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Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Hans Petter Graver, Ola Mestad, Christoph Vedder - Agreement on the European Economic Area

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Finn Arnesen (ed.), Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen (ed.), Hans Petter Graver (ed.), Ola Mestad (ed.), Christoph Vedder (ed.)

Agreement on the European Economic Area

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 15 [Decision-making] S. 1003

„… undertakings, their business relations or their cost components. Article 15 [Decision-making] The EFTA …” „… -7/10, 10.5.2011, Liechtenstein and Others v ESA. Article 15 Decision-making Bjørgan 1003 6 1 2 1 2 3 4 …” „… . ESA adopts its decisions by simple majority, there are no special provisions requiring unanimous …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 4 [Decision-making] S. 1089-1090

„… Article 4 [Decision-making] 1. Each EFTA State shall be represented in the Standing Committee and …” „… comments on Art. 9 below. Article 4 Decision-making Fredriksen/Jónsdóttir 1089 1 2 3 4 5 6 deputies also …” „… decisions in the Standing Committee are made by unanimous vote.1 Thus, the EFTA pillar knows of no weighting …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 6 [Decision-making in the Standing Committee] S. 1095-1096

„… Article 6 [Decision-making in the Standing Committee] 1. In exercising its responsibilities under …” „… . Article 6 Decision-making in the Standing Committee Fredriksen/Jónsdóttir 1095 1 2 3 4 5 obligation of …” „… Article 3, the Standing Committee may take decisions, which shall be binding on all EFTA States, and may …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 90 [Composition of the EEA Council, decision-making] S. 779-780

„… Article 90 [Composition of the EEA Council, decision-making] 1. The EEA Council shall consist of …” „… Protocol 38 EEA have not been dealt with by the EEA Council for several years. II. Decision-making in the …” „… of the EEA Council, decision-making Tynes 779 1 2 3 4 5 cedure stipulate that the EFTA States shall …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 93 [Composition of the EEA Joint Committee, decision‑making] S. 784-786

„… Committee, decision‑making] 1. The EEA Joint Committee shall consist of representatives of the Contracting …” „… negotiations between the Contracting Parties to be carried out at earlier stages in the decision-making process …” „… – the meetings as such are of a quite formal character.2 II. Decision-making in the EEA Joint Committee …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 102 [Amendments of Annexes, incooperation of EEA-relevant EU legislation] S. 803-819

„… appropriate, decide on the adjustments necessary due to the suspension. I. Simplified decision-making and …” „… decision-making procedure was therefore adopted to simplify the inclusion of new legislation in the annexes of the …” „… decision-making competence. 2 Fredriksen and Mathisen, EØS-rett, p. 153. 3 For more on these amendment procedures …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 91 [The EEA Council: presidency and meetings] S. 780-782

„… decision-making in the EEA Council – the decision-making procedure is the same. For matters outside the competence …” „… decision-making process leading up to adoption of new EEA relevant legal acts.2 The solution was the inclusion of …” „… decision-making body; the EEA Joint Committee. The establishment of Joint Committees is a common trait of Free …”

Christoph Vedder The EEA in the Union’s Legal Order S. 101-124

„… for the relevant decision-making procedures. The powers and responsibilities of these institutions are …” „… are noticeable peculiarities in the representation and decision-making. As a common feature, the EEA …” „… , therefore, integrated in this EU institution. Furthermore, it is in the decision-making process that the …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 86 [Role of the EEA Joint Committee] S. 772-773

„… decision-making procedures apply. Indeed Art. 86 provides that the EEA Joint Committee is, in accordance with Part …” „… , there is no real difference in terms of the decision-making process when it comes to the incorporation …” „… of the Joint Committee. As noted in the discussion of Art. 97, decision-making procedures generally …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 16 [Obligation to state the reasons for decisions] S. 1003-1004

„… undertakings, their business relations or their cost components. Article 15 [Decision-making] The EFTA …” „… -7/10, 10.5.2011, Liechtenstein and Others v ESA. Article 15 Decision-making Bjørgan 1003 6 1 2 1 2 3 4 …” „… Director of Legal and Executive Affairs shall assist in implementing the decision-making procedures and in …”

Index S. 1125-1141

„… individuals II 109 6 Decision making autonomy II 97 1 – EU decision-making II 97 4 – exceptions II 97 3 …” „… – non-discrimination II 97 2 – requirements II 97 2, 3 Decision making procedure – amendments II 1 – constitutional …” „… requirements II 1 – entry into force II 1 – participatory rights II 1 Decision-making II 90 5, 93 3 – EFTA …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Introduction to the Chapter S. 792-793

„… decision-shaping or decision making under the EEA Agreement as opposed to, for instance, the role of the EESC under …” „… Arts. 300 to 304 TFEU. Chapter 2: The decision making procedure Introduction to the Chapter Chapter 2 …” „… , which makes clear that the EEA Agreement does not restrict the decision-making autonomy or the …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 99 [Participation of EFTA States in EU decision-shaping] S. 797-800

„… preparatory stage of EU decision-making The EFTA States are granted access to the preparatory phase and the …” „… equal basis (“in the same way”). 1 Baur, ‘Decision-Making Procedure and Implementation of New Law’, in …” „… EFTA States information on anything which could influence the final outcome of the decision-making …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 89 [Responsibilities of the EEA Council] S. 777-779

„… Tynes 3 4 5 Article 90 [Composition of the EEA Council, decision-making] 1. The EEA Council shall …” „… . Decision-making in the EEA Council The conditions for the adoption of decisions by the EEA Council are laid down …” „… Pro- Article 90 Composition of the EEA Council, decision-making Tynes 779 1 2 3 4 5 …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 108 [The ESA and the EFTA Court: Establishment and competences] S. 840-852

„… , the EFTA States could not transfer decision-making powers to the EC Institutions, most notably the EC …” „… with decision-making powers vis-á-vis economic operators sparked a new challenge for the two-pillar …” „… able to transfer decision-making powers to such entities. The solution has been to entrust ESA with the …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 85 [Inclusion of pre-existing cooperation] S. 771-772

„… , in essence the same decision-making procedures apply. Indeed Art. 86 provides that the EEA Joint …” „… original negotiators.1 As such, there is no real difference in terms of the decision-making process when it …” „… requires a Decision of the Joint Committee. As noted in the discussion of Art. 97, decision-making …”

Henrik Bull Article 21 [Border controls and cooperation in customs‑related matters] S. 341-349

„… Committee, were rules on border controls, in effect making this a decision also under Art. 4 of Protocol 10 …” „… regime. A decision-making procedure resembling that found in Arts. 99-102 of the Main Part of the EEA …” „… decision-making procedure set out in Part VII (Arts. 97-102) of the Agreement is applicable. This is the general …”

Henrik Bull Article 43 [Protective measures] S. 490-495

„… principle, review the decision-making of the EEA Joint Committee, whereas in Sigmarsson, the Court reviewed …” „… separate EFTA decision making procedure is needed for the former but not the latter.14 However, with ESA …” „… making decisions that will be directly binding in Norway, a decision pursuant to Art. 115 of the …”

