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Hyewon Ahn - Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation

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Hyewon Ahn

Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 19 2014

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VII. FINAL CONCLUSIONS S. 313-321

„… medical entities, and second generation inventions. The latter include species selection inventions …” „… products, second generation products and generic drugs.1658 This dissertation has focused mainly on …” „… , and metabolites, as representatives of second generation inventions. Species selection inventions can …”

V. IMPLICATIONS OF THE PATENTABILITY REQUIREMENTS ON INNOVATION AND COMPETITION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY S. 185-245

„… may do, this chapter will examine the scope and length of second generation patents in this context. V …” „… Superfluous second generation patents The radical increase in patent applications and patents on second …” „… onto the market. Similar conditions can be observed in the thriving area of second generation patents …”

I. INTRODUCTION S. 22-28

„… medicines in favour of lower-risk solutions, such as improvements or applications. These second generation …” „… , fencing patents, and second-tier patents. The strategies used to develop these second generation …” „… clustering. This increase in the number of second generation inventions in the pharmaceutical industry is …”

II. PHARMACEUTICAL INVENTIONS, INNOVATIONS & PRODUCTS S. 29-59

„… be disambiguated in the following sections, and “basic invention” and “second generation invention …” „… ” will be adhered to in this paper. Basic and second generation inventions An invention that is a …” „… called a basic invention.46 In contrast to basic inventions, second generation inventions are generally …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-21

„… MIPLC Studies Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation Hyewon Ahn 19 Nomos BUT_Ahn …” „… Hyewon Ahn Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation Nomos BUT_Ahn_0874-1.indd 3 …” „… inventionsA. 28 Basic and second generation inventions1. 29 Improvement inventionsa) 30 Selection inventionsb …”

VI. PROPOSALS S. 246-312

„… exclusivity to the first generation innovations, we will stifle R&D by second generation inventors.1313 …” „… second generation inventions in the pharmaceutical industry will be analyzed and recommendations will be …” „… whether the absolute product protection afforded by a patent is appropriate for second generation …”

III. SPECIFICITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS S. 60-95

„… on second generation inventions and products than on basic breakthrough inventions. He also notes …” „… opportunities for investment, not only the medications themselves but also the second generation products …” „… second generation inventions “Because it gets more and more difficult and expensive to find and develop …”

IV. STANDARDS OF PATENTABILITY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SELECTION INVENTIONS S. 96-184

„… of researchers in universities or institutes, we have seen a trend towards second generation …” „… inventions, products and patents. In this chapter, we explore the patentability of these second generation …” „… of second generation inventions and patentability standards, this chapter examines the basic test for …”

Bibliography S. 334-355

„… , Protecting Early Innovators: Should Second-Generation Products be Patentable?, 27 Rand J. Econ. 322 (1996 …” „… Doctrines), 2 Wash. U. J. L. & Pol’y 55 (2000). Janis, Mark D., Second Tier Patent Protection, 40 Harv …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845250861

Benedikt Zanker - On the Viability of an International Lender of Last Resort

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Benedikt Zanker

On the Viability of an International Lender of Last Resort

Series: Aktuelle Materialien zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 73 2007

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Second Generation Models S. 56-58

„… this kind of features, a new approach became necessary. 2.2.2 Second Generation Models Second …” „… the 1970s, second generation multiple equilibria models fare better at explaining EMS crises of the …” „… Generation Models Approaches developed to improve on first and second generation models can be classified …”

First Generation Models S. 53-56

„… Second Generation Models Second generation models describe currency crises as a consequence of markets …” „… transmission channels in order to reduce vulnerability to contagion. 2.2 Three Generations of Financial Crisis …” „… Working Paper No. 6469. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research 54 2.2.1 First Generation …”

Third Generation Models S. 58-62

„… the mid 1990s. 2.2.3 Third Generation Models Approaches developed to improve on first and second …” „… third generation of models developed in reflection of the emerging market crises in the 1990s second …” „… 58 where. In response, a variety of new approaches, a third generation of multiple equilibria …”

