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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica - English Law and Terminology

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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica

English Law and Terminology

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2023

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Chapter 3: Sources of Law S. 25-35

„… Sources of LawMinor Sources of LawSome sources that were very important during the development of …” „… 3268910111213Major Sources of LawLegislationStatute LawMost ‘new’ law is enacted in the form of statutes (also …” „… also not a proper source of law.Thirdly, the term custom describes traditions or usages which have …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… of the Common LawIV. 21TerminologyV. 22Review and DiscussionVI. 23Sources of LawChapter 3: 25Minor …” „… Sources of LawI. 25Custom1. 25Law Merchant2. 26Canon Law3. 26Books of Authority4. 26Major Sources of LawII …” „… Review and DiscussionVII. 111Commercial LawChapter 12: 114Commercial LawI. 114Introduction to Sale of …”

Index S. 153-163

„… Solicotr– LLP 6 19Sources of law– Major sources 3 14– Minor sources 3 1, 52– Secondary sources 3 52 …” „… points of law 4 27Appellate Committee of the House of Lords 4 32Appellate jurisdiction 4 2Application …” „… notice 7 29Apportionment of damages 11 8apprentice-at-law 2 38 ff.arbitration 4 46argot 1 3 …”

Chapter 14: European Union Law S. 135-147

„… and whose independence must be beyond doubt.Sources of EU LawPrimary sourcesEU law is governed by the …” „… legislation to be adopted in the UK. To provide continuity of the legal system, a new source of UK law has …” „… European Union LawBackgroundThe project of European integration, which is today reflected by the …”

Chapter 8: Constitutional Law S. 69-80

„… sources. The sources of constitutional law can be divided into legal (statutes and case law) and non-legal …” „… (conventions).Constitutional ConventionsAn important source of constitutional law is constitutional conventions. Some of the …” „… Constitutional LawNature of the ConstitutionThe Unwritten ConstitutionMost countries recognise that …”

Chapter 2: The Common Law S. 17-24

„… the sources of law, the court structure and the legal professions. It does not necessarily mean that …” „… individual statutes.The Historical Development of the Common LawThere is no fixed date in history that marks …” „… prerogative powers of the king and significantly influenced the development of the law.During all this time …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748922995

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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica

English Law and Terminology

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2016

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Chapter 3: Sources of Law S. 25-35

„… Sources of Law Minor Sources of Law Some sources that were very important during the development of …” „… into the common law. Others, such as books of authority (strictly speaking secondary sources), are …” „… statute. It can be disputed whether Roman law should be included in the list of minor sources of English …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… and DiscussionVI. 22 Sources of LawChapter 3: 25 Minor Sources of LawI. 25 Custom1. 25 Law Merchant2 …” „… . 26 Canon Law3. 26 Books of Authority4. 26 Major Sources of LawII. 27 Legislation1. 27 Statute Lawa …” „… . 135 The General Court2. 136 The Specialised Courts3. 136 EU LawV. 136 Sources of EU Law1. 136 EU …”

Chapter 8: Constitutional Law S. 68-79

„… sources. The sources of constitutional law can be divided into legal (case law and statutes) and non-legal …” „… (conventions). Constitutional Conventions An important source of constitutional law is constitutional …” „… Constitutional Law Nature of the Constitution The Unwritten Constitution Most countries recognise …”

Chapter 14: European Union Law S. 132-143

„… against the EU by its employees. Appeals are heard by the General Court. EU Law Sources of EU Law The …” „… primary sources of EU law are the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the …” „… also responsible for overseeing the implementation of such policies and the enforcement of EU law, such …”

Index S. 149-159

„… law of nations 144 law officers 55 law report 15 law review 31 Law Society 54 lawyer 23 Index 154 lay …” „… against sentence 39 appeal on point of fact 42 appeal on point of law 42 appeal 36 appellant 41 Appellate …” „… , judges 51, 52 appointment, life peers 75 apportionment of damages 103 apprentices-at-law 23 arbitration …”

Chapter 2: The Common Law S. 17-24

„… the sources of law, the court structure and the legal professions. It does not necessarily mean that …” „… ’. Historically, it refers to “the law common to all the land”, a body of rules that developed in contrast to …” „… local customs. Over time, the term also came to be used to distinguish this law of the land from …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265179

Maximilian W. Haedicke, Henrik Timmann - Patent Law

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Maximilian W. Haedicke (ed.), Henrik Timmann (ed.)

