Filter results

Results (7499)

Sort by:

Select all Select all

Page 1

No access

Select

Anna Locher

Crisis? What Crisis?

2010

Results in this title

Institutionalizing the Debate on the State of the Alliance? S. 215-221

„… NATO’s internal affairs. 2.1 Institutionalizing the Debate on the State of the Alliance? The May 1965 …” „… disruption.” The US State Department, aware more than ever of signs that France intended to replace NATO by a …” „… superpower. This had a pronounced impact on the future course of the NATO debate and implied a change of its …”

Atlantic Tensions Go Public in Foreign Affairs S. 101-107

„… Affairs that were characteristic of the state of flux in the Atlantic alliance: an essay by Belgian …” „… and Alastair Buchan, British expert on strategy and policy adviser, each addressed the state of …” „… spirit of the moment. They also showed the public dimension of the NATO debate; in fact, the …”

Nuclear Sharing or Nuclear Consultation? Acting on the NATO Crisis S. 221-228

„… sharing schemes nevertheless continued to loom in the transatlantic debate. Officials in the US State …” „… Department, including Under Secretary of State George Ball, remained wedded to the MLF idea, as did, in …” „… the “narrow approach.”131 In this state of limbo concerning nuclear sharing plans, another idea for …”

Crisis in the EEC and NATO Consultations in Europe S. 228-235

„… Community.158 While France wanted the other five EEC states to pay a larger share of the farm subsidies …” „… so-called Luxembourg Compromise of January 1966, when EEC member states were allowed to invoke the need for …” „… Gaulle is subject of scholarly debates. See Schwartz, Lyndon Johnson, 277; N. Piers Ludlow, “The Eclipse …”

Washington’s Focus on Trilateral Measures and Institutional Leadership S. 237-245

„… summer 1965 reveals a caesura regarding both the state of transatlantic relations and allied thinking …” „… , at the end of the summer of 1965, transatlantic relations were in an open state that still allowed a …” „… Committee in the discussion on the state of NATO. In June, a fact-finding mission had traveled to Paris to …”

Conclusion S. 281-292

„… debate, which had been developed into 284 a full-fledged resolve to study the state of NATO, were …” „… ? What Crisis? The debate that reflected and generated these perceptions was a debate on the state of …” „… debate on the state of the alliance, Germany never subscribed to the more expressive assessments of …”

Introduction S. 11-32

„… the matter of who provoked the notion of crisis and the debate on the alliance’s state. As mentioned …” „… (New York: Penguin, 1966). 22 The debate on the state of NATO was not only conducted in a governmental …” „… , specifically in the early stages. Third, the study examines the impact of the debate on NATO’s state and the …”

Small Allies Taking Charge, May 1964 S. 134-141

„… NATO states encouraged an alliance debate on the implications of changed East-West relations for NATO …” „… was to be to address the “state of the Alliance” and to devise measures “to revitalize the alliance …” „… spirit and the provisions of the Treaty.”214 211 Ignatieff to Martin N 324, “The State of the Alliance …”

“We Are in an Awkward Transition Period” – Assessing the Challenges S. 164-170

„… , the delegates were highly concerned about the state of NATO: The debate on the subject of the …” „… , in government circles, and within NATO, the state of the transatlantic alliance and of the …” „… , the debate on NATO was again sponsored by a wide range of actors – including national officials, NATO …”

Avoid Confrontation, Study the Future: The December 1964 Meeting S. 177-185

„… state of the alliance at the ministerial gathering was therefore voided to a remarkable extent. 2.3 …” „… condition was raised in December 1964 in spite of these warnings. The state of the alliance loomed large in …” „… , NATO specialist in the State Department, entertained doubts about the desirability of a proposal that …”

Conclusion S. 141-142

„… 141 3 Conclusion During the year between the first ministerial discussion of the state of the …” „… alliance in May 1963 and the major NATO introspection debate of May 1964, governmental and institutional …” „… effort was also evidence that NATO – both as an organization and as the community of member states – had …”

Damage Control à la NATO Council S. 76-82

„… in an overall debate on West-West relations and the state of the alliance. Decision-makers …” „… Western governments convened to review the state of affairs, offered an early opportunity for a collective …” „… state of NATO, was a new opening quite in contrast to Stikker’s assertion. The main purpose of the …”

Assuming Leadership – the US at the May 1965 Meeting S. 206-215

„… Spaak’s plans for the meeting reached NATO capitals, a real effort to debate the state of the alliance …” „… Atlantic alliance. The debate on the state or the future of the alliance was put on hold for the moment. As …” „… all of Western Europe, so that, in addition to reaffirming the basic tenets of the alliance, the State …”

French Fleet Withdrawal and NATO Military Strategy S. 93-101

„… , 1963/64 After the French moves of early 1963 had triggered a general debate on NATO sensitivities among …” „… impression of malaise could not be reasoned away. Furthermore, the debate in May showed that mooting the …” „… state of NATO state potentially also meant addressing the broader international context, including …”

Doubts and Questions in the Summer and Fall of 1963 S. 107-113

„… fall of 1963. A major reason for this may be seen in the different character of the two debates. While …” „… of the 1960s, did not yet show in the NATO debates. Undeniably, the “de Gaulle problem,” as …” „… between Europe and the US. The State Department judged as particularly difficult the withdrawal of the …”

Follow-up on The Hague: Summit Ideas and Study Proposals S. 143-151

„… study of the state of the alliance and to follow up on ideas raised in The Hague by fully addressing the …” „… rather quickly. Also, it sparked thorough and existential debates as to the validity of NATO per se …” „… their convention in December 1964, ministers reviewed the state of the alliance in remarkable detail …”

