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Emma Salemme - Enforcing European Competition Law through Leniency Programmes in the Light of Fundamental Rights

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Emma Salemme

Enforcing European Competition Law through Leniency Programmes in the Light of Fundamental Rights

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 18 2019

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General Introduction S. 11-32

„… is a condition for the lawfulness of EU acts.15 The protection of fundamental rights in Europe has …” „… corresponding rights enshrined in the Convention. 13 H. Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (The Lawbook …” „… Conference - Stockholm, 11-12 September 2000. . 2 Verizon Communications, Inc. v Law Offices of Curtis V …”

Part 2: The Protection Of Fundamental Rights And Principles In Leniency Programme S. 191-389

„… interplay between fundamental rights and public enforcement of EU competition law has generated wide legal …” „… Fundamental Freedoms, […] and the case-law of the Court Part 2: 418 Wouter P.J. Wils, “EU Antitrust …” „… raised doubts among academic I. fundamental principles of Union law and requires that similar situations …”

Bibliography S. 397-412

„… Fundamental Rights.” Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 8, no. 8 (2017): 524–38. “Competition Law …” „… between EU Competition Law Procedures and Fundamental Rights Protection: The Case of the Right to Be Heard …” „… Impact of Fundamental Rights on Certain Dogmas of EU Competition Law.” World Competition: Law and …”

General Conclusion S. 390-396

„… enforcement and how it impacts on both the cartel victims’ and the undertakings’ fundamental rights. The …” „… fundamental rights and general principles. Firstly, since in the vast majority of cases it is an application …” „… all, it is important to examine whether the leniency application procedure complies with fundamental …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Enforcing European Competition Law through Leniency Programmes in the Light of Fundamental Rights …” „… Competition Law through Leniency Programmes in the Light of Fundamental Rights With an Overview of the US …” „… Administrative Law Judge CA(s) Competition Authority (-ies) CFR Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European …”

Part 1: The Competition Enforcement System: Eu And The Usa – A Comparative View S. 33-190

„… of Antitrust Laws by State Attorneys General,” The Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy 2, no. 1 …” „… federal constitution and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state …” „… “enforcement” is a common law concept that is generally defined as “the act or process of compelling compliance …”

Table of Legislation S. 429-432

„… European Union Treatieas and Other Primary Sources of EU Law Consolidates Version of the Treaty on European …” „… European Union, OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, p. 47–390. Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights …” „… . Directive 2014/104/EU on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297170

Bradley Shingleton, Eberhard Stilz - The Global Ethic and Law: Intersections and Interactions

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Bradley Shingleton (ed.), Eberhard Stilz (ed.)

The Global Ethic and Law: Intersections and Interactions

2015

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Brian D. Lepard A Global Ethic and Global Law: The Role of Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law and World Religions S. 64-77

„… A Global Ethic and Global Law: The Role of Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law and …” „… ? Toward a Theory of International Law Based on Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law and …” „… .41 Nevertheless, we should determine the customary law of religious freedom in light of fundamental …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-15

„… 43 Bradley Shingleton A Global Ethic and Global Law: The Role of Fundamental Ethical Principles in …” „… lawyers and ethicists will be. It seems equally certain to me that commercial law will not be the only …” „… Nomos The Global Ethic and Law: Intersections and Interactions Bradley Shingleton | Eberhard …”

Jochen von Bernstorff Dignity, Human Rights, and the Vulnerability of the Individual S. 104-117

„… Law, it clearly shows that the simultaneous start of the German protection of fundamental rights and …” „… fundamental rights as directly applicable law, binding all three branches of government. The connection of the …” „… (1948) and the new German Basic Law (1949). In this chapter I will argue that the combination of dignity …”

Hans Küng Global Ethic, Law, and Politics S. 16-35

„… , Law, and Politics 19 agement. The view that what we have to deal with is above all a fundamental moral …” „… to international law. These conventions and laws were ignored, circumvented, and their meaning …” „… dimensions of law and of ethical behavior (Ethos). The legal dimension is seen as a domain of laws and …”

Bradley Shingleton In Lieu of a Conclusion S. 160-177

„… not arbitrarily imposed on law, rather they relate to the fundamental role of law as an aspirational …” „… to, a globalizing era. Sovereign states remain a fundamental feature of international law.31 The …” „… jus cogens in international law; the role of equity in municipal law, and the content of fundamental …”