Christophe Hillion Article 118 [Extension of the EEA Agreement to new fields] S. 904-912

„… the EEA decision-making procedure and by virtue of the principles of dynamism and homogeneity which …” „… EFTA states generally have to speak with one voice in the EEA decision making instances (eg Art. 93(2 …” „… rules of decision-making apply. Thus, according to Art. 4 of the rules of procedure of the EEA Council …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 92 [Responsibilities of the EEA Joint Committee] S. 782-784

„… access of the EFTA States to the decision-making process leading up to adoption of new EEA relevant legal …” „… 3 and the establishment of a joint decision-making body; the EEA Joint Committee. The establishment …” „… extraordinary circumstances. Article 93 [Composition of the EEA Joint Committee, decision‑making] 1. The EEA …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… , decision-making ...........Article 90 779 The EEA Council: presidency and meetings .....................Article …” „… ...................Article 92 782 Composition of the EEA Joint Committee, decision‑making …” „… ..................................Article 96 791 Chapter 2: The decision making procedure Introduction to the Chapter …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 97 [Right to amend internal legislation] S. 793-795

„… , which makes clear that the EEA Agreement does not restrict the decision-making autonomy or the …” „… decision-making autonomy is not impeded by the Agreement.8 It concerns the situation where the EU has adopted new …” „… ment that can be amended by decisions of the EEA Joint Committee (Art. 98), on the EFTA States …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Preamble S. 1079-1081

„… purposes of the EEA, functions in respect of decision-making, administration and management, as well as …” „… provisions of this Agreement and of the EEA Agreement, carry out functions in respect of decision-making …” „… respect of decision-making, administration and management, as well as consultations, among the EFTA States …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 14 [The staff of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] S. 1002-1003

„… [Decision-making] The EFTA Surveillance Authority shall act by majority of its Members. The rules of procedure …” „… Decision-making Bjørgan 1003 6 1 2 1 2 3 4 …” „… shall determine the quorum. ESA adopts its decisions by simple majority, there are no special provisions …”

Henrik Bull Article 24 [Energy] S. 356-361

„… agencies with decision-making powers outside of the Commission. The solution found resembles that …” „… 1992 No 113. PART II: The Agreement on the European Economic Area 356 Bull 17 18 1 Making some of the …” „… decision. III. Energy policy and the geographical scope of application of the EEA Agreement An underlying …”

Christian Frommelt Liechtenstein and the EEA S. 35-59

„… decision-making in the further development of Schengen/Dublin law. Although Liechtenstein's association to the …” „… decision-making process. Hence, it is completely up to the government to decide when to inform the Landtag about …” „… . 103 is mainly seen as a right to information rather than a decision-making power of the national …”

Introduction S. 1-13

„… these ‘opt outs’, however, was the lack of genuine joint decision-making procedure where the EFTA States …” „… initially given the EFTA States expectations about some kind of a joint EC-EFTA decision-making mechanism …” „… the EU.11 The EFTA States’ inability to get the EC-side to agree to a genuine joint decision-making …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 78 [Areas of cooperation] S. 753-754

„… legislation without access to its decision-making institutions. There are, however, some provisions in the EEA …” „… which foresee that the EFTA States can contribute to and influence EU decision-making. This is most …” „… often referred to as decision-shaping although this term does not officially appear anywhere in the …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 103 [Requirements for binding Joint Committee decisions] S. 819-824

„… Dystland, Finstad and Sørebø on Art. 7, mn. 12. 2 Baur, “Decision-Making Procedure and Implementation of …” „… ., EEA Law, p. 146-147; Baur, ‘Decision-Making Procedure and Implementation of New Law’, in: Baudenbacher …” „… the Agreement. Article 103 [Requirements for binding Joint Committee decisions] 1. If a decision of …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 9 [EEA Joint Parliamentary Committee, EFTA Consultative Committee] S. 1098-1099

„… input to EU decision making including in the formulation and distribution of EEA EFTA Comments. The work …” „… into the EEA Agreement. This includes drafting the EEA Joint Committee Decisions (JCDs) which are …” „… largest of the three EEA EFTA States, it has more resources to contribute to decision-shaping and be …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 81 [EFTA States’ participation in EU programmes] S. 763-767

„… programmes being adopted within a new financial framework. The decision-making procedure for establishing the …” „… gives the EFTA States an opportunity to contribute to the decision-making of the agencies, as well as to …” „… , agencies and it has notably no legally binding decision-making powers although there are plans to convert …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 87 [Expansion to new fields of cooperation] S. 773-776

„… VI.5 It was felt to be a major achievement that the decision-making procedure of the EEA Agreement …” „… to the costs involved.6 At the same time, using this decision-making procedure can be challenging …” „… when it comes to adopting Joint Committee Decisions for acts with budgetary consequences as it can be …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 5 [Subcommittees and working groups] S. 1090-1095

„… [Decision-making in the Standing Committee] 1. In exercising its responsibilities under Article 3, the Standing …” „… . Article 6 Decision-making in the Standing Committee Fredriksen/Jónsdóttir 1095 1 2 3 4 5 …” „… be agreed with the EU, the Standing Committee adopts a formal decision for the establishment of a …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 1 [Role of the Standing Committee] S. 1081-1082

„… Agreement, carry out functions in respect of decision-making, administration and management, as well as …” „… task of the Standing Committee: to carry out functions in respect of decision-making, administration …” „… administrative and executive functions of interest also to the EUside are regulated through decisions of the EEA …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Preamble S. 150-171

„… this Agreement does not restrict the decision-making autonomy or the treaty-making power of the …” „… EEA decision-making procedure.21 Consequently, seeds of an EEA parallel to the ECJ’s strengthening of …” „… the EEA Financial Mechanism, and all of this without complicating decision-making procedures in …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 79 [Dialogue and consultation] S. 754-757

„… legislation without access to its decision-making institutions. There are, however, some provisions in the EEA …” „… which foresee that the EFTA States can contribute to and influence EU decision-making. This is most …” „… often referred to as decision-shaping although this term does not officially appear anywhere in the …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 3 [Responsibilities] S. 1085-1089

„… [Decision-making] 1. Each EFTA State shall be represented in the Standing Committee and shall have one vote. 2. The …” „… . 9 below. Article 4 Decision-making Fredriksen/Jónsdóttir 1089 1 2 3 4 5 6 …” „… , carry out the following tasks: a) take decisions necessary for the management of rules of, or adopted …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 96 [The EEA Consultative Committee] S. 791-792

„… decision making under the EEA Agreement as opposed to, for instance, the role of the EESC under Arts. 300 …” „… to 304 TFEU. Chapter 2: The decision making procedure Introduction to the Chapter Chapter 2 …” „… , decision-shaping. The EEA Joint Parliamentary Committee does therefore not have a formal role necessary for the …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 25 [Responsibilities of the ESA in the field of the competition rules] S. 1012-1018

„… be true, it is obvious that the real decision making competence remains with the European Supervisory …” „… cases for ESA even more. For these reasons, ESA has adopted relatively few infringement decisions. No …” „… of an infringement. It states that ESA, acting on a complaint or on its own, may by decision require …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 109 [The two-pillar surveillance system] S. 852-860