Canada’s Proposal to Study the Future of the Alliance S. 187-195

„… affected both the setting of debate and the political priorities of Western governments. In early 1965, the …” „… further ministerial deliberations on the state of NATO; yet, given allied reservations and the increasing …” „… developments within the Atlantic alliance, which had still sometimes been labeled as being in a state of flux …”

The MLF Controversy and its Impact on the Vigor of NATO S. 157-164

„… had a decisive bearing on the perception of NATO’s state among Western governments: While some saw the …” „… gained some momentum in the spring of 1964, when high-ranking State Department advisers convinced …” „… with the MLF project before the start of the UN debates on nuclear non-dissemination in early 1965. To …”

Interpreting de Gaulle: “Why He Does It Is A Riddle” S. 129-134

„… 1964, representatives of these two NATO states encouraged an alliance debate on the implications of …” „… the US State Department, identified a number of deep cleavages resulting from divisions between Europe …” „… , former secretary of state, policy advisor, and author of the 1961 NATO Report for the Kennedy …”

NATO Arguments over Détente, December 1963 S. 113-117

„… having taken place in nine of 15 NATO states since the gathering in spring, Washington’s main goal in …” „… , NATO’s debates in the late summer of 1963 revealed that a group of small allies including Norway, Denmark …” „… review of the state of East-West relations rather than an in-depth argument over controversial defense …”

Conclusion S. 185-186

„… not ignore public discussions about the state of NATO, it also exposed their uneasiness about the …” „… in the debate centering on the prospects of NATO. Apart from policy-makers and NATO officials, the …” „… state of NATO and ministerial and administrative assessments of the state of the alliance. While no …”

Crisis as Solution? Allied Perceptions of the French Move S. 268-279

„… – from a perspective of the debate on NATO’s state and future, the aftermath of de Gaulle’s announcements …” „… , White House advisers were pitted against representatives of the State Department, including most …” „… cohesion of NATO states.170 Otherwise, the Germans continued to adhere to the old tenet, “as much NATO as …”

Conclusion S. 235-236

„… in Europe. 3 Conclusion The summer of 1965 came to represent a caesura in the debate over NATO’s …” „… NATO’s critical state. Starting in May, and up to the French withdrawal from NATO’s military command of …” „… 235 share of the leadership comparable to our power, in a joint initiative with willing Allies …”

May 1963: Ministers Discuss the State of the Alliance S. 82-89

„… 82 3.5 May 1963: Ministers Discuss the State of the Alliance In the run-up to NATO’s May 1963 …” „… convention in Ottawa, the “state of the alliance” was given utmost ministerial emphasis. According to Rusk …” „… ministers in the Canadian capital. In view of the ministerial meeting, the US Department of State identified …”

Bibliography S. 295-314

„… Administration (USNA), College Park, Maryland RG 59, Records of the Department of State Alpha-Numeric Files …” „… Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1961-1963: 12, West Europe and Canada (Washington: US …” „… ). USAJohn F. Kennedy, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1961-1963 (Washington, DC …”

The British Common Market Bid S. 33-37

„… – the parameters both for the alliance as a community of interacting states and for NATO as the …” „… organization instituted in the early 1950s were in a state of flux. On the international level, East-West …” „… beginning of 1963 is salient starting point for a study on NATO’s crisis debate of the 1960s, and how …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… the Debate on the State of the Alliance? 216 2.2 Nuclear Sharing or Nuclear Consultation? Acting on …” „… la NATO Council 76 3.5 May 1963: Ministers Discuss the State of the Alliance 82 4 Conclusion 89II …” „… Anna LocherCrisis? What Crisis?NATO, de Gaulle, and the Future of the Alliance, 1963-1966Nomos1 …”

Reflecting the Crisis – Observers’ Views S. 72-76

„… state of the alliance. Decision-makers participating in the bilateral and multilateral debates about …” „… news about the critical state of the Atlantic alliance, be it in a dramatizing or a thoughtful way, the …” „… NATO insider, and a former US secretary of state.210 In a widely reverberating speech at the University …”

Shattering of Hopes for a Mutually Agreeable NATO Solution S. 201-206

„… debate the state of the alliance comparable to the meeting in The Hague in May 1964 was not in sight.67 …” „… discussion about the deep rifts besetting the Atlantic alliance. The debate on the state or the future of the …” „… representatives of the State Department in Washington. Characteristically, Assistant Secretary of State for …”

The Renewed MLF Debate S. 67-72

„… 67 3.2 The Renewed MLF Debate De Gaulle’s announcements of January 1963 caused a redirection of …” „… created a competition between Paris and Washington for the engagement of the other European states …” „… about the state of the alliance, which is why ambassadors agreed to keep publicity on the ongoing …”

The Transition from Stikker to Brosio as Triggering Effect for Movement in NATO S. 151-157

„… debate on NATO’s state and future. Brosio, contrary to Stikker, had access to the French president, but …” „… on necessary reform steps and the state of the alliance, as that would only bring to light the …” „… ,” officials in the State Department supported a tough stance in the face of de Gaulle’s “poisonous technique …”

Crisis or No Crisis? The Run-Up to the Winter Convention S. 170-177

„… run-up to the ministerial meeting of December 1964. As the US State Department’s scope paper put it under …” „… offered the following evaluation of the state of transatlantic relations: The Atlantic Alliance is not in …” „… change. Every important period of progress has been marked by the same kind of discussion and debate that …”

