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Maximilian W. Haedicke, Henrik Timmann - Patent Law

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Maximilian W. Haedicke (ed.), Henrik Timmann (ed.)

Patent Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2014

Results in this title

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler Rights, limitations and obligations S. 1123-1128

„… uncontested.E. Rights, limitations and obligations115 According to Art. 5 RegSPC, the effects of the SPC …” „… solely on Art. 5 RegSPC; Mes § 16 a mn. 50 expressesdoubts.E. Rights, limitations and obligations 117–123 …” „… rights and obligations that exist during the regular term of thebasic patent principally apply during the …”

Maximilian Haedicke Licenses S. 364-386

„… opposing opinion,which sees the disposition as a full transfer of rights and obligations,110 is plausible …” „… the law of obligations and grants the licensor the right toclaim compensation for damages from the …” „… previousowner’s legal position and thereby accepting all rights and obligations stemming from thelicense.174 …”

Maximilian Haedicke, Henrik Timmann Liability and imputation S. 823-840

„… for violations of commercial obligations and interference liability1. Accountability of third parties …” „… , depends on what reasonable duties of conduct,inspection and control (i. e. commercial obligations) exist …” „… differentiation betweeninterference liability and liability for commercial obligations – has practical effects …”

Johannes W. Bukow Objection of a compulsory licence under antitrust law S. 904-933

„… general statement on therelation between competition law and monopoly rights (i. e. IP rights).217 The …” „… exclusive right and lie at the heart of the economic exploitation of thislegal position.535 Even in the case …” „… the right holder to honour suchprovisions (and thus a commitment to the ban on discriminatory …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-53

„… ) ........................................... 1060E. Rights, limitations and obligations (Stief/Bu¨hler …” „… ) ......................................................................................................... 207§ 3. OwnershipA. Inventor and inventor right (Haedicke …” „… ) ................................... 1004C. Inventor’s rights and invention ownership (Stief/Bu¨hler …”

Maximilian Haedicke Common foundations of patent transfer and licensing S. 350-360

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12IV. Dispositions, seperation principle and the principle of theabstract nature of rights in rem …” „… . Separation principle and the principle of the abstract natureof rights in rem …” „… employer.II. Transferrable patent rights1. The patent and its antecedent forms as legal transfer objects4 Not …”

Maximilian Haedicke, Henrik Timmann General S. 784-786

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. Patents as monopoly rights and positive rights of use . . . . . . . 22. Rights of use when …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452. Taking interference liability and liability for violations ofcommercial obligations as a starting …” „… ?, Mitt. 2009, 445.I. General principles1. Patents as monopoly rights and positive rights of use2Pursuant …”

Maximilian Haedicke Full transfer of patents S. 360-364

„… liability for defects in quality.5143 According to the general rules of the law of obligation and its …” „… in which current and permanent legal obligations, suchas safety relevant legal restrictions, limit …” „… requirements for patentability and the IP right is thereforeinvalidated with ex tunc effect as a result of an …”

Johannes W. Bukow Forfeiture of rights S. 933-940

„… of a forfeiture of rights, a distinction must be made betweenthe claim for injunctive relief and …” „… rights, if applicable.744294a) Legal principle. A right is forfeited when an element of time and an …” „… of forfeiture of rights and the corre-750 Busse/Keukenschrijver § 139 mn. 190.751 Benkard/Scharen § 9 …”

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler Effects of the patent S. 768-784

„… variety rights507. Above and beyond the mereinformation obligation, the patent holder is also entitled to …” „… type and scope of theinformation obligations. The farmer may enter into such agreements with each …” „… of the Regulation (EC) on Communityplant variety rights (hereinafter: Implementing Rules)505 and does …”

Axel Verhauwen Allegation of entitlement and misleading advertising S. 1036-1044

„… actions foruse defined in section 9 PatG, patent protection confers the right to offer and advertisean …” „… obligations between theperson who is obliged to provide information and the person who is entitled to …” „… , after all, flow directly from the monopoly statuswhich is enjoyed by the right-holder and is in …”

Dietrich Kamlah Creditors and debtors of claims for infringement (Kamlah) S. 940-949