„… gradually been given more powers to adopt legally binding decisions. Such decision-making powers extend to …” „… where an EU Agency has autonomous decision making powers, the most pressing two-pillar issue is whether …” „… the respect of EEA rules. In turn, this would suggest that their decisions adopted pursuant to this …”

Tarjei Bekkedal Article 59 [Public undertakings, services of general economic interest] S. 568-584

„… Surveillance Authority possesses no formal powers that addresses the decision making (“law making”) processes …” „… ) effective is dependent on the other decision making competences to which the Art. 5(2)(a) SCA refers. 72 In …” „… States the possibility of appealing a referral decision to the ECJ, on the same grounds and …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 111 [Dispute resolution in the EEA Joint Committee] S. 865-883

„… decisions from the Commission, no such problems have arisen. In the EU Member States, enforcement of …” „… EEA-related decision by the Commission and related judgments from the GC or the ECJ is governed by Arts. 299 …” „… and 280 TFEU. Thus, it is only in case of enforcement in EU Member States of decisions by ESA or …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 17 [Notification and entry into effect of decisions] S. 1004

„… Director of Legal and Executive Affairs shall assist in implementing the decision-making procedures and in …” „… concerned are familiar, summary reasons may be given.2 The structure and content of ESA’s decisions …” „… write longer decisions, especially in the field of state aid. ESA moreover closes existing aid …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 11 [Amendments of the Agreement on a Standing Committee] S. 1099-1100

„… legitimate interest to take part in the internal discussions and decision-making in the EFTA-pillar. With the …” „… mentioned in the Agreement on the Standing Committee, the EEA EFTA Forum was set up in 2009 by a decision of …” „… Agreement list the situations where the Standing Committee shall take decisions and make recommendations by …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 18 [Publication of decisions] S. 1004-1005

„… Director of Legal and Executive Affairs shall assist in implementing the decision-making procedures and in …” „… concerned are familiar, summary reasons may be given.2 The structure and content of ESA’s decisions …” „… write longer decisions, especially in the field of state aid. ESA moreover closes existing aid …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Article 77 [Provisions on company law] S. 742-751

„… reports of certain types of undertakings. The EEA decision-making procedure is further commented upon by …” „… of members and others, are required by Member States of companies and firms … with a view to making …” „… EEA company law, Annex XXII is constantly amended by Decisions of the EEA Joint Committee in …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 73 [Object and purpose of EEA environmental law] S. 715-721

„… EEA Decision Making Procedure. 3 See Bugge et al., EØS-avtalen i miljørettslig perspektiv, 1995 p. 33 …” „… . 4 See the comments by Dystland, Finstad and Sørebø on Part VII, Chapter 2: The Decision-Making …” „… decisions with an effect on the environment. The phrase ‘[a]ction by the Contracting Parties’ in Art. 73(1 …”

Berte-Elen R. Konow Article 72 [Provisions on consumer protection] S. 691-713

„… and procedural rules in decision making. The general, two-instance system of the Consumer Council and …” „… . 11 See EEA Joint Committee Decision No 251/2014. Liechtenstein is exempted from the participation in …” „… upon. 29 EEA Joint Committee Decision No 16/2009. The Directive has later been amended by Dir. 2011/90 …”

Per Christiansen Article 117 [Provisions governing the EEA financial mechanism] S. 894-904

„… Foreign Affairs is the corresponding decision-making body for the Norway Grants. The grant application …” „… made by the Commission from the EU budget. The decision on beneficiary EU States was made without much …” „… Agreement, but through an EEA Joint Committee decision amending Protocol 31 on the basis of inter alia Art …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 100 [Participation of EFTA States’ experts in the EU comitology system] S. 800-802

„… submissions from the EFTA States. 9 For more information on this, see Baur, ‘Decision-Making Procedure and …” „… representatives of the EFTA States are not authorised to participate in the formal decision making. In some cases …” „… decision. The outcome of the vote is communicated to the EFTA States. In cases where the Commission …”

Christian Franklin Article 3 [Principle of loyalty] S. 180-196

„… decision in Irish Bank as making clear that “’whether or not to refer’ is not purely optional for the …” „… explaining what the differences in terminology implied here might involve more specifically (see ESA Decision …” „… the EEA Agreement, in order to align them with decisions of the ECJ. PART II: The Agreement on the …”

Henrik Bull Article 23 [Technical regulations and barriers to trade in wine, product liability] S. 350-356

„… Committee’s competence is limited to making decisions on amendment of Annexes to the EEA Agreement as closely …” „… hearing, a decision of the EEA Joint Committee may constitute a simplified form of an international …” „… from 1 June 2015 by EEA Joint Committee Decision No 106/2012. Dir. 88/379/EEC replaced by Dir. 91/155 …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Ida Sørebø Article 7 [Binding effect and implementation of EU legal acts] S. 248-270

„… on the assessment of incorporation of non-binding acts, see Baur, ‘Decision-Making Procedure and …” „… contained in the Annexes to this Agreement or in decisions of the EEA Joint Committee shall be binding upon …” „… been included through decisions of the EEA Joint Committee, “shall be binding” upon the Contracting …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 53 [Authentic languages, ratification, deposit and entry into force] S. 1077-1079

„… ; CONSIDERING that for the purposes of the EEA, functions in respect of decision-making, administration and …” „… facilitating the elaboration of decisions to be taken by the EEA Council and the EEA Joint Committee …” „… elaboration of decisions to be taken by the EEA Council and the EEA Joint Committee.2 The need for a platform …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 74 [Protective measures] S. 721-737

„… participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters (the Aarhus convention),43 the …” „… coast of Norway. ESA assessed the Norwegian decision-making process on the basis of EEA law and found no …” „… law that now amounts to some 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions.5 Thus, unsurprisingly, EU …”

Henrik Bull Article 26 [Anti-dumping and anti-subsidies measures] S. 362-367

„… of discretion in deciding what constitutes dumping and subsidies, making it possibly to use these …” „… , including undertakings accepted by Commission decisions in dumping cases. The express exceptions from Art …” „… comments by Jordal and Mathisen on Art. 64 and by Fredriksen on Arts. 111-112. 9 Decision of 30 October …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 83 [Exchange of information between public authorities] S. 770-771

„… decision-making procedure set out in Art. 86. In order for participation to be secured, the legal base must be …” „… Committee Decisions incorporating executive agencies into the EEA Agreement have generally not been thought …” „… , Art. 2 of the decision establishing the platform allows representatives of the EFTA States to …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 5 [Responsibilities and means] S. 987-990

„… in cases provided for in the SCA and EEA. Naturally, ESA’s decision making competence is limited to …” „… based on capita.8 ESA shall be consulted before a decision modifying or amending its proposal is adopted …” „… this end, the EFTA Surveillance Authority shall: (a) take decisions and other measures in cases …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 4 [Establishment of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] S. 984-987