Back on Track: The Alliance in December 1965 S. 254-261

„… state of the alliance per se in order not to risk losing control of the meeting. Instead, they prepared …” „… and former NATO officials provided a slew of speeches focusing on the state of the alliance. NATO …” „… France has thundered more than once. […] We are drawn […] to an examination of the state of the Alliance …”

Implications for NATO S. 60-67

„… the alliance to Secretary of State Dean Rusk. He complained that the French government had in recent …” „… about nuclear sharing was one important feature of the ensuing debates within the alliance. Forced by US …” „… Under Secretary of State George Ball after the Nassau summit, the MLF was given priority subsequent to …”

“Limited Cohesion:” The Alliance One Year After the Clash S. 117-124

„… element of obstruction in the strategy debate and an element of precedence in the fleet withdrawal, NATO …” „… . In nine of the 15 NATO member states, the heads of governments had changed. Among them were …” „… poverty,” as declared in his first State of the Union address in January 1964. In general, Johnson’s …”

The Fouchet Plans and French-German Cooperation S. 50-53

„… confederation of states with a common foreign and security policy as well as close cooperation in the scientific …” „… within the jurisdiction of the communities. The draft caused lively debates among the Six; particular …” „… did not keep de Gaulle from declaring that only a Europe of States had any meaning “outside the world …”

Conclusion S. 89-92

„… US’ sincere intentions? Why else would Stikker have treated the “state of the alliance” so …” „… , signs of détente. Worries regarding the state of the alliance were deep-rooted and widespread. Kennedy …” „… 89 from the January shock. The measures adopted to cope with the challenge included a wide range of …”

“We Must Find Out Where We Stand” – Stikker and France S. 124-129

„… the NATO memorandum had “lost their sense of balance,” the State Department proclaimed. All in all …” „… of Atlantic Political-Military Affairs in the US State Department’s Bureau of European Affairs …” „… in Foreign Affairs, Robert Bowie, the former head of the Policy Planning Council in the US State …”

Pondering the Consequences of French Dissociation S. 195-201

„… uneasy state of the alliance. With regard to nuclear sharing, the debate in London was arguably as …” „… the major states of Western Europe was thus necessary to prevent a declining role for Britain …” „… planners from 13 countries dealt prominently with the future of the alliance. The State Department’s George …”

De Gaulle’s Announcement S. 261-268

„… . Put starkly, after years of controversy, debate, and anticipation, NATO allies not only expected the …” „… March 1966, UKNA, PREM 13/1042. 267 the case of a French withdrawal, the State Department counseled the …” „… relative if temporary gain of voices within the State Department that advised restraint rather than …”

Intra-Alliance Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Nassau Summit S. 41-47

„… on the support of his colleagues at the State Department. In Europe, however, the Nassau communiqué …” „… proposed that a special committee be set up, including the permanent representatives of those NATO states …” „… estrangement from NATO.37 1.3 Intra-Alliance Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Nassau Summit The …”

Confrontation or No Confrontation? Allied Strategies toward France S. 245-254

„… , the new assistant secretary of state for European affairs, clashed with White House representatives …” „… US approach of turning to productive business, they were less ready to join the State Department’s …” „… state of the alliance initiative in the run-up to the ministerial meeting of December 1965.62 NATO’s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222486

Nicole Wichmann - Rule of Law Promotion in the European Neighbourhood Policy

No access

Select

Nicole Wichmann

Rule of Law Promotion in the European Neighbourhood Policy

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 4 2010

Results in this title

State of research: weaknesses of the ‘power debate’ S. 20-22

„… asdifferences in the interdependence structure (Bendiek, 2008; Lavenex, 2008).State of research: weaknesses of …” „… . In a second instance it points to a lack of explanatoryapproaches in the power debate. Although …” „… institutional featuresaccount for its power projections. A fourth weakness of the debate is the …”

Theoretical debate on the nature of the EU’s power S. 26-30

„… chosenmethodology.The EU as a power in international relationsTheoretical debate on the nature of the EU’s powerIn the …” „… International Relations, which explains why it emphasizes low politics, the role of non-state actors and the …” „… a third debate on civilian power Europe,whereby the general tenor of the debate was far more …”

The theoretical/conceptual foundations of the key arguments S. 17-20

„… ).State of research: weaknesses of the ‘power debate’This book addresses five weaknesses in the power …” „… institutions, the overall state of RoLis improved. When one looks at these two strategies it becomes clear that …” „… the debate is the insufficientempirical basis, which is the reason why a lot of the debate has …”

Summing up the analysis S. 213-214

„… that remain attached to the power debate.Summing up the analysisOn the whole, this comparative chapter …” „… rocco are manifestations of strategic power Europe. In these instances the EU imposes …” „… want tospeak about ethical power instead of normative vs. strategic power. The added valueof the …”

Relevance and the guiding research questions S. 15-17

„… of the multiplication of EU norms promotion activities hasbeen the launching of an academic debate on …” „… power in international relations. Most of the academic debate has hitherto focused on discussing the …” „… law and the rule of law are the foundations of theinternational system. Thus, the rule of law is among …”

The relations with the Southern and the Eastern neighbours S. 55-57

„… , presented the proposal on aMediterranean Union, which was to be composed of all states bordering …” „… EU member state and a Mediterranean partner country,and the day-to-day management of the projects is …” „… to the CEECs, the New Independent States(NIS) of Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine were considered to be …”

‘Genesis’ and evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy S. 57-59

„… assistance instrument, Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS), which …” „… ).The debate on the new neighbours was not only conducted in official circles inEU member states; it …” „… Neighbourhood policy with theSouthern member states insisting on the strengthening of the Barcelona Process …”