„… obligation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451. Extent of the cease and desist obligation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1885. Exclusion of the claim and inadmissibility as evidence . . . . . . 191a) Debtor’s right of …” „… actualowner.6 Even when rights have been assigned and the patent transferred, damages arecalculated on the …”

Maximilian Haedicke Multiple owners S. 300-325

„… rights and obligations of the co-inventors amongst themselvesalso remain unclear.I. Criteria for joint …” „… the patent and up to the point of fullacquisition of rights, he has gained a IP position that can no …” „… simultaneously an imperfect absolute immaterial right.36The rights owner can file cease and desist and …”

Maximilian Haedicke Patent law and neighbouring legal fields S. 72-81

„… infringing certain intellectual property rights and themeasures to be taken against good found to have …” „… scope of the exclusive right. Altogether, the constitution grants substantialfreedom to the courts and …” „… sec. 139 etseqq. PatG. Patents are absolute rights and “other rights” in terms of sec. 823 para. 1BGB …”

Dietrich Kamlah Injunctive relief (Kamlah) S. 949-957

„… cease and desist obligation1. Extent of the cease and desist obligation45 The extent of the cease and …” „… obligation51The cease and desist claim arises directly in response to the risk of perpetration and …” „… 21:45:153B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmB. Injunctive reliefI. Basis and conditions for the claim1 …”

Felix Landry Opposition proceedings S. 554-595

„… of a patent and a thirdparty and the third party fails to fulfill this obligation, resulting in a …” „… thenotification of the minutes).4. Admissibility1140a) Right to file an opposition. In principle, and according to …” „… 4/97.728 See G 3/97 and G 4/97.729 See G 3/97, No. 3.3.2.730 Re non-challenge obligations see section 4 mn …”

Maximilian Haedicke Inventor and inventor right S. 294-300

„… 21:30:123B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm§ 3. OwnershipContents:Mn.A. Inventor and inventor right …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52. Completion and announcement of the invention . . . . . . . . . . . . 6IV. Personal inventor right …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10V. Right of invention and right to a patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 …”

Dietrich Kamlah Claims for information and accounts S. 978-993

„… infringers, so he can assert and protect his rights in full.234Therefore the debtor must provide information …” „… claim forinformation and accounts.167 The creditor has a right to request accounts for the exact …” „… information and accounts, Section 140 b PatGgrants the creditor a right to request information about the …”

Maximilian Haedicke Recovery of inventors’ rights (rei vindicatio) S. 325-350

„… patent law, the relationship between the person with substantive rights in aninvention and the patent …” „… irrespective of fault for European patent applications(para. 1 sentence 1; “Right to the patent”) and a right …” „… likewise grants a rightto assignment irrespective of fault for patent applications (sentence 1) and a right …”

Dietrich Kamlah Claim for recall and destruction S. 993-998

„… restrictions on the obligation to disclose information about manufacturers,suppliers and other prior possessors …” „… indirect patent infringer only infringewhen allocated to patent use, the prior possessors and suppliers …” „… often have nothing to dowith patent infringement. It therefore makes sense to limit the obligation to …”

Maximilian Haedicke, Henrik Timmann Indirect use of a patent S. 806-823

„… action.192 This applies, for example, to formulating andmaking up a medicament, preparing dosages and …” „… Haedicke Mitt. 2004, 145, 145 et seq. andKraßer § 33 III d (p. 780 et seq.).193 BGH GRUR 1987, 794, 796 …” „… , there was no need for anyconscious co-operation between the indirect and the direct infringer.199 …”

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler Unjustly claiming a utility model S. 1086-1088

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100E. Rights, limitations and obligations …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181. Rights of use and exclusivity …” „… against Unfair Trading – UWG) using theutility model, and that it must observe the restrictions of § 6 of …”

Maximilian Haedicke Patent law and competition law S. 81-107

„… rights owners and the general public. The protectionof technical know-how may be beneficial to the …” „… licenses in which case the licensor reserves the right to use the inventionhimself and pledges to not give …” „… the protectedproduct and granting them the rights to use it as they please. To license …”