Markus Kotzur Religions, Religious Conflicts, and the Dynamics of Global Law S. 118-143

„… and there the power of religions/religious laws/religious communities. The integrative law’s core area …” „… global dialogue (as mode of particular realization). For the lawyer, law comparison is an important mean …” „… Religions, Religious Conflicts, and the Dynamics of Global Law Markus Kotzur Summary Modern public …”

Bradley Shingleton Law, Principle, and the Global Ethic S. 42-63

„… fundamental interpretive process in law and ethics is analogous. For both of them, interpretation involves …” „… Ethic can help deepen law’s ambition. For its part, law and modes of legal reasoning—particularly the …” „… Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, ed. Dennis Campbell (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 127. With respect to law’s …”

Peter G. Kirchschlaeger Global Ethic and Human Rights S. 78-103

„… international law for the purpose of protecting fundamental needs of the human person and his/her dignity in …” „… reference for a legal system, for the law-making process, and for the enforcement of laws.19 16 See P.G …” „… concepts will need to be analyzed: the implementation of law is necessarily dependent on a supporting ethos …”

Stephan Schlensog The History and Essence of the Global Ethic S. 36-41

„… ethic we mean a fundamental consensus on binding values, irrevocable standards, and personal attitudes …” „… politics, law, and culture as a whole. This is why the Global Ethic project is not an explicitly religious …” „… project, as some believe, but a generally ethical project. Our society’s fundamental values cannot and …”

Contributors S. 178-183

„… international law, including Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: A Fresh Legal Approach Based on Fundamental …” „… Contributors Jochen von Bernstorff has held the chair for constitutional law, international law …” „… , and human rights at the Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen since 2011. He studied law at …”

Timothy L. Fort, Joshua E. Perry A Case Study in Consilience: Law, Regulation, and the Global Ethic in the Struggle for Biosecurity S. 144-159

„… Medicine 346, no. 17 (2002): 1337–42. See generally, Lawrence O. Gostin, “Public Health Law in an Age of …” „… A Case Study in Consilience: Law, Regulation, and the Global Ethic in the Struggle for Biosecurity …” „… Ethic, ed. Hans Küng (New York: Continuum, 1996), 40. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 145 national law and regulation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845255170

Jürgen Schwarze - Das Verhältnis von nationalem Recht und Europarecht im Wandel der Zeit

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Jürgen Schwarze (ed.)

Das Verhältnis von nationalem Recht und Europarecht im Wandel der Zeit

Series: Schriftenreihe Europäisches Recht, Politik und Wirtschaft

Volume 366 2012

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Jenő Czuczai The increasing impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights on the interaction between European law and national law after Lisbon – a practical overlook from Hungary S. 239-258

„… , as known, a new Fundamental Law was adopted a couple of weeks ago. But before deliberating the …” „… proposal for a new Fundamental Law in the Parliament in Budapest, the above question was, indeed …” „… ensure the quality and coherence of the case-law on the protection of fundamental rights in Europe, the …”

Patrick Birkinshaw Goodbye to All That – The End of the Post 1992 European Legal Order? S. 143-176

„… government’s appeal [2011] UKSC 34 – ‘open justice’ said Lord Dyson, ‘is a fundamental law principle’ - but on …” „… cantilevered. In a global context the law of the UN has to comply with human rights fundamentals of the EU …” „… in Al Jeddah above), they did not displace the common law of fundamental rights. Breaches of these …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Professor Dr. Patrick Birkinshaw, Institute of European Public Law, University of Hull Goodbye to All That …” „… the College of Europe in Brugge The increasing impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights on the …” „… interaction between European law and national law after Lisbon – a practical overlook from Hungary 241 …”

Julia Laffranque Ein Blick auf das Verhältnis von nationalem Recht und Europarecht aus Tartu und Straßburg S. 259-282

„… Application of EU Law and the ECHR In: The national judicial treatment of the ECHR and EU laws: a comparative …” „… legal area throughout the whole of the European continent, ensuring respect for its fundamental values …” „… : human rights, democracy and the rule of law, siehe im Internet unter: http://www.coe.int …”