„… . When the relevant EU legal acts (directives, regulations or decisions) are incorporated into the EEA …” „… pure surveillance body. It has no legislative or policy making function such as the Commission. Matters …” „… similar decisions as the EU agencies with effect for EFTA States and undertakings. The decisions will be …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 110 [Enforceability of decisions of the ESA and the Commission and of judgments of the EFTA Court and the EU Courts] Einarsson/FredriksenEnforceability of decisions and judgements S. 860-865

„… decisions adopted by the other surveillance authority. Art. 109(5) EEA however stipulates that, should …” „… Agreement. Article 110 [Enforceability of decisions of the ESA and the Commission and of judgments of the …” „… EFTA Court and the EU Courts] Decisions under this Agreement by the EFTA Surveillance Authority and the …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 25 a [Responsibilities in the field of financial supervision] S. 1018-1019

„… be true, it is obvious that the real decision making competence remains with the European Supervisory …” „… competence to request information and adopt decisions.1 The extension of the agencies’ formal competence to …” „… works closely with the EFTA Surveillance Authority and adopts a draft decision. The draft decision from …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 10 [Protocols and Annexes as integral part of the Agreement] S. 1099

„… mentioned in the Agreement on the Standing Committee, the EEA EFTA Forum was set up in 2009 by a decision of …” „… Agreement list the situations where the Standing Committee shall take decisions and make recommendations by …” „… approved by decision of the Standing Committee and it shall enter into force provided it is accepted by all …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 8 [EFTA Secretariat] S. 1097-1098

„… also assists the EFTA States in the elaboration of input to EU decision making including in the …” „… demonstrated by the Standing Committee’s Decision No 1/2014/SC of 8 May 2014 on procedures for the …” „… EEA Joint Committee Decisions (JCDs) which are adopted by the EEA Joint Committee.5 The Secretariat …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 42 [Protocols and Annexes as integral part of the SCA] S. 1051-1056

„… Annex IX of the EEA Agreement, ESA has been allocated with certain decision-making powers towards …” „… of the EFTA State concerned as a result of ESA’s decision may, however, be sufficient for that …” „… taken not only in regards to a decision by ESA, but also decisions by national authorities. A potential …”

Ole-Andreas Rognstad Article 65(2) [Intellectual property rights] S. 641-659

„… ) decision making-autonomy of the EFTA States, the regulations on unitary trademarks and designs respectively …” „… decisions affected in case of non-compliance with those principles.223 It may be argued that the EFTA Court …” „… award decision or to terminate a contract, for instance in which there has been sufficiently serious …”

Convention establishing the European Free Trade Association EFTA Convention S. 1103-1125

„… Liechtenstein in matters covered thereby. (Footnote added by Council Decision No 2/2012 of 21 June 2012, e.i.f 1 …” „… July 2013). 2 Amended by Council Decision No 2/2012 of 21 June 2012, e.i.f 1 July 2013. EFTA …” „… Amended by Council Decision No 2/2012 of 21 June 2012, e.i.f 1 July 2013. EFTA Convention 1105 Article 94 …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 54 [Abuse of a dominant position] S. 546-555

„… trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; (d) making the conclusion of …” „… Economic Area 546 Gjendemsjø 1 2 topics which have been subject to decisions by ESA and judgments by the …” „… of dominance. In Posten, which is the only ESA decision finding an abuse of dominance that has been …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 68 [Labour law] S. 664-677

„… ; – Res. 95/C 168/02 on the balanced participation of men and women in decision-making; – Rec. 96/694/EC …” „… on the balanced participation of women and men in the decision-making process. The following comments …” „… , 19.4.2016, Holship. 5 See decisions by the Norwegian Labour Court ARD 2002 p. 90 LO and the Norwegian …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 63 [Specific provisions on State aid] S. 605-609

„… Directive,1 the de minimis Regulation,2 the SGEI Decision,3 the SGEI de minimis Regulation,4 and the General …” „… TFEU to de minimis aid. 3 Commission Decision 2012/21/EU of 20 December 2011 on the application of Art …” „… allocated to the nonprofit making activities must be in place.10 Indeed, separate accounts, and a clear …”

Henrik Bull Article 44 [Implementation of protective measures] S. 495-496

„… the EEA Agreement. Thus, the authority of the Council to enable individual decisions to be taken …” „… the door open for EFTA States to take protective actions disregarding decisions by ESA under Art. 18 …” „… EEA States enjoy when making fundamental choices of economic policy in the specific event of a …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen EEA law in and beyond the text of the Main Part of the EEA Agreement S. 124-145

„… , loyal cooperation, decision-making procedures, incorporation of EU legal acts into the national legal …” „… . 92-94 EEA (EEA Joint Committee) as well as to the provisions on the decision-making procedure (Arts. 97 …” „… Agreement. Since then, almost 10.000 EU legal acts have been incorporated by decisions of the EEA Joint …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 107 [Preliminary rulings from the ECJ] S. 837-840

„… outset that for constitutional reasons, the EFTA States could not transfer decision-making powers to the …” „… competences to make decisions that are binding on national authorities and/or private parties,10 a creative …” „… affirmative answer is likely to be limited to extraordinary cases where a contested decision from ESA or …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 36 [Freedom to provide services] S. 450-470

„… authorities in the EFTA States and market participants established there. However, the formal decision-making …” „… the application of any national rules which have the effect of making the provision of services …” „… for annulment of a state aid decision, the Court had to rule on whether Norwegian municipal …”

Finn Arnesen Article 119 [Annexes and Protocols as integral part of the Agreement] S. 912-919

„… found in the Protocols, and that the Court resolves potential conflicts by making recourse to the aim …” „… the EU by decisions of the EEA Joint Committee. These decisions may – as pointed out by the EFTA Court …” „… by decisions of the EEA Joint Committee. The adaptations etc. are discussed in their proper context …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 82 [EFTA States’ financial contributions] S. 767-770

„… decision-making procedure set out in Art. 86. In order for participation to be secured, the legal base must be …” „… contributions Jónsdóttir 767 12 c) The EEA Joint Committee shall take the necessary decisions concerning the …” „… number and placement of national experts within the Commission. Once a decision is made, the EFTA …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 8 [Independence of the members] S. 993-995

„… and the Commission’s decision making practice have never been triggered. Moreover, the two …” „… their own assessments and ultimately adopt decisions on an independent basis. The relations between ESA …” „… governments at the end of their term. Moreover, the ESA College takes decisions by simple majority so that two …”

Benedikt Pirker Switzerland and the EEA S. 80-101

„… for decision and administration.20 After two years of negotiations in 1990 and 1991 and a few …” „… significance of the decision and the nature of the agreement which could not be adequately classified under the …” „… organisation, are to be considered as law-making or require an implementation by means of federal laws are …”

Pål Wennerås Article 6 [Homogeneity] S. 209-248

„… could have an important function during the decision-shaping process as it conferred the right to lift a …” „… subsequently to the signature of the EEA Agree- 40 Joint Declaration by the Contracting Parties to Decision of …” „… Ullens de Schooten and Rezabek, the EFTA Court claimed that this may be the case if a decision not to …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 24 [Responsibilities of the ESA in the field of State aid] S. 1011-1012