Henrik Timmann Extension of the scope of protection to equivalents S. 700-716

„… 240.00mmIV. Procedural issues1. Obligation to present arguments and burden of proof191 The obligation to …” „… facilitated in theform of the secondary obligation to present facts and arguments.399192 On the other hand …” „… , the obligation to present arguments and furnish evidence that theattacked embodiment is disclosed or …”

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler General, purpose, history and legal character of the certificate S. 1088-1099

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100E. Rights, limitations and obligations …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181. Rights of use and exclusivity …” „… ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131II. Limitations and obligations …”

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler Grant procedure S. 1128-1137

„… information obligation in the context of unjustly claiming a patent(sec. 146 PatG) is also an obligation …” „… right with EU-wide effect.Therefore the holder of a (bundle) patent according to EPC, which consists of …” „… nationalprotection rights after the grant,274 is forced to lodge a decentral application for thesupplementary …”

Felix Landry Nullity proceedings S. 622-647

„… exclusive rights ofpatentees even if they are clearly flawed, and the public consequently has a great …” „… not subject to an obligation to give evidence and the FederalPatent Court may not ignore any …” „… relating to the right to refile the application exclusively refers to the revocation in opposition),and939 …”

Johannes W. Bukow Exhaustion S. 857-871

„… ; the holder’s patent right is exhausted,the product is in the public domain and can be freely …” „… : “Theeffect of the patent consists in the sole right of the proprietor (and his agents) to make andcirculate …” „… . If the patent proprietor has made and circulated his product with theexercise of this right to …”

Dietrich Kamlah Statute of limitation for the claims S. 998-1001

„… reputation.IV. Recall and destruction claims in the case of indirect patent infringement255The creditor may not …” „… claim issound because the means delivered do of themselves not infringe and therefore nodestruction is …” „… send subsequent warnings to their clients. At best thecreditor may endeavour to obtain the names and …”

Axel Verhauwen Claims arising from unjustified warnings of property right infringement S. 1044-1052

„… validintellectual property right and to the fact of its use. Their purpose is to help clarify thesituation and to …” „… it is declarednull and void, that right would be rescinded retroactively. The ordinary courts …” „… rights. In doing so he reliednot only on experienced in-house lawyers and patent attorneys, but also on …”

Maximilian Haedicke Historic development S. 60-65

„… exclusive rights and the application for patents werebound by the rules of the Extension Law governing all …” „… minorsignificance today44 as the exclusive rights have already expired and protection is merelyaccessible through …” „… law and other areasof intellectual property law. Far reaching obligations to disclose information have …”

Maximilian Haedicke Relevant sources of law S. 65-72

„… , trademark law and other areasof intellectual property law. Far reaching obligations to disclose information …” „… includes rules for other important areas ofintellectual property rights, especially copyright and trademark …” „… intellectual property rights throughout the Union and forthe setting up of centralised Union-wide authorisation …”

Maximilian Haedicke, Henrik Timmann Direct use of a patent S. 786-806

„… ?, Mitt. 2009, 445.I. General principles1. Patents as monopoly rights and positive rights of use2Pursuant …” „… effectiveness of the provision of apositive right of use is limited. Since inventive and economic activity is in …” „… give expression to the patent proprietor’s rights and privileges.3 It also goes withoutsaying that the …”

Felix Landry The proceedings for grant S. 386-554

„… to Art. 2 para. 2 EPC. Thisconcerns both its effect as a property right and the conditions to which a …” „… , the applicant will retain the right to act independentlybefore the European Patent Office and is not …” „… the grant and which define the patent proprietor’s right ofprohibition. In addition, the applicant …”

Axel Verhauwen Criminal patent law S. 1010-1020

„… patent infringement gives theaggrieved party the right to claim damages against the perpetrator, and this …” „… 21:46:173B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm§ 12. Other proceedings and claims in patent …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115. Offenders and accomplices …”

Johannes W. Bukow Permitted acts under Section 11 PatG S. 840-857

„… of use and its consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184. Entitlement to right of …” „… potential conflict between the patentee’sintellectual property rights and the advancement of technical …” „… patent law is to encourage and reward innovation, implemented inthe grant of an exclusive right for a …”