Dominant sectoral policy makers at the strategic/diplomatic levels S. 98-100

„… impact on the counter-terrorism debate in New York, both with regard to theintroduction of the …” „… number of Council macro-policy makers (e.g. Scandinavian member states and the Netherlands). By contrast …” „… instances, the EP has been identified as the main advocate of civil liberties andprivacy rights in …”

Normative power Europe – ‘cobbler, stick to your trade’ S. 215-217

„… order, which could serve as a template for transcending the currentWestphalian system of nation states …” „… reflect the conflicts of interest between the member states and the EU institutions. Instead, I argued …” „… the area of RoL promotion in the ENPcountries. The key finding of this book is that the projection of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… arguments1.2 17State of research: weaknesses of the ‘power debate’1.3 20Contributions to the academic …” „… 26The EU as a power in international relations2.1 26Theoretical debate on the nature of the EU’s …” „… , whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting …”

Presenting the actor coalitions and the distribution of resources S. 122-125

„… various weaknesses: firstly, the quality of the HDG debates and decisions depends on the leadership …” „… states and the EC delegations (cf. e.g. Council of the European Union, 2006b; Council of the European …” „… element of supply reduction, the EU considers it a distinctpolicy.The EU’s approach to alternative …”

Bibliography S. 221-243

„… Anti-Corruption, MENAGovernance News and Notes, World Bank 1, 2, pp. 1-2.Al Kayed, Z. (2005) 'The State of Public …” „… . Rapport de Suivi Tunisie. SEC(2009) 521/2.Conference of the State Parties to the United Nations Convention …” „… Resolution onReview of implementation. CAC/COSP/2008/L.6.Conference of the State Parties to the United …”

Operationalizing the EU’s power in international relations S. 30-36

„… normative vs. strategic power debate draws attentionnot to the type of instruments that are used, but to the …” „… number of stakeholders, i.e. experts from the non-member states, international and regional organizations …” „… debate, it wasnot included in this study. The following table summarizes the characteristic features of …”

Linking the institutional set-up and policy outputs S. 36-37

„… to ‘upgrading the EU member states’ preferences’,so that they favour ‘soft’ or positive instead of …” „… act as a civilian or normative power. In this vein,Hazel Smith has shown that the high level of …” „… transparency and openness of theEU’s decision-making system has impeded the EU from resorting to Realpolitikand …”

Mediterranean S. 115-117

„… evolution of police cooperation between the EU member states and its impact on theexercise of the legitimate …” „… monopoly of force. More recently the debate has widenedand scholars have begun to analyse the impact of …” „… Chapter 5 – Fight against drugsThe fight against drugs was one of the driving forces behind the …”

The actors driving the formulation of the ‘governance’ agenda S. 68-70

„… the EU member states,have discussed improving aid governance (Dölle, 2006: 35). The debates on …” „… agenda’. The promotion of governance serves as an umbrella term encompassingthe technocratic good …” „… conceptual fusion of the two principlesreached its pinnacle in the 2006 Communication on Governance in the …”

The goals promoted by the ‘governance’ policy makers S. 70-73

„… : 35). The debates on aideffectiveness have led to the adoption of the Paris Declaration, in which the …” „… power of the State is best served by a representativegovernment drawing its authority from the …” „… sovereignty of the people. The principle must shapethe structure of the State and the prerogatives of the …”

Operationalizing the independent variables S. 41-46

„… maximize the interests of the state as a whole (Scharpf, 1993: 145 ff.). Negative coordination procedures …” „… between the conflicting interests of theparties in an attempt to maximize the interests of the EU/state as …” „… the main objectives of a historical institutionalist analysis is, therefore, toidentify how the …”

Dominance of the sectoral policy makers at the strategic/diplomatic levels S. 127-130

„… United States, Russia and Japan remain fierce opponents. Most of the UN agenciesand programmes, in particular …” „… on Harm Reduction and fighting HIV/AIDS,the EU member states were in favour of including a reference …” „… questions that are debated at the CND meetings.It is in the CND that the review of the targets adopted at …”

Presenting the actor coalitions and the distribution of resources S. 94-98

„… strategic analyses that it receives fromthe external and internal security services of the member states and …” „… the external aspects of the fight againstterrorism. In COTER, member state diplomats prepare the …” „… capacity of the various law enforcement authorities in the partner countries (Eling,2007: 110).This …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227337

Christine Chwaszcza - Moral Responsibility and Global Justice

No access

Select

Christine Chwaszcza

Moral Responsibility and Global Justice

Series: Studies in Political Theory

Volume 1 2011

Results in this title

Some Deficiencies of the Present State of the Debate S. 145-149

„… chapters. Given the advanced state of the debate, a few preliminary remarks will be in order that explain …” „… Deficiencies of the Present State of the Debate The normative status of economic, social, and cultural rights …” „… transnational socioeconomic justice. Whereas the first dimension of the debate is largly framed by controversies …”

The Structure of Moral and Legal Discourse of Humanitarian Intervention S. 113-119

„… assessment of thepresent state of the debate about the legal discourse concerning humanitarianintervention …” „… taken by states, at their initiative, and involving the use of armed force, for thepurpose of preventing …” „… right to life, inside the territory of another state.” (Verwey 1998,p. 180)1Since the prohibition of the …”

The Permissibility of Humanitarian Intervention. The Legal Debate S. 119-134

„… . The Permissibility of Humanitarian Intervention. The Legal DebateThe theoretical challenge for legal …” „… strand of the debate.5.3. Transnational Responsibilities to Protect Human Rights. The Ethical DebateThe …” „… “Bending the Law, Breaking it, or Developing it? TheUnited States and the Humanitarian Use of Force in the …”

Transnational Responsibilities to Protect Human Rights. The Ethical Debate S. 134-145

„… . I will therefore turnto the ethical strand of the debate.5.3. Transnational Responsibilities to …” „… fact that they constitute a breach of treaty-based obligationsamong “states,” but from the fact that …” „… responsibilities have to be acknowledged by the citizens of theoverall totality of states, and as such generate …”

States as Legal Persons and the Assignment of Collective Responsibilities S. 54-67

„… resembles the model of the nation-state. Sincepolitical justice was tied to mutual political dependency, it …” „… arguments to the support of the theses that“institutions matter,” and that the ethical status of states …” „… represent them. The position that will be defended is that conceived of aslegal actors, states are invested …”

Preface S. 13-16

„… . The question whether normative assessment is required or not does not depend on the state of …” „… collectives of persons, “states” and “political associations,”1 and the normative relations that exist between …” „… between domestic institutions such as the “state,” and domestic systems of “law” and the organization of …”

A Critique of Some Common Arguments of the Current Debate S. 183-190

„… non-political values. 7.3. A Critique of Some Common Arguments of the Current Debate I would now like to …” „… minimal state. Their legitimacy, therefore, coincides with the legitimate conditions of voluntary contract …” „… .34 One might of course ask whether it is the territorial definition of state borders or the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… 1366. Human Rights and Poverty Relief 1456.1. Some Deficiencies of the Present State of the Debate …” „… Status of Political Associations 492.3. States as Legal Persons and the Assignment of …” „… Intervention 1145.2. The Permissibility of Humanitarian Intervention.The Legal Debate 1195.2.1 …”

Bibliography S. 195-206

„… . Five Decades of Ethical Debate, Savage: Rowman & Littlefield, 197-218.Barry, Brian (1992): “The Quest …” „… ) (eds.): States, Nations, and Borders. The Ethics of Making Boundaries,Cambridge: Cambridge University …” „… / Georg Nolte (2003) (eds.): United States Hegemony and the Foundations ofInternational Law, Cambridg/New …”

Human Rights Standards and Voluntary Migration S. 171-181

„… ) “group”-phenomenon that is different from the “state” considered as an institution as well as ”states“ conceived of …” „… as legal subjects in international law; it even does not fully coincide with the concept of states as …” „… corresponds to the difference of reference between e.g. saying “the United States signed a trade agreement …”

Theoretical Perspectives for a Changing Practice S. 109-113

„… institutional organization of states, theWestphalian framework of peace ethics is obsolete. The model – or ideal …” „… practice of statehood – at least if one compares it with the traditional modelof the nation-state employed …” „… betweenindependent and mutually detached or neutral states.International cooperation and the development of …”

General Norms and Principles for Action S. 67-71

„… undermined to an extent that it hardly figures in present debates any more, several crucial points of the …” „… normenforcement institution in international relations, and the inequalities of power among states. For a …” „… social justice is the primary virtue of institutions. 4 The claim has become a topic of scholarly debate …”

Socioeconomic Human-rights Requirements Beyond the Nation-state S. 156-168

„… Requirements Beyond the Nation-state Since a careful evaluation of claims of political justice and domestic …” „… thereforecannot exclude or ignore concerns related to the survival of the members of itsmember states, and take a …” „… ” of assistance – owed to the poor in a world of politically independent states – as it seems envisaged …”

Contemporary Challenges and Theoretical Options: An Overview S. 75-84

„… ratherthan to individual persons.4.1.2. Theoretical OptionsAt the present state of the debate, it seems that …” „… the most traditional branch of ethics ofinternational relations in term of state-state relations …” „… . The experience with attempts of post-conflict state- andsociety-building are no reason for future …”

Beyond Just-war Theory S. 84-91

„… , today it (still) is “sovereign states”.19 The proper sense of ultima ratio is that no other means is …” „… . Most obviously, the intervening party does not act on its own behalf or onbehalf of another state, but …” „… apeaceful order of states.88Also in the case of humanitarian intervention, the ultima ratio condition is …”

Human Rights as “Universal” Standards: A Few Arguments Against Relativism S. 35-43

„… by all “states” in the domain of domestic law.26 The difference betweencosmopolitan positions and the …” „… the task of giving a plausible interpretation of the normative significanceof states within the …” „… ) chap. 3.41the abstract reasons and arguments of that debate are meant to prove, it must beconceded that …”

The Legalist Paradigm and the Limits of Normative Institutionalism in Peace Ethics S. 91-102

„… social-contract theory, the main idea is that a potential oractual state of conflict and war ought to be overcome …” „… confrontation: “(…), the significance of the law relating to the useof force by states may be confirmed. It is …” „… of international law and in evaluating thepolicies of other states on the same basis.” (Brownlie 1986 …”

Justified Interests of Political Societies and Individual Persons S. 181-183

„… of sociopolitical institutions. 28 The variety of European models of the “social state” illustrate …” „… Common Arguments of the Current Debate I would now like to comment on the two dominant alternatives for …” „… 181 7.2. Justified Interests of Political Societies and Individual Persons Given the social …”

Democratic-peace Theory S. 106-109

„… still todepend highly on the military capacities of states, her thesis has been very influential …” „… strikingfeature of democractic peace theory: the advice that democratic states should adopt aprinciples of foreign …” „… states in the 18th and 19th century, and therather small probability of warfare in general. These …”

Challenges for Normative Agency and the Structure of Theoretical Argument S. 71-74

