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Christine Godt - Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals inside Europe

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Christine Godt (ed.)

Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals inside Europe

Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Volume 58 2010

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Ortwin Schulte General Political and Economic Conditions Affecting Access to Life-Saving Medicines in the Enlarged European Union S. 15-22

„… financially affordable access to medicines in the current practice of the European Union form the focus of …” „… Europe-wide equalisation of automotive prices to be substantially strengthened by it. Does the same rationale …” „… within the context of Europe-wide collection of good practice, on alternatives to tenders in respect of …”

The Bremen Declaration 2007 S. 195-199

„… antiretroviral drugs and thus poses an obstacle to universal access to treatment even in some parts of Europe …” „… to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia" and in the Vilnius Declaration on "Measures to …” „… access to prevention, treatment, care and support by 2010 for all those who need it. Taking note of the …”

Jerome H. Reichman Lessons to be Learned in Europe from the International Discourse on Patents and Public Health S. 133-145

„… 133 Lessons to be Learned in Europe from the International Discourse on Patents and Public Health …” „… provide access to medicines – beyond those under national patent and competition law as discussed by …” „… . 8 Art. 31(b) TRIPS-Agreement. Lessons to be Learned in Europe from the International …”

Geertrui Van Overwalle Differential Pricing: Piercing or Fostering the IP Incentive for Public Health? S. 113-125

„… facilitate access to affordable treatment in Eastern Europe and central Asia. In response, seven leading …” „… Political and Economic Conditions Affecting Access to Life-Saving Medicines in the Enlarged European Union …” „… series of subjects in distress try to gain access to vitally important goods by putting to work a well …”

Christine Godt Introduction S. 9-14

„… present volume is different, it is on access to medicines. The perspective taken is the one of patients …” „… (back-to-back exportimport compulsory licenses) is also applicable in Europe (e.g. Estonia importing, Germany …” „… lack of access (non availability or prices not adjusted to GDP) will not be fixed by re-erecting the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… and Exhaustion for Access to Patented Essential Medicines Nomos 1. Auflage 2010 © Nomos …” „… Introduction Christine Godt 9 General Political and Economic Conditions Affecting Access to Life-Saving …” „… Conundrum of Exhaustion Principles Heinz Goddar 125 Lessons to be Learned in Europe from the International …”

Christine Godt Differential Pricing of Patent-Protected Pharmaceuticals for Life-Threatening Infectious-Diseases inside Europe – Can Compulsory Licenses be Employed? S. 23-74

„… European efforts aimed at fighting the HIV-crisis by taking part in the attempts to provide better access …” „… Presidency (first half term of 2008). In the whole WHO-Region Europe, to which also Russia and other States …” „… Administrations in Europe for combating the sickness. As an instrument among others, compulsory licenses are to …”

Nadia laneva Protection and Regullation of Pharmaceuticals in Bulgaria S. 169-175

„… latest alterations in Bulgarian legislation will unfortunately have a negative impact on the access to …” „… advance. This means that the patients will not have immediate access to such drugs. They have to order …” „… to the access to drugs for life-threatening diseases which is actually our goal …”

Valérie Paris Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy in a Global Market – Cross-border Impact on the Availability and Prices S. 155-169

„… avoid impairing affordable access to pharmaceuticals in the global pharmaceutical market place. They …” „… timely and affordable access? If income-based price differentials are desirable to promote access in …” „… Union where it is authorized. It was estimated to account for about 2 % of the European pharmaceutical …”

Christian Wagner-Ahlfs Research Incentives from a Public Health Perspective: The Role of Public Funded Research S. 183-190

„… Christian Wagner-Ahlfs* A. Introduction Access to affordable medicine is not just an economic issue; it’s …” „… necessary. The global public health situation faces two major problems with regards to access to medicine …” „… : there is a lack of access to existing medicines (partly created by high prices); and there is a lack of …”