Philipp Voet van Vormizeele Grundrechtsschutz für Unternehmen im Kartellverfahrensrecht im Wandel der Zeit – Anmerkungen aus aktuellem Anlass S. 343-354

„… fundamentalere Interesse an einer sinnvollen Risikobegrenzung im Zusammenhang mit der Tätigkeit von …” „… , Geldbußen im europäischen Kartellrecht, DB 2010, S. 2377 ff.; Hofstetter, EU Cartel Fining Laws and Policies …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845235813

Ellen Bos, Kálmán Pócza - Verfassunggebung in konsolidierten Demokratien

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Ellen Bos (ed.), Kálmán Pócza (ed.)

Verfassunggebung in konsolidierten Demokratien

Series: Andrássy Studien zur Europaforschung

Volume 13 2014

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Ferenc Hörcher Communal Values in the New Hungarian Fundamental Law: The Habermas-Ratzinger Debate and the Use of the Humanities in Constitutional Interpretation S. 346-365

„… surprising in the Fundamental Law’s claim that one of the most important safeguards of nationhood is exactly …” „… to%20the%20Fundamental%20Law.pdf, (last visited 10.07. 2013.) 20 “There is no way back across the …” „… Communal Values in the New Hungarian Fundamental Law: The Habermas-Ratzinger Debate and the Use of …”

András Jakab The Two Functions of a Constitution S. 78-104

„… had the power to annul laws that violated fundamental rights (even in the absence of an explicit …” „… constitutions’ is strictly legal, meaning the ‘rules of law-making’ (Kelsen 1925: 98, 234; Walter 1964: 30-31 …” „… meaning fundamental laws, form of government or form of state, but not the limitation of power. It was …”

Gábor Tóka Constitutional Principles and Electoral Democracy in Hungary S. 309-329

„… Teil IV FUNDAMENTAL LAW AND POLITICAL CULTURE OF HUNGARY Constitutional Principles and Electoral …” „… the 2011 Fundamental Law, and comprehensively rewrote several hundred other pieces of legislation …” „… them into quickly expedited amendments to the 2011 Fundamental Law; see Constitutional Principles and …”

Sonja Milchram À la Carte Opinion Polling? Divided Public Opinion in the Hungarian Constitution-Making Process – Surveys and Results S. 329-346

„… only one that had not completed its systemic change with the enactment of a new fundamental law but had …” „… Constitution-Making Process 345 Communal Values in the New Hungarian Fundamental Law: The Habermas-Ratzinger Debate …” „… Hungarian Fundamental Law, which entered into force on 1 January 2012 (Csink et al. (eds.) 2012; Tóth 2012)2 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Grundgesetzes von 2011 293 Balázs Schanda Inhalt 10 FUNDAMENTAL LAW AND POLITICAL CULTURE OF HUNGARY Teil IV 309 …” „… Communal Values in the New Hungarian Fundamental Law: The Habermas-Ratzinger Debate and the Use of the …”

Kálmán Pócza Kontroverse Verfassunggebung mit Kompromisslösung? Text und Kontext des ungarischen Grundgesetzes S. 211-231

„… (Venedig Commission): Opinion on the Fourth Amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, Strasbourg …” „… Amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, o.A., unter: www.kor many.hu/download/d/5c/e0000 …” „… institutionellen Stabilität des ungarischen politischen Systems zu einem fortdauernden und zugleich fundamentalen …”

Baldvin Thor Bergsson, Paul Blokker The Constitutional Experiment in Iceland S. 154-175

„… the Republic and come into force as constitutional law. If Althingi passes an amendment to the status …” „… here as placing emphasis on the constitution as a higher law and its related shielding from popular and …” „… Court. On a further note, fundamental rights are not protected by an 'eternity clause' but are subject …”

Zoltán Balázs From the Invisible to the Historical Constitution S. 365-380

„… sources of interpreting the Basic Law. But there surely are laws and acts, as well as principles and …” „… constitutional competence of the Constitutional Court. In 2011 Parliament passed the new Basic Law of Hungary and …” „… adopted Basic Law contains a novel, probably oddlooking, clause on the historical constitution of Hungary …”

