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Helga Haftendorn

Coming of Age

2006

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Foreign Policy in the Center of Europe: An Introduction S. 1-8

„… Foreign Policy in the Center of Europe: An Introduction In 1945 Gennany was defeated and destroyed …” „… Introduction Initially the occupation powers retained control over German foreign policy. Only in 1951 was the …” „… the East Berlin leadership foreign policy was limited to accommodation and cooperation with the other …”

2 Basic Decisions on European Policy S. 49-82

„… concepts on European policy diverged considerably on essential points. The German Foreign Office …” „… regular meetings to coordinate foreign, defense, and cultural policy. However, they differed on a number …” „… governments to consult on all important issues of foreign policy before they took any major decision. They …”

6 The "Economic Miracle" Becomes the Locomotive of the Western Economy S. 197-238

„… affecting domestic policy, one regarding foreign affairs-triggered the initial upswing and later drove the …” „… central objectives of its foreign trade policy was to obtain unhindered access to European and worldwide …” „… dimensions. These tensions were more pronounced in foreign trade than in monetary policy, because in the …”

9 The European Community and the Path to the European Union S. 311-350

„… catalogue of community functions that had been excluded in the Treaties of Rome: foreign and security policy …” „… , expanding the majority principle in the council and intensifying consultations on matters of foreign policy …” „… the European Union" that concentrated on the fields of foreign and security policy.5 But because the …”

10 New Challenges after the End of the East-West Conflict S. 351-398

„… , therefore, continue to orient our foreign policy towards world-wide partnership, close cooperation and the …” „… assured its partners that it would continue pursuing its foreign policy within the framework of the …” „… ocratic country, and that it would continue to lead a responsible foreign policy. But was this a …”

From Self-Restraint to Assertion: Conclusions S. 399-414

„… sensitive areas-such as defense and foreign policy-and its emphasis on loosening the rather strict system of …” „… of many differences, the foreign policy of each of the two German states was marked by a high degree …” „… the West, direct interference with the political system of another state and its foreign policy was …”

1 The Formative Phase of the Federal Republic S. 9-48

„… BONN REPUBLIC'S SCOPE OF ACTION IN FOREIGN POLICY In the beginning were the Allies and not Adenauer, as …” „… the high commissioners whenever it sought to pursue foreign policy. Actually, Adenauer's consultations …” „… represented a kind of foreign policy -even when the subject of discussion was domestic. The border between …”

5 Ostpolitik and Detente: Rapprochement with the East S. 157-196

„… European security conference back on the international agenda. In a major foreign policy speech in July …” „… on which the foreign policy of the Brandt-Scheel government rested. In its first official statement …” „… relaxed and open relationship with their neighbors in the East. The foreign policy of the Social-Liberal …”

Selected Bibliography S. 415-424

„… German Foreign Policy. New York: Praeger, 1985. Selected Bibliography 419 Haftendom, Helga, Robert O …” „… . Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989 …” „… . Germany's Uncertain Power: Foreign Policy in the 21st Century. Houndsmill, Basingstoke: Pal grave …”

4 The German Democratic Republic as the Second German State S. 121-156

„… its raison d'etre-albeit, according to Moscow's specifications. Thus its foreign policy was …” „… viewed as "the decisive task of foreign policy and hence the defining strategic principle of the foreign …” „… as the Second German State 125 from the West's policy of nonrecognition. In a programmatic foreign …”

8 The Road to Reunification S. 275-310

„… by a small group headed by Horst Teltschik, one of Kohl's most trusted advisers on foreign policy …” „… framework of a 2+4 committee that would discuss the foreign policy aspects of the process of unification. At …” „… foreign policy. The Soviet Union rightfully expected that its economic interests would not be negatively …”

3 The Federal Republic of Germany in the Atlantic Alliance S. 83-120

„… to "do the splits" in foreign policy-one foot on each cliff. The end result was extensive paralysis …” „… foreign policy. And since alternatives were lacking, the MLF almost automatically became a central element …” „… in January 1961, ordered a thorough review of American foreign and security policy. Only a few weeks …”

7 From the NATO Double-Track Decision to the Double-Zero Solution S. 239-274

„… , of course, reflected the respective foreign policy priorities of the coalition partners, FDP and SPD …” „… United States did not cost Germany much in terms of foreign policy but was quite unpopular domestically …” „… to negotiate and work to establish a balance of interests. This was an important foreign policy …”

Preface

„… 1945-2000. English] Coming of age: German foreign policy since 1945 I Helga Haftendorn. p.cm. Includes …” „… Acronyms vii Acknowledgments xi Foreign Policy in the Center of Europe: An Introduction 1 1 The Formative …” „… Foreign and Security Policy Conference on International Economic Cooperation Commonwealth of Independent …”

Index S. 425-440

„… , 228-29,230-32,295,316,320, 322,325,355,374-75,386-87, 390,408 foreign trade policy, 186, 199-200, 214,216,222,227,229,232-33 …” „… , common agricultural market, 55-56, 60-61, 64, 223 429 Common Foreign and Security Policy, CFSP, 230 …” „… monetary policy, 201, 214,217,220,222,313,315 nuclear forces and weapons, 94--95, 252,266-68 special …”

About the Author S. 441

„… 's Center on Transatlantic Foreign and Security Policy Studies. She has also taught at the University of …” „… has published widely on German foreign policy and international security affairs. Some of her major …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742574168

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt - Policies within the EU Multi-Level System

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Hubert Heinelt (ed.), Michèle Knodt (ed.)

Policies within the EU Multi-Level System

2011

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Dirk Peters, Wolfgang Wagner Common Foreign and Security Policy S. 39-58

„… policy-making process European Council Foreign Affairs Council European Military Committee (EUMC) Commission …” „… b: Towards a Theory of EU-Foreign Policy-Making. Multi-Level Governance, Domestic Politics, and …” „… 39 Common Foreign and Security Policy Dirk Peters and Wolfgang Wagner 1. Introduction Without …”

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze Democratisation Policy S. 21-38

„… theory of EU foreign policy-making. Multi-level governance, domestic politics, and national adaptation to …” „… , denoted human rights and democratisation as cornerstones of European foreign policy (see …” „… within the framework of its foreign policy and acts as an external democracy promoter. In this context …”

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt Conclusion S. 385-408

„… applies to EU monetary policy and the EU’s foreign trade policy where, as in the case of competition …” „… found in the case of foreign trade policy (for such an ‘erweitertes europäisches Mehrebenensystem’, see …” „… systems structural funds foreign and security policy consumer protection development policy …”

Michèle Knodt, Xandra Schnurre-Weiß Development Policy S. 81-100

„… handled as a part of foreign economic and trade policy or association and cooperation policy. It was not …” „… development policy with common commercial policy and common foreign and security policy. Thus, the Lisbon …” „… Directorates-General (DGs) of the Commission who are involved with foreign relations and development policy. These …”

Michèle Knodt Common Commercial Policy S. 59-80

„… common commercial policy to include the Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). Article 2006 and 2007 list the …” „… association and cooperation policy, and are thus not relevant in this context. 3. Policy-making The area of …” „… with economic actors. And finally, the inclusion of civil society actors in policy-making at the …”

Carolin Balzer, Christoph Humrich Education Policy S. 303-324

„… European education policy. 2. Instruments In the respective phases of the European education policy’s …” „… the disposal of education policy-makers in the EU can be distinguished. The first set of instruments …” „… stated before, in the 1990s policy-makers began to acknowledge that education increasingly gained …”