Workshop Programme S. 191-195

„… to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia" and in the Vilnius Declaration on "Measures to …” „… access to prevention, treatment, care and support by 2010 for all those who need it. Taking note of the …” „… Strengthen Responses to HIV/AIDS within the European Union and the Neighbouring Countries” of 17 September …”

Aleksei Kelli Intellectual Property Rights and Access to HIV Medicines in Estonia S. 175-183

„… 175 Intellectual Property Rights and Access to HIV Medicines in Estonia1 Aleksei Kelli The …” „… HIV strategy, p. 8. 13 Ibid., pp. 32-33. Intellectual Property Rights and Access to HIV Medicines …” „… medication.14 Compulsory Licensing as a Tool to Access HIV Medicines The legal framework of Estonian patent …”

List of Contributing Authors S. 210-213

„… advocacy on access to medicine, patent systems and patient information. He coordinates the German research …” „… interface to intellectual property, research regulation, European Law. Annex VI 212 Geertrui VAN …” „… Group on Biotechnological Inventions. She contributed to the widely recognized Report of the European …”

Heinz Goddar Price Differentiation and the Conundrum of Exhaustion Principles S. 125-133

„… system”) in order to restrict parallel trade in Europe …” „… Lessons to be Learned in Europe from the International Discourse on Patents and Public Health Jerome H …” „… access to medicines – beyond those under national patent and competition law as discussed by Christine …”

Hanns Ullrich European Competition Law, Community-wide Exhaustion and Compulsory Licenses – Disintegrating the Internal Market in the Public Interest S. 89-113

„… demarcation that help to avoid it. B. Private and Public Policies for Affordable Access to Pharmaceuticals …” „… regards parallel trade, blocking or hindering access to its source of supply for export on the regulated …” „… that according to V. Paris, Differential Pricing and Price Control in Europe, in this volume, parallel …”

Sabine Richard Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals – Lessons from Economic Theory S. 145-155

„… from severe diseases for which powerful drug therapy is available, should have access to these drugs …” „… guarantees on the one hand access to safe and efficient innovative and affordable drugs to patients …” „… most industrialised countries almost everyone has access to necessary health services regardless of …”

Joint Declaration adopted by the German Federal Ministry of Health and the research-based pharmaceutical industry S. 199-200

„… , the right of access to modern HIV/AIDS medication must also be affordable for the latter. This …” „… upscaled to include other suitable states inside and outside of the European Union. The research-based …” „… possible, based on a convincing political concept prepared by the Bulgarian Government, to link up …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845223124

Markus Kotzur, David Moya, Ülkü Sezgi Sözen, Andrea Romano - The External Dimension of EU Migration and Asylum Policies

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Markus Kotzur (ed.), David Moya (ed.), Ülkü Sezgi Sözen (ed.), Andrea Romano (ed.)

The External Dimension of EU Migration and Asylum Policies

Series: Schriftenreihe des EUROPA-KOLLEGS HAMBURG zur Integrationsforschung

Volume 76 2020

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Andrea Romano The External Dimension and Access to International Protection in the European Union: Resettlement and Humanitarian Visas S. 97-120

„… lottery when they choose the legal pathway to access international protection in Europe – and that, in …” „… The External Dimension and Access to International Protection in the European Union: Resettlement …” „… the other hand, in the vast majority of European countries, access to international protection through …”

Claudia Pretto Development and Cooperation in the Field of Migration S. 121-142

„… policy, as the entry, stay and access to European territory legislation, as it is known, is both European …” „… of Europe in exchange for money and support.46 The European Union continued to operate according to …” „… not allow migrants’ departure to Europe. The agreements with African countries have in fact the …”

Francesco Luigi Gatta The European and International Response to the Human Rights Situation of Migrants in Libya: The Humanitarian Evacuation Programmes Run by the African Union, the European Union and the United Nations S. 163-194