„… with the strict time limits to act, are not well suited to the bureaucratic decision making procedures …” „… proceedings. Thus, ESA’s decision as to initiate or not initiate the infringement procedure in Art. 31 SCA, is …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 61 [Prohibition of state aid, exemptions] S. 585-598

„… decision-making practice regarding state aid for film production and film related activities that measures in …” „… garding the Coal and Steel Treaty, Decision No 24/54 and Decision No 25/67 are referred to. Chapter …” „… & Figli, at paras. 22-25. 12 Case C-159/91, 17.2.1993, Poucet and Pistre. 13 ESA Decision No 349/07/COL …”

Fredrik Bøckman Finstad Norway and the EEA S. 59-80

„… , participation in the decision making, the nature of the competence transferred, how far reaching are the powers …” „… approximation of rules and standards went sluggishly due to the EC’s internal processes of making the internal …” „… , human rights law and EEA law. The Supreme Court’s decision is in itself quite remarkable, showing a …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 123 [National security and trade in arms] S. 929-939

„… that a Member State is making improper use of Arts. 346 or 347 TFEU. Neither the EEA Agreement nor the …” „… , incorporated into the EEA Agreement by Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 129/2013. 12 Dir. 2009/81/EC on …” „… Homogeneity by Wennerås. 15 See e.g. ESA Decision 379/98/COL, 16.12.1998 initiating proceedings, and Decision …”

Article 124 [Non-discrimination of investments] Henrik Bull S. 939-942

„… accident by the EFTA Secretariat in preparation of the Joint Committee Decision. By comparison …” „… , Decision No 97/2016 of the EEA Joint Committee implementing Directives 2014/24/EU and 2014/24/EU into the …” „… , at para 27. Investments that entail “definite influence on the company’s decisions and allowing them …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen The Contracting Parties S. 145-150

„… Member State can make its voice heard through the internal EU decision-making procedures in EEA-related …” „… - à-vis the EFTA States through decisions by the EEA Joint Committee, without there being any need for the …” „… matters, but will in most cases have to accept that EEA-related decisions in the EU Council are taken by …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 23 [Monitoring within the field of public procurement law] S. 1009-1011

„… bureaucratic decision making procedures of the ESA. ESA has on some occasions been challenged by complaints for …” „… initiate infringement proceedings. Thus, ESA’s decision as to initiate or not initiate the infringement …”

Ingvald Falch Article 4 [Non-discrimination on grounds of nationality] S. 196-209

„… decision-making procedure in Part VII of it. Thereby is the same result achieved in the EEA as through Article …” „… EEA law, by making accomplices of the Contracting Parties to the Agreement in the regulation of the …” „… decisions and actions.29 In this respect, the ECJ has interpreted the notion of ‘public body’ wide (see …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 53 [Agreements, decisions and concerted practices] S. 526-546

„… , decisions and concerted practices] 1. The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the functioning …” „… of this Agreement: all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and …” „… agreements or decisions prohibited pursuant to this Article shall be automatically void. 3. The provisions of …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Article 34 [Right of establishment for companies] S. 434-450

„… which are not-profit-making. I. The Relationship between Art. 34 EEA and Art. 54 TFEU Parallel Wording …” „… decisions in the system of European law. Hence it is not identical with the classical concept of ‘case law …” „… consideration decisions by the EFTA Court can be inferred from the principle of loyalty in Art. 3 EEA. According …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 11 [Quantitative restrictions on imports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on imports S. 289-299

„… , took on board the principles laid down in CIA and Unilever, however, without making a reference to …” „… sent the questions to the EFTA Court in HOB Vín III, followed, in principle, the EFTA Court’s decision …” „… Supreme Court inter alia confirmed a decision of the Reykjavik District Court, which rejected claims by …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 12 [Withdrawal from the Agreement on a Standing Committee] S. 1100-1101

„… longer have a legitimate interest to take part in the internal discussions and decision-making in the …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 31 [Freedom of establishment] S. 400-420

„… EFTA State making use of this Article) until the adoption of Joint Committee Decision 191/1999. It is …” „… capital of a company which give the owner definite influence on the company’s decisions and allow him to …” „… decisions of the Contracting Parties. Thus, the Court rejected any arguments to the effect that public …”

Simen Hammersvik Article 65(1) [Public procurement] S. 612-641

„… or make decisions based on other considerations than economic ones. By the time of negotiating the …” „… , 71/305/EEC, 77/62/EEC, 89/665/EEC and 90/531/EEC, and Reg. No. 1182 of 3 June 1971. 6 Decision of the EEA …” „… circumstances of the individual case, but the decision shall nevertheless be subject to judicial review.25 In …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 13 [Exemptions] S. 301-311

„… are making their way within the proportionality test in ECJ’s case law, in particular in the field of …” „… decision rests with each Contracting Party. It is within the discretion of the Contracting Party to make a …” „… policy decision as to what level of risk it considers appropriate. Under those conditions, a Contracting …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 9 [Origin of goods] S. 281-286

„… rules in origin, the territories of the Contracting Parties to 2 EEA Joint Committee Decisions Nos …” „… proceedings in Iceland, where the defendants had been charged with making false declarations on invoices and …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 8 [Free movement of goods, scope of application] S. 270-281

„… emphasised that due to the fact that the EFTA States have not transferred their treaty-making power ‘to any …” „… . on the treaty making powers of the States when it comes to the exhaustion of trade mark rights.20 As …” „… sale. The main reason given for the decision was that the products at stake respectively contained 10 …”

Martin Hennig Article 14 [Internal taxation: No fiscal discrimination of imported goods] S. 311-322

„… context it is also of interesting to compare the decisions in Pedicel and Gourmet, (discussion under Art …” „… Icelandic, thus making them affordable and competitive faced with imported books in other languages.51 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845275796

Kibbie Simmons Ruth, Karen A. McClintock - Healthy Disclosure

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Kibbie Simmons Ruth, Karen A. McClintock

Healthy Disclosure

2007

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9 A Decision-Making Process S. 159-184

„… A Decision-Making Process Chapter A Decision-Making ProcessEvery congregation faces decisions about …” „… practice making difficult decisions wisely now instead of waiting until a congre-gational predicament …” „… process of making decisions results in information management that creates a stronger faith community …”

8 Leaders “In the Know” S. 149-158

„… before making decisions, the better those decisions will be. Father Joseph wanted to immediately send …” „… message? Personal issues affect the clarity of leaders’ discernment and de-cision making. Addressing any …” „… procedure implemented over several months to remove the woman from membership. Their decision making was …”

Introduction S. 1-6

„… knowledgeable in their decision making about communication. In chapter 5 we clarify the levels of information …” „… , values, and governance. These issues are addressed in chapter 8. A more specific decision-making process …” „… information may be in-advertently dispersed without regard for consequences. Making conscious communication …”

1 Why Do We Talk Too Much or Talk Too Little? S. 7-30

„… not the same as consensus building or a process of collective decision making. In groupthink people …” „… revealed. Decisions about which is which cannot be made casually. Like other professionals, clergy must …” „… decisions that can create health or disease within congrega-tions. What we say to and about each other can …”