Petra Bendel Asylum and Migration Policy S. 371-384

„… ’. Aspects of developmental policy, foreign affairs, labour market initiatives as well as educational and …” „… , Manchester: SAGE Publications. Geddes, Andrew, 2009: Migration as Foreign Policy? The External Dimension of …” „… with the necessary support in organising joint return operations. 3. Policy-making Immigration policy …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Foreign and Security Policy Dirk Peters and Wolfgang Wagner 39 Common Commercial Policy Michèle …” „… Hubert Heinelt and Michèle Knodt 7 Democratisation Policy Michèle Knodt and Sigita Urdze 21 Common …” „… Knodt 59 Development Policy Michèle Knodt and Xandra Schnurre-Weiß 81 Monetary Policy Dieter …”

Julian Siegl Internal Security Policy S. 349-370

„… of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ). EU policy-making in the internal security field began with …” „… on citizens and their rights. As a result, EU policy-making in this domain is characterised by the …” „… obstacle for closer cooperation and integration in the field of EU internal security. EU policy-making in …”

Dieter Wolf Monetary Policy S. 101-122

„… , trade and foreign economic policies. In effect, monetary policy is considered to be a complex and …” „… solutions and monitor the implementation of the recommendation. 3. Policy-making 3.1 Monetary policy …” „… .): Policy-Making in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5 th edition, 141-160. Moravcsik …”

Peter Kotzian Health Policy S. 261-282

„… exclude the EU level. The most frequent policy-making mode is that of member states setting a narrowly …” „… second policy-making mode applies to policies addressing public health, where national-level projects …” „… in the domain of health have been a source of surprise and some of the policy-making is either an …”

Hubert Heinelt, Michèle Knodt Introduction: EU Policies in the European Multi-level System S. 7-20

„… Foreign and Security policy and cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs. 3. The role of societal …” „… on the policy-making taking place within them – or in other words: to address the structures of the …” „… EU and EU policy-making through specific (research) questions. Firstly of all, the following …”

Dirk Lehmkuhl Transport Policy S. 283-302

„… policy-making may have important fiscal, economic, environmental and social implications. At 1 I would like …” „… willingness to address transport policy-making in a very broad sense and to address intra- and intersectoral …” „… increasingly differentiated and that policy-making is no longer exclusively oriented towards the consolidation …”

Gabriele Abels Gender Equality Policy S. 325-348

„… important areas such as agriculture, environment and transport, and in foreign policy’ (Locher and Prügl …” „… a top-down change of policy-making structures and therefore follows the bureaucratic and …” „… . Policy-making In the following, typical patterns of decision-making – especially in what has been called the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845228266

Sandra Sonnleitner - Bilateral Diplomacy and EU Membership

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Sandra Sonnleitner

Bilateral Diplomacy and EU Membership

Series: Salzburg European Union Studies

Volume 2 2018

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Foundations of Austrian Foreign Policy S. 71-80

„… 71 Foundations of Austrian Foreign Policy It should be noted that the terms foreign policy and …” „… ) defines foreign policy as “the substance of a state’s relations with other powers and agencies and the …” „… state and its economic interests define its foreign policy focus. Despite Austria’s millenary history …”

Austrian Foreign Policy in the European Union S. 105-118

„… 105 Austrian Foreign Policy in the European Union At the end of the 1980s and the beginning of …” „… ) argue that the full extent of the impact of these developments on Austrian foreign policy making still …” „… possibilities for Austrian foreign policy making. The already existing Westernorientation had been intensified …”

Identity-building in Austria’s Foreign Policy and Diplomacy S. 81-104

„… 81 Identity-building in Austria’s Foreign Policy and Diplomacy In the formation of identities …” „… ) exposes two interrelated concepts in the context of investigating a country’s foreign policy identity …” „… foreign policy in legal terms, in political terms as well as in terms of geographical situatedness. These …”

Bibliography S. 249-272

„… Policy and the Europeanization of Neutral States: Comparing Irish and Austrian Foreign Policy …” „… Europeanization of Member State Foreign Policy: State of the Art and New Research Avenues. Journal of European …” „… Virtual? (Vol. 2). Leiden: Brill Bátora, J. (2011a). Emerging System of EU Foreign Policy Making: Market …”

The Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Diplomatic Actor S. 119-144

„… chapter on the foundations of Austria’s foreign policy it was mentioned that the terms foreign policy and …” „… ) distinguishes between foreign policy as the “substance of state’s relations” and diplomacy as a “process of …” „… considers the impact of a country’s respective foreign policy position. In order to do so, not only the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… Europeanization of Foreign Policy How does the process of European integration impact the traditional roles …” „… sensitive areas of “high politics”, in this case foreign policy, concerning vital issues of security and …” „… expressed in the founding treaties of the EU, add a policy layer to the traditional national foreign …”

The Case of the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs S. 61-70

„… foreign policy and diplomacy serve as content-related theoretical background. Beyond that …” „… directions, the development of the EU foreign policy making system, in which the EEAS and MFAs interact …” „… account. One dimension, respectively the view on the role of MFAs within the EU foreign policy making …”

Europeanization Tendencies in Austrian Bilateral Diplomacy S. 145-230

„… making from the beginning had not been perceived as a part of foreign policy making in its structural and …” „… Representations 1995-2015 (Source: Own diagram based on data from the Foreign Policy Reports 1995-2015) *numbers …” „… cultural foreign policy were integrated to the network of Austrian cultural fora, which explains the …”

The Impact of European Integration on Bilateral Diplomacy S. 47-60

„… importance. Participating in CFSP brings an EU-oriented approach to the member states’ foreign policy making …” „… and diplomacy. With the EEAS, an intensified form of foreign policy coordination and coordination of …” „… determined in the Lisbon Treaty, based on a set of core values defining the EU’s foreign policy spirit …”

Discussion and Conclusion S. 231-248

„… important. Outside the EU, participating in common European foreign policy making represses individual …” „… Austrian foreign policy activities. These developments reduce the public visibility of the work done by …” „… European Foreign Policy Making System As with inside the EU, where different actors enhanced their …”

Theorizing Diplomacy and its Change in the Context of the EU S. 21-46

„… diplomacy. Classical realist approaches define diplomacy and diplomats as “instruments of foreign policy …” „… activity” that “consists of communication between officials designed to promote foreign policy”. These …” „… foreign policy. From his point of view, diplomacy would not be as central in IR, if it would merely act …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845289311

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Simone Heil

Young Ambassadors

2011

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Foreign Cultural Policy S. 26-29

„… the foreign cultural policy—neorealism, utilitarian liberalism and constructivism38—the latter is …” „… introduction into the field of cultural foreign policy and the lack of political science research in this area …” „… studying the cultural foreign policy in the German-Israeli context. Following an overview of constructivist …”

Town Partnerships: Municipal Foreign Policy S. 54-56

„… Town Partnerships: Municipal Foreign Policy The town partnerships give the municipalities the chance to …” „… conduct their own ‘foreign policy’. Researchers questioned for a long time whether this form of ‘foreign …” „… special in the near future. Furthermore, he points out the challenge for the foreign cultural policies of …”

Political Importance of the German-Israeli Youth Exchange S. 17-18

„… foreign cultural policy, the so-called ‘third pillar’ of foreign policy. Although culture as a keystone of …” „… written on cultural foreign policy issues,12 but on the whole this has not led to a development of a major …” „… academic discussion of foreign cultural policy in recent years. The book ‘Kultur und Außenpolitik’13 was …”