„… closing all doors to Europe?, EU Migration Law Blog, 2 October 2017. 30 European Court of Justice, C …” „… resettlement initiatives carried out in the European Union, see F.L. Gatta, Legal avenues to access …” „… and organised mobility to access international protection in the European territory. Otherwise, the …”

Catharina Ziebritzki The Integrated EU Hotspot Administration and the Question of the EU’s Liability S. 253-294

„… insofar as access has been granted to the documents concerning the European Regional Task Force. Access to …” „… becomes an absolute requirement […] precisely to have access to effective remedies and claim rights …” „… for access to documents under Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 of May 2001 regarding public access to …”

Arolda Elbasani, Senada Šelo Šabić Balkan Migration to the EU: From Countries of Origin to Countries of Transit and to a Chaotic Exterior Guardian of the Schengen Area! S. 195-216

„… Stabilisation and Association Process, were designed to facilitate reforms and bring the WB closer to Europe.1 …” „… ; and pull factors such as the presence of the diaspora, cash benefits, access to illegal labor market …” „… , access to illegal labor m rket, begging, and length of Arolda Elbasani and Senada Šelo Šabić 200 asylum …”

Francisco Javier Donaire Villa Morocco and Spain Bilateral Legal Relationship on Migration and Asylum Issues S. 217-250

„… with figures below), or as a transit or a “bridge” State to the European Union through the access to …” „… at Spanish borders, and of these, 97% are Moroccans trying to access European Union territory through …” „… North African country could achieve greater access to the EU market. However, Spanish–Moroccan relations …”

Claudia Candelmo A General Overview of the Legal Framework of the EU External Action on Migration and Asylum S. 37-58

„… hand, the then European Community pushed for the involvement of third States in limiting access to the …” „… , offering them preferential treatment, as will be shown further, as far as visas or the access to the …” „… Europe and to the promotion of safe and legal avenues to migrate. It is in this framework that the Blue …”

Annalisa Morticelli The External Dimension and the Management of Irregular Migration in the EU: A Human Rights Approach S. 59-96

„… . 27765/09, judgment, 23/02/2012, para. 180. 64 Costello, Courting Access to Asylum in Europe: Recent …” „… Relation to the European Convention of Human Rights: a General Survey, in: Council of Europe (ed.), Human …” „… under the auspices of the Council of Europe as a counterpart to the International Covenant on Economic …”

Ülkü Sezgi Sözen, Chad Heimrich EU–Turkey Relations in Migration Matters S. 145-162

„… .). Europe, here, refers to the members of the European Council. 38 See, for critics regarding some claims on …” „… migration to Europe. Over the last two decades, Turkey has been an immigration and transit country in terms …” „… or unregistered, stay in Turkey and/or use it as a transit country en route to Europe. 2 Hand in hand …”

Carmine Conte, Valentina Savazzi The Financial Dimension of EU External Policies on Migration S. 325-350

„… https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/migration-and-asylum/migration-and-asylum_en. 42 European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the …” „… Turkey reached an agreement to manage the flow of irregular migrants via Turkey to Europe. The EU– Turkey …” „… coming to Europe, to whom respectively EUR 281 million,58 EUR 253 million and EUR 278 million are …”

Markus Kotzur, Leonard Amaru Feil Migration Management by the Means of Human Rights in Times of Crisis S. 13-34

„… ” turns into a responsibility “to build”.71 That applies to the law of residence, the access to the labour …” „… – alleged or existing – conflicts. This is illustrated by the European Union’s reaction to the crisis of the …” „… European asylum system in 2015/2016. An agreement with Turkey was concluded which obliged Turkey to prevent …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Approach 59 Annalisa Morticelli The External Dimension and Access to International Protection in the …” „… ) lies with Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. This work is subject to copyright. All rights …” „… copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to “Verwertungs gesellschaft Wort”, Munich …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845298375

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

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Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… , there is the advantage of Europe’s geo- 477 See e. g. Charish in Israel seeks access to EU telecoms …” „… Europe has come a step closer to recognising this, thanks to Israel’s outstanding, and quasi-European …” „… use the peace process in order to get something from Europe in order to show our own people that the …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 215-218