Heinrich Oberreuter Verfassung leben – was heißt das? Versuch einer Antwort aus deutscher Perspektive S. 13-29

„… Democracy Through Law): Opinion On The Fourth Amendment To The Fundamental Law Of Hungary, abrufbar unter …” „… zum Konsens über diese fundamentalen Prinzipien, zum anderen der Verbindlichkeitsanspruch der …”

Ralf Thomas Göllner Die Verfassungsentwicklung in Rumänien nach 1990 S. 175-192

„… Ewigkeitsklausel bezüglich der Einschränkung fundamentaler Bürgerrechte (Art. 148 Abs. 2 AF). Dies ebnete …” „… Commission for Democracy Through Law (2002): Opinion on the Draft Revision of the Romanian Constitution …” „… . Strasbourg, 9.07. Ralf Thomas Göllner 188 CDL-AD(2012)026: European Commission for Democracy Through Law …”

Hans Vorländer Verfassunggebung, Verfassungsgeltung und Verfassungskultur S. 29-43

„… verfassungspolitischen Diskurse gerückt wie die fundamentalen gesellschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen der 1970er und 1980 …” „… Theories of Democracy, in: Cardozo Law Review, 17. Jg., H. 2, S. 191-231. Bos, Ellen (2004 …” „… . Czarnota, Adam / Krygier, Martin / Sadurski, Wojciech (Hrsg.) (2005): Rethinking the Rule of Law After …”

Gary S. Schaal Vertrauen und Kontrolle im Prozess der Verfassungsgenese? S. 59-78

„… diskutierenden Gruppe ist. Homogene Gruppen trifft das „Law of group polarization“ (Sunstein 2002), wonach …” „… (2000): Arguing and Bargaining in Two Constituent Assemblies, in: Journal of Constitutional Law, 2. Jg …” „… Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, S. 419-441. Meer, Tom van der / Dekker, Paul …”

Ellen Bos Verfassunggebung und Systemwandel: Konsolidierung von Transformationsländern und Transformation von konsolidierten Systemen S. 105-120

„… .): Perestroika and the Rule of Law, London: I.B. TAURIS, S. 171-185. Bos, Ellen (1996): Verfassunggebungsprozeß …” „… Integrationsprozess fundamentale Entscheidungen über ihre rechtliche und politische Verfasstheit. Neben die politische …”

Herbert Küpper Alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen? Die Spielregeln für die Politik in Ungarns alter und neuer Verfassung S. 231-267

„… Fundamental Law, Budapest: CEU Press, S. 35-57. Bodnár, Eszter/Mucsi, Tamás (2009): Több mint földrajz …” „… .): Constitution for a Disunited Nation. On Hungary’s 2011 Fundamental Law, Budapest: CEU Press, S. 59-81. Die …”

Zoltán Tibor Pállinger Direkte Demokratie und das Grundgesetz S. 267-293

„… werden, dass es im Hinblick auf die direkte Demokratie zu keinem fundamentalen Wechsel gekommen ist (für …” „… interpretation of unambiguity means – if we take it seriously – that elaborated draft laws cannot be submitted to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845251363

Constanze Semmelmann - Social Policy Goals in the Interpretation of Article 81 EC

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Constanze Semmelmann

Social Policy Goals in the Interpretation of Article 81 EC

2008

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Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on the basis of fundamental rights S. 89-90

„… fundamental rights Due to the increasing significance of fundamental rights in EC law, it has been argued that …” „… a recognised fundamental right could detract from the application of EC economic law, in particular …” „… 91The same was stated earlier with respect to the application of the fundamental freedoms in the …”

Arguments derived from the “constitutionalisation” of private law S. 173-176

„… private law. Whilst it is settled case law that fundamental rights function as limits on the exercise of …” „… the fundamental freedoms,747 it is not (yet) firmly established either in doctrine or in the case law …” „… further references. 750 Cherednychenko, EU Fundamental Rights, EC Fundamental Freedoms and Private Law, 1 …”

Social policy and fundamental rights S. 68-70

„… fundamental rights in the founding treaties and in very early case law, the recognition of fundamental rights …” „… significance of the fundamental rights in the context of competition law depends on a debate that is yet very …” „… Treaty goals. 2. Social policy and fundamental rights Despite the original absence of the mention of …”