Johannes W. Bukow Defence of invalidity S. 887-900

„… prospect of validity positive and affirms the other conditions for apositive right of use, the infringement …” „… infringement proceedings and finally won entitlement to destroythe goods, the proprietor of the IP rights has …” „… firstinstance. It is still a case of balancing the enforceability of the time limited right ofexclusivity and …”

Raph Nack, Joel S.H. Nägerl, Lorenz Walder-Hartmann Realisability and sufficiency of disclosure for realisability S. 260-294

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmPatG) or of rights and obligations from invention rights of …” „… own right will be distinguished from the disclosure sufficient forrealisability, and possible …” „… in section 6 PatG and Art. 60 EPC, for example. Theruling view is that the right to a patent is …”

Axel Verhauwen Border seizure proceedings S. 1020-1036

„… entitled to dispose ofthe goods, even if the seized goods do not infringe any rights and the applicant …” „… (supposed) rights causes an intrusion intoan established and operating business, such interference will be …” „… national,legally established and regulated procedure for the enforcement of property rights.5158The liability of …”

Dietrich Kamlah Claim for damages (Kamlah) S. 957-974

„… IP rights are independent of each otherin their status and scope. Culpable infringement of one IP …” „… necessary to use advertising of anappropriate reach to publicize his exclusive rights and remove market …” „… law has recognised in specialcases a time-limited cease and desist claim after expiry of the patent in …”

Henrik Timmann Basic outline S. 658-671

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911. Obligation to present arguments and burden of proof . . . . . . 1912. Subject matter of the …” „… 21:38:433B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm§ 6. Interpretation and scope of protection of …” „… of protection in patent law . . . . . . 42. The patent specification and its interpretation as the …”

Raph Nack, Joel S.H. Nägerl, Lorenz Walder-Hartmann Differentiation from the state of the art S. 182-260

„… patent in question and therefore enjoy senior rights (known asthe “fictitious state of the art …” „… ) Senior rights in relation to European patent applications and European patents.For European patent …” „… fundamental and permanently validprinciples should be invoked to exclude patentability on these grounds …”

Marco Stief, Dirk Bühler Subject matter and scope of protection S. 1113-1123

„… , eventhough their applicability is wholly uncontested.E. Rights, limitations and obligations115 According to …” „… of the combination A, B and D as a protection right infringement.240 This in turn is relevant for the …” „… , ‘negative certificates’ could generally be issued.175D. Subject matter and scope of protectionI. General80 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259024

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Yuanshi Bu (ed.)

Chinese Civil Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2013

Results in this title

. Property Rights, Obligations and Intellectual Property Rights S. 378-406

„… Manjiao Chi 373 Chapter 21. Property Rights, Obligations and Intellectual Property Rights …” „… in previous chapters, in China, property rights (real rights) and obligations are governed …” „… parties to establish mutual civil rights and obligations. However, since consumers and sellers often …”

. Performance, Termination and Cancellation S. 87-110

„… only claim contractual rights against the other party and owes obligation to the other party. As an …” „… outstanding contractual rights and/or obligations from what the parties could reasonably have contemplated at …” „… rights and delegate its obligations under a contract to a third person.43 In cases of a merger or …”

. Particular Types of Contracts S. 136-172

„… rights.16 b. Major Rights and Obligations of Parties The CL has provided a non-exclusive list of major …” „… rights and obligations for both the seller and the buyer in a sales contract. Both parties are expected …” „… to agree on more detailed and specific rights and obligations within their contract. Since the …”

. Statute of Limitations S. 47-60

„… period of limitation regarding the transferred rights or obligations will be discontinued and restarted …” „… creditor will regain his/her right to bring a claim to the court to enforce the original debt and a new …” „… refers to when the claimant has unreasonably delayed claiming the relevant rights and as a result the …”

. Standard Form Contracts S. 127-135

„… drafted models is to perfect the contractual terms, clarify the parties’ rights and obligations, and …” „… define the parties’ rights and obligations pursuant to the principle of fairness. The providing party …” „… of proof on the issue of whether the obligation to reasonably notify and explain has been fulfilled …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-21

„… ............................................................................................. 53 e. Transfer of Contractual Rights and Assumption of Obligations ................ 53 4. Extension …” „… ................................................................................................. 133 b. Major Rights and Obligations of Parties .................................................. 134 …” „… .................................................................. 372 Chapter 21. Property Rights, Obligations and Intellectual Property Rights ........... 373 I …”