Political Relations S. 53-54

„… 53 3. Foreign Cultural Policy in German-Israeli Relations This section will give an insight into …” „… repercussions and [b] the Middle East conflict”.225 The development of German foreign policy towards Israel and …” „… Policy The town partnerships give the municipalities the chance to conduct their own ‘foreign policy …”

Executive Summary S. 18-25

„… category of foreign cultural policy, the so-called ‘third pillar’ of foreign policy. Although culture as a …” „… theses have been written on cultural foreign policy issues,12 but on the whole this has not led to a …” „… development of a major academic discussion of foreign cultural policy in recent years. The book ‘Kultur und …”

Rationalism vs. Constructivism in IR S. 36-38

„… policy towards a more assertive power-oriented approach but continued its multilateral foreign policy …” „… secondary virtues in German foreign policy. We can preserve the trust and predictability which the old …” „… Federal Republic has built up in 50 years of cautious foreign policy only if we continue the policy of …”

Historical Overview S. 56-62

„… as they constitute part of the foreign cultural policy.252 The direct link between foreign policy …” „… carry its foreign policy efforts and necessities through the youth into the future and to consolidate …” „… Germany.256 In the 1950s, the main focus of West German foreign policy was to regain international …”

Cultural Relations S. 54

„… Town Partnerships: Municipal Foreign Policy The town partnerships give the municipalities the chance to …” „… conduct their own ‘foreign policy’. Researchers questioned for a long time whether this form of ‘foreign …” „… special in the near future. Furthermore, he points out the challenge for the foreign cultural policies of …”

Table of Contents S. 7-11

„… Reality: Top Down and Bottom Up 26 2.1 Foreign Cultural Policy 26 2.2 Social Constructivist Theory 29 …” „… Relations 43 2.3 The Special Relationship Theory 47 3. Foreign Cultural Policy in German-Israeli Relations …” „… 53 3.1 Foreign Cultural Policy 53 3.1.1 Political Relations 53 3.1.2 Cultural Relations 54 3.1.3 Town …”

Secondary Literature S. 319-330

„… Normalität. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Doty, R. L. Foreign policy as social construction - A post-positivist …” „… ). The principle and practice of 'reconciliation' in German foreign policy: Relations with France, Israel …” „… . (2002). German foreign policy in dialogue. University of Trier, 3(7) Retrieved from …”

Methods used by Constructivists S. 35-36

„… changed its foreign policy towards a more assertive power-oriented approach but continued its multilateral …” „… foreign policy strategy instead. The then German foreign minister, Joschka Fischer, explained it in the …” „… . Thus, in the constructivist theory of foreign politics the effect of norms on the behavior of actors …”

German-Israeli Relations 1965-67 S. 145-156

„… supreme maxim of Bonn’s foreign policy. Accordingly, West Germany would break off relations with any …” „… decided—against the advice of his Foreign Minister Gerhard Schröder—to establish full diplomatic relations with …” „… foreign countries.”666 Regarding the statute of limitations on Nazi crimes, the Bundestag had decided in …”

German-Israeli Relations 1972-73 S. 156-166

„… resolution.783 Israel had to recognize that West German foreign policy towards Israel and its neighbours …” „… towards the Arab states.738 Heated discussions took place in the Knesset and Israel’s Foreign Minister …” „… , Arabische Zeitungen feiern die Entführer, 31.10.1972 738 Israeli state archive: Foreign Minister Abba …”

Strengths S. 314-316

„… . Whereas this study falls into the category of foreign cultural policy, it also explores topics in the …” „… constructivist theory represents a particularly useful approach for studying the cultural foreign policy in the …” „… relations. Within literature there has repeatedly been a call to apply theory to the practice of foreign …”

German-Israeli Relations 1990-91 S. 166-177

„… granted more freedoms to his people with the Glasnost and Perestroika policy in 1988, questioned the East …” „… democratically elected East German government broke with the GDR’s traditional anti-Israeli policy and recognized …” „… politicians within one hour. The second one was Foreign Minister Genscher and three other state secretaries …”

Political Importance S. 222-227

„… exchanges.1065 This indicates that the German-Israeli youth exchange became part of the German foreign …” „… policy.1066 The political importance given to the German-Israeli youth exchange is further highlighted by …” „… documents furthermore show that the Israeli foreign ministry took a vivid interest in encouraging the …”

The Special Relationship Theory S. 47-52

„… , such as the Goethe Institute and Instituts Français—the main instruments of cultural foreign policy.215 …” „… do not directly affect domestic policy-making or international politics and their impact remains …” „… multidimensional, complex identity construction of the children of foreign migrants (mainly of a muslim-turkish …”

Application of Constructivist Theory to German-Israeli Relations S. 43-47

„… institutions and interest groups that contribute to the policy-making process. In turn, national identities …” „… the special relationship between the two countries. From a constructivist perspective,165 the foreign …” „… policy of a state can be understood as the result of constructed identities articulated through …”

Research Studies S. 62-66

„… diverse subjects, such as foreign cultural policy, political education and youth pedagogy.303 Exchange …” „… fill exactly this research gap of cultural foreign policy in the case of German-Israeli relations in …”

Interviewees S. 345-351

„… (www.nomos-extra.de). Israeli Foreign Ministry Ben Natan, A. (26.03.2007). Former Israeli Ambassador to Germany. Tel …” „… Foreign Ministry Dressler, R. (08.08.2007). Former German Ambassador to Israel. Bonn/Germany. Hansen, N …” „… ConAct. Wittenberg/Germany. Proost, A. (21.03.2006). Staff Member of Division International Youth Policy …”

Role of the Middle East Conflict S. 249-259

„… , special presentations about the conflict were given by the Israeli foreign ministry.1200 As also …” „… a kind of rival association and wondered whether Cologne had changed its official policy towards Tel …” „… documents of the German foreign office. Namely, Arab states repeatedly criticized the funding of …”

Constructivist Approach in IR S. 30-34

„… language oriented foreign policy analyses.86 In the meantime, almost all substantial theories in IR have …” „… the Cold War which was prompted by the redefinition of the Soviet foreign and security policies. The …”

Contribution S. 312-314

„… study falls into the category of foreign cultural policy, it also explores topics in the empirical …” „… been emphasized that while these cross-border activities do not directly affect domestic policy-making …”

Topics S. 66-94

„… this area, it is the purpose of this study to fill exactly this research gap of cultural foreign policy …” „… individual foreign partners; and (b) the federal states (Länder) and municipalities, whether by the highest …” „… Federal Ministry for Family and Youth is responsible for the youth exchange, the German Foreign Office …”

Different Strands within IR Constructivism S. 34-35

„… constructivist arguments,85 - radical constructivist and language oriented foreign policy analyses.86 In the …”

Newspaper Articles S. 331-343

„… share in Mid East policy. (13.05.1965), Jerusalem Post. Joint Communique establishes …” „… . (02.11.1972), Jerusalem Post. German guards at foreign airports to combat terrorism. (03.11.1972), Jerusalem …” „… . (03.06.1973), Jerusalem Post. Eban lauds Bonn’s policy on Mid East. (03.06.1973), Jerusalem Post. Poll shows …”

Aims of the Research / Research Questions S. 95-96

„… 95 4. Methods 4.1 Aims of the Research / Research Questions Within the area of foreign cultural …” „… policy the objective of this research is to enhance knowledge about the interdependence of the ‘special …”

Status of Youth Exchange within Town Partnership S. 143-145

„… representation of all Germany into the supreme maxim of Bonn’s foreign policy. Accordingly, West Germany would …”

Agent-Structure Debate S. 38-40

„… dimension in the agent-structure debate and argued that foreign policy, for example, could only be …”