The free movement provisions, social policy, and their application to private parties S. 162-173

„… Giesen, Posting: Social Protection of Workers vs. Fundamental Freedoms, 40 Common Market Law Review (2003 …” „… existing case law on the direct horizontal effect of the fundamental freedoms also in the context of …” „… is settled case law that fundamental rights function as limits on the exercise of the fundamental …”

Summary and conclusion on the status quo of non-competition goals under Article 81 EC, in particular of the social policy goals S. 132-140

„… absolute. Fundamental rights provisions will play an enhanced role in future case law, even though in …” „… Fundamental Rights, EC Fundamental Freedoms and Private Law, 1 European Review of Private Law ( 2006), 23-61 …” „… Conflicts between European Competition Law and National Regulation - A Conflict of Laws Reconstruction of …”

The concept of the “economic constitution” as an analytical tool S. 25-28

„… indicators for the fundamental character of a provision42, which applies to primary law and to a certain …” „… 27ordoliberal school and their participation in the drafting of the fundamentals of the Treaty of …” „… , the subjective (within the meaning of an individual right), private-law-oriented dimension of the …”

Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on the basis of the allocation of powers S. 88-89

„… identified in several fields of law: In the context of the fundamental freedoms and labour market related …” „… fundamental freedoms in the areas of social security law,346 EU-citizenship read in conjunction with the …” „… fundamental rights Due to the increasing significance of fundamental rights in EC law, it has been argued that …”

Positive and negative integration and in between S. 61-68

„… Fundamental Rights of the European Union on Standing Case-Law, 28 Legal Issues of Economic Integration (2001 …” „… absence of the mention of fundamental rights in the founding treaties and in very early case law, the …” „… perspective, EC social policy is regarded either as the soft bit of EC law, an essential component of …”

The role of social policy in the interpretation of Article 81 EC as a part of the EC economic constitution S. 28-30

„… approach to the goals of competition law). The Court has often stressed the fundamental character of the …” „… international law, to an increasing extent and with a need to elaborate their content in fundamental rights …” „… 30“economic constitution”. It remains open to debate, however, what the term “fundamental” means …”

Content S. 9-16

„… . Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on the basis of fundamental rights 91IV …” „… function of fundamental rights 175b. The materialisation of contract law 175c. The possible effects of …” „… fundamental social rights on EC competition law: towards an objective function of fundamental rights? 177164 …”

Collective bargaining agreements in competition law: Albany S. 90-92

„… law, one would face the problem of the direct horizontal effect of the fundamental rights unless an …” „… 92movement provisions that the recognition of the existence of a fundamental right will only lead …” „… has to apply to the determination of the scope of EC competition law.355 In the context of competition …”

The rationale for domestic labour law S. 70-74

„… fundamental rights in the context of competition law depends on a debate that is yet very embryonic at the EC …” „… 72(legal) significance.278 Accordingly, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights carries with it the …” „… level: the development of an objective function of fundamental rights proves crucial as a precondition …”

Bibliography S. 217-232

„… Rights, EC Fundamental Freedoms and Private Law, European Review of Private Law (2006), 23-61. Clark, J.M …” „… Competition Law and National Regulation - A Conflict of Laws Reconstruction of the Dispute of Price Fixing, 1 …” „… ambitious antitrust role for the federal courts, 68 Antitrust Law Journal (2001-2002), 337-386. Atanasiu …”

A proposal on the role of social policy goals in the interpretation of Article 81 EC and concluding remarks S. 211-216

„… rules in their context. The relationship between social policy and EC competition law, in particular …” „… this background, the former in-transparent and inconsistent case law concerning the consideration of …” „… present book with a view towards providing guidance on how the relationship between competition law and …”

The debate “social policy versus the market” as a part of the “economic constitution” S. 21-24

„… the inconsistent interpretation and application of the law, Chapters 6 to 8 are designed to identify …” „… Section 1 of the Sherman Act in US antitrust law, under which private parties are assumed to pursue their …” „… fundamental rules and tendencies of the EC’s economic order have often been associated with the concept of an …”

The free movement provisions, their application vis-à-vis state actors and social policy S. 160-162