. Subjects of Civil Relations S. 343-360

„… different regimes, have different rights, and bear different obligations. Such a distinction influences …” „… international law, nationality determines the scope of application of basic rights and the obligations of …” „… based on the rationale that legal rights and obligations of a legal person are ultimately taken by …”

. Family, Marriage, and Succession S. 361-377

„… necessitates both rights and obligations, such as identifying estate executor, collecting credits, and …” „… ML provides for the right to name, meaning that both a husband and wife may use his or her own name …” „… surname after marriage. Art. 9 ML provides for the right to domicile, meaning that a husband and wife …”

. Acquisition of Ownership S. 282-306

„… 2008, 3-17. SUI Pengsheng (隋彭生), On the Right of Possession (论占有之本权), Studies in Law and Business …” „… law, under which the transfer of ownership takes place by extinction of the transferor’s right and …” „… enactment of the RRL.5 Under the German model, a sales and purchase contract only creates an obligation to …”

. Liability for Breach of Contract S. 111-126

„… of Contract and Non-pecuniary Damage (违约与非财产损害赔偿), Civil and Commercial Law View Vol. 25 (民商法论丛第 25 …” „… 卷) 2002, 70-116. CUI Jianyuan (崔建远), On the Nature and Status of Guarantee Liability against …” „… of China (中华人民共和国合同法讲话), Beijing 1999. HAN Shiyuan (韩世远), Non-Pecuniary Damage and Contract …”

. Overview S. 176-208

„… Supplemental Liability in Joint Liability — And a Comparision with the False Joint and Several Obligation …” „… relationship between tort law and other fields of law of obligations, but merely defer the problem of …” „… in the LTL are either vague or general. The LTL serves to protect legitimate individual rights and …”

. Legal Capacity, Legal Representative and Agency S. 31-46

„… (蔡晖)/WANG Ruifeng (王瑞峰), Unborn Baby's Rights and the Approach to Protect such Rights (胎儿权利及其司法保护的途径 …” „… . 4, 66-75. SUN Peng (孙鹏), The Indispensability of Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Rights …” „… the Reasoning Structure of Agency Rights (论代理权授予行为的有因构造), Tribune of Political Science and Law (政法论坛 …”

. Overview S. 22-30

„… rights and perform their obligations in accordance with the Principle of Good Faith. For example, in …” „… and obligations of each citizen and (ii) the structure of the country. Following the general …” „… referred to it as a “quasi” Civil Code7 and praised it for strengthening the protection of private rights …”

. Overview S. 264-281

„… a legal obligation on any third party to respect and not infringe upon other persons’ real rights …” „… obligations (more precisely, from art. 134 GPCL) and does not fit into the context of real rights protection …” „… relationship of rights and obligations resulting from legal provisions” within the meaning of art. 84 para. 1 …”

. Formation and Validity of Contracts S. 70-86

„… be deemed cured, if one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the …” „… precondition for the validity of a mortgage contract and a pledge contract, the Real Rights Law (RRL)49 has …” „… advertisements of rewards. The right holder of the object, when obtaining a lost-and-found object, is bound to …”

. Usufructuary Rights S. 314-320

„… private ownership of land. The right to possess, use and benefit from a thing3 is referred to as a …” „… they can be extended or prematurely cancelled, and whether a usufructuary can transfer his rights …” „… collectives’ right to use reserve land (机动地) is governed by arts. 28 no. 1 and 63 of the Law on Land Contract …”

. Condominium Property S. 307-313

„… Ownership in Buildings: The Position of the Scholars’ Draft and the Provisions of the “Real Rights Law …” „… becomes a joint owner of the common parts of the building and acquires the joint management right with …” „… proprietor’s right to possess, use, dispose of, and obtain profits from his exclusive premise10 is limited in …”

. Overview S. 326-342

„… , without changing any of their substantive contractual rights and obligations. Second, as a …” „… ), succession (Chapter 4), property rights (Chapter 5), obligations (Chapter 6), and intellectual property …” „… foreign-related civil disputes, and (3) to safeguard legal rights of the disputants.28 The LAL, in the …”