2 Concealing Information S. 31-56

„… , underlying distortions of power and control, anxiety about decision making, rigid in-group and out-group …” „… voice or vote in decision making about the mission, personnel, and budget of the parish. While First …” „… making disclosure decisions, clergy should consider what direct bearing their information has on …”

7 Legal Issues S. 127-148

„… sue anyone else for anything at any time.” If your congregation is having difficulty making decisions …” „… is confusing; therefore, for prudent decision making, leaders must understand the most up-to-date …” „… in a congregation, state and federal laws and denominational guidelines may both apply, making …”

Preface

„… Access to Information 113 7 Legal Issues 127 8 Leaders “In the Know” 149 9 A Decision-Making Process 159 …” „… have time (or interest) to study the denomination’s standards for management and decision making or the …”

12 Speaking the Truth in Love S. 229-238

„… problems by making decisions without listening to various opinions and controlling others by keeping …” „… building itself stood high above town, its granite block exterior making it a fortress as well as a center …” „… make reasonable decisions at a congregational meeting. The informal, and sometimes unhelpful, nature of …”

5 Levels of Information Disclosure S. 93-112

„… sensitive information and to maximize the overall well-being of the congregation, the decision to increase …” „… . Categorizing information into levels does not necessarily make decisions about its management easier. The more …” „… information, the greater the potential for inappropriate spreading of the information. Therefore the decision …”

11 Special Circumstances S. 205-228

„… the congregation, those leaders make decisions without full knowledge of relevant data, and their …” „… competency; they might be unduly influenced in their decisions and vote in alliance with a major donor; or …” „… affect leadership decisions. When clergy and lead-ers talk openly about their fears and raise questions …”

Notes S. 243-252

„… Notes NotesChapter 1. Kibbie Simmons Ruth, “A Decision-Making Process for Managing Sensitive …” „… ). Impartial legal decisions are particularly difficult when Healthy Disclosurea case involves a faith group …”

6 Appropriate Access to Information S. 113-126

„… the responsibility for making decisions about the activities, finances, and direction of their faith …” „… expense budget, otherwise it cannot wisely make decisions about its future. Certain individuals have a …”

10 Correcting Poor Communication S. 185-204

„… forward with the truth. Anonymous others cannot and should not be considered when making leadership …” „… decisions or resolving conflicts. A congregation can greatly reduce negative criticism and un-resolved hard …” „… future decisions about information management. A congregation’s communication policy should include …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781566995436

Tor-Inge Harbo - Legitimising a European Constitution

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Tor-Inge Harbo

Legitimising a European Constitution

2007

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Decision-making mode S. 87-98

„… . Decision-making mode Having discussed the liberal individualistic and deliberative collectivistic approaches to …” „… the decision-making process in the previous part of this chapter, I will in the subsequent part focus …” „… on what I have called decision-making mode. With decision-making mode, I refer to the mostly …”

Decision-making process S. 78-87

„… 783.1. Decision-making process 3.1.1. Homo politicus (citoyens) and homo oeconomicus (bourgeois …” „… that everybody participated directly in the decision-making process. That would be, as I also noted in …” „… decision-making outcomes; when the individual identification of the collective is strong for whatever reasons …”

The cure (II): Majority rule instead of consensus (unanimity) S. 262-269

„… replacing the decision-making process of bargaining with that of deliberation, the decision-making process …” „… introduce or expand the policy areas subjected to majority decision-making rule have in the history of the …” „… decision-making would be the rule whenever a particular state declared that it had a major interest at stake. The …”

Introduction S. 77-78

„… 773. Decision-making process and mode (z-axis - how) IntroductionI have in the previous chapters …” „… called decision-making process, on the one hand, and decision-making mode, on the other. With …” „… decision-making process, I mean the bargaining, negotiations or deliberations in which the decision-making actors …”

Conclusion S. 98-100

„… complex central decision-making structures there will have to be; otherwise they will produce …” „… decision-making procedure may allow for participation and careful deliberation securing everybody a voice, but …” „… ). When applying supermajorities (or consensus) in decision-making processes one must, as also noted above …”

Conclusion S. 246-247

„… 246 of solving in the age of globalisation. The problem of efficient decision-making will be …” „… which the European citizens are represented in the decision-making processes of the EU. 247 9 …” „… . Decision-making in the EU (z-axis - how)Introduction Decision-making in the EC/EU has fascinated scholars ever …”

Conclusion S. 75-77

„… decision-making, in order to obtain a stable democracy. True, in greater entities it is practically impossible to …” „… revolution). Through their participation in decision-making processes they are integrated into the societal …” „… political elite, it will remain marginal, because it has a tendency to make decision-making more cumbersome …”

Introduction S. 247-248

„… 247 9. Decision-making in the EU (z-axis - how)Introduction Decision-making in the EC/EU has …” „… negotiating process, or decision-making process has developed. One could even go further and hold that the …” „… decision-making process is the essence of integration theories. The question is then: are decisions taken in the …”

The diagnosis: the joint-decision trap S. 248-251

„… central decision-making centres as may be develop-249 ing” (Lindberg 1963: 9). This suggests that groups …” „… view that supranational decision-making would acquire the increasingly technocratic attributes of its …” „… domestic equivalent. The idea of technocratic decision-making held that public policymaking consisted …”

The cure (I): Deliberation instead of bargaining S. 251-262

„… national security and national “sovereignty”. In addition, decision-making on the European level was …” „… of procedural reforms designed to streamline decision-making in the governing body of the EC, the …” „… forward linkages may in some cases suffice to prompt the intensification of international decision-making …”

Conclusions S. 271-275

„… of actors participate and are represented in a plural web of decision-making forums, all contributing …” „… (chapter 3) refers to the decision-making process and mode, i.e. howshould decisions be made? Are the …” „… decision-making processes characterised by selfinterested actors seeking to aggregate their positions through a …”

Introduction S. 222-223

„… decision-making led in the “second transformation” of democracy to the introduction of the concept of …” „… processes to sufficiently sizable political elite capable of making decisions. The third transformation of …” „… majority of citizens” (ibid. 34). Efficient decision-making has, as I have noted before, been the main …”

Institutional representation S. 223-238

„… participate and are represented in the EU decision-making processes. In section 1, I give an account of how …” „… section 2, follows an account of interest groups’ involvement in the decision-making processes and how …” „… SEA (1986), it has steadily increased its decision-making powers in all successive Treaty revisions …”

Conclusion S. 269-270

„… , any link with the CAP. Conclusion In this chapter, I have discussed the decision-making process and …” „… the decision-making process of the comitology groups and also of the Constitutional Convention, when …” „… decision-making mode prevents the EU from making new policies, but also from revising old ones. If the EU is to …”

Introduction S. 15-20

„… second, the democratisation of the EU, in the meaning of more transparent decision-making processes and …” „… ). Procedures, i.e. democratic decision-making procedures, in addition to problem-solving capacity, are, thus …” „… decision-making procedures as well as more accountability, transparency and participation, according to Fritz …”