„… Giesen, Posting: Social Protection of Workers vs. Fundamental Freedoms, 40 Common Market Law Review (2003 …” „… context of the fundamental freedoms, both, in the classic constellation invoked against the states, and …” „… traditionally understood as a (sheltered) sphere of private law and private autonomy will be discussed. Moreover …”

Comments on the term and concept of “social market economy” S. 149-151

„… function of fundamental rights radiating into any field of law as a precondition of the indirect horizontal …” „… ., when reviewing Commission decisions in competition law.6354. Comments on the term and concept of …” „… , 14, 15 (referring even to the social fundamental rights such as a right to collective industrial …”

The “European rule of reason” S. 97-112

„… between the fundamental freedoms and competition law justifications on the basis of national non-market …” „… of a rule of reason has repeatedly been brought into play in EC competition law, be it by scholars or …” „… The ECJ declared in 393 Kist, in: Ehlermann and Atanasiu (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2000 …”

Written derogations: Limitations on the scope of competition law S. 87-88

„… . Written derogations: Limitations on the scope of competition law Certain fields are excluded from the …” „… .342 At least implicitly, this view is vindicated in the case law applying Articles 81 and 86 EC in the …” „… field of employment law.343II. Limitations on the scope of competition law: Implicit derogations on …”

Precedence of market goals S. 141-143

„… 143 Chapter 6: Competition Law in Context: Guidance for the competition chapter resulting from an …” „… approaches Townley, Article 81 EC: Putting Public Policy into its Place, EUI Florence, PhD thesis, law …” „… European. Community: from Rome to Maastricht, 1 European Law Journal (1995), 5 et seq.144 interpretation of …”

The transnational dimension of labour S. 78-80

„… measures, which applies equally to fundamental rights. In light of the case law that will be analysed in …” „… Evolution of EU Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, 479-516. 320 Hepple, Labour Laws and Global …” „… Rights in the EU Social Space, 12 European Law Journal (2006), 41-66, at 42; Hepple, Labour Laws and …”

Competition law and the state action doctrine S. 176-180

„… 178 4. Competition law and the state action doctrine a. The state and competition law The state …” „… interest. As a matter of principle, state measures are assessed in the light of the fundamental freedoms …” „… state measure to the competition rules with the consequence that competition law would gain a primordial …”

The transposition of the concept to the EU level S. 148-149

„… emphasises that the reference to the incorporation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights does not “in any …” „… law.6354. Comments on the term and concept of “social market economy” There is no doubt that the …” „… even to the social fundamental rights such as a right to collective industrial action), 40, 41, 56 …”

The embeddedness of the ordoliberal concept of the “economic constitution” in its historical circumstances S. 24-25

„… Against this background, competition law based on individual autonomy played a central role. III. The …” „… states with an international authority to limit governments’ powers in economic law and which assures an …” „… European law, which thus did not require democratic legitimisation in a traditional sense. Accordingly, the …”

The rationale of the public-private-distinction in light of ongoing changes in governance structures S. 159-160

„… Value of a Concept, 43 Common Market Law Review ( 2006), 313-336. 676 Mortelmans, Towards Convergence in …” „… the Application of the Rules on Free Movement and on Competition?, 38 Common Market Law Review (2001 …” „… the impact of social policy in the context of the fundamental freedoms, both, in the classic …”

Non-competition goals S. 59-60

„… Agreement, mainly established in Articles 53 and 54 EEA, and the dynamically implemented secondary law212 …” „… excluded that they influence the exceptions and derogations from competition law. For the purpose of the …” „… whilst competition law and policy inevitably interfere with them. Although the wording of Article 81 EC …”

The competition rules and the free movement rules: The complementary character of the early days S. 157-158

„… “Public-Private-Distinction” in EC economic law 1. The competition rules and the free movement rules: The complementary …” „… maintenance of the common market.667 When compared to the free movement provisions,668 competition law is thus …” „… (Member State) power whereas competition law addresses, as a general rule, obstacles created by private …”

The concept of “social market economy”: the original concept and its significance in practice S. 146-148

„… competition policy. Protocol No 6 shares the rank of primary law. This means that, legally, the goal of …” „… was widely criticised as being incompatible with the then prevailing view that fundamental rights were …” „… the reference to the incorporation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights does not “in any way …”