. Overview S. 65-69

„… , the CL gives the obligee the right of subrogation (infra Chapter 6 at 45 et seqq.) and the right of …” „… , incidental obligations, rules on the transfer of ownership, and risk of goods, in order to modernise …” „… (梁慧星), The Uniform Contract Law: Achievement and Deficiency (统一合同法：成功与不足), China Legal Science (中国法学 …”

. Special Types of Torts S. 218-260

„… ), Draft Judicial Interpretation of Infringements upon Right to Reputation and to Privacy (Legal Ground …” „… infringements of intellectual property and personal rights are commonplace in China, art. 36 LTL is nothing but …” „… redress for individuals against defamation. Art. 101 “Citizens and legal persons enjoy the right of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845266350

Maria-Artemis Kolliniati - Human Rights and Positive Obligations to Healthcare

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Maria-Artemis Kolliniati

Human Rights and Positive Obligations to Healthcare

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 196 2019

Results in this title

CHAPTER 3: General characteristics of the European Convention on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights case law S. 67-78

„… sometimes secures minimal core rights and obligations. CHAPTER 3: 3.1 236 Janneke Gerards, “The European …” „… , “The scope of rights and the scope of obligations: Positive obligations,” in Shaping rights in the ECHR …” „… subsidiarity, positive obligations, and non-discrimination mediate between the primary principles of rights …”

CHAPTER 1: Introduction S. 15-40

„… rights, to what extent do those rights impose positive obligations on states, and to what extent do they …” „… the rights of Articles 3 and 8 and the positive obligations that may derive from them. Methodology Is …” „… normative aspects of the rights and obligations in question. I share the view that “human rights law is not …”

CHAPTER 6: ECtHR case law and Joseph Raz’s approach to rights S. 228-244

„… used to examine the relationship between rights and positive obligations. It offers a political account …” „… of rights that extends beyond the concepts of the “minimally good life” and “minimum core obligations …” „… protection of well-being, the Convention and Razian rights. Positive obligation to healthcare, physical …”

CHAPTER 5: European Court of Human Rights decisions S. 167-227

„… achieve those aims, I will examine positive obligations cases related in a broad sense to health, and to …” „… the ECHR rights not to be tortured (Article 3596) and to respect for private and family life and home …” „… focusing on particular Convention rights on one hand and a particular subject area on the other is …”

CHAPTER 7: Conclusion S. 245-254

„… ), para. 44). Hence, the Court’s approach to balancing the obligations stemming from rights and financial …” „… obligations and rights can be derived from old rights on the grounds of protecting well-being and health. For …” „… theoretical basis for justifying new rights and positive obligations deriving from the Convention rights. It …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Politik 196 Human Rights and Positive Obligations to Healthcare Reading the European Convention …” „… 12.04.19 13:14 Maria-Artemis Kolliniati Human Rights and Positive Obligations to Healthcare Reading …” „… , Univ., Diss., 2018 Original title: Positive obligations, Joseph Raz’s Philosophy of Rights and the …”

Bibliography S. 255-264

„… . “The scope of rights and the scope of obligations: Positive obligations.” In Shaping rights in the ECHR …” „… Joseph Raz on Practical Reason and the Obligation to Obey the Law.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 15 …” „… : Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man. Edited by Jeremy Waldron, 46-76. London and New York …”

CHAPTER 4: Joseph Raz’s approach to rights S. 79-166

„… rights. It proposes, first, that Razian rights are not limited to the field of interest theory and do not …” „… objectives, protects collective goods, and a “how-dimension”, which relates to how human rights operate in …” „… . Thus, along with the double dimension of Razian rights, the chapter deals with Raz’s jurisprudence and …”

CHAPTER 2: Background question: Jurisprudence and human rights S. 41-66

„… rights and states’ positive obligations. Debates about legal theory revolve around two principal …” „… Background question: Jurisprudence and human rights Background question and jurisprudence This …” „… understanding of Convention rights and the legal reasoning in ECtHR case law. Although its purpose is to apply …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845299853

Alexander Proelß - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

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Alexander Proelß (ed.)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2017

