real?limitations?set?by?the?Moroccan?regime,?U.?S.?competing?interests,?lack?of …” „… ? support??Should?the?U.?S.?help?to?modernize?the?country??As?the?policies?then?implemented?show,?different?U.?S.?government?agencies?tried?to?pull?policies?in?different?directions,?but?mainly?opted?for?helping?to?modernize?the?country.Pre-requisites for democracy?Non-governmental? democracy? promoters,? as? well? as? skeptical? U.?S.? government …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ? and?the?U.?S.Fifth,?other?analysts?perceive?terrorism?a?direct?result?of ?U.?S.?policies …” „… ?the?U.?S.?foreign?policies?as?anti-Arab,?anti-Muslim,?and?pro-Israel?have?contributed?to?the?rise?in?extremist?rhetoric?against? the? United? States.55? According? to? this? view,? U.?S.? policies? have? aggravated …” „… ?U.?S.?policies …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… ? Clinton’s? Iraq? policies? of ? containment? continued? and? in? February?2001 …” „… ? its?predecessor’s?policies.?Even?though?Clinton?had?advocated?democracy?promotion?in?a?post?Cold?War?world?where?allegedly?ideals?and?interests?had?fused,?the?Middle?East?had?been? almost? completely? left? out? from? this? vision.? Instead,? the?Clinton …” „… U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?from?November?2000 …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ?these?policies?created?many?obstacles.?The?issues?that?triggered?reluctance?and?skepticism?towards?democracy?promotion?had?been?discussed?in?depth?during?other?politically?challenging?phases?in?recent?decades.?For?instance,?the?Algerian?elections?in?1992?triggered?vivid?debates? regarding? the?danger?of ? Islamists? coming? into?power.43 …” „… ? modernize?for?economic?and?social?reasons;?anger?towards?U.?S.?policies,?especially?regarding?Israel?and?more?recently?Iraq;?perceived?social,?political?and?economic?marginalization;?radical?Islam?as?an? ideology;?and?finally? the? lack?of ?employment?opportunities?and?perceived?social?injustices.46 …” „… ? and?the?U.?S.Fifth,?other?analysts?perceive?terrorism?a?direct?result?of ?U.?S.?policies …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… challengesIn?theory,?an?organization?might?receive?government?funding?but?act?independently?in?the?way?it?spends?the?funds?in?question.?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?often?claim?independence?from?U.?S.?policies …” „… ?its?policies?remained?high,?it?was?very?difficult?to?lower?these?hopes?and?still?report?what?was?actually?happening?on?the?ground.28? Dafna? Hochman,? “Divergent? Democratization:? The? paths? of ? Morocco,? Tunisia? and …” „… ?actors?involved,?including?their?competing?incentives?and?interests.?How?competing?interests?apply?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Competing interests: MoroccoCompeting? interests? and?possible? trade-offs? are?part?of ?U.?S.?policy …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ? their?population?and?whose?policies …” „… terrorism”.40Post?9/11,?the?rationale?that?former?policies …” „… ? tolerate?repressive?policies?would?nourish?further?resentment?and?possibly?perpetuate?terrorism.?Some?within?and?outside?the?administration?argued?very?forcefully?that?outdated?policies?such?as?quiet?acceptance?of ?political?repression?in?authoritarian?Arab?states?ought?to?be?reversed?in?favor?of …”