Impact of Youth Exchange on Politics S. 270-277

„… was reported that this list of signatures was utilized by foreign minister Schröder to counter Israeli …” „… members of the foreign affairs committee during their time in the Knesset / the Bundestag.1284 On both …” „… extremely involved in health policy as I am a doctor. Let’s say this interest in the public and education …”

German-Israeli Relations 2000 S. 177-181

„… finalizes slave labor fund, 18.07.2000 859 Amnon Barak – GIF 2000: 3 179 the German policy in the region …” „… foreign news coverage of the popular Israeli daily newspapers, Maariv and Yedioth Ahronot, between 1990 …” „… special relations to the Jewish state, the German public became increasingly critical of Israel’s policy …”

Role of the Middle East Conflict S. 299-303

„… the integration of foreigners, career perspectives of young people, environmental issues—can be taken …” „… exchange level. Since German policy towards the Middle East conflict has become more active in recent years …” „… international understanding, reconciliation, European integration, contributing to peace policy and …”

Importance of Exchange Experience for the Individual Biography S. 306-309

„… cultural foreign 1392 Dessler 1989: 443; Wendt 1987: 338 1393 Dessler 1989: 472 309 policy—such as the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845232690

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

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Advocating a conventional foreign policy S. 64-65

„… of the ‘realist’ view of foreign policy that dismisses human rights as an important tool of …” „… American foreign policy (…) What is more impressive is how often promoting democracy has actually advanced …” „… ? statements?were?toned?down,?displaying?a?more?moderate?foreign?policy?orientation.21Advocating a conventional foreign …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… ? to? increased? U.?S.?security.Re-orientation of foreign policyThe?urgency?of ? the? situation?and …” „… Chapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale87 …” „… ? to? focusing?on? foreign?policy?matters.?Terrorists?replaced?tyrants?after?9/11,?and?the?focus?of …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… ? Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press …” „… ? John?Judis,?“Imperial?Amnesia,”?Foreign Policy,?No.?143,?July/August?2004,?57.23? Stefan?A.?Halper?and?Jonathan?Clarke,?America Alone: The …” „… );?David?J.?Rothkopf,?“Inside?the?Committee?that?runs?the?world,”?Foreign Policy,?No.?147,?March/April?2005;?Patricia?Greve,?Neokonservative Ideen und Akteure und die …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… ?was?a?secondary?theme.?Bush?was?expected?to?be?more?‘humble’?on?foreign?policy.?Overall,?the?Bush?campaign’s?outlook?suggested?that?this?would?not?be?a?foreign?policyoriented?presidency.?External?policy …” „… ? Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy,?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press …” „… 59Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/11The?aim?of …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… .? foreign?policy?process?and?the?many?difficulties?faced?in?the?implementation?of ?policy.?This?is?a?different?approach?and?focus?from?other?major?studies?of …” „… );?Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press …” „… );?David?J.?Rothkopf,?“Inside?the?Committee?that?runs?the?world”,?Foreign Policy,?No.?147,?March/April?2005;?Patricia?Greve,?Neokonservative Ideen und Akteure und die …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… ).?Presider:?Charlie?Rose,?Executive?Producer?and?Host,?Charlie?Rose?Show;?Speaker:?Condoleezza?Rice,?Senior?Foreign?Policy?Adviser?to?Governor?George?W.?Bush?(Campaign?2000 …” „… ?State?Foreign?Policy …” „… ?State?Foreign?Policy …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1161 …” „… ?this?fine?line,?prior?to?the?election?it?was?not?clear?which?camp?would?have?more?influence?on?his?foreign?policy-making?process?as?president.Issues of concernBeyond?the?focus?on?domestic? issues,?several? foreign?policy …” „… ? issues?dominated?newspapers,? academic? journals? and?speeches?prior? to? the?elections.?The?major? foreign?policy …”

Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 65-68

„… ? Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America?Unbound:?The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press,?2003),?70.37 …” „… Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1165 …” „… Rather?than?being?‘Anything?but?Clinton’,?Bush?also?articulated?more?conventional?foreign?policy?priorities,?suggesting?that?he?would?follow?Clinton’s?footsteps?on?some?issues.?In?November?1999,?he?stated:“An American president should work with our strong democratic allies in Europe and …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1163The Middle East and …” „… ? the?Republican?election?campaign.?Both?Zoellick?and?Rice?however?noted?that?trends?such?as?democracy?and?individual?liberty?were?on?the?rise.?It?was?in?the?U.?S.?interest?to?further?these?trends?through?a?consistent?foreign?policy,?which?meant?in?practice?to? implement?practical? steps? to?move? the?world? towards?greater? freedom?and?human?rights.16 …” „… ? Governor?George?W.?Bush,?“A?Distinctly?American?Internationalism,”?Ronald?Reagan?Presidential?Library,?Simi?Valley,?California,?November?19,?1999.16? Robert?Zoellick,? “A?Republican?Foreign?Policy,”?Foreign Affairs,?Vol.? 79,?No.?1 …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/1169ment? for? Arafat.39 …” „… ?were?clear?from?the?initiatives?or?policies?he?supported.?Yet,?in?the?first?months?of ?his?administration,?his?foreign?policy?orientation?was?less?obvious.?As?a?result,?the?administration?was?criticized?for?“struggling?to?define?its?foreign?policy”.42?In?the?first?eight?months?the?new?administration?largely?ignored?foreign?policy …” „… ?U.?S.?relations?towards?Morocco.?Above?all,?nothing?suggested?that?there?would?be?a?radical?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Many?who?had?argued? for?a? stronger?America?were?disappointed?with?Bush’s? foreign?policy …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… ? John?Judis,?“Imperial?Amnesia,”?Foreign Policy,?No.?143,?July/August?2004,?57.23? Stefan?A.?Halper?and?Jonathan?Clarke,?America Alone: The …” „… );?David?J.?Rothkopf,?“Inside?the?Committee?that?runs?the?world,”?Foreign Policy,?No.?147,?March/April?2005;?Patricia?Greve,?Neokonservative Ideen und Akteure und die …” „… Chapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale77Providing an intellectual …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… Chapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale79 …” „… UhrChapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale81Support for authoritarian states …” „… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy …”

Retaliation S. 74-76

„… : The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press,?2003),?89.12 …” „… Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press,?2003),?130 …” „… ? Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ?the?analytical?framework?will?deal?with?competing?imperatives?affecting?practical?policy?implementation.?At?the?same?time,?it?will?discuss?U.?S.?attitudes?towards?democracy?promotion?in?general,?a?concept,?which?is?embedded?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?traditions?and?narratives.?The?most? important? issue?to?examine?here …” „… ? longstanding,? support?of ?democracy?promotion? is? ingrained? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?and? is? thus?not?a?Bush …” „… ? innovation.?Democracy?promotion?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?emerged?in?the?early?1970s?and?has?been?followed–to?varying?degrees …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… assumptions in U. S. foreign policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27U. S. exceptionalism …” „… Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/11 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Foreign policy discourse up to the 2000 U. S. presidential elections …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… Chapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale81Support for authoritarian states …” „… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy …” „… ? principles?depending?on?U.?S.?security?and?economic?concerns.?As?Condoleezza?Rice?in?her?Foreign?Affairs?article?noted,?human?rights?and?democracy?are?American?values?and?should?be?pursued?in?foreign?policy,?but?she?also?argued?that?they?were?subordinate?to?U.?S.?primary?national?interests.36 …”

Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… ? to? increased? U.?S.?security.Re-orientation of foreign policyThe?urgency?of ? the? situation?and …” „… new foreign policy rationale85In?particular,?the?prospect?of …” „… 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale87 …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… QuestionThis?study?is?about?complexity.?More?succinctly,?this?work?focuses?on?a?complexity?of ?assumptions?and?rationales? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… ? Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America?Unbound:?The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press,?2003),?70.37 …” „… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 68 06.09.2010 15:32:18 UhrChapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation …” „… ?were?clear?from?the?initiatives?or?policies?he?supported.?Yet,?in?the?first?months?of ?his?administration,?his?foreign?policy?orientation?was?less?obvious.?As?a?result,?the?administration?was?criticized?for?“struggling?to?define?its?foreign?policy”.42?In?the?first?eight?months?the?new?administration?largely?ignored?foreign?policy …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… ? that?drive?and?limit?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.?Three?concepts?were?put?forward:?Idealism?and? assumptions? in? U.?S.? foreign? policy,? competing? interests,? and? contested …” „… .The?second?chapter?examined?the?Bush?administration’s?foreign?policy?orientation?prior?to?9/11.?Here,?the?foreign?policy?focus?seemed?to?have?been?on?China,?Russia?and?the?reform?of …” „… ?the?Bush?administration?indicated?that?the?incoming?administration?would?continue?to?rely?on?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?for?stability.?Chapter? three?explored? the?evolution?of ? the?new?foreign?policy …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ? ideals?abroad?because?it?had?not?assumed?an?assertive?leadership?role.?Overall,?there?was?severe?disappointment?on?the?part?of ?neoconservatives?with?the?style?and?purpose?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?during?the?1990s.When …” „… ’.? However,?although?Clinton?had?been?criticized?for?his?idealism,?a?large?part?of ?his?foreign?policy …” „… ?democracy?promotion?were?now?to?be?extended?to?the?Middle?East.?Applying?U.?S.?idealism?in?its?foreign?policy?appealed?to?many?since?it?was?grounded?in?U.?S.?nationalism?and?exceptionalism.? Former? divisions? between? traditional? conservatives …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives91In?addition,?Secretary?of …” „… ,? note:?“clearly?democracy?assistance?has?been?a?rising?priority?for?the?United?States?at?least?since?1990”.7?President?Bush?and?his?advisers?had?denounced? the? foreign?policy …” „… foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives93Nevertheless? a? slight,? but? publicly? barely? notable …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S.?Moroccan?relations,?most?of …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… 71Chapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationaleThe?tragic?terrorist?attacks?of …” „… ?towards?the?Middle?East?it?is?useful?to?frame?these?new?rationales?in?a?socio-historical?context.?This?means–highlighting?the?importance?of ?American?nationalism,?exceptionalism,?religious?motivations?and?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?The?chapter?will?first?focus?on?the?immediate?reaction?to?the?attacks?and?then?examine?the?debates?that?led?to?a?reconsideration?of ?prior?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.Existential war and determination to actAsserting U. S …” „… ? prior?policies?and?resulted?in?a?determination?to?react?assertively?so?as?to?pre-empt?any?future?attacks.?Some?foreign?policy?analysts?judged?that?during?the?1990s?U.?S.?foreign?policy …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ?this?theory?argue?that?U.?S.?foreign?policy?and?more?recently,?the?intervention?in?Iraq,?acts?as?key?drivers?and?motivation?for?terrorist?activities.?The?9/11?Commission?report?of ?July?2004?for?instance?states?that?perceptions?of …” „… ?the?United?States?further?stem?from?issues?such?as?U.?S.?support?for?Israel?and?the?U.?S.?military?presence?in?Saudi?Arabia,?Afghanistan,?and?Iraq,?as?well?as?from?other?U.?S.?foreign?policy?issues?related?to,?for?example,?the?Afghan?civil?war,?Gulf ?War?of ?1991 …” „… ?the?newly?advocated?policy.?U.?S.?foreign?assistance?for?counter-terrorism?measures?went?up?immediately?after?9/11.?Military?cooperation?was?also?strengthened?as? the?U.?S.?needed? the?support?of …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… ?‘idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy’;?‘competing?interests’?and? ‘contested?development?theories’?allow?for?a?comprehensive?analysis?of …” „… ?in?the?region.?This?framework?also?permits?one?an?understanding?of ?the?various?nuances,?ambivalences?and?possible?misconceptions?that?guide?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?The?chapter?is?divided?according?to?the?three-part?conceptual?framework:?‘idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …” „… ’,?‘competing?interests’?and?‘contested?development?theories’.?These?three?parts?are?further?divided?into?two?different?sections:?the?Middle?East?and?Morocco.?This?structure?is?intended?to?illustrate?how?these?concepts?each?apply?to?the?Middle?East?as?a?whole?and?to?Morocco?in?particular.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: Middle EastU. S …”

Introduction S. 11

„… QuestionThis?study?is?about?complexity.?More?succinctly,?this?work?focuses?on?a?complexity?of ?assumptions?and?rationales? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ?various?programs?with?the?new?foreign?policy …” „… ? significant?changes?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?region.Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI)“Immediately after September 11, 2001 the President recognized …” „… foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives95“At times, the United States has avoided scrutinizing the …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… 89Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S …” „… ?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.As?a?consequence?of ?this?foreign?policy …” „… UhrChapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives91In?addition,?Secretary?of …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …” „… ?U.?S.?relations?with?Morocco?have?for?wider?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?The?second?chapter?will? focus?on? the?George?W.?Bush?administration’s? foreign?policy?outlook?before?the?attacks?of ?9/11 …” „… .?It?will?examine?the?foreign?policy?orientation?advocated?prior?to?the?elections?in?2000,?the?attitudes?of ?Bush?and?his?advisers?over?the?concept?of …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ?they?receive?considerable?government?funding,?this?might?give?insight?into?U.?S.?foreign?policy?priorities.Beyond?these?challenges,?funding?is?a?problematic?indicator?of ?policy?priorities?because?whether?funding?is?secured?or?not?largely?comes?about?as?a?result?of …” „… ?those?interviewed?noted,?key?decisions?and?major?debates?seem?to?have?taken?place?between?a?key?group?of ?policy?makers?and?notes?of ? these?discussions?are?not? likely? to?exist.?At? the? time?of …” „… ? because?their?endeavors?had?shown?that?it?was?an?impossible?mission.?Overreliance?on?funding?indicators?thus?does?not?make?sense.?Therefore,?the?numbers?used?here?are?in?the?end?merely?an?indication?of ?policy?intentions.7 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… );?Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press …” „… Happened?(New?York:?Free?Press,?2004);?David?J.?Rothkopf,?“Inside?the?Committee?that?runs?the?world,”?Foreign Policy,?No.?147 …” „… ?American?democracy?promotion,”?Discussion?Paper,?Princeton?Project?on?National?Security,?Working?Group?on?Global?Institutions?and?Foreign?Policy?Infrastructure,?Woodrow?Wilson?School?of ?Public?and?International?Affairs,?(Princeton,?NY:?2005 …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… Agenda?(Washington?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution,?September?2006).2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 106 06.09.2010 15:34:07 UhrChapter 4: The new foreign policy …” „… ? reform?movements.The?administration?was?further?criticized?because?it?linked?the?war?on?terror?to?democracy?promotion.?It?thus?undermined?U.?S.? ideals?that?had?been?for?a?long?time?part?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy,?even?before?9/11 …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?shift?towards?the?region?took?place,?it?seems?that?at?the?macro?level?diplomatic?and?military?ties?remained?to?a?large?extent?the?same.?U.?S.?policy?in?the?region?is?simply?too?constrained?by?the?day-to-day?imperatives?of ?anti-terrorism?measures?and?the?need?to?maintain?good?relations?for?security?purposes.?55 …”