„… access to the EU’s telecommunications public procurement markets – the sector of central interest to …” „… Israel. The EU settled for a lot less than it set out for, accepting access solely to the Israeli sectors …” „… , as well as fully fledged access to Israeli public procurement, as it had initially demanded. No …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… perception of the EU’s motivation – to avoid a confrontation between the Western states of Europe and the …” „… Muslim societies of North Africa, which could pose a great danger to Europe’s relations with its own …” „… reduce the product’s price in the EU, securing better market access, and can be expected to increase …”

The dynamics of further European integration S. 130-132

„… Europe 92, where Israel’s European competitors enjoyed unhindered access to third EC states’ markets …” „… the opposition for being oblivious to the developments in Europe. This criticism was directed against …” „… a perceived lack of measures to counterbalance the adverse e?ects of Europe 92 or the EEA …”

Why has Israel been successful? S. 218-220

„… . It is against this background that Europe aims at granting Israel market access and access to its …” „… in 1996. In contrast to Europe’s prospective relations with the East, concerning the South the …” „… . On the other hand, Europe expected the Arabs to “get their house in order” before any steps towards …”

The dispute on financial services S. 167-170

„… , a key to the painful haggling was that the EU preferred forgoing better market access in Israel to …” „… granting Israel better access in the EU.520 His perception was that the EU simply did not want to further …” „… access to Israel. Also, there had been the impression that the EU had broken promises. Whilst the …”

EEA status S. 250-251

„… get. More favourable rules of origin have been on Israel’s list, access to the EU’s public procurement …” „… market access for its agricultural products and admission to the EU’s Framework Programme for Research …” „… Europeanness and should not be denied being treated as European, least of all by Europe itself. Having said …”

The case studies S. 16-18

„… exhaustive list of issues related to Europe. Not to be misunderstood – Israel has called on Europe for a …” „… crucial threshold is access to information on the inner workings of the policy process. Access is best …” „… relations: the European Parliament’s 1988 refusal to ratify three protocols of the 1975 Cooperation …”

The history of scientific cooperation with the EC S. 132-134

„… European organisations. Israel did not participate in founding or financing but had full access to its …” „… relations were launched in 1977, scientific relations with Europe date back much further, to a time when …” „… Europe. These scientists kept and cultivated their contacts to their former colleagues at Europe’s …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… perception of the EU’s motivation – to avoid a confrontation between the Western states of Europe and the …” „… Muslim societies of North Africa, which could pose a great danger to Europe’s relations with its own …” „… European Union’s general reluctance to use conditionality certainly go a long way to explain this failure …”

What we need: form follows function S. 18-21

„… crucial threshold is access to information on the inner workings of the policy process. Access is best …” „… also be needed to access and understand patterns of behaviour that we are likely to observe with single …” „… behaviour towards Europe. Also, it will enable us to make hypotheses on this behaviour that we can later put …”

The dispute on the EU’s R&D programme S. 174-179

„… . Peres to Europe for talks on Israeli participation in tenders, 1994. 553 Ahlswede, 1996c; PS 1994 …” „… not enough to make membership fees pay. See e. g. PS 1994, February 16. 555 Israel seeks access to EU …” „… erinnert die EU an ihre Versprechen, 1994. 563 Peres to Europe for talks on Israeli participation in …”

Use the EU’s good services S. 247-250

„… favourable rules of origin have been on Israel’s list, access to the EU’s public procurement markets, the …” „… this, the Netanyahu government did not put much stress on trying to expand European aid to the …” „… to make use of good services that the Europeans can o?er. These good services have for the very most …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… 153 4.5.2.1. Peace dividend 154 4.5.2.2. More favourable rules of origin 154 4.5.2.3. Access to the …” „… vis-à-vis Europe 226 5.1.2. Perception of the EU’s attitude 228 5.1.2.1. Readiness to explain EU behaviour …” „… work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is …”

The causes and implications of the trade deficit with the EC S. 127-130

„… Europe 92, where Israel’s European competitors enjoyed unhindered access to third EC states’ markets …” „… market position as more and more competitors enjoyed preferential access to the EC markets as well. The …” „… received preferential access to the EC for political reasons like the EC’s anti-drug policy.341 …”

Incompatible perspectives on appropriate foreign behaviour S. 272-274

„… can be traced back to the European Jewry’s historical disillusion with Europe. Victims nevermore is a …” „… the European house to the extent that the EU is willing to grant it access. This willingness of the EU …” „… been exactly what Israel has feared that European involvement would lead to, because of Europe’s less …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… . Eager to gain better market access for Israeli agricultural products, the Ministry of Agriculture was …” „… association with the EC: If Israel were tied as closely to Europe as possible, it could do without the Arabs …” „… prefer to see Israel as part of the Middle East and not as an economic branch of Europe. 373 Ahlswede …”

Perspective on integration S. 274-278

„… : Israel’s integration with Europe is supply-driven, and Israel will be integrated into the European house to …” „… has feared that European involvement would lead to, because of Europe’s less forthcoming attitude …” „… towards Europe have to a large degree been a function of the Middle East peace process and of Israel’s …”

Sign or keep negotiating? S. 179-186

„… non-European country to participate in the EU’s full non-nuclear R&D programme, it would gain access to public …” „… the façade of the EMA’s real significance: to move politically closer to Europe. With a sense of time …” „… Peres, he left European matters to his Foreign Minister. Judging from a number of statements, though …”

The internal dispute on Israel’s goal S. 170-174

„… Europe was solved by non-decision. Israel turned to muddling through. 4.6.5.1. Further vision: EEA status …” „… . 4.8.2 p. 205 f. 552 Ahlswede, 1998s. See also e. g. Peres to Europe for talks on Israeli participation …” „… , February 16. 555 Israel seeks access to EU telecoms contracts, 1994. …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… marketing tour of Europe. The European Commission was set to issue a mandate to the Council in December 1993 …” „… an unfamiliar friendly Europe and a government sensitive to European issues. Israel tried to get a …” „… coming to an end” and that Europe was now just as important to Israel as the US.637 As much as it …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… ; Peres to Europe for talks on Israeli participation in tenders, 1994; Cautious optimism over talks with …” „… . Europe prefers to see Israel as one of the Mediterranean non-member countries. The EU thus could not …” „… its own linkage against the EU condition: if Europe wanted to play a more important role in the Middle …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… access to oil, containment of the Soviet Union, and to safeguard the security and prosperity of Israel …” „… . Economically, the United States does not pursue any particular aims in the Middle East save for access to oil …” „… temporarily and with limited capacity to the Western European and Others (WEOG) regional group in 2000. In …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… declaration of the European Council of Berlin and beyond. In S. Behrendt (Ed.), Bound to cooperate: Europe and …” „… management? New York: Praeger. Cohen, R. (2002). Israel: A return to Europe? Retrieved February 14, 2008 …” „… (to be presented at the workshop on Europe’s external borders, University of Liverpool 2–3 July 2003 …”

The dispute on agricultural products S. 166-167

„… eyes of the Israeli public to their claim for improved access to the EU markets. It has to be viewed …” „… , Zvi Allon, a key to the painful haggling was that the EU preferred forgoing better market access in …” „… Israel to granting Israel better access in the EU.520 His perception was that the EU simply did not want …”

The dispute on public procurement S. 164-166

„… access to these sectors in exchange for opening its telecommunications markets. Israel, though, refused …” „… importantly, Israel agreed to grant access to its transportation sector – buses excluded – to EU manufacturers …” „… legitimacy in the eyes of the Israeli public to their claim for improved access to the EU markets. It has to …”