„… normative quality of a specific state of affairs or of a particular course of action, one of the most …” „… which agents have to choose a course of action, is a state of injustice. The dirty hand problem, then …” „… of the doctrine as it appears frequently in debates about ethics of international relations. Let us …”

Collective Security S. 102-106

„… understanding of threats to security; atleast not one which is visible in public debates.51The necessity of a …” „… perspectivaljudgments which reflect the different positions and roles of the member states.Its broad concept of security …” „… willingness of the member states to coordinatetheir security policies, their empirical-practical analyses, and …”

Human Rights Standards and the Normative Status of Institutional Goals S. 149-154

„… surprising, reframing the debate in terms of contractarian arguments has not helped to tackle the major …” „… such states of affairs. As Sen has argued, even in cases of natural catastrophes such as draughts, the …” „… convincing either. One of the significant problems – not so much of international trade, but of extreme …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227436

Michael Homberg, Benjamin Möckel - Human Rights and Technological Change

No access

Select

Michael Homberg (ed.), Benjamin Möckel (ed.)

Human Rights and Technological Change

Series: Schriftenreihe Menschenrechte im 20. Jahrhundert

Volume 2022

Results in this title

Benedikt Neuroth Origins of a Human Right to Privacy. The United Nations’ Debate on Science and Technology in the Context of the United States’ Domestic Politics S. 257-280

„… PrivacyThe United Nations’ Debate on Science and Technology in the Context of the United States’ Domestic …” „… the early debate of the 1960s and 1970s to the UN data protection guidelines of 1990, before giving an …” „… guidelines in 1990, these guidelines were a result of a debate on the possible impacts of databank technology …”

Michael Homberg, Benjamin Möckel Introduction: Human Rights and Technological Change S. 9-34

„… and beyond, the drone strike triggered an intense debate about the benefits and drawbacks of America’s …” „… states monitoring political dissidents by way of surveillance technologies, to the phenomenon of …” „… most recent debates about the role of technologies in the 21st century, often referring to future …”

Claudia Roesch A Human Right or a Danger to the Future? Debates about Family Planning Between Parental Rights and Duties in 1960s West Germany S. 168-186

„… human right came from a broad coalition of countries in the United Nations. These included nation-states …” „… activists had initially picked up ideas about the concept of family planning from the United States. The …” „… posed an internal danger to the security of the nation-state by raising the costs for the welfare state …”

Julia Gül Erdogan Computer Power to the People. West German Hackers’ Activism and Online Communication During the Yugoslavian Wars S. 281-307

„… : vor allem aber: ›das wichtigste neue Medium‹.« The translation misses core points of the state-ment as …” „… enabled activists not only to confront states and the international community with their uncovering of …” „… , the debate was also closely linked to a broader discussion of »freedom of information« which can be …”

Barbara Keys Information and Communication Technologies in Human Rights Work in the 1990s S. 308-328

„… possibility of creating a State of the World Human Rights Report that would combine information from many …” „… anti-free-trade protests of the Zapatistas of Chiapas in the 1990s would not have spread to five continents.2 Such …” „… information – from pen and paper to satellite phones – are the lifeblood of protest movements. Information and …”

Daniel Stahl Freedom Fighter. Weapons and Rights in the Cold War S. 189-209

„… the subject of an intense debate – in the USA and internationally. The debate was opened by a truly …” „… Details of this report were handed over to journalists as the arms trade debate evolved, unleashing …” „… .«17 Fulbright’s argument was exemplary for the whole debate as it linked the question of how to …”

Roman Birke Reproductive Technologies, Contraceptives, and Human Rights S. 127-148

„… First Secretary of the GDR’s Communist Party and its head of state.1 For the GDR leadership, matching …” „… new contraceptive technology also fitted neatly into the socialist state’s idea of recruiting women to …” „… socialist state was cautious in publicly propagating an agenda of having smaller families. When the GDR …”

Ute Hasenöhrl »Powering Progress, Empowering People«? (Hydro)Electricity and Human Rights in Post/Colonial India,1920s-1990s S. 37-62

„… challenge the colonial state and elite Indian industrial interests. As part of the Non-Cooperation Movement …” „… Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai, as part of the P. W.D. General Collections on the Nila Mula River Valley …” „… Reflecting the growing im-portance of the United States as a global political and economic player, the …”

Lia Börsch Image Activists. Building Structures, Arguing with Images, and Cooperating with Media Actors at Amnesty International 1975-1985 S. 230-254

„… noted the efforts of nonaligned states toward organizing an international pool of news controlled by the …” „… activists241Debates about Image Regulations and the Use of Imagery The rise of debates about image …” „… the photo-theoretical debates that developed over the second half of the 20th century. They can be …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Human Right to Privacy. The United Nations’ Debate on Science and Technology in the Context of the …” „… Claudia RoeschA Human Right or a Danger to the Future? Debates about Family Planning Between Parental …” „… , and Humanitarianism.The Example of the International Committee of the Red Cross 210Lia BörschImage …”

Moritz Riesewieck Into the Open. An Essay on Democratizing Social Media S. 329-353

„… evidence, without a sense of being »in the same world,« it is difficult to have a meaningful debate about …” „… has dominated debates about the im-pact of social networks ever since. To date, the thesis has not …” „… dawning era in which nation-states and their legislatures appear increasingly inade-quate in the face of a …”

Daniel Roger Maul The ILO, Asia, and the Beginnings of Technical Assistance, 1945-1960 S. 98-124

„… of postcolonial states and as a means of enabling the ILO, on the side of the West, to play an …” „… European Recovery Program (ERP), could cause the ILO to fall under the control of the United States, and …” „… the center of the debates accompanying the programmatic changes in the ILO’s work. It was mainly from …”