Appendices S. 193-198

„… ?the?Mediterranean?and?Arab?World?Program?at?the?Real?Instituto?Elcano?de?Estudios?Internacionales?y?Estratégicos,?(February?16,?2008,?phone?interview).John? Glenn,? Director? of ? Foreign? Policy,? German? Marshall? Fund …” „… ?the?interview?is?provided?in?brackets.?In?addition?to?the?interviews?listed?here?seven?additional?official?interviews?were?conducted?with?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?and?Middle?Eastern?affairs?at?USAID,?the?Pentagon?and?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State.?Policy …” „… ?seniority?within?respective?government?policy?areas.Jean?AbiNader,?Jordan?Paul,?Moroccan?American?Center?for?Policy?(MACP),?(May?14,?2008 …”

Conclusion S. 88

„… tions‹?foreign?policy?shifted?then?remarkably.?The?Bush?administration?was?determined?to? forcefully? act? in? response? to? security? threats? and? enact? bold? measures? to …” „… ? involve?taking?offensive?measures,?fighting?the?war?overseas?and?an?overall?shift?to?‘lean?forward’?rather?than?a?‘humble’?approach?to?foreign?policy?as?previously?advocated.ConclusionFollowing?9/11,?the?Bush?administration?decided?to?fight?an?‘existentia …” „… ?towards?the?Middle?East?was?also?possible?because?of ?certain?background?conditions?in?U.?S.?culture,?society?and?history,?discussed?in?depth?in?the?conceptual?framework?(idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy).?These?include?an?expectation?by?the?American?public?about?the?role?of ?the?U.?S.?in?the?world?and?historical?support? for?democracy?promotion.?This?U.?S …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… 82 06.09.2010 15:32:59 UhrChapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale83 …” „… ,?general?consensus?on?the?democratic?peace?theory,?as?well?as?President?Bush’s?special?interest?in?democracy?promotion?seem?to?further?explain?why?post?9/11?policy?debates?led?to?consensus?on?the?need?for?U …” „… ?terrorism?started?to?emerge.?This?new?strategy?was?intended?to?improve?U.?S.?security.?Washington?D.C.?policy?circles?seemed?to?agree?that?even?though?the?Middle?East?appeared?to?be?stable,?political?oppression?and?economic?stagnation?could?not?guarantee?U.?S.?security?interests? in?the?long-term.?Although?it? is …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… ? East?seemed?real,?but?were?often?guided?by?naivety?and?optimism.?The?assumption?that?once?people?were?free?to?choose?they?would?opt?for?a?value?system?similar?to?the?one?of ?the?U.?S.?deeply?influenced?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.When idealism and …” „… ?the?Cold?War.?The?necessity?to?respond?to?the?terrorist?attacks?thus?‘revived’?an?ongoing?development?from?the?Clinton?era.?On?the?other?hand,?the?policy?advocated?post?9/11?represented?a?deep?rupture?with?traditional?Conservative?foreign …” „… ?the?state.?How?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?then?applied?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: MoroccoU. S …”

A war of values S. 72-74

„… : The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press,?2003),?89.12 …” „… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 72 06.09.2010 15:32:29 UhrChapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale73“Our …” „… ?The?war?in?Afghanistan?was?the?first?clear?U.?S.?foreign?policy …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… );?Ivo?H.?Daalder?and?James?M.?Lindsay,?America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy?(Washington,?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution?Press …” „… Happened?(New?York:?Free?Press,?2004);?David?J.?Rothkopf,?“Inside?the?Committee?that?runs?the?world,”?Foreign Policy,?No.?147 …” „… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied143perhaps?as?a?second?stage …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives101 …” „… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 102 06.09.2010 15:33:55 UhrChapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives103 …” „… ? give?up?democracy?promotion,”?Policy?Brief ?No.?52?(Washington?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?July?2007).?36 …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… ? Telhami?Shibley,?“The?Iraq?war?has?only?set?back?Middle?East?reform,”?Saban?Centre?for?Middle?East?Policy,?Brookings?Institution,?14?March?2005.99? Steven?Cook,?“The?Right?Way?to?Promote?Arab?Reform,”?Foreign Affairs,?Vol.?84 …” „… ?makers?anticipated?that?they?would?be?received?very?positively.?Since?many?Americans?assume?that?other?people?naturally?aspire?to?live?in?similar?conditions?to?Americans?and?that?they?value?the?same?freedoms,?they?believed?that?they?were?going?to?help?Arabs?be?more?like?Americans?and?that?Arabs?were?likely?to?be?grateful?for?this.?Not?enough?thought?seems?to?have?been?paid?into?how?far?U.?S.?policies?would?be?resisted?within?the?region?and?how?U.?S.?policy?would?be?perceived?if …” „… ? limited?political?rights”.?Dafna?Hochman,?“Divergent?Democratization:?The?paths?of ?Morocco,?Tunisia?and?Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.4,?Winter?2007,?73.85 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… ?terrorism?in?Morocco?is?an?appropriate?working?assumption?is?unclear.?Given?the?evidence,?it?seems?that?democracy?promotion?would?only?ever?represent?one?part?of ?a?solution?to?tackle?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism.Policy implementation and practical …” „… .?1,?2008,?17-39.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 152 06.09.2010 15:36:10 UhrChapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice …” „… ?In?this?context,?policy?also?became?hostage?to?bureaucratic?battles?related?to?the?intervention?in?Iraq.?Many?at?the?State?Department?for?instance?opposed?the?Bush?administration’s?decision?to?intervene?in?Iraq?and?the?later?linking?of …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives103 …” „… ?Most?democracy?promoters?perceived?MEPI?as?an?instrument?to?promote?the?Bush?administration’s?new?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?Allegedly,?the?program?had?a?difficult?time?getting?off ?the?ground.?Beyond?its?difficult?launch?in?2002 …” „… ? restrictions.?The?program?was?well?received?because?as?opposed?to?other?funding?mecha-42? See?Lugar,?Richard?G.,?Committee?on?Foreign?Relations?United?States? Senate …”

Conclusion S. 108-110

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?shift?towards?the?region?took?place,?it?seems?that?at?the?macro?level?diplomatic?and?military?ties?remained?to?a?large?extent?the?same.?U.?S.?policy?in?the?region?is?simply?too?constrained?by?the?day-to-day?imperatives?of ?anti-terrorism?measures?and?the?need?to?maintain?good?relations?for?security?purposes.?55 …” „… ? for?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Arab?world?by?placing?greater?emphasis?on?democracy?promotion.?It?did?so?mainly?by?openly?addressing?the?need?for?reform,?stressing?explicitly?its?change?in?policy …” „… ?and?exerting?limited?diplomatic?pressure.?It?lent?unprecedented?support?for?NGOs?working?in?democracy?promotion,?raised?their?funding?significantly?and?launched?several?new?initiatives,?among?these?the?MEPI,?MEFTA,?BMENA,?MCC,?each?reflecting?new?policy?priorities.The?Bush?administration?did?not?openly?address?the?conflict?between?competing?shortterm?versus? long-term?U.?S.? interests …”

At the periphery of U. S. interests S. 111-112

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?aid?(Algeria,?Bahrain,?Lebanon,?Morocco,?Oman,?Saudi?Arabia,?Tunisia?and?Yemen)?receive?on?average?just?2?per?cent?of …” „… ?the?bilateral?assistance?to?the?region.?Jeremy?M.?Sharp,?“U.?S.?Foreign?Assistance?to?the?Middle?East:?Historical?Background,?recent?trends?and?the?FY?2006?Request,”?Congressional?Research?Service,?June?13,?2005.2 …” „… .?The?Bush?administration?did?not?expect?major?changes?in?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations?and?was?prepared?to?continue?the?policy …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 98-99

„… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 98 06.09.2010 15:33:44 UhrChapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives99In …” „… ? represented? a? departure? from? the? initial? foreign? policy? outlook? of …” „… ?and?Arab?policy?on?democracy?promotion.?The?initiative?provided?a?novel?and?until?then?unparalleled?setting?for?Arab?governments?to?potentially?listen?to?their?civil?societies.?In?addition,?the?Foundation?for?the?Future?was?established?in?November?2005?at?the?BMENA?Forum?in?Bahrain.?As?of ?late?2008 …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… ?the?state.?How?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?then?applied?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: MoroccoU. S …” „… ?Commission?notes:?“The?Bush?administration?has?actually?doubled?foreign?assistance”.?Philip?Zelikow,?“A?transnational?world:?History,?policy,?and?a?time?of ?transition,”?Lecture?at?The?American?Academy?in?Berlin,?October?8,?2009.2010 …” „… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied141 …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives105 …” „… ? Dafna?Hochman,?“Divergent?Democratization:?The?paths?of ?Morocco,?Tunisia?and?Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.4,?Winter?2007,?73.?48 …” „… cy?policy?for?the?Arab?world,?but?it?has?so?far?failed?to?establish?viable?mechanisms?to?do?so.Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)In?theory? the?MCC?was?supposed?to?focus?on?political …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives99In? combination? with? the? large …” „… ? from? the? initial? foreign? policy? outlook? of …” „… ?concerned?about?including?Arab?countries?in?their?assistance?programs?so?as?to?prevent?sending?any?negative?signals.?In?addition,?even?though?at?first?sight?policy …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?is?not?going?away,?but?might?be?less?explicitly?stated?in?the?near?future?due? to?negative? associations?with? the? term …” „… ? in?applying?U.?S.?idealism?to?the?Middle?East.?Bush?was?then?overhauled?by?reality?and?obstacles?forcing?policy?backwards.?By?2008?policy?remained?at?least?one?step?ahead?of ?policy?pre?2000 …” „… ?democracy?was?also?again?put?into?question.Despite?these?obstacles,?skepticisms?and?setbacks,?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policies?did?take?place?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?At?the?macro?level,?diplomatic?and?military?policies? remained? to? a? large? extent?hostage? to?overriding? security? imperatives.?U.?S.?policy? in …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ? John?Entelis,?“The?Unchanging?Politics?of ?North?Africa,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?36.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb …” „… ? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?73.117? Arab?Human?Development?Report,?2009 …” „… ,? Tunisia? and? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007.120? Lahcen? Achy,? “Morocco’s …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 118-119

„… ? Foreign? Operations,? U.?S.? Department? of ? State,? Morocco,?2008.22 …” „… ? “Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers?tools?for?supporting?reform,?but?project?monitoring?needs?improvement,”?General?Accounting?Office?(GAO),?August?2005,?Graph?page?15.24? In? addition,? USAID? organized? technical? workshops? on? rule? of ? law …” „… ?Congress?to?be?an?initiative?worthy?of ?support,?and?one?that?followed?the?overall?policy …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… ? Mary?Jane?Bolle?“Middle?East?Free?Trade?Area:?progress?report,”?Congressional?Research?Service?(CRS),?Reports?and?Issue?Briefs,?January?2006,?1.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 96 06.09.2010 15:33:38 UhrChapter 4: The new foreign policy …” „… ).?In?“Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers?tools? for? supporting? reform,?but?project?monitoring?needs …” „… ? the?Arab?world.?It?was?also?meant?to?complement?programs?like?the?Middle?East?Partnership?initiative?(targeted?at?civil?society)?through?an?initiative?targeted?at?the?government?level.?At?this?time,?U.?S.?policy …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… changeResearch?shows?that?despite?the?aforementioned?arguments,?U.?S.?foreign?policy?perceptions?of ?the?region?fundamentally?changed?between?2002?and?2008 …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?solely?in?stability-oriented?Realpolitik?terms?is?a?rather?outdated?Cold?War?approach?to?analysis?since?the?terrorist?attacks?in?recent?years?show?that?stability?at?any?price?does?not?guarantee?security.?The?change?in?perception?in?how?the?U.?S.?viewed?the?region?was?clearly?triggered?by?the?events?of ?9/11.?The?reluctance?of …” „… ? in?U.?S.?policy? towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… Agenda?(Washington?D.C.:?Brookings?Institution,?September?2006).2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 104 06.09.2010 15:34:01 UhrChapter 4: The new foreign policy …” „… ? Dafna?Hochman,?“Divergent?Democratization:?The?paths?of ?Morocco,?Tunisia?and?Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.4,?Winter?2007,?73.?48 …” „… ?entitlement?from?its?Arab?partners.?It?does?not?want?the?change?in?funding?from?year?to?year?to?be?read?like?a?political?act.?This?has?caused?complications?with?regards?to?the?Fprocess,?which?has?attempted?to?reorganize?U.?S.?foreign?assistance?by?focusing?on?countries?rather?than?topics.?With?Liz?Cheney,?the?champion?of …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… ?this?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Arab?world.?First,?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?play?a?large?role,?since?many?assumptions?are?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?history.?Second,?competing?interests?and?structural? challenges? also?matter?because? they?determine …” „… ? the?U.?S.?policy …” „… ?maneuvering?room?and?illustrate?the?challenges?in?carrying?out?coherent?policies.?Third,?development?debates?need?to?be?considered.?These?constantly?shift?and?are?subject?to?new?impulses.?However,?highlighting?these?debates?is?important?because?the?policy?makers’?intellectual?and?ideological?mindset?influences?how?they?carry?out?policy.?Overall,?these?three?concepts?will?guide?analysis? throughout? the?next?chapters.?The? last?chapter?will …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 119

„… ?Congress?to?be?an?initiative?worthy?of ?support,?and?one?that?followed?the?overall?policy …” „… ? the?ministerial-level?meeting?with?Moroccan?Foreign?Minister?Mohamed?Benaissa.?Nearly?30?nations?of ?the?BMENA?and?their?G-8 …” „… ?the?‘Forum?for?the?Future’.?Since?BMENA?was?initiated?by?the?U.?S.,?selecting?Morocco?as?the?first?host?of ?these?meetings?displayed?in?“Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers? tools …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 154-156

„… .? government?agencies.?The?amended?Congressional?Budget? Justification? for?Foreign?Operations?of ?2008? earmarked? $3,655,000? in? aid? for? Morocco? and …” „… ? “Foreign?aid?in?the?national?interest,?promoting?freedom,?security?and?opportunity”,?U.?S.?Agency?for?International?Development,?(Washington?D.C.,?2002,?39).44 …” „… ?state,?Foreign?operations,?and?related?programs?for?the?fiscal?year?ending?September?30,?2008,?and?for?other?purposes.?2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 154 06.09.2010 15:36:15 …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… .? policy?makers?during?the?Bush?administration?rather?than?truly?challenge?the?fundamental?nature?of ?the?host?regime?opted?in?most?cases?for?safe?measures?such?as?helping?the?state?to?modernize.131 …” „… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied181 …” „… ?and?facets?that?are?needed?to?analyze?U.?S.?democracy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?Morocco?from?2002?to?2008 …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… ?this?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Arab?world.?First,?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?play?a?large?role,?since?many?assumptions?are?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?history.?Second,?competing?interests?and?structural? challenges? also?matter?because? they?determine …” „… ?external?intervention??And?finally,?given?that?security?imperatives?remain?as?well?as?little?consensus?over?how?to?respond?to?the?aforementioned?questions,?how?should?policy?be?implemented?in?a?coherent?way?103? Only? recent?publications? examine? the?problem.?See? for? example:? Steven?Heydeman …” „… ? the?U.?S.?policy …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 119-120

„… ?Congress?to?be?an?initiative?worthy?of ?support,?and?one?that?followed?the?overall?policy …” „… ? the?ministerial-level?meeting?with?Moroccan?Foreign?Minister?Mohamed?Benaissa.?Nearly?30?nations?of ?the?BMENA?and?their?G-8 …” „… ?the?‘Forum?for?the?Future’.?Since?BMENA?was?initiated?by?the?U.?S.,?selecting?Morocco?as?the?first?host?of ?these?meetings?displayed?in?“Foreign?assistance,?Middle?East?Partnership?Initiative?offers? tools …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… ?American?democracy?promotion,”?Discussion?Paper,?Princeton?Project?on?National?Security,?Working?Group?on?Global?Institutions?and?Foreign?Policy?Infrastructure,?Woodrow?Wilson?School?of ?Public?and?International?Affairs,?(Princeton,?NY:?2005 …” „… ? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?78.29 …” „… ? made?policy?implementation?in?this?area?challenging.?Broadly?simplified,?some?at?the?State?Department?had?little?incentive?to?carry?out?policy?and?the?Pentagon?was?concerned?with?the?impact?of ?policy?on?wider?strategic?operational?goals,?which?for?most?of …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… an inherently good thing to do. But policy makers and implementers are divided on many of their …” „… , competing interests that shape and influence the decisions of policy makers and implementers.Pre-requisites …” „… Brumberg, “Democratic Mirage in the Middle East,” Carnegie Policy Brief, No. 20, October 2002; Richard …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 106

„… cy?policy?for?the?Arab?world,?but?it?has?so?far?failed?to?establish?viable?mechanisms?to?do?so.Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)In?theory? the?MCC?was?supposed?to?focus?on?political …” „… ,?it?focuses?on?enhancing?state?capacity?rather?than?on?democratization?to?meet?its?demands.?Because?the?MCC?responds?to?government?demands,?and?the?programs?are?developed?by?the?recipient’s?Ministry?of ?Planning?or?Foreign?Affairs,? it …” „… ?terrorism?and?a?focus?on?democratization.?However,?MCC?was?not?as?apolitical?as?first?intended?by?the?Bush?administration,?which?made?sure?to?include?Arab?countries?that?did?not?seem?the?most?likely?candidates.?Through?its?policy …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… agencies out of the many more involved in the foreign policy process (such as treasury or the intelligence …” „… services) hints at the complexity and the practical challenges in policy implementation. Incentives and …” „… counter-terrorism debates influences his way of policy implementation. This matters because governmental politics …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 97-98

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives97cent?of …” „… ? the?Arab?world.?It?was?also?meant?to?complement?programs?like?the?Middle?East?Partnership?initiative?(targeted?at?civil?society)?through?an?initiative?targeted?at?the?government?level.?At?this?time,?U.?S.?policy …” „… )? initiative?on?governance?and?investment?for?development? in?the?region,?allowing?for?overall?greater?policy …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… .? policy?makers?often?neglect?the?actual?limitations?of ?authoritarian?governments?and?the?issue?of …” „… .? policy?mindset,? academic? frameworks?of ? analysis …” „… Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?40.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 159 06.09.2010 15:36:29 UhrU.?S …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ? funding?from?government?sources.?National?Democratic?Institute,?Treasurer’s?Report?for?the?Fiscal?Year?ending?September?30,?2007.67? They?distance?themselves?from?U.?S.?foreign?policy?because?one?of ?the?key?goals?of …” „… often?develop?particular?interests?and?know?exactly?what?they?would?like?to?do?in?policy.?They?often?attempt?to?do?what?is?necessary?with?the?greatest?possible?autonomy?from?Washington?D.C.Inherent? struggles? between? competing? interests? and? a? lack? of ? institutional? interest …” „… ?advocated?policy.?Added?to?these?explanations,?one?must?also?consider?the?importance?of ?timing,?fluctuation?in?government?staff ?and?the?personal?level?of …”

U. S. Idealism and competing interests S. 112-113

„… .?The?Bush?administration?did?not?expect?major?changes?in?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations?and?was?prepared?to?continue?the?policy …” „… interestsThe?key?question?for?U.?S.?policy?towards?Morocco?is?whether?or?not?democracy?would?be?in?the?U.?S.?interest.?If ?the?U.?S.?has?historically?maintained?such?good?relations,?why?would? the? Bush? administration …” „… ? Interview,?U.?S.?government?official,?U.?S.?embassy,?Rabat,?Morocco,?Spring?2008.6? Congressional?Budget? Justification?for?Foreign?Operations?2000-2008,?U.?S.?Department?of …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ?the?region.?Several?institutions?were?granted?funding?to?encourage?this?democratization?process.The?following?section?will?attempt?to?trace?how?the?various?initiatives?were?implemented?and?discuss?their?underlying?assumptions.?It?will?also?analyze?the?practical?obstacles?in?policy …” „… isits?Prague,?Czech?Republic,?Discusses?Freedom,?Large?Hall,?Czernin?Palace,?Prague,?Czech?Republic?Prague,?June?5,?2000.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 100 06.09.2010 15:33:49 UhrChapter 4: The new foreign …” „… policy orientation: U. S. initiatives101tated?and?these?were?seldom?crossed,?even?post?9/11 …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… esis?three?(fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy)?offers?the?more?accurate?explanation,?and?indeed,?there?was?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.At?first,?in?2000,?there?was?very?little?indication?that?the?incoming?Bus …” „… ?terror,?was?there?truly?a?rupture?with?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states?in?the?Arab?world?Obstacles to policy implementationThe? initial …” „… ?Arab?regimes?to?adapt?to?U.?S.?pressure?for?reform.?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?programs?were?also?at?fault:?they?often?lacked?impact?due?to?unfamiliarity?with?the?local?reform?context.?The?tools?at?hand?to?implement?democracy?promotion? activities? often? mirrored? the? uncertainty? of ? U.?S.? policy? makers? as? well …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ?Good?governance,?rather?than?technical?help,?thus?increasingly?becomes?more?important.As?discussed?earlier,?the?conviction?that?democracy?can?and?should?be?promoted?is?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy …” „… ?thoughts,?assumptions,?competing?interests?that?shape?and?influence?the?decisions?of ?policy?makers?and?implementers.Pre-requisites for …” „… ?The?overview?presented?here?notes?regional?specification?with?regards?to?democratic?developments?in?the?Middle?East?in?particular?when?necessary,?but?not?at?all?times.?The?focus?here?is?on?the?assumptions?and?mindset?of ?U.?S.?policy …”

Weak political opposition S. 128-131

„… ”,? Qantara,?(2006).?59? John?Entelis,?“The?Unchanging?Politics?of ?North?Africa,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14 …” „… ? Mauritania,”?Middle East Policy,?Vol.?14,?No.?4,?Winter?2007,?73.69 …” „… ?the?key?obstacles?to?a?stronger?opposition?is?the?political?parties’?selflimitation?policy …”

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