Evaluation S. 63-66

„… subsequent financial crises in Europe, Latin America and South East Asia46. Similarly, second generation …” „… foreign exchange reserves. Likewise, third generation approaches that attempt to explain financial crises …” „… reduces third generation models’ explanatory power regarding balance-of-payments crises during the 1970s …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… 2.2.2 Second Generation Models …” „… ......................................................................... 52 2.2 Three Generations of Financial Crisis Models ...................................... 53 2.2.1 …” „… First Generation Models ............................................................................. 54 …”

Collateralising Equity S. 181-188

„… worth Eletrobras, an energy holding controlling several generation companies. In addition, the …” „… to the public a year later raising a total of USD 830 million. The second wave—more focussed on …” „… 85 percent of Mexican electrical generation capacity. In addition, around 30 airports, the airlines …”

The Setting S. 117-120

„… , the Sterling Crisis provides an example for a pure currency crisis as described in first generation …” „… government. These notes could be exchanged at par against gold or 118 Second, it was in the aftermath of this …”

The Asian Financial Crisis S. 131-138

„… applying first and second generation crisis models30. First and foremost, the crises in Thailand, Indonesia …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845201122

Björn Gehrmann - Soft Budget Constraints in German Fiscal Federalism

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Björn Gehrmann

Soft Budget Constraints in German Fiscal Federalism

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 9 2010

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The Second Generation Theory S. 44-64

„… ” (Williamson 2002: 438).1.2 The Second Generation TheoryWhereas the ‘First Generation Theory’ analyzed the …” „… federal system through the lens of choice, the ‘Second Generation Theory’ looks at problems of federal …” „… goal of the ‘Second Generation Theory’ of Fiscal Federalism or, as it might be called in a more general …”

The First Generation Theory S. 27-44

„… and normative manner. Oates has therefore termed this strand of literature the ‘Second-Generation …” „… attention to hitherto neglected issues” (Williamson 2002: 438).1.2 The Second Generation TheoryWhereas the …” „… ‘First Generation Theory’ analyzed the federal system through the lens of choice, the ‘Second Generation …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-26

„… : Competition among Jurisdictions 401.1.5 Summary 431.2 The Second Generation Theory 441.2.1 Main Principles …” „… 29Table 2: The Second Generation Theory of Fiscal Federalism 54Table 3: Chapters and Articles of the …” „… Budget ConstraintSG Supporting GovernmentSGT Second Generation Theory (of Fiscal Federalism)19 …”

Concluding Remarks S. 211-214

„… contributing to a growing body of literature known as the second generation theory of iscal federalism.The …” „… elementary building blocks of a second generation theory of iscal federalism. This theory should seek answers …” „… to rescue’regions or by eradicating the second tier as a whole). However, as an analysis of political …”

The Soft Budget Constraint: Definition and Rationale S. 99-103

„… Second-Generation Theory of Fiscal FederalismThe soft budget constraint is probably the most pressing problem of …” „… by selling output or earning return on assets. Second, the budget constraint is based on expectations …” „… government (governmentinduced soft budget constraint), a second, maybe less obvious type of soft budget …”

Corporate Finance vs. Public Finance S. 148-156

„… the nascent Second Generation Theory. The soft budget constraint problem has already been analyzed …” „… behavior? In light of this, the second question then becomes that of how the economic and iscal system …” „… guarantee proit. The second step, i.e. the revenue phase, comprises the sale of the manufactured goods and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226484

William E. Schmickle - Preservation Politics

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William E. Schmickle

Preservation Politics

2012

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Chapter Eight. The Crisis of Second-Generation Districts S. 65-74

„… historic district enters its second genera-tion. Our law remains in place. The HPC retains its statutory …”

Index S. 167-174

„… , 164; misperceived, 27, 67–68, 70–71; second-generation, 65–66, 166historic preservation commission …” „… Scully, Vin, 108second-generation historic district. See historic district, second-generationSecretary of …”

Preface

„… Administrative Legalism 57 8 The Crisis of Second-Generation Districts 65 9 Rooters and Rotters: A New Political …” „… against assault is no sound strategy for our aging districts. It won’t help us win over new generations to …” „… lose. The sec-ond worst is to have won, and then to fritter away our victory through political …”

Chapter Fifteen. Enforcement: The Third Rail of Preservation Politics S. 127-132

„… compliance. They’re getting there already, as we saw in sketching out the crisis of second-generation …” „… .• The second owner, with a more modest income than the first, asks the HPC for permission to replace a …”