Patent Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2014

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Maximilian Haedicke Relevant sources of law S. 65-72

„… Patent and Trademark Office, the BPatG and theBGH.C. Relevant sources of lawBibliography: Grosse …” „… . Relevant sources of law 34–36 § 1Haedicke 13Reemers Publishing Services GmbHO:/Beck/978-3-406-65074-1/3 …” „… MemberStates. Thus the older versions have no significance today any more.C. Relevant sources of law 42–44 § 1 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-53

„… ) ................................................................................ 7C. Relevant sources of law (Haedicke …” „… ..................................................................................... 11C. Relevant sources of law …” „… . Legal sources of the German patent law …”

Henrik Timmann Basic outline S. 658-671

„… . . . . . . . . 35V. Interpretation as a question of law/findings as to facts . . . . . . . . . 36VI. Functionally …” „… of law/findings as to facts36The interpretation of a patent is an act of evaluative judgment.56 Even …” „… of protection in patent law . . . . . . 42. The patent specification and its interpretation as the …”

Henrik Timmann The importance of sources outside the patent specification S. 693-700

„… 21:38:523B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmC. The importance of sources outside the patent …” „… disclosure of the patent itself, but isan external source, cf. BGH GRUR 2009, 382, 384 [mn. 26] – Olanzapin …” „… meantime been expressly abandoned in the case law of theFederal Court of Justice.274 It is agreed today …”

Raph Nack, Joel S.H. Nägerl, Lorenz Walder-Hartmann Differentiation from the state of the art S. 182-260

„… patentabilitywith regard to biotechnology inventions. Section 2 para. 2 PatG is the implementation inGerman law of …” „… sense constitute general knowledge if the skilled person is aware of them asa suitable source for the …” „… compounds of substances that are used in one of these medicalprocedures. The law thereby broadens the …”

Maximilian Haedicke Ambit, meaning, goals and means of patent law S. 54-60

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29C. Relevant sources of law …” „… agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49IV. Legal sources of EU patent law …” „… justifications of patent law6The European Patent Convention and German patent law, just as other patent laws,aim …”

Raph Nack, Joel S.H. Nägerl, Lorenz Walder-Hartmann The “Technical Invention” criterion S. 112-143

„… understanding of patent law,because the notion of an invention must simultaneously …” „… ) EPO Board of Appeal case law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373. The …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424. Special examples of the principle of achievement-relatedconsideration in case law and literature …”

Felix Landry Lapse without retroactive effect S. 655-658

„… . . . . . . . . 35V. Interpretation as a question of law/findings as to facts . . . . . . . . . 36VI. Functionally …” „… of protection in patent law . . . . . . 42. The patent specification and its interpretation as the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12b) Protocol on the Interpretation of Article 69 EPC . . . . . . . . . 152. Legal sources for German …”

Henrik Timmann The importance of the patent specification as a source for interpretation S. 671-693

„… drawings side by side as sources ofequal standing.257 The more recent case law of the Federal Court of …” „… first and most important source for thepurposes of interpreting a patent is the patent specification …” „… refer to external sources. For their part, however, these must always be readin the light of the patent …”

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler Protection: Subject-matter and prerequisites S. 1057-1064

„… novelty concept’ of patent law does not apply under the law ofutility models.41 The lawmaker put forth as …” „… law of utility models are mainly contained in theGerman Gebrauchsmustergesetz (Act on Utility Models …” „… application of a utility model.With regard to the international law of utility models, the Paris Convention …”

Maximilian Haedicke, Henrik Timmann Liability and imputation S. 823-840

„… as the perpetrator of an infringement of unfair competition law.Whoever creates a source of danger …” „… specifically codified in law.IX. Legal consequences128 The legal consequences of indirect patent infringement …” „… , as aspecial form of tort law, is primarily established on the basis of general civil lawprovisions …”

Maximilian Haedicke Common foundations of patent transfer and licensing S. 350-360

„… foundations of patent transfer and licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–34I. Relevance and sources of law …” „… of competition law,especially EU-competition law, are very important.13 In many cases, inventors are …” „… civil lawnor patent law regulates the transfer of intellectual property rights exhaustively.36The …”

Maximilian Haedicke Patent law and competition law S. 81-107

„… 21:24:243B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmGiven the similarities in sources of law (sec. 35 et seqq …” „… competition law. Competition lawcan, in principle, restrict every possible use of the patent. Even exercising …” „… covered by thespirit and purpose of patent law, it is to be considered a violation of competition lawand …”