Results in this title

. Extent of participation and rights and obligations S. 2528-2533

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 4 Extent of participation and rights and obligations 1 …” „… an undertaking to accept the rights and obligations of States under this Convention in respect of …” „… rights and perform the obligations which its member States which are Parties would otherwise have under …”

. Good faith and abuse of rights S. 1938-1944

„… rights States Parties shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed under this Convention and shall …” „… fulfilling their obligations as well as exercising their rights, jurisdictions and freedoms. 2. ‘the …” „… exercise the rights, jurisdiction and freedoms recognized in this Convention in a manner which would not …”

. Promotion of marine scientific research S. 1615-1618

„… obligations from other treaties may prevail and potentially limit the right to conduct MSR is subject to the …” „… and other provisions which mention rights and obligations by international organizations concerning …” „… qualification.67 3. ‘subject to the rights and duties of other States’ 24 Art. 238 clarifies that the right to …”

. Relation to other conventions and international agreements S. 2010-2020

„… Law of the Sea of 29 April 1958. 2. This Convention shall not alter the rights and obligations of …” „… . ‘shall not alter the rights and obligations which arise from other agreements compatible with this …” „… protect the marine environment, and the rights and obligations of member States not party to the other …”

. Obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment S. 1597-1606

„… conflict rule of Art. 22 that its provisions do not affect the rights and obligations of the Contracting …” „… Law of the Sea), except where the exercise of those rights and obligations would cause a serious …” „… are required to implement the CBD consistently with the rights and obligations of States under the law …”

. Denunciation S. 2034-2038

„… only affect rights and obligations of the denouncing State (and of other parties in relation to it …” „… denunciation only affects a party’s position under the Convention, but has no impact on rights and obligations …” „… inclusive formula covers parallel customary international law as well as parallel rights and obligations …”

. Equal treatment in maritime ports S. 930-934

„… treatment as regards the entry and use of ports, the alternate obligation of a ‘right to use maritime ports …” „… (1) contains an obligation on transit States to take all appropriate measures to ‘avoid’ delays and …” „… (1)(c).14 8Art. 130 (1) balances the needs of LLS in having a fully realisable right of access to and …”

. General obligation S. 1278-1288

„… obligation to consult with and give regard to the rights of other States,13 and substantive agreements then …” „… Section 1 General provisions Article 192 General obligation States have the obligation to protect and …” „… establishment of duties (Art. 192) and rights (Art. 193) regarding the stewardship of the oceans. Art. 192, as …”

. Monitoring of the risks or effects of pollution S. 1357-1365

„… obligation to monitor risks and effects of marine pollution: ‘1. States shall, consistent with the rights of …” „… environmental and human rights treaties – commonly used to monitor compliance with treaty obligations, they are …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. ‘consistent with the rights of other States’ and ‘as far as practicable …”

Index S. 2554-2619

„… ’ obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment 192 6 Coastal State’s right concerning continental …” „… activities Annex III 9 26 – Enterprise’s right Annex III 9 8 et seq. and 26 – equality of treatment Annex III …” „… decisions 288 8, 9 et seq. obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the …”

. Measures relating to seaworthiness of vessels to avoid pollution S. 1497-1506

„… Affairs (2008), 11–45; Kari Hakapää, Marine Pollution in International Law: Material Obligations and …” „… standards and therefore poses a threat to the marine environment, it has the obligation to take …” „… Unlike Art. 218, which sets forth the right of the port State to undertake investigations and institute …”

. Nature and fundamental principles of the Authority S. 1108-1116

„… Parties shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed under [UNCLOS] and shall exercise the rights …” „… rights and benefits resulting from membership. Bibliography: Niels M Blokker, International Organizations …” „… accordance with this Part in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership …”

. Measures to facilitate marine scientific research and assist research vessels S. 1714-1718

„… drafting language is designed to create a balance between the rights and obligations of the coastal and …” „… ’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 I. Purpose and Function 1Art. 255 stipulates the obligation of coastal States to promote and …” „… Art. 239. Whereas Art. 239 is a general provision and provides the obligation of States and competent …”

. Sovereign right of States to exploit their natural resources S. 1288-1296

„… has a right to manage its resources pursuant to its environmental policies and has an obligation in …” „… relates the general obligation ