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Anca Daniela Chirita - The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

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Anca Daniela Chirita

The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 82 2011

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The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary Requirements S. 176-180

„… abusive behaviour harming the structure of competition.6. The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary …” „… under German competition law, proof of actual harmful effects would not be required, but would be …” „… ), proof that the conduct of the dominant 677 ChiriY<, supra n 99, 687; see FCO, B9-144/01, Deutsche …”

Anti-competitive Foreclosure and Consumer Harm S. 173-176

„… abusive behaviour harming the structure of competition.6. The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary …” „… restrictive agreements and from being able to apply consistent standards. For the abuse of dominance, the …” „… to the burden of proof and consumer harm.664Therefore, under such an effects-based approach, where …”

Consistency v Legal Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach S. 168-173

„… with non-horizontal mergers. However, whilst the standard of proof regarding nonhorizontal mergers …” „… .647 Thus, both of them establish assumptions and standards of proof that they apply to both consumer …” „… Approach The EU case law on the abuse of dominance rejects any consumer-welfare standard.642 It is …”

Undistorted Competition and the Old Teleological Interpretation of Article 102 S. 202-203

„… distortions, for which it requires proof of a mere 796 C-202/07 P, France Télécom, ECR I-02369, para 103. 797 …” „… a dominant undertaking as the protection of legitimate commercial interests or the proof of net …” „… ignored the proof of net economic effects, since parallel trade «ultimately» benefits consumers with …”

The Methodological Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law S. 180-190

„… evidentiary proof requirements where proof of consumer harm is not merely an inference of consumer harm from …” „… the analysis, the requirement of a separate proof of harm to consumers would be a more stringent test …” „… , thereby creating incentives for future investment.715b) The Burden of Proof Introducing efficiencies would …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Foreclosure and Consumer Harm 1736. The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary Requirements 1767. The …” „… . Ambiguities: Where is a Clear Policy Standard? 1623. Reconcilable Tensions of the New Shift 1654 …” „… Efficiency Defence 182b) The Burden of Proof 183c) The Objective Justification, Efficiency Defence, and the …”

The Analysis and Interpretation of the Recent Romanian Amendment S. 150-156

„… and in the interest of public safety. The latter standard has also been enforced by the general …” „… has already been analysed, the enforcement failed to articulate a coherent approach to the proof of …” „… effect on certain market participants, especially on consumers, has added an additional burden of proof …”

The As-Efficient Competitor Test S. 190-192

„… standard applicable to all types of abuse under Article 102 and the objective justification. Therefore, the …” „… to the burden of proof that requires obtaining the relevant data and in elaborating an accurate cost …” „… other factors as the existence of entry barriers, but no proof of recoupment is required.759 In Wanadoo …”

Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 203-205

„… undertaking as the protection of legitimate commercial interests or the proof of net economic effects did not …” „… own legitimate commercial interests in a reasonable and proportionate manner, but ignored the proof of …” „… to the interpretation of the Lisbon Treaty, a shift to a consumer-welfare standard or a more …”

Excessive or Unfair Pricing and Unfair Trading Conditions S. 236-242

„… , the CC found that such a proof was sufficient to denote abuse in the form of unfair pricing. The …” „… operator erroneously included elements that were unacceptable under the standards of best practice, such as …” „… of «good faith» in the context of the standard-setting process, by its non-disclosure of the …”

Distinctive Features in the Light of the Eighth German Amendment S. 146-150

„… authorities had carried a full burden of proof for an undertaking’s potential abuse of a dominant market …” „… position. Therefore, Section 29 shifts the burden of proof from the FCO to the energy suppliers who must …” „… bears the burden of proof by having to show that the unequal treatment is non-discriminatory. In …”

Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks S. 196-201

„… compensation. The burden of proof is also reversed and the dominant undertaking’s right to dispose freely of …” „… consumer-welfare policy standard or, more precisely, the interpretation of the word «consumers» for enforcement …” „… it deemed proof of consumer harm to be necessary. However, the Commission made it clear in para 544 …”

Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the Guidance Paper S. 158-162

„… prejudice of consumers, and Article 7(1), the standard of «consumer welfare», made it easier to be in line …” „… application of Article 102. Its paradox is that it simply enforces another standard of consumer harm …” „… to the extent that the balancing of efficiencies is introduced as under Article 101(3), the proof of …”

Selected Anti-competitive Practices of the Guidance Paper S. 192-196

„… barriers, but no proof of recoupment is required.759 In Wanadoo, the Commission questioned the feasibility …” „… continuation of its existing supply relationship would endanger its adequate compensation. The burden of proof …” „… Anti-competitive Practices of the Guidance Paper a) Predatory Pricing In predatory pricing cases, the dominant …”

Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: A New Exploitative Abuse of Property Rights? S. 307-314

„… indispensable standard of the production of certain products or services. However, if market dominance is due to …” „… the Windows uptake. Thus, single standards and a high degree of connectivity and product integration …” „… may benefit consumers, while the use of open industry standards might have been the alternatives to …”

Discounts and Rebates S. 270-279

„… its intermediaries for suppliers of standard mail services, including commercial mail and advertising …” „… approach to the rebate system is more or less based on the unreasonable expectation of proof of the actual …” „… that the imposition of measures is not against the Union interest. Therefore, even if this abusive …”

Likelihood of Effects and Competition on the Merits S. 329-330

„… Under German competition law, the standard of proof focuses upon the likelihood of market effects, while …” „… 329 objective justification.1324 Thus, Article 102 does not mention the concept of impairment of …” „… interoperability information to its rival Sun, evidence of prejudice to consumers was not required. For the finding …”

Establishing Market Dominance S. 74-79

„… cumulative proof that no competitors exist.236 The disjunctive conjunction makes both of them independently …” „… separate proof of effects upon consumers.238Previously, the effects referred to in Article 6 did not relate …” „… 74 III. Distinctive Features of Romanian, EU, and German Abuse of Market Dominance The conditions …”

The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law S. 361-370

„… standards beyond the objective concept of dominance shifts the analysis beyond the purpose of fair …” „… insufficiently substantiated under the higher standards of the general UCPD. Also, an intellectual property right …” „… such anti-competitive conduct need to be established under Article 82 EC. Therefore, the proof of both …”

Super-dominance v Paramount Market Position S. 327-329

„… competition law, the standard of proof focuses upon the likelihood of market effects, while the …” „… 327 VIII. Overview of Selected Features of German and EU Abuse of Dominance The present chapter …” „… aims to conduct a comparative and critical analysis of selected features of the above competition law …”

Concluding Remarks S. 220-222

„… abuse from repeating, bearing the burden of proof, it could request the court to order the following …” „… 220 rule-of-law argument prevents narrow consideration being given to the final consumer whilst …” „… requirements, must not trespass on the area of abuse of dominance. Furthermore, having Article 12 amended as an …”

Final Concluding Remarks S. 342-346

„… assessing dominance, but went beyond foreclosure itself when it required proof of consumer harm. Again, the …” „… underpinnings of EU competition law originate in the ordoliberal doctrine without any consideration of the Act …” „… against Unfair Competition have proven to be unsubstantiated. Indeed, there has been an exchange of …”

Hindrance Abuse S. 286-290

„… subject to a higher standard of performance than are non-dominant undertakings.1174 The abuse is presumed …” „… customers.1163Recently, Vivendi brought an action for annulment of the Commission’s decision on the basis of …” „… setting of allegedly excessive pricing on the French broadband and telephone subscription market and …”

Overview of Major Policy Objectives S. 27-46

„… of proof with regard to «serious damage» to any such major public policy objectives. 93 …” „… , however, as part of the standard-109 See Communication from the Commission, Towards a Single Market Act …” „… of market participants. De facto or de jure industry standards may apply to any undertakings …”

Margin Squeeze in the Telecommunications Sector S. 260-268

„… of proof of actual effects.1061 Thus, the exclusionary focus examined only the existence of barriers …” „… importantly, the AG suggested that if the court were to prefer a lower standard of intervention, the finding …” „… Deutsche Post had dominated the third market of booklet delivery through its dominant position in the mail …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230306

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Andreas Duttig

Comfortably satisfied?

Series: Lausanner Studien zur Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 17 2019

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Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse S. 379-400

„… legal principle. 7. A universal standard of proof-principle is not recognised as a selfstanding part of …” „… : Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 386 Chapter 2: Summary of results 1. The standard of proof lies at the heart of …” „… (usually a judge) to be convinced by the evidence. The standard of proof has to be understood as an …”

Einleitung S. 37-46

„… two years following suspicions of doping. The standard of proof was whether the anti-doping …” „… , bearing in mind the seriousness of the allegation which had been made. This standard of proof goes beyond …” „… simply because different decisionmakers were involved, but because different standards of proof were …”

Beweismaßfragen bei Sportmanipulationen durch Spielmanipulationen S. 281-378

„… . 3.3 IOC-CPMC: „[...] The standard of proof in all matters under this Code shall be the balance of …” „… violations Rules (2013): „[...] The standard of proof shall be whether the International Ski Federation or …” „… Panel, a standard which is greater than the mere balance of probability but less than proof beyond a …”