Maximilian Haedicke Historic development S. 60-65

„… , the BPatG and theBGH.C. Relevant sources of lawBibliography: Grosse Ruse-Khan, The concept of …” „… through the use of patent lawremains very improbable. As a whole, the current patent law system has proven …” „… licensing of patents.1813A conclusive answer as to how far the criticism of current patent law is …”

Johannes W. Bukow Fraudulant abstraction S. 900-904

„… embodiment such as drawings, etc. The law does not require that the essence of thepatent must always come …” „… from an embodied source, as evidenced not least by theinclusion of unauthorised use of a method in the …” „… . Mere similarity or dependency in patent law are not sufficient.487 To thisend, the content of the …”

Raph Nack, Joel S.H. Nägerl, Lorenz Walder-Hartmann Realisability and sufficiency of disclosure for realisability S. 260-294

„… realisabilityI. Legal sources663The following explanations on realisability and sufficiency of disclosure refer …” „… the concept of invention which is not defined inpatent law.1346 There is, however, a high degree of …” „… variety of case law exists about disclosuresthat are sufficient (or insufficient) for realisability.676 …”

Axel Verhauwen Claims arising from unjustified warnings of property right infringement S. 1044-1052

„… law (e. g. payment of the costs of the proceedings). However, he wouldnot, as a matter of principle …” „… procedures available underGerman law.134148 The pre-litigation letter of warning cannot be equated with a …” „… /978-3-406-65074-1/3d/Chapter_13.3d from 16.09.2013 21:47:093B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm§ 13. The law of …”

Henrik Timmann Extension of the scope of protection to equivalents S. 700-716

„… cases.306 Itborrowed the idea of equivalence and the identical effect307 from its earlier case law onthe …” „… intended to be included.312 On this basis, the regular case law of theFederal Court of Justice is to lay …” „… refer to sources outside the patent specification.331 It isafter all a question of establishing which …”

Maximilian Haedicke Patent law and neighbouring legal fields S. 72-81

„… arises from a multitude of different sources of law, especially commercial,unfair competition and …” „… to Art. 14 of the German ConstitutionD. Patent law and neighbouring legal fields 60–62 § 1Haedicke 19 …” „… core of patent law.85Art. 14 GG does not only cover the granted patent. The patentable invention …”

Axel Verhauwen Criminal patent law S. 1010-1020

„… requires a precise definition in criminal lawwhich cannot be found in the other civil law provisions of …” „… of community law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59II. Seizure under EU law EC Regulation No. 1383/2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 621. Primacy of …”

Johannes W. Bukow Objection of a compulsory licence under antitrust law S. 904-933

„… law-perspective,such as mobile communication.676 In the absence of any cap provision, the infringer, whorequires an …” „… to theregulation system of patent law, which leaves action for destroying the patent as the …” „… of a compulsory licence under antitrust law has played an increasinglyimportant role in patent …”

Raph Nack, Joel S.H. Nägerl, Lorenz Walder-Hartmann Catalogue of exclusions (Section. 1 para. 3–4 PatG resp. Art. 52 para. 2–3 EPC) S. 143-177

„… understanding of patent law.II. History of the Catalogue of Exclusions122The catalogue of what is not inventive …” „… considered to be a field of technology in the meaning of patent law.As the following analysis shows, however …” „… othergroups of cases: advertising techniques are not “technical” as understood in patent law,which is why an …”

Johannes W. Bukow Exhaustion S. 857-871

„… acknowledged and applied in patent law.11350The principle of exhaustion provides that patent proprietors …” „… of use covered by patent law. The patentproprietor retains only the right to prohibit new manufacture …” „… Court of Justice case law134 in the field or trademark law can beadopted by analogy for patent law …”

Dietrich Kamlah Claims for information and accounts S. 978-993

„… patent, so asto implement the provisions of Enforcement Directive Art. 8 into German law. For theperiod …” „… version of Section 140 b the old law is to be adapted to theprovision of Enforcement Directive Art. 8 by …” „… comparingthe data with deliveries that the creditor is aware of through other sources. Furthermorethe infringer …”

Johannes W. Bukow Prior use law according to Section 12 PatG S. 871-887

„… may be some peculiaritiesconcerning the burden of proof, especially due to European law on basic …” „… freedoms. Forexample: the burden of proof on the alleged infringer obliges him to disclose his source …” „… cessation.291 Conversely tothese principles, which are consistent with case law, temporary cessation of the …”

Maximilian Haedicke Recovery of inventors’ rights (rei vindicatio) S. 325-350

„… of patent transfer and licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–34I. Relevance and sources of law …” „… property law according to the German Civil Code, “recovery of an owner’s rights”is an owner’s entitlement …” „… the owner-possessor relationship inproperty law.321 A situation of this kind can arise in patent law …”