Critique of polyarchy: fin du circle? S. 64-75

„… channel it effectively into decision-making processes; it improves citizens’ inclusion in the policy …” „… sanctions), as applied through the familiar decision-making procedures of formal government (legislatures …” „… gain unproportionately influence on the decision-making process. In addition, in the case the …”

Direct democracy S. 243-246

„… decision-making process in which a plurality of actors - institutional (local, regional and national governments …” „… today. Abromeit proposes a decision-making structure combining the regional and the sectoral dimension …” „… (characteristic of the intergovernmentalist concept of decision-making) and other decisionmaking weaknesses. 245 …”

Conclusion S. 221-222

„… efficient decision-making led in the “second transformation” of democracy to the introduction of the concept …” „… the political processes to sufficiently sizable political elite capable of making decisions. The third …” „… majority of citizens” (ibid. 34). Efficient decision-making has, as I have noted before, been the main …”

Introduction S. 52-53

„… in the decision-making processes of the Greek city state of Athens, the transformation of the idea of …” „… democracy) only indirectly takes part in the decision-making process by way of choosing those who make …” „… decision-making and deliberation. The obvious problem with this development is that this new form of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Conclusion 75 83. Decision-making process and mode (z-axis - how) 77Introduction 77 3.1 …” „… . Decision-making process 783.1.1. Homo politicus (citoyens) and homo oeconomicus (bourgeois …” „… . Decision-making mode 873.2.1. Majority rule 873.2.1.1. Relative majority rule – minority rule …”

Conclusion S. 50-52

„… directly together with their fellow citizens in the decision-making processes of the Greek city state of …” „… individual (except for when practising direct democracy) only indirectly takes part in the decision-making …” „… devaluation of the parliament as a forum for decision-making and deliberation. The obvious problem with this …”

Interest group representation S. 238-243

„… more or less derivative ways, play in the decision-making processes of the EU. However, as one can …” „… ’ control of the Council members, but this has been weak due to intransparent decision-making proce-239 …” „… democratic societies as intermediators between citizens and the decision-making institutions. They are, as …”

A European demos? S. 181-190

„… devices through which individuals can participate in the process of political decision-making without …” „… political decision-making” (ibid. 424). What is needed in order to facilitate this “philosophical pattern …” „… approach from the governor. Furthermore, with regard to the z-axis – decision-making one would assume that …”

Representative democracy S. 55-64

„… that representation implies making the absent electorate present in the decision-making process. If the …” „… electorates, it would also be difficult to engage in political decision-making, which would necessarily …” „… representatives had the intellectual capacity to participate in free political deliberation and decision-making …”

Treaty (subjects, making, revision, termination, arbitration) S. 131-134

„… discussion, since it is the object of this thesis’ examination. 5.1. Treaty (subjects, making, revision …” „… , and not individuals; that a treaty, at least as a main rule would have to be written; and that making …” „… states have the right to take part in the decision as to what action shall be taken in regard to an …”

Retrenchment vs. intervention S. 202-221

„… (joint-decision trap, see chapter 9), making it, in the words of The Economist, the: “single most idiotic system …” „… decision-making, measures needed to fulfil the requirements of the single market were to be taken by qualified …” „… other reasons, for example the decision-making process laid down in the constitutional structure of the …”

Self-rule and shared-rule (federalism in practice) S. 107-117

„… multitude of actors playing on a vast number and variety of decision-making stages. Sovereignty in pluralist …” „… ” and “joint decision-making”, but also favours the emergence of a policy-making system, in which …” „… federal decision-making and rely on alternative forms of interest intermediation, such as the party system …”

Reference List S. 276-290

„… Geburtstagskind“ in: Rheinischer Merkur, No. 19, 7. Mai Kirchner, Emil Joseph (1992) Decision Making in the …” „… (2000) “Cohesion and Structural Funds” in: Helen Wallace and William Wallace (eds.) Policy-Making in the …” „… , droit, politique, démocratie, Paris, p. 175 ff. Craig, Paul (1997) “Democracy and Rule-Making within the …”

Individualism (liberty) or collectivism (equality) S. 25-38

„… , whose decision is accepted, do not ask themselves what they, as individuals, demand, but what the …” „… majority’s decision. The problem is, according to Rousseau, that the people are often so ignorant and selfish …” „… ). This means that the people do not necessarily take part in the law-making activities themselves, but …”

Economic theory and European integration: between neo-liberals and socialists; sovereignists and federalists S. 196-202

„… transformed to the EU level. This has to do with the decision-making process. In the case decisions are to be …” „… peace-time, had so much power (Moravcsik 1994) (more on decision-making see chapter 9). However, as …” „… states to the decisions of the supranational institutions, in particular, the surveillance by the …”

Conclusion S. 190-192

„… z-axis – decision-making one would assume that a more homogeneous demos is required to support a …” „… the minority to accept majority decisions and the latter not. And finally, with regard to the y-axis …”

The EU: More than a confederation, less than a federal state S. 117-128

„… . (…) a confederation manifests itself as a constituted unity capable of making laws for its members …” „… , but was spelled out first by the Court in the so-called Costa v. ENEL decision (ECJ case 6/64). The …” „… decisions, i.e. the member 123 states’ courts are not obliged to follow the rulings of the ECJ (Mancini 2000 …”

A legal document for the EU S. 152-164

„… rights in these areas. On the other hand, the decision-making concept of double majority (Art. I-25 CT …” „… traditional international agreements establishing relations between contracting states by creating law-making …” „… fusion of constitution-making and constitution-revision is also characteristic of American constitutional …”

Introduction S. 130-131

„… including decision by a supermajority, but it does not necessarily have to be this way. The British …” „… (subjects, making, revision, termination, arbitration) According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of …” „… written; and that making a treaty is an act of international law, i.e. a treaty is an international legal …”

Intervention or retrenchment S. 38-50

„… the will to reform, have so complicated decision-making procedures (cooperative federalism and heavy …” „… the economic sphere, making the classical liberal cherished Smithean “invisible hand” more visible. A …” „… with a “dogmatic laissez faire”.“The liberal argument is in favour of making the best possible use of …”

Unity in diversity (federalism in theory) S. 104-107

„… decision-making stages. Sovereignty in pluralist democracy is not absolute, centralised and indivisible, but …”

Volk - Nation - People S. 167-181

„… to involve the individuals of the ruling class in the decision-making process. Herder’s as well as …” „… laid on the decision-making process per se, but rather on the theoretical, philosophical, and in the …”

Constitution S. 134-150

„… the act of the constitution-making power (pouvoir constituant) barbarianism is defeated and civilised …” „… , was, then, according to Rousseau and Sieyès, not to take part in the law-making activities themselves …” „… into Bruce Ackerman’s concept of dual law-making. Inspired by classical liberalism, rather than …”

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Ulla Weber (ed.)

Fundamental Questions

Series: Schriften zur Gleichstellung

Volume 51 2021

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Isabel Valera Discrimination in Algorithmic Decision Making S. 15-26

„… Discrimination in Algorithmic Decision Making Isabel Valera Department of Computer Science …” „… supplements, and even replaces, human supervision in decision making, there are growing societal concerns …” „… Algorithmic decision-making processes are increasingly becoming automated and data-driven in both online (e.g …”

Ulla Weber PREFACE: Gender-Sensitive Research at the Max Planck Society S. 7-14

„… discrimination in algorithmic decision-making. Given that automated and data-driven decision-making processes are …” „… decision-making. They are developing new definitions of what “fairness” means and are helping with the development …” „… will not be achieved as long as society and decision makers consider women less fit for science than …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Society 7 Ulla Weber Discrimination in Algorithmic Decision Making 15 Isabel Valera Time to Rethink the …”

Esra Sarioglu Gender Inequality and Emotions: Hostility against Women in Contemporary Turkey S. 171-182

„… women’s employment status, disposable income, participation in decision-making processes, and women’s …” „… , which was accepted not only in small feminist circles but also broadly in the mainstream policy-making …” „… of emotions. However, as studies have shown, emotions play an important role in making and unmaking …”

Luisa Stella de Oliveira Coutinho Silva Women in the Captaincy of Paraíba: a Legal History Approach to the Sources of Colonial Brazil S. 209-235

„… ”) which first took place in 1973. Historians were finally adding women’s history to the picture, making …” „… practices and the making of history, questioning second wave feminism. There was not just one women’s …” „… the white middle class, making a sole identity impossible. The black feminist movement added the black …”

Birgit Kolboske Hierarchies. Lotta Support, Little Science? Scientists and Secretaries in the Max Planck Society S. 105-134

„… focused mainly on a “better science-life-balance“, whereas influencing recruitment decisions by …” „… who works in an office, writing letters, making telephone calls, organizing meetings, etc. for other …” „… taking dictation in a foreign language or making simple translations from or into this language. 3 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748924869

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Matthias Ruffert, Christian Walter

Institutionalised International Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

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§ 9 Organs and Decision Making S. 146-173

„… § 9Organs and Decision MakingLiterature:Amerasinghe, The Law of the International Civil Service …” „… ), 3 ff.;Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, 1980; Macarczyk, ‘The International Court ofJustice …” „… analyse the different types of organs (II.) andpresent their respective decision making procedures (III …”

§ 3 International Organisations within the Constitution of the International Community S. 42-67

„… international trade.41– Ratification of decisions: One institutional procedure of treaty-making particular to …” „… Internationale, 1970; Abeyratne, ‘Law making and decision making power of the ICAO Council. A Critical Analysis …” „… (i.e. the people) as in concepts of“input”-legitimacy but rather rely on decision-making structures and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-15

„… Decision MakingGeneral Features …” „… . 148Decision-Making Procedures ...............................................................IV. 149 …” „… . 165Budget Competence and Budget Decision Making ...................................4. 168Budget …”

§ 14 Environment S. 306-315

„… initiative’, 39 Futures (2007), 614; Betsill, ‘Global Climate Change Policy: MakingProgress or Spinning …” „… great importance and some ofthem (Greenpeace, World Wild Life Fund) are quite well-known.21Rule-Making …” „… environmental organisations must react to these particularities. On the level of law-making, mechanisms to …”

§ 10 Finance and Personnel S. 174-193

„… income are problematic with respect to autonomous decision-making by the organisation. Thus, Art. 57 WHO …” „… forming ofconsensus on certain policies and coherent decision-making as well as the overall organisational …” „… principal decision-making organ of the ECSC, was entitled to impose levies on the production of coal and …”

§ 13 Economy and Development S. 282-305

„… ) Institutional Structure and Decision-Making. The WTO has three main organs: the Ministerial Conference under …” „… Director-General of the WTO isRoberto Carvalho de Azevêdo (Brazil, since September 2013).Decision-making in the WTO …” „… issue ofthe WTO decision-making’s democratic legitimacy. It was triggered by the social and economic …”

Table of Abbreviated Citations S. 326-341

„… – Appellate Body 330– Decision-Making by Consensus 353, 653– Decision-Making Procedure 348 …” „… Decisions 587, 589 ff– of Acts to IOs 220 ff 585, 587 ff– Shared Responsibility 585– Strict Alternativity …” „… Protection 56– CESCR cf. ‘UN Committee onEconomic, Social and CulturalRights– Decisions 539– European …”

§ 11 Peace and Security S. 194-235

„… Security Council decision declaring the existence of one of the three situationsmentioned in Article 39 …” „… is blocked from making recommendations concerning disputes or situations in respect of which the …” „… theUN practice based on it, the General Assembly is merely blocked from making2.7 For an overview of the …”

§ 15 Perspectives S. 316-325

„… Nations.13 Whatever concept of democracy14 one should ultimately prefer: transparency of decision-making …” „… of global administrative law – to establish a doctrine of interrelationships, decision-making …” „… processes aswell as the explanation of such decisions are highly important.International Organisations and …”

§ 4 Treaty Basis, Creation, Extinction, and Succession S. 68-85

„… in a negative way.19 Therefore, the substantive andprocedural conditions for making reservations …” „… its members – is exclusively competent for making revisions. As was mentioned above, such a conference …” „… Models of Constitution-Making in Europe: The Quest for Legitimacy’, 39 CMLRev. (2002), 1217; Wessels …”

§ 1 Concept and Theory of International Organisations S. 16-31

„… sanctions list by a UN body without any opportunity for judicial review?1 What effect does a decision by the …” „… UNESCOWorld Heritage Committee to inscribe a monument in the “red list” have on thelocal planning decision or …” „… (“Waldschlößchenbrücke”)?2 How can decisions by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a common expertbody …”

§ 12 The Institutional Organisation of International Human Rights Protection S. 236-281

„… necessity of international protection of human rights. A growing number of decisions by International …” „… decisions by International Organisations.One of the challenges of international institutional law, thus …” „… sub-organ ofECOSOC it was composed of government representatives whose decisions wereprimarily dictated by …”

§ 6 The Doctrine of Powers S. 106-115

„… ’ inherent competences, from the UN’s access (e.g. fundamental political decisions or the establishment of …” „… in a decision on theEuropean Danube Commission: “As the European Commission is not a State,but an …” „… Union, 2006, 103 f., on treaty-making powers.§ 6 The Doctrine of Powers94201202203its own name.22 On the …”

§ 8 Membership S. 126-145

„… . The decision on admission thus, in principle, rests withthe founding members as an act of political …” „… decision on an application is derived from) can be simply transferred to the international …” „… before a decision on accessionis taken. This has notably been continous practice in the context of the …”

§ 5 Legal Personality S. 86-105

„… . 71150151This seminal decision – an advisory opinion according to Article 96 para 1 UNupon request of the …” „… personality and particular powers of International Organisations. The factual background of the decision is …” „… out the decisions of the Security Council (Article 2 para 5, 25 UN). The General Assemblycan make …”

§ 2 History of International Organisations S. 32-41

„… . The creation of international institutions endowed withautonomous decision-making capacities was …”

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