Bibliography S. 354-384

„… of your damn Business. Privacy in the United States from the Gilded Age to the Digital Age. Chicago …” „… .Hoff, Derek. The State and the Stork. The Population Debate and Policy Making in US History. Chicago …” „… . Bielefeld, 2021.Kudaisya, Medha. »The Promise of Partnership. Indian Business, the State, and the Bombay …”

Anna Sailer Rationalising the Workplace. The Bengal Jute Industry between the 1920s and the 1950s S. 63-97

„… expressed by the state. By the 1950s, when the government of the newly independent India implemented a new …” „… represented the interests of the industry vis-à-vis the colonial state. The Bengal Chamber of Commerce, in …” „… the colonial state (in the case of nationalist and communist trade unions). Workers’ everyday …”

Heinrich Hartmann Contested Reproductive Rights. Population Technologies and the Quest for Individualism in the 1960s and 1970s S. 149-167

„… Individualism in the 1960s and 1970sIn the context of Cold War debates about Western welfare models and global …” „… United States – quickly acquired the status of classics in which women’s rights to new contraceptive …” „… academics in the field of public health and social sciences at prestigious institutions in the United States …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783835348424

Swantje Renfordt - Framing the Use of Force: An International Rule of Law in Media Reporting

No access

Select

Swantje Renfordt

Framing the Use of Force: An International Rule of Law in Media Reporting

2011

Results in this title

Alternative Assumptions S. 54-60

„… contribute much to our understanding of legal norms, since it assumes that fixed state interests, the …” „… factors shape varying interests of state actors which in the end translates into differences also on the …” „… national debates. From the realist perspective, smaller states are assumed to show a stronger orientation …”

The Assumptions of Global Sociological Institutionalism S. 50-54

„… setting of news debate? To tackle the second conceptual research question guiding this study, this chapter …” „… and policies of the nation state around the globe37 can be understood if one adopts the view of 37 …” „… ) activities with regard to state policies. In their study, they assess the growth of INGO activity between …”

Coding the Newspaper Articles and Testing Reliability S. 94-101

„… article. It allowed tracing changes in the thematic and structural positioning of news debate about …” „… explicitly be mentioned in the passages discussing the issue of military interventions. 1. A foreign state …” „… , with or without the authorisation of this state. Although the target state generally accepted the …”

Do Borders Matter for an Overall Law Framing? S. 143-172

„… frequent in Anglo-American countries than in debate of continental European states (A3b). The coding of the …” „… European newspaper debates between 1990 and 2005. Indeed, a law interpretation of the use of force is even …” „… the quality of this debate. Is the rule of law a transnational “script” that is used with a similar …”

Public Discourses of Application & the Logic of Appropriateness S. 46-50

„… all, norms addressing the jus ad bellum come into play in the course of intervention debates.35 …” „… significant part of principled public debate about these law norms is included in the examination. I therefore …” „… considered the realm of the nation state; they are also contested because the deployment of troops in …”

Frame Analysis as a Tool to Trace Meaning Structures in Media Debate S. 69-84

„… debates on military interventions since the end of the Cold War. To empirically test the six assumptions …” „… arguments in Western newspaper debates dealing with one of the most contested issues in international …” „… socially recognised interpretations to debate the issue of war and peace, we presume that the use of a …”

Defining and Sampling the Data S. 84-94

„… some instances, it proved necessary to include the names of regions referred to like states, e.g …” „… is likely to lead to public debates addressing validity concerns. The issue of military deployment …” „… 1990, when the Soviet Union collapsed and a new era of intense military involvement by Western states …”

– Evaluation of Guiding Assumptions S. 189-197

„… evidence for the emergence of law as a script used in Western media debate addressing a crucial issue of …” „… debate, intense framing dynamics are apparently advantaged. In a second step of measuring the …” „… intensities of “law” debate are significant and vary according to power differentials and differences in the …”

– Introduction S. 13-23

„… to the public dimension of these norms, such as debates in political mass communication.2 Why is it …” „… politics since the end of the Cold War. Are these debates characterised by differences between countries as …” „… argue the opposite; it would expect similar relevance of “law” language across distinct national debates …”

Defining the Law Norms Analysed – What are the Legal Rules to Govern the Use of Force? S. 29-36

„… . Accordingly, troop mobilisation, for example, or the threat of missile assaults on sovereign states also …” „… sparked judicial debates on the practical relevance of this norm and whether and under what conditions …” „… core commitment as expressed in the principle of sovereign equality. Article 2(1) states that the UN …”

Which International Law Norms Matter in Media Discourse? S. 136-143

„… States have a different understanding of International Law than the Europeans. That is especially true …” „… are seen as an armed attack – aimed at the United States of America. This interpretation is …” „… several minor peaks in the early 1990s, followed by a period of more intense debate between 1998-9. In the …”

Do Borders Matter for a Moral Framing? S. 172-181

„… case, are all those articles that debate the use of force as a main issue. According to the …” „… . Each model controls for single year effects and for the overall macroeconomic state of a country. Only …” „… that, by and large, national location hardly seems to influence the level of law debate. This finding …”

Conceptual Departures – Merging Discourse Theory of Legitimate Law and Approaches from International Relations Theory S. 197-202

„… academic debate. Based on these clarifications, I then explored the state of the art, arriving at the …” „… assumptions on International Law rhetoric in Western media debates addressing the use of armed force. By …” „… legal framing for the use of force in Western newspaper debate. As to norms, this study adopted a …”