Beweismaßfragen bei Sportmanipulationen durch Doping S. 113-280

„… verwendeten (III.). ____________________ 465 Art. 3.1 Satz 2 WADC: „The standard of proof shall be whether …” „… . 3.1 Satz 3 WADC: „This standard of proof in all cases is greater than a mere balance of probability …” „… englischen Version des WADC aus dem Jahre 2015 lautet wie folgt: „3.1 Burdens and Standards of Proof The …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 401-424

„… . Ball, V. C.: The Moment of Truth: Probability Theory and Standards of Proof, 14 Vand. L. Rev. 807 ff …” „… ): The civil standard of proof and the „test“ in Briginshaw: Is there a neurobiological basis to being …” „… comfortably satisfied with the standard of proof for match-fixing …”

Sach- und Namensregister S. 429-437

„… s. Proof beyond (a/any) reasonable doubt - Common Law, Zivilrecht s. Preponderance of the …” „… - Bundesdisziplinargesetz s. Bundesdisziplinargesetz - Murphy v. The Bar Association of New South Wales s. Murphy v …” „… . The Bar Association of New South Wales - Wehrdisziplinarordnung s. Wehrdisziplinarordnung …”

Grundlagen S. 47-112

„… Standard preponderance of the evidence/balance of probability Als grundsätzliches zivilrechtliches …” „… Beweismaß gilt der Standard preponderance of the evidence.225 Im Vereinigten Königreich hat sich dies …” „… Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) oder der französischen Benennung Tribunal Arbitral du Sport (TAS …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-36

„… 2. Die Situation im Zivilrecht: Der Standard preponderance of the evidence/balance of probability 86 …” „… Standards comfortable satisfaction Lausanner Studien zur Rechtswissenschaft 17 Nomos Lausanner Studien zur …” „… vor dem Internationalen Sportschiedsgerichtshof CAS unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Standards …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297552

Bettina Heiderhoff, Reiner Schulze - Verbraucherrecht und Verbraucherverhalten

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Bettina Heiderhoff (ed.), Reiner Schulze (ed.)

Verbraucherrecht und Verbraucherverhalten

Series: Europäisches Privatrecht

Volume 44 2016

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Joasia Luzak Empirical Evidence in Consumer Law Cases: What Are ‘Up To’ Claims Up To? S. 231-260

„… and that specific standards of proof should then apply. Only through analysing evidence of actual …” „… demonstrates the need for the introduction of a specific standard of proof for substantiating advertising …” „… . This means that consumers and traders may not be certain as to what standard of proof they have to meet …”

Franziska Weber Ökonomische Analyse verschiedener Rechtsdurchsetzungmechanismen im Verbraucherrecht S. 187-210

„… verschiedene Rechtsdurchsetzungsmechanismen unter be- I. 1 Gesucht wird ein ‘optimal mix of public and private …” „… enforcement’, laut Roger J van den Bergh & Louis T Visscher, ‘The Preventive Function of Collective Actions …” „… , New Frontiers of Consumer Protection – The Interplay Between Private and Public Enforcement …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845270678

Rainhard Z. Bengez, Lothar Philipps - Von der Spezifikation zum Schluss

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Rainhard Z. Bengez (ed.), Lothar Philipps (ed.)

Von der Spezifikation zum Schluss

2013

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Rui Soares Pereira Proving Causation in Tort Law: Some Notes S. 97-135

„… of persuasion and for the standard of proof. In some cases the legal presumption implies a higher …” „… standard of proof, although the burden of proof is not reversed. But this is not a logical effect of the …” „… destruction of the differences between standards of proof, which are compensated by coherence shifts …”

Paulo de Sousa Mendes Sind die Erfahrungssätze maßgeblich für die strafrechtliche Beweiswürdigung? S. 83-97

„… Regeln der Verteilung der Beweislast entsprechend (onus of proof, auch burden of proof genannt).34 …” „… became gradually interested in the subject of evidence and proof, namely in the issue of proving …” „… convinced that the problems of evidence and proof, though distinct, are interrelated with the problems of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845247250

Jan-Ole Jena - Die Business Judgment Rule im Prozess

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Jan-Ole Jena

Die Business Judgment Rule im Prozess

Series: Successful Dispute Resolution

Volume 9 2020

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… proof and pleading standard. In the case of a shareholder action, the business 7 judgment rule first …” „… relevance. This thesis not only highlights the respective standards of proof in each phase, but it also …” „… the burden of proof is shifted from the plaintiff to the defendant director and that the court …”

3. Kapitel: Die U.S.-amerikanische Business Judgment Rule S. 88-136

„… invoked as the appropriate standard of review for a postclosing damages action when a merger […] has been …” „… applicable standard of care, our analysis satisfies us that under the business judgment rule director …” „… . 1985): „We think the concept of gross negligence is also the proper standard for determining whether a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748905844

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