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Agnieszka Aleksandra Murawska (Nowakowska) - Administrative Anti-Fraud Measures within the European Union

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Agnieszka Aleksandra Murawska (Nowakowska)

Administrative Anti-Fraud Measures within the European Union

2008

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Secondary law instruments S. 70-79

„… information on cases of irregularities and the progress made in recovering funds.2.2 Secondary law …” „… set of secondary law instruments. These include horizontalinstruments providing legal bases for all …” „… Instruments on recovery of sums wrongly paidSome of the secondary law instruments were established with the …”

Primary law instruments S. 66-70

„… Treaty andseveral instruments of secondary law) and the other under the third pillar(Article 29 of the EU …” „… made in recovering funds.2.2 Secondary law instrumentsIn order to establish comprehensive protection of …” „… EC financial interests, the Community established a set of secondary law instruments. These include …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… of competences in Article 280 EC Treaty 682.2 Secondary law instruments 702.2.1 Horizontal …” „… . Legal instruments 227I. Primary law instruments 227II. Secondary law instruments 2271. EC Regulations …” „… storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copiesare made for other than private …”

Administrative penalties S. 88-92

„… into several secondary law instruments, such as Regulations 714/89359, 3445/90360 and3887/92.361 This …” „… Community law applicable in the case byartificially creating conditions required for obtaining that …” „… penaltiesThe notion of Community administrative penalties is not defined either by primary or by secondary …”

Merit of claim S. 170

„… essentialprocedural requirement, infringement of the primary or secondary law, or misuseof powers. This means that in …” „… are competent to consider only the alleged infringementsof the treaties or of any rules of law …” „… , see Lenaerts, K./Arts, D./Bray, R. »Procedural Law ofthe European Union«, l.c., p. 139-206. …”

Background S. 95

„… based on secondary law was therefore the only suitable and themost prompt solution; however, it has …” „… Council.382 Creation of a new primary law institution would have required amendment of the Treaty and a …”

Primary law instruments S. 227

„… . 1 II. Secondary law instruments1. EC RegulationsRegulation (EEC) No. 25/1962 on the financing of the …” „… 227Appendix C. Legal instrumentsI. Primary law instrumentsTreaty of 8 April 1965 establishing a …”

Principle of internal organisational autonomy of EC institution S. 116-117

„… Dutzler, Barbara »OLAF or the question of Applicability of Secondary CommunityLaw to the ECB«, European …” „… appropriate precautionary measures under its national law. Other limitations on OLAF investigations emerge …” „… authorities if conclusive evidence must be obtained for acts under criminal law (e.g.searching a suspect’s …”

Fundamental rights, immunities, privileges S. 117

„… Dutzler, Barbara »OLAF or the question of Applicability of Secondary CommunityLaw to the ECB«, European …”

Complaints for failure to act according to Article 232(3) EC Treaty S. 170-171

„… essentialprocedural requirement, infringement of the primary or secondary law, or misuseof powers. This means that in …” „… are competent to consider only the alleged infringementsof the treaties or of any rules of law …” „… , see Lenaerts, K./Arts, D./Bray, R. »Procedural Law ofthe European Union«, l.c., p. 139-206.171Article …”

Protection of financial interests in the Treaty of Maastricht S. 65-66

„… Treaty andseveral instruments of secondary law) and the other under the third pillar(Article 29 of the EU …” „… MaastrichtThe principles enunciated by the ECJ in the case 68/88227 were introduced intoprimary law through the …” „… Hauptzollamt Köln-Rheinau, [1994] ECR I-3385. 231 See Gormley, Laurence »Introduction to the law of the …”

Administrative measures S. 87-88

„… as fundamental right; it takesits place among the general principles of law whose observance is …” „… above Regulation, acts aimed at obtaining an advantage, if contrary to the objectives of Community law …” „… Community administrative penalties is not defined either by primary or by secondary Community legislation …”

Irregularities S. 39-41

„… law resulting from an act oromission by an economic operator, which has, or would have, the effect of …” „… infringement of a provision of Community law; the violation of the purpose of aprovision would therefore be not …” „… . Haekkerup, Nick »Controls and Sanctions in the EU law«, Copenhagen 2001, p. 28.40The scope of the concept of …”

Draft Article 280a EC Treaty S. 191-193

„… Directive of 23 May 2001 on protection of EU funds under criminal lawHaving failed to amend the Treaty …” „… nationalsovereignty over the application of criminal law and administration of justice;however, there was no intention …” „… 280a, these measures shall not concernthe application of national criminal law or the national …”

Constitutional Treaty S. 195-197

„… institu-866 The public hearing on the Green Paper on the criminal-law protection of the …” „… the GreenPaper on the criminal-law protection of the financial interests of the Community and …” „… a harmonised response in thearea of criminal-law protection of the Communities’ finances, regardless …”

The Director-General of OLAF S. 95-98

„… based on secondary law was therefore the only suitable and themost prompt solution; however, it has …” „… Council.382 Creation of a new primary law institution would have required amendment of the Treaty and a …” „… law ofthe Union’s financial interests, as part of the planned revision of the EU Treaty, of 22 …”

Admissibility of the complaint S. 166-170

„… of the primary or secondary law, or misuseof powers. This means that in the case of a successful …” „… complainant was notified or receivedknowledge of this measure.733 See Craig, Paul/de Burca, Grainne »EU law …” „… .).736 According to established case-law: »as to whether the applicant is individually affected,it is …”

EC Regulations S. 227-230

„… . 1 II. Secondary law instruments1. EC RegulationsRegulation (EEC) No. 25/1962 on the financing of the …” „… 227Appendix C. Legal instrumentsI. Primary law instrumentsTreaty of 8 April 1965 establishing a …” „… between the latter and the Commission to ensure the correct application of the law on customs and …”

Articles S. 207-214

„… the question of Applicability of Secondary Community Law to theECB, European Integration online Papers …” „… , Dimitris, The European Charter of Fundamental Rights and the „rule of law»;restricting fundamental rights …” „… Enforcement of European Community Law, The Hague/Boston/London 1999Vervaele, John (ed.), Transnational …”

The Community budget S. 27-37

„… term ‘financial interests of the European Communities’ was introduced to theprimary law by Article 209a …” „… all measures affecting or liableto affect the Communities’ assets.6In addition to the primary law …” „… , secondary legislation and the jurisprudence ofthe ECJ provide further clarifications with respect to this …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206615

Aleke Stöfen-O'Brien - The International and European Legal Regime Regulating Marine Litter in the EU

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Aleke Stöfen-O'Brien

The International and European Legal Regime Regulating Marine Litter in the EU

Series: Studies in International Law of the Sea and Maritime Law - Internationales Seerecht und Seehandelsrecht

Volume 6 2015

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Marine litter considerations in secondary EU law S. 264-386

„… in the following years.1099 Secondary EU law–legislative procedure The choice of the legal basis for …” „… for marine litter considerations. Marine litter considerations in secondary EU law In the following …” „… , substantive European Union secondary law addressing marine litter will be presented and analysed. A …”

The distribution of competences of the EU institutions S. 252-265

„… substantive body of applicable EU secondary law is examined with a view to marine litter considerations. Here …” „… , Community law became European Union law. Therefore, any provisions in secondary law or Court of Justice of …” „… can only be adequately acknowledged when looking at its specific implementation in EU secondary law …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… Marine litter considerations in secondary EU lawB. 264 Setting the background: marine litter in the …” „… overall strategic work I. 265 Secondary EU law–legislative procedureII. 268 Categorisation of relevant …” „… by 2020f) 383 Preliminary conclusiong) 384 Conclusion concerning EU lawC. 386 Conclusion and Summary …”

Preliminary conclusion – Uncertainties and knowledge gaps S. 65-67

„… different scales. 236 Law/Hanke/Angelidis et. al., Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Task Group 8 Report …” „… species. Microplastics stemming both from primary or secondary plastics sources pose a particular risk due …” „… into consideration indirect - thus primary and secondary - impacts and consequences caused by marine …”

Conclusion and Summary S. 391-407

„… secondary EU law integrate (indirectly or directly) a diverse range of marine litter problems. Also, the …” „… implementation of EU law. The comprehensive body of secondary EU law necessitates a categorisation of two central …” „… issue of waste management is only marginally addressed in public international law, some Regional Seas …”

Consequences and impacts of marine litter S. 44-65

„… Marine litter potentially serves as a primary or a secondary vector for the introduction of non-native …” „… . 106 Barnes, Nature 416 (2002) 808, 808. 107 Morét-Ferguson/Law/Proskurowski et al., Marine Pollution …” „… because of misidentification of litter as a source of food,113 as a secondary ingestion of prey114 or …”