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler Scope of protection and types of claims S. 748-768

„… , Verwendungsanspruch nebenStoffanspruch, GRUR 1981, 537; Ventose, “The Byzantine Logic of Patent Law Jurisprudence …” „… to the theories ofpatent law.278 Kraßer is also critical of absolute substance protection. According …” „… in case of gene patents with a view to the justification of patent law Kunczik GRUR 2003,845 …”

Felix Landry The proceedings for grant S. 386-554

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152010. Appeal on points of law …” „… internationalePatentu¨bereinkommen, IntPatU¨G), establishes a common law for a multitude of European states, both EU members and …” „… thatare equivalent to a legal person by virtue of the law governing them. The relevantcriterion for the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259024

Juliane Kokott, Pasquale Pistone - Taxpayers in International Law

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Juliane Kokott, Pasquale Pistone

Taxpayers in International Law

2022

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Sources of International (Tax) Law S. 7-30

„… these Commentaries. Th e Court of Justice of the 16 Sources of International (Tax) LawOECD, as a source …” „… international tax regime, taking into account the sources of interna-tional law as listed in Article 38 of the …” „… and ff . 1 Sources of International (Tax) Law 1.1. Introduction 5 Taxpayers ’ rights may be …”

Index S. 541-568

„… Index as source of international law 11 – 22 subjective element 11 , 17 – 19 , 133 , 318 , 320 …” „… protecting taxpayers ’ rights 83 – 170 , 492 – 95 as source of international law 22 – 24 general public …” „… OECD model conventions and commentaries 477 – 78 role 475 – 76 as source of international law 28 …”

The Relationship between National and International Law S. 31-69

„… Crown is not a source of law. Just as treaty-making is an exclusively executive act, lawmaking is an …” „… lawmaking, 89 44 Th e Relationship between National and International LawSomalia, s 90(q) of the …” „… interpretations of these treaties made by the Inter-American Court and other sources of soft law in the …”

Bibliography S. 523-540

„… , ‘ Some Problems Regarding the Formal Sources of International Law ’ in JH Verzijl and FM van Asbeck …” „… International Law on the Sources of International Law) ’ in P Nobel (ed), International Standards and the Law …” „… Law as a Source of Domestic Law ’ in D Rothwell and B Opeskin (eds), International Law and …”

International Minimum Standards for the Protection of Taxpayers’ Rights S. 490-504

„… principles recognised by the civilised nations, thus not only a source of international law but also an …” „… . Moreover, international investment law can serve as a source of inspiration for inter-national tax law. Th …” „… together the worlds of public international law and international tax law on a largely unexplored area of …”

The Emergence of an International Tax Regime S. 471-489

„… conventions (DTCs) have been its main source of law. DTCs are primarily of a coordinating nature, allocating …” „… treaties), the ques-tion is whether these practices are enough to create a customary international law of …” „… repre-sents ‘ a triumph of international law in the fi eld of taxation ’. 2 9.1. Nexus Requirement as …”

Special Features of Human Rights in Taxation S. 171-205

„… admin-istrative law or taxation laws and therefore are legally enforceable under those laws. A number of the other …” „… and IJ Mosquera Valderrama , ‘ Revisiting the Case of Customary International Tax Law ’ ( 2021 …” „… of these notions might constitute general principles of law and thus be binding on states even in the …”

Substantive Rights S. 345-468

„… Constitution. Article 14 guarantees every person equality before the law and equal protection of the laws …” „… , in the presence of supranational law or international conventions, additional courts protect the …” „… Century: A Volume in Memory of Richard Musgrave , ( Kluwer Law International , 2009 ) 487 and ff . 13 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… nations, which are a source of public international law. Th e book has developed a standard for protecting …” „… .................................................................................................................................. 1PART ITAXATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW1. Sources of International (Tax) Law …” „… .................................................................................................................................. 1PART ITAXATION AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW1. Sources of International (Tax) Law …”

The Procedural Rights S. 206-310

„… principles of natural justice; another source is the administrative law and the authorities ’ duty to act …” „… ECHR, widely applicable within the European region. Aft er presenting the sources of law and the …” „… procedures and dispute settlement. 6.1.2.4.1.1. General Issues and Sources of Law Insofar as the …”

Proposed International Instruments S. 505-518

„… may have under national law from domestic and treaty sources of each state. Th e International Charter …” „… sovereignty, which allows the ICTR to operate in line with the sources of international law, as indicated in …” „… under sec 1.6 of this book. 3 S Voigt , ‘ Th e Economics of Informal International Law: An …”