Marginalization S. 131-133

„… ? above,?the?king?needed?to?take?into?account?growing?anti-Americanism?and?the?fact?that?U.?S.?policies? in? the?Middle?East?were? increasingly?perceived? as?hostile? to …” „… ?Given?this,?why?should?U.?S.?policies?jeopardize?a?functioning?relationship?that?apparently?seems?to?move?in?the?‘right’?direction?U.?S.?activities?in?Morocco?intensified?after?9/11.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?democracy?promotion?got?muc …” „… ?will,?based?on?the?information?provided?here,?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?in?depth?and?look?at?the?underlying?assumptions?and?competing? interests? that?guided?U.?S.?policies? in?Morocco?and?the?Middle?East.78 …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… ? took?place?post?9/11?suggests?a? radical?change? in?U.?S.?policies? towards? the?Middle?East.?The …” „… ? and?question?prior?policies.?But?how?did? changes? in?U.?S.?policy,? presented? as? radical? departures,? actually? translate? into …” „… ?? Furthermore,?what?policies …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… y?therefore?had?little?leverage?over?policy.?All?they?were?required?to?do?was?simply?execute?the?policies …” „… ?Bush’s?Freedom?Agenda?in?the?Middle?East,?but?the?final?goal?was?not?clearly?defined.?Expectations?about?what?U.?S.?policies?in?the?region?could?actually?achieve?were?based?on?a?variety?of ?different?assumptions.First,?as?examined?earlier,?most?of …” „… ?the?Bush?administration’s?policies …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… ?Given?this,?why?should?U.?S.?policies?jeopardize?a?functioning?relationship?that?apparently?seems?to?move?in?the?‘right’?direction?U.?S.?activities?in?Morocco?intensified?after?9/11.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?democracy?promotion?got?muc …” „… ?will,?based?on?the?information?provided?here,?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?in?depth?and?look?at?the?underlying?assumptions?and?competing? interests? that?guided?U.?S.?policies? in?Morocco?and?the?Middle?East.78 …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… ?many?implementers?meant?that?this?idealism?was?soon?shattered.Nevertheless,?idealists,?realists?and?neoconservatives?were?all?served?in?a?sense?by?the?policies …” „… ?the?state.?How?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?then?applied?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: MoroccoU. S …” „… ?At?the?same?time,?leverage?to?address?issues?remained?largely?hostage?to?overriding?security?imperatives.?U.?S.?government?officials?pursued?three?different?policies:?democracy?promotion,?state?strengthening,?and?limitation?and?thwarting?of …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… policies were carried out and resisted. As many interviews conducted for this study confirm, whether or not …” „… policies are translated into practice hinges largely on individuals and their interest in a particular …” „… policies when they consider these unnecessary. They can do so by delaying decisions, prioritizing other …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… ? in?executing?their?policies.?It?will?help?to?set?the?framework?to?later?on?analyze?the?intentions?and?assumptions?of ?U.?S.?programs?targeted?at?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.Lack of …” „… ?what?democracy?should?look?like?in?practice?makes?it?difficult?to?identify?what?U.?S.?policies?are?aiming?to?achieve.?Overall,?it?seems?impossible?to?clearly?define?democracy?promotion,?and?the?many?associated?theories?and?assumptions.71?This?clearly?has?its?downsides?in?terms?of …” „… ?the?policies?they?have?in?mind,?but?they?are?also?convinced?they?can?have?a?positive?impact?and?that?these?good?intentions?will?be?well?received.Expectations of the role of outsidersOne?of …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ?democracy?as?a?universally?applicable?political?model.?U.?S.?policies?in?the?1990s?were?then?influenced?by?the?appeal?of …” „… s?that?the?U.?S.?had?a?moral?obligation?to?use?its?power?for?the?good.?More? idealist?voices?were?also?content? that?Clinton’s?policies? in? the?area?of …” „… ?Clinton’s?‘idealist’?policies.?Others?claimed?that?9/11?had?transformed?the?position?so?much?that?President?Bush?35 …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… ? in?perspective?regarding?U.?S.?policies …” „… ,?enthusiasm?and?support?for?this?policy?in?the?U.?S.?vanished.?Many?observers?noted?instead?a?return?to?prior?policies …” „… ?secondary?nature,?such?as?nation-building?or?democracy?promotion?were?to?a?large?extent?overcome.?Yet,?in?practice,?a?careful?balancing?act?between?strengthening?security?institutions?to?control?terrorism?(reinforcing?earlier?policies),?and?new?attempts?to?tackle?the?underlying?root?causes?of …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… ?actors?involved,?including?their?competing?incentives?and?interests.?How?competing?interests?apply?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Competing interests: MoroccoCompeting? interests? and?possible? trade-offs? are?part?of ?U.?S.?policy …” „… ?the?policies?suggested?following?9/11 …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ?the?policies?they?have?in?mind,?but?they?are?also?convinced?they?can?have?a?positive?impact?and?that?these?good?intentions?will?be?well?received.Expectations of the role of outsidersOne?of …” „… ?we?get?policies?right,?all?else?will? follow”?plays?an? important?role? in?some?U.?S.?democracy?promoters’?mindset.77 …”