Small and medium sized enterprises S. 54-55

„… 56Commission, increasingly followed by the CFI, assumes that EC competition law pursues the goal of …” „… tendencies demonstrate in any case that the ever-controversial plurality of goals of competition (law and …” „… smaller undertakings have played a role in EC competition law.190 The term of fairness invites for …”

Balance between market and non-market goals under the EC Treaty S. 31-32

„… 33Chapter 2: Delineation and scope of the topic in light of the goals of EC competition law I …” „… fundamental freedoms, it is widely recognised that a number of non-market goals such as environmental …” „… meet the proportionality test. In competition law, Article 86(2) EC provides for a justification of …”

Freedom of competition/economic freedom S. 55-57

„… favourable treatment is not represented by incorporating a goal of EC competition law as such, but rather a …” „… market participants such as competitors and consumers as a goal in itself within EC competition law can …” „… , Competition Law and the "New Europe", 42 American Journal of Comparative Law (1994), 25-84, at 71 et seq. He …”

The case law of the US Supreme Court on the non-competition goals under Section 1 of the Sherman Act S. 155-157

„… Justifications under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 13 Yale Law&Politics Review (1995), 137 et seq., at 153-161 …” „… case law of the US Supreme Court on the non-competition goals under Section 1 of the Sherman Act The …” „… the law is subject to constantly changing business environments. Small farmers, workers, and …”

“Social policy versus the market” – an outline of the book S. 19-21

„… , 43 Common Market Law Review (2006), 307-311, The services directive proposal: Striking a balance …” „… , http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/Mitchellworkingpapers/ papers.aspx. 5 ECJ, C-341/05, judgment of 18th December 2007, nyr, Laval un Partneri Ltd.6 ECJ …” „… (Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions) with Norsk Kommuneforbund.22law and policy throughout the Community …”

Competition as a means to further ends S. 47-49

„… particularity of EC competition law that differentiates EC competition law from other national competition laws …” „… , and also from US competition law. In light of the above favourable arguments, market integration will …” „… remain a goal of EC competition law, but it has to be balanced against other goals. 2. Competition as a …”

Plurality of goals S. 83-84

„… provided for by the law. At the end of the day, a trade-off will be required between legal certainty on the …” „… - Axio-Teleological Conflicts of Norms, in: Ferrer Beltrán and Narváez Mora (eds.), Law, Politics, and Morality …” „… face the allegation of illegality under competition law considerations. Examples include collective …”

Options to reconcile Article 81 EC and social policy and their impact S. 84-86

„… illegality under competition law considerations. Examples include collective bargaining agreements on labour …” „… fundamental social rights, the narrow interpretation of the scope of the “undertaking”, a “European rule of …” „… ) “European rule of reason”, “undertaking”, Article 81 (3) EC), EC law, and the interpreting institutions are …”

Competition law theory S. 75-77

„… regulations. 3. Competition law theory The above-mentioned considerations have also influenced competition …” „… law theory.309The particularity of labour regulation consists of the possibility that both sides of …” „… relevance in the context of competition law and adds a further dimension to the problem of whether …”

Market Integration S. 44-47

„… other national competition laws, and also from US competition law. In light of the above favourable …” „… to long-term consideration.129IV. The goals of EC competition law The foregoing section is a very …” „… enforcement dominate the debate in EC competition law. The different competition law traditions in the Member …”

Conflict S. 84

„… illegality under competition law considerations. Examples include collective bargaining agreements on labour …” „… fundamental social rights, the narrow interpretation of the scope of the “undertaking”, a “European rule of …”

Economic efficiency S. 49-54

„… governed by the rules in the competition policy chapter and relevant secondary law, but those that relied …” „… efficiency In the last decade, EC competition law has been re-conceptualised with respect to its theoretical …” „… has been emphasised that the 156 See further Schweitzer, Competition Law and Public Policy …”

Non-competition goals in the interpretation of Article 81 (3) EC under Reg. 1/2003 S. 193-200

„… question arises as to what extent the former case law is still applicable under the modified institutional …” „… framework. This, naturally, depends largely on the interpretation adopted with regard to the former case law …” „… the position that an enforcement reform, mainly concerning secondary law, leads to a modification of …”

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