Requirements for an effective and integrated protection instrument S. 67-70

„… preferred to an approach that also takes into consideration indirect - thus primary and secondary - impacts …” „… international law. 239 See for such a clean-up activity: Martin, Marine Pollution Bulletin 74 (2013) 165. E …” „… discussion of globally applicable agreements made under public international law. The aim of this chapter is …”

Principles and their approaches to address marine litter S. 70-87

„… international law. The aim of this chapter is to present the range of global agreements applicable to the …” „… public international law in interpreting vague legal norms and to guide implementation measures …” „… Law (Principles, Rules, and Standards), in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL …”

Conclusion concerning EU law S. 386-391

„… marine litter in EU secondary law, a certain categorisation assists in classifying the different possible …” „… concerning EU law European Union law has a particular role in addressing the prevention of marine litter in …” „… the four European seas which surround it. It is apparent that the material EU law as its stands today …”

Introduction S. 19-28

„… systematic analysis of the secondary law instruments that directly or indirectly relate to marine litter, the …” „… the Sea of Cortez, 1995, 206. 3 Baur/Iudicello, Ecology Law Quarterly 17 (1990) 71; Joyner/Frew, Ocean …” „… Development & International Law 22 (1991) 33; Timagenis, International control of marine pollution, 1980, 18 …”

Regional Action Plans S. 237-245

„… protection in the international law of the sea, 2007, 39. 982 Papanicolopulu, Procedures and Mechanisms on …” „… for a more general overview of primary and secondary Helsinki Convention provisions regarding marine …”

The regulatory scope of the Mediterranean regarding marine litter S. 222-237

„… secondary legislation that is, admittedly, “softlaw” and therefore non-binding should particularly not be …” „… declaration and law of the marine environment (2003) 137–154, 145. 923 In regard to marine litter, this …” „… international law of the sea, 2007, 305. 926 The 1980 and 1996 version of Land-Based Pollution Protocol. The …”

Marine litter in the regulatory framework of the Baltic Sea S. 168-189

„… hydrographical and geomorphic characteristics: Jenisch, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 11 …” „… developments in international environmental policy and law”684 under the auspices of the advancement of …” „… regional seas treaties”: Birnie/ Boyle/Redgwell, International law and the environment, 2009, 395. See for …”

The regulation of marine litter in the Black Sea Region S. 203-222

„… Public International Law (MPEPIL), E.14. It reflects the overall understanding of the Contracting Parties …” „… law of the sea, 2006, 386; Vinogradov, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22 (2007 …” „… : Beyerlin/Marauhn, International environmental law, 2011, 107 et seq.; Louka, Water law & policy, 2008, 263. The …”

Bibliography S. 407-454

„… /law:epil/9780199231690/law-978 0199231690-e1602?rskey=xQGtuB&result=4&prd=EPIL, last updated March 2009 …” „… pollution in the marine environment, Ocean Development & International Law 22 (1991) 33–69. Juda, Lawrence …” „… Development & International Law 38 (2007) 259–282. IV. Literature 439 Juda, Lawrence, The European Union and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845270173

Aline Bartenstein - The Concept of Solidarity

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Aline Bartenstein

The Concept of Solidarity

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 18 2021

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4. Solidarity in secondary law: only cosmetic improvements? S. 154-250

„… Solidarity in secondary law: only cosmetic improvements? In the following chapter, I will elaborate …” „… secondary law. This is accompanied by a comprehensive analysis of why and how solidarity was introduced in …” „… solidarity. 4. Solidarity in secondary law: only cosmetic improvements? 155 Case 1: SoS – solidarity in case …”

1. Introduction: European solidarity – a chameleonic term S. 17-31

„… its application in secondary law and therefore sheds light on the concept of solidarity within the …” „… measurement of the presence or absence of ‚institutionalised solidarity‘ in secondary law (as opposed to …” „… will capture if the measures promised by secondary law can be understood as genuine solidarity …”

5. Conclusions S. 251-272

„… applied in secondary law. This was a delicate process since solidarity is morally and emotionally charged …” „… assumed that the dependent variable – the implementation of solidarity in EU secondary law as particular …” „… fields in secondary law. Based on the population of cases, I decided to choose four legislative acts …”

2. Research framework S. 32-117

„… fulfilling certain conditions, social laws would not protect them. This was reflected in the poor law of 1834 …” „… understanding of the term: – The concept of solidarity goes back to Roman law, where it has been understood as …” „… this interpretation of solidarity was used in French law in the 16th century (Stjernø 2005: 26). And …”

3. The principle of solidarity as political commitment and legal norm S. 118-153

„… influence the emergence of an EU energy policy and secondary law (s. annex 4 for timeline). Solidarity is …” „… , the CJEU can only provide a definition of solidarity if it is also implemented in secondary law. In …” „… only increasingly important in primary as well as secondary law in the 1990ies. 3. The principle of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… 3.2.4. 152 Solidarity in secondary law: only cosmetic improvements?4. 154 Case 1: SoS – solidarity in …” „… in writing from the publishers. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for …”

Annex S. 309-318

„… . 3. Civil Law. A form of obligation involving joint and several responsibilities or rights“. Duden …” „… legitimate group who expect and are willing to help each other in need to some extent. In international law …” „… Hestermeyer and Wolfrum 2012: 103) „(…) the concept of solidarity in current international law represents …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748927952

Funda Tekin - Differentiated Integration at Work

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Funda Tekin

Differentiated Integration at Work

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 6 2012

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Flexibility Tools: Uniform Primary Law and Differentiated Secondary Law S. 93-114

„… primary or secondary law or [where] the rights andobligations imposed on some Member States are, actually …” „… primary vs secondary law; actual vs potential dif-ferentiation; temporary vs non-temporary differentiation …” „… primary law taking its shape only on secondary law level (Tuytschaever2000: 177). The latter represents a …”

A Conclusive Assessment of the Institutionalisation of Opt-Outs in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice as Independent Variable S. 125-126

„… flexibility in terms of imple-mentation of the EU’s secondary law only represents the “shadow of …” „… differentia-tion” (Kölliker 2010: 41), differentiated integration at primary law level, by creat-ing sub-systems in …” „… primary law level. Consequently, opt-outsmatter sufficiently, directly and persistently as regards both …”

Differentiated Integration Tools: Actual Differentiation in Primary Law S. 114-125

„… derogation. Consequently theCharter applies to those Member States in terms of the EU’s secondary law.Andrew …” „… ). In general it is assumed that while flexibility in terms of imple-mentation of the EU’s secondary law …” „… Differentiation in Primary LawAs long as QMV is not the prevalent mode of decision-making in terms of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Primary Law and DifferentiatedSecondary Law3.1.1101Asynchronous but Common Integration: SafeguardClauses …” „… similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for …” „… Differentiated Integration Tools: Actual Differentiation inPrimary Law3.1.2114The Economic and Monetary Union …”

Effects of Structural Differentiation in Schengen: Either in or Out? S. 246-252

„… withoutinfluencekick-outopt-inaccessdeniedopt-in / internat.law2nd generationlegislationopt-in / internat. lawopt-in / internat.lawSource: Own …” „… legallyclarified given that Denmark assumed obligations under EU and international law(see Commission 2011b). Even …” „… . Secondary literature has only been consulted where indicated in order to supporta particular line of …”

A Structuring Approach to Differentiated Integration: State of the Art, Key Aspects and Core Research Questions S. 19-27

„… secondary law at the domestic level, several policy areascan be identified in which “one group of EU Member …” „… ’ labels such Member States for whom the treaties, i.e. the primary law, ex-plicitly define exemptions for …” „… exemption but that have rights and obligations underthe EU law.1.1 A Structuring Approach to Differentiated …”

Intergovernmental and Supranational Policy-/Decision-Making and the Question of Access S. 166-175

„… also been extendedboth in terms of primary law differentiation and secondary law flexibility …” „… enhanced cooperation has been opened by the first enhanced cooperation in divorce law(Council 2010a, 2010b …” „… constituting EU law via its interpretation (Peers 2006). Giventhe sensitivity of AFSJ policies this does not …”

The United Kingdom and Ireland: Legal Rights to Participate in the Schengen Acquis in Spite of the Maintenance of Borders S. 208-217

„… Schengen Agreement,that was based on international law, and the JHA cooperation of the third pillarof the …” „… 5.1218 Additionally, secondary literature, e.g. a broad body of legal and political science literatureon …” „… and based on international law (Art. 3 Schengen Protocol TEU/TEC).The protocols annexed to the …”

The Inter-linkage of Individual Policies and Policy Measures S. 178-185

„… asylumapplicants in all EU Member States to avoid such secondary movements.There is an illegal immigration …” „… law” (ibid.: 1).180 In light of these latest developments, i.e. the in-creased immigration flow to the …” „… ensure that “economic migrants cannot use permissive asylum laws inone country to enter the EU with the …”