Retaliation S. 74-76

„… ?surrounding?the?President?started?to?redefine?policies?and? focus? on? countries? that? supposedly? sponsored? terrorism.? 9/11? demanded …” „… ,?U.?S.?policies …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… challengesIn?theory,?an?organization?might?receive?government?funding?but?act?independently?in?the?way?it?spends?the?funds?in?question.?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?often?claim?independence?from?U.?S.?policies …” „… ?its?policies?remained?high,?it?was?very?difficult?to?lower?these?hopes?and?still?report?what?was?actually?happening?on?the?ground.28? Dafna? Hochman,? “Divergent? Democratization:? The? paths? of ? Morocco,? Tunisia? and …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… ? the?U.?S.?policy?maneuvering?room?and?illustrate?the?challenges?in?carrying?out?coherent?policies …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 106

„… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …”

Introduction S. 11

„… ?key?interest?here?is?also?whether?and?how?this?policy?was?implemented?through?various?different?U.?S.?government?agencies.?It?will?then?attempt?to?draw?wider?conclusions?from?U.?S.?policies?2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 11 06.09.2010 15:30:14 Uhr …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… ,? examining?U.?S.?policies?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context?exposes?that?U.?S.?policy?makers?were?some?times?unfamiliar?with? the?complexities?of ? the?region.?Rather? than?analyzing …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?underwent?significant?reassessment?following?the?9/11 …”

Advocating a conventional foreign policy S. 64-65

„… ? the?Washington?establishment,?and?Bush’s?‘distinctly?American?internationalism’?or?assertive?realism,?a?determination?to?act?when?necessary?to?pursue?American?interest.Once in officePolicies towards Great Powers and traditional security issuesAgainst?a?backdrop?of …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… ?At?the?same?time,?leverage?to?address?issues?remained?largely?hostage?to?overriding?security?imperatives.?U.?S.?government?officials?pursued?three?different?policies:?democracy?promotion,?state?strengthening,?and?limitation?and?thwarting?of …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… ? grouping?had?access?to?senior?administration?officials,?and,?according?to?Gary?Schmitt,?executive?director?of ?PNAC,?had?a?“common?sense?about?when?and?how”?to?advocate?particular?policies.25 …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …”

Legitimacy of the King S. 123-125

„… ?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco,?the?following?section?will?attempt?to?provide?a?brief ?overview?of ?Morocco’s?domestic?reform? context? (some? of ? those? characteristics? are? shared …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ? (IRI).?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?are?not?executing?agents?of ?U.?S.?policies …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ? in?executing?their?policies.?It?will?help?to?set?the?framework?to?later?on?analyze?the?intentions?and?assumptions?of ?U.?S.?programs?targeted?at?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.Lack of …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… ,?there?was?little?indication?that?the?Bush?administration?would?change?the?policies?of ?his?predecessor?towards?the?Middle?East,?especially?because?the?Middle?East?and?the?issue?of …”

A war of values S. 72-74

„… ?surrounding?the?President?started?to?redefine?policies?and? focus? on? countries? that? supposedly? sponsored? terrorism.? 9/11? demanded …”

Additional measures & bilateral relations S. 121-123

„… ?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco,?the?following?section?will?attempt?to?provide?a?brief ?overview?of ?Morocco’s?domestic?reform? context? (some? of ? those? characteristics? are? shared …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ? illustrated?the?administration’s?departure?from?its?prior?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?and?was?presented?as?an?innovative?tool?to?tackle?the?various?challenges?in?the?Middle?East.?The?program?continues?as?of ?2009?to?rest?on?four?pillars:?(1)?political?governance?and? participation,? (2)? economic …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… ?the?Clinton?administration’s?policies?in?this?area.?What?changed?under?the?Bush?administration?was?to?include?the?Middle?East?in?the?democracy?discourse.?This?discourse?highlighted?democratic?deficits?in?the?Middle?East?and?included?the?region?in?its?overall?democracy?focus.?The?sheer?variety?of ?measures?and?new?funding?levels?are?testimony?of …”

Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?underwent?significant?reassessment?following?the?9/11 …”

Weak political opposition S. 128-131

„… ? negative,?such?as?corruption?or?political?fragmentation,?with?political?parties.?Zerhouni?describes?this?discrepancy?between?how?the?palace?and?how?the?government,?i.?e.?the?parliament,?is?viewed:“When it comes to unpopular social and economic policies, the use of formal institutions can relieve …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… ?the?Diverse?Democracy.?Cambridge?MA:?Harvard?University?Press.Kingdon,?John?W?(2002)?Agendas,?Alternatives?and?Public?Policies …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227160

1 2

3

... 1768