Operationalising an Investigation of ”International Law” as a Script in Media Debate S. 60-66

„… liberalism informed assumptions about the structure and content of media debate that addresses legal rules on …” „… at the beginning of any analysis of the structure and content of debate addressing law is thus: do …” „… ? The visibility of legal framing in national newspaper debate is the first criterion that will be …”

– Conclusion of Part One S. 66-68

„… and whether “the rule of International Law” is a shared model that shapes media debate towards …” „… 4.2 explored empirically testable assumptions about the structure and content of public debate about …” „… discourse) and, unlike realist and liberal theories, also on the content of law debate (human rights issues …”

Contribution of my Findings to the International Relations Literature S. 207-209

„… and is characterised by a strikingly similar intensity of debate and shared content across the six …” „… description and transnational comparison of 208 the structure of legal debate on military and humanitarian …” „… explained. A final contribution of this study concerns debates on the internationalisation of politics. A …”

How Visible is International Law in the Media? S. 105-118

„… . Taking debates about interventions as a highly likely site for the public negotiation of collective …” „… frame? If so what is the scope and more specific content of this discourse? How similar is this debate …” „… the substance of public debate addressing legal issue in the context of humanitarian and military …”

Giving the Discourse Theory Empirical Grounding – Media Debates as a Forum for Discourses of Application S. 44-46

„… of application can take place outside the judicial context, for instance in public debates. On this …” „… questions of the social validity of law norms, media debates on military interventions provide an excellent …” „… addressing the jus ad bellum come into play in the course of intervention debates.35 Although there are other …”

Do Borders Matter for a Procedural Law Framing? S. 181-189

„… ; and it must not involve the death of a single American soldier. Even if the United States fulfils …” „… level of law debate, while the time when it was published does. Table 13 summarises the results for the …” „… ns NYT ns 145 The Anglo-American set of countries includes the United States, the …”

Defining Discourse and Norms S. 24-29

„… 24 PART ONE – THEORISING THE SOCIAL VALIDITY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NORMS IN MEDIA Debate This …” „… up with clear, empirically testable assumptions on the content and scope of media debates addressing …” „… reflected in national news debates of Western countries. The corpora of discourses that will be examined …”

Formative Moments of Legal Framing in Mass Media S. 129-136

„… as a script in media debate. We have seen that dozens of interventions were carried out since the end …” „… . Next to formative moments, this chapter examines the more specific substance of debate. As outlined …” „… interpretation of the use of force, I collected data on all crisis places in all newspaper articles that debate …”

Implications for Political Practice S. 209-211

„… contend with public perceptions of their appropriateness. The debate among lawyers, practitioners and …” „… Charter, and in light of the strong emphasis of these considerations in mass public debate, this study …” „… debates addressing issues of war and peace. It provided a sound basis for judging the empirical validity …”

Literature S. 213-226

„… Debates of the United States and Germany. American Journal of Sociology, 109, 304-44. Ferree, M. M., W. A …” „… among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV …” „… : http://www.un.org/documents/instruments/docs_en.asp [Accessed 28 November 2008]. 218 German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di …”

On Discourse, Law, Morality, and Politics - Core Assumptions of a Discourse Theory on Legitimate Law for the Purpose of this Study S. 38-44

„… asks: Which empirically testable assumptions on the structure and content of law debate can one derive …” „… ’ approach, the debate of a substantive versus a procedural or discursive justification of a system of law is …” „… debates as the object of analysis for this study. 3.2.1 The Interlocking of Law, Discourse, and Morality …”

Generalisability of Findings and Possibilities for Future Research S. 211-212

„… examination of the scope of International Law norm diffusion in Western media debates addressing issues of war …” „… in media debates addressing the use of force. It provided a description of a “legal orthodoxy” (see …” „… grounds of procedures rooted in International Law. The theory stresses the close interlocking of law and …”

International Law in Framing Context S. 118-123

„… Intervention Debate Notes: Shown are the absolute figures for the occurrence of a masterframe in the sample …” „… intervention in Kosovo, questions relating to the legal authorization of NATO air strikes shape debate …” „… Pro Intervention Law Debate Notes: Shown are the absolute figures for the occurrence of an identity …”

Opinions in International Law Discourse S. 123-129

„… the basis of International Law (“the US secretary of state, James Baker, said military action ‘looks …” „… allows us to compare the prominence of these opinions in public debate about military and humanitarian …” „… could therefore expect that when media debate takes a clear stance towards the use of force, arguments …”

Table of Contents S. 7-10

„… – Empirical State of the Art and Research Questions 36 3.2 On Discourse, Law, Morality, and Politics - Core …” „… Debate 60 4.4 Conclusion of Part One 66 PART TWO –THE RULE OF LAW AS A WESTERN MEDIA …” „… Introduction 13 PART ONE – THEORISING THE SOCIAL VALIDITY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW NORMS …”

Law and Discourse – Empirical State of the Art and Research Questions S. 36-38

„… 36 Chapter 3 - Linking Law & Public Discourses 3.1 Law and Discourse – Empirical State of the Art …” „… therefore know very little about the public perception of International Law rules in media debates on …” „… continuous picture of how mass public debate on fundamental rules on the use of force has unfolded over time …”

Appendix Two – Excerpt from Codebook S. 234-254

„… Kingdom The United States Variable 107: paper (paper) The name of the paper is generated automatically …” „… debates, which do not (yet) explicitly entertain the possibility of an intervention, should therefore also …” „… non-interference into the domestic affairs of another state (respect for sovereignty) 1 Military intervention is …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231433

1

2 3 ... 1500