Selected Glossary S. 163-166

„… preservation while endanger-ing the district process and its community standing.second-generation historic …”

Chapter Five. Thinking Like a Districtist S. 35-42

„… hard at getting preservation right. Yet we have a second, equally compelling focus.*Preservationists …” „… to us by previous generations2. The political victory that we won for district designationAnd so with …”

Chapter Nine. Rooters and Rotters: A New Political Who's Who S. 75-86

„… P T E R N I N E7 6RESETTING FOR SECOND-GENERATION POLITICSEven if we don’t close down and restart …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780759120532

Kurt F. Stone - The Jews of Capitol Hill

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Kurt F. Stone

The Jews of Capitol Hill

2010

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Second Generation: 40th–55th Congresses (1867–1899) S. 29-62

„… non-Jewish mother.34 Second GenerationBoston’s role in electing Jews to public office in gen-eral has been …” „… of Presi-dent Theodore Roosevelt.36 Second GenerationAbraham Jonas flourished in Kentucky. Within …” „… Press, 1969.46 Second GenerationSeitz, Don C. Joseph Pulitzer: His Life and Letters. New York: Simon …”

Preface

„… Second Generation: 40th–55th Congresses (1867–1899) 29Third Generation: 56th–76th Congresses (1899–1941 …” „… the world a much smaller place.Second Generation (1867–1899): This generation, which includes the next …” „… Minyanaires ixIntroduction: In the Beginning . . . xiiiFirst Generation: 27th–39th Congresses (1841–1867) 1 …”

First Generation: 27th–39th Congresses (1841–1867) S. 1-28

„… a more realistic portrait of the Levy/Yulee clan.4 First GenerationDavid Levy Yulee’s progenitors …” „… con-demned to be perpetual outsiders.8 First GenerationThe Florida legislature returned Yulee to the U.S …” „… wave of 10 First GenerationEuropean immigrants. Many of these new arrivals were Irish Catholics …”

Fourth Generation: 77th–92nd Congresses (1941–1973) S. 147-264

„… GenerationSAMUEL ARTHUR WEISS (1902–1977)Served 1941–1946Democrat from Pennsylvania; elected to the 77th Congress …” „… House.152 Fourth GenerationOn June 4, 1941, New York Representative M. Michael Edelstein engaged in a …” „… Per-forming Arts.156 Fourth GenerationArthur Klein was reelected from the 19th Congressio-nal District five …”

Fifth Generation: 93rd–102nd Congresses (1973–1995) S. 265-488

„… that would become well-known for welcoming both Jews and African Americans.268 Fifth GenerationDick …” „… , Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.278 Fifth GenerationDavid Hilzenrath. “From Public Life to Private …” „… [political action committee] money and donations from ultra-Orthodox 280 Fifth GenerationJews.” With vast …”

Sixth Generation: 103rd–111th Congresses (1995–2010) S. 489-628

„… generation earlier. Mildred Harrison Margolies’ father was born in Minneapolis. As 494 Sixth Generationa …” „… thought to eventually running for Phoenix City Council—perhaps in 1994.498 Sixth GenerationAll that …” „… television. When news of 502 Sixth GenerationKasten’s narrow 51 percent to 47 percent victory over former …”

Third Generation: 56th–76th Congresses (1899–1941) S. 63-146

„… sub-jects. Therein lay a potentially serious problem.74 Third GenerationThe issue surfaced in the last …” „… Olga’s “inspired benefaction” was the John Simon Guggenheim 82 Third GenerationMemorial Foundation …” „… 63Third Generation56th–76th Congresses (1899–1941)What Was Happening?1899 George Dewey becomes …”

Index S. 667-692

„… secession, 8, 15, 24Second Generation Jews, xviiiSecond Seminole War, 5–6Seeley-Brown, Horace, Jr., 375Seger …” „… , 560Fetzer, John, 478Fiedler, Bobbi, 366–70, 565Fifth Generation Jews, xviiiFilley, Chauncey I., 49 …” „… Fire-Breathing Liberal (Wexler), 542First Generation Jews, xviiiFischer, Israel Frederick, 56–57Fisher, Howell …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780810877382

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