The dispute on rules of origin S. 160-164

„… , access to the EU markets is an important motivation: With an EU partner in a joint venture, it will be …” „… of conflicts over other issues: access to public procurement markets, liberalisation in trade of …” „… access to the EU market of Israeli products with Jordanian inputs was an opportunity to boost economic …”

The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement S. 125-127

„… enjoyed preferential access to the EC markets as well. The EC’s concessions to Polish goose liver would …” „… Fourth Framework Programme for Research and Development for Israel as the first non-European country to …” „… . Due to a conflict with the European Parliament, however, the protocols did not come into force until …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219189

Stamatia Devetzi, Constanze Janda - Freiheit - Gerechtigkeit - Sozial(es) Recht

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Stamatia Devetzi (ed.), Constanze Janda (ed.)

Freiheit - Gerechtigkeit - Sozial(es) Recht

2015

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Kristina Koldinská Right to education – a case of Roma children in Central Europe S. 333-358

„… Central Europe have been strongly criticized and also brought to the European court of Human Rights. After …” „… states guarantee an equal access to education to all pupils. The European Convention for Protection of …” „… them to recall the legislative documents of the Council of Europe and European Union provided victims …”

Jef Van Langendonck Clear Concepts also in Social Security S. 401-410

„… make sure that all workers (or those who are deemed to need it) can have access to a decent level of …” „… always clear. In the U.S. and the U.K. the term applies only to income security. In continental Europe it …” „… to do is to guarantee access to a decent level of insurance protection for those who by their poor …”

Danny Pieters Social security and freedom of religion S. 509-527

„… the member states of the Council of Europe to agree upon a slightly higher standard setting; this was …” „… , be it of profane or religious nature in order to get individual but systematic access to the …” „… contribution I shall explore how national and European law deals with situations where the right to social …”

Michael Adler The Legal Protection of Minimum Standards – A Tale of Two Countries S. 15-35

„… day); more than 1 billion people lack adequate access to clean drinking water and an estimated 400 …” „… do not wish to give the game away at the outset, it can be revealed that, in a number of ways, the …” „… content. Government, Parliament and the Constitution In any given society, it may simply be left to …”

Armin Höland Rechtswanderungen. Eine Skizze S. 202-225

„… an effective right of access to the High Court for the purpose of petitioning for a decree of …” „… spricht er dem Gerichtshof den Mut zur Grundsatzentwicklung nicht ab: „But my point is that it managed to …” „… political) door to the Court.”40 Der vom EuGH im Fall Van Gend & Loos entwickelte Grundsatz der …”

Frans Pennings The development of EU citizenship by means of the link approach S. 490-508

„… of the host Member State.19 Directive 2004/38/EC on EU citizens' access to social benefits In 2004 …” „… , ‘EU Citizenship: Access to Social Benefits in Other EU Member States’, In The International Journal of …” „… market citizens in the sense that it now explicitly justifies their access to advantages V. 24 Case C …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258492

Audrey Dauchy, Laila Scheuch - Arbeit und Familie in Nordwesteuropa im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit

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Audrey Dauchy (ed.), Laila Scheuch (ed.)

Arbeit und Familie in Nordwesteuropa im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit

Series: Studien zur europäischen Rechtsgeschichte

Volume 338 2023

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A. Dauchy, L. Scheuch Work and Family in Medieval and Early Modern Northwest Europe –Historiographical Developments S. 3-28

„… ); Viret (2013), 311–325.Work and Family in Medieval and Early Modern Northwest Europe 5in access to work …” „… order to be able to recognise their function in the development of the economy in pre-modern Europe.12 …” „… ’ Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe keeps the central arguments of the 2008 edition, but to some …”

Abstracts S. 207-212

„… organisations in Rouen (13th–15th centuries)Rouen was among the few medieval cities in Europe to allow not just …” „… modern period, the French royal authority enacted rules that framed access to the office of bailiff …” „… background influenced access to office. The study shows that it had a significant impact. Indeed, many …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783465146025

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