Relevance of Externalities and Member State Action S. 70-80

„… implementation on secondary law level (see chapter 3.1.1), arevery unlikely to establish structures of …”

The Schengen Agreement as Backbone of Differentiation: Helpful Laboratory or Trauma? S. 151-166

„… framework both on primary (opt-outs / opt-ins) and on secondary(enabling clause) law level, Schengen …” „… recognition- family lawSchengen acquisno clear allocationpossible (e.g. SIS)Council The delicate question of …” „… law. Since its inclusion into theEU treaties in 1993 the policy area has been subject to a “hybrid …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845235394

Mark D. Cole, Jörg Ukrow, Christina Etteldorf - On the Allocation of Competences between the European Union and its Member States in the Media Sector | Zur Kompetenzverteilung zwischen der Europäischen Union und den Mitgliedstaaten im Mediensektor

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Mark D. Cole, Jörg Ukrow, Christina Etteldorf

On the Allocation of Competences between the European Union and its Member States in the Media Sector | Zur Kompetenzverteilung zwischen der Europäischen Union und den Mitgliedstaaten im Mediensektor

2021

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Mark D. Cole, Christina Etteldorf D. Secondary legal framework on “media law” and media pluralism S. 173-264

„… Secondary legal framework on “media law” and media pluralism Mark D. Cole / Christina Etteldorf …” „… Media Pluralism in the European Union, p. 26. 173 this area, there is to date no secondary law of the …” „… the distribution of competencies at EU level. However, there are a number of acts of secondary law …”

Executive summary S. 29-46

„… law” and media pluralism at secondary law level 31. Due to the described lack of competence to adopt …” „… legislative acts in this area, secondary law in the field of safeguarding pluralism which directly pursues …” „… media law at EU secondary law level, within which numerous points of reference for pluralism can be …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-28

„… secondary lawII. 175 E-Commerce-Directive1. 175 AVMS Directive2. 180 Historical analysis in the context of …” „… diversity at EU level C. 147 Mark D. Cole / Christina Etteldorf Secondary legal framework on “media law” and …” „… . 168 Reference to the objective in secondary law and other textsV. 172 Secondary legal framework on …”

Mark D. Cole, Jörg Ukrow G. Conclusion and political options for action S. 353-364

„… nonetheless a range of harmonizing secondary law relating to the internal market that is relevant for media …” „… to subsequent binding secondary law. Such non-binding acts currently exist, for example, concerning …” „… secondary law based on the country of origin principle as regards jurisdictional sovereignty, any en- Mark D …”

Mark D. Cole, Christina Etteldorf C. On the significance and enshrinement in law of media diversity at EU level S. 147-172

„… effects. This chapter will only provide an overview of the enshrinement in secondary law. An in-depth look …” „… at the framework of media law at the level of EU secondary law, with a particular focus on aspects of …” „… , even though the decisions in question were mainly based on the relevant secondary law and Art. 11 CFR …”

Jörg Ukrow B. Framework for the allocation of competences under EU primary law S. 57-146

„… time under secondary law – in the form of a warning notice with an incidental claim to regulatory …” „… legal order as a sui generis legal order. According to this principle, all primary and secondary law of …” „… ) TEU in this regard, while protecting as much as possible acts of secondary law against application of …”

Jörg Ukrow E. Core problems of public international law regarding the regulation of the “media sector” with respect to possible tensions with EU law S. 265-330

„… suspensory effect on provisions of secondary EU law.740 This question has been clarified in principle, at the …” „… interpretation of exceptions to obligations under primary or secondary law suggests that, in the absence of an …” „… law”. In this context, EU law is primary as well as secondary law, such as the AVMSD and the ECD …”

Mark D. Cole, Jörg Ukrow A. Introduction and background to the study S. 47-56

„… influence of secondary law will be analyzed separately for each legislative act in Chapter D. In addition to …” „… law2 – this warning also expresses the fundamental importance that digitization has for the objectives …” „… clear rules if something goes wrong. The Commission will propose a law to this effect next year. This …”

Jörg Ukrow F. The proposed Digital Services Act S. 331-352

„… secondary EU law by the principle of conferral. Such a feasible transparency obligation cannot be derived …” „… regulatory gaps, the harmonization of various areas of law, regulations on hate speech and political …” „… / info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12417 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748924975

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