General Principles Protecting Taxpayers’ Rights S. 83-170

„… the principle of legality, a fundamental sub-principle of the rule of law, the law is the source of …” „… retroactive applica-tion of tax law and – in principle – prohibits them. Retroactive laws alter the …” „… law ’ or ‘ governments of laws and not of men ’ ; they all seek to achieve similar results. 36 …”

Taxpayers’ Rights Related to Sanctions S. 311-344

„… by law to make the actual payment of tax) fail to fulfi l it in a timely manner and/or in full. Such …” „… breaches of tax law. Th erefore, it justifi es, on the one hand, the levying of criminal sanctions in …” „… require a subjec-tive element. Th e less serious breaches of tax law, especially those not requiring a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913443

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Stephan Hobe

Space Law

2019

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Chapter 6 Sources of space law S. 57-68

„… CHAPTER 6 SOURCES OF SPACE LAW Following the discussion on the relationship of space law to and …” „… sources of international space law that have been developed in three law making phases: the first phase …” „… general international law (see Chapter 5). Consequently, as sources of international law, they are …”

Chapter 8 Specific legal regimes S. 93-126

„… because the freedom of one person ends where the freedom of the next begins. In international law, this is …” „… Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to …” „… Interest in Outer Space, Journal of Space Law Vol. 32 (2006), pp. 31–110. 9 Hobe, Stephan, Art. I, in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. 47 Other normative sources of space law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II. 53 CHAPTER 6 SOURCES OF SPACE LAW The first phase of space law making (until 1979 …” „… storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than …”

Chapter 10 Legal Regulation for Specific Space Applications S. 143-180

„… ., The Law and Regulation of International Space Communication, Artech House, Boston 1988, pp. 71 et seq …” „… and enjoy protection against interference. Of particular interest in the field of space law are …” „… , Journal of Air Law and Commerce Vol. 62 (1996), pp. 279–311. After Tonga had set Chapter 10 Legal …”

Chapter 4 History of space law S. 39-50

„… sources of space law Along with the binding treaty law, national legislation and the non-binding …” „… CHAPTER 4 HISTORY OF SPACE LAW This chapter deals with the history of space law following the …” „… development in the field of spaceflight from its dawn in early writings of space law pioneers before Sputnik 1 …”

Index S. 257-266

„… sources of international law 57–58 Principle of cooperation 108, 170, 202 Principle of jurisdiction and …” „… 69–70, 78, 88, 219 – Deep Seabed 70, 160, 163, 166, 219 – UNCLOS 64, 160, 198 History of space law 39–44 …” „… , 115, 197–198 ILA Model Law of 2012 133 ILC Articles on State responsibility 128 India 11, 27, 34, 102 …”

Chapter 13 Perspectives S. 209-224

„… General Assembly as the legal basis for human activities in outer space should be the source of the law …” „… . I. Uncertainty about the legal sources — a basis for the future? International space law has …” „… ratification by States. Since 1979, the UNCOPUOS and the UN General Assembly have left the path of space law …”

Chapter 11 International and regional institutionalized cooperation in human activities in outer space Cooperation in human activities in outer space S. 181-196

„… is a significant representation of space lawyers around the world. The IISL contributes to space law …” „… play an important role for space activities and in space law making. The list of relevant entities …” „… following chapter, the contributions of various international organizations to the law making process, e.g …”

Chapter 12 Settlement of disputes S. 197-208

„… law relevant for dispute settlement If one looks through the legal sources of international space law …” „… the regulation of conflicts As is well known, public international law, and of course space law as …” „… part of public international law1 aims at the peaceful settlement of disputes. Law is posed as an …”

Chapter 9 National space legislation S. 127-142

„… . They are not — more or less — subjects of international law and are thus not directly bound by it. 127 …” „… Hobe/Schmidt-Tedd/Schrogl (eds.), Project 2001 Plus – Global and European Challenges for Air and Space Law at the Edge of …” „… authorization and control of space operations. The French law requires a license by any operator of any …”

Chapter 7 Main legal concepts of space legislation S. 69-92

„… body of space law, its principles and freedoms as set out in the corpus iuris spatialis are the legal …” „… or of celestial bodies, is prohibited by law. Outer space must therefore be designated as an …” „… Law, Vol. II, Carl Heymanns, Cologne 2013, p. 389, mn 175. 69 of the Antarctic Treaty2 at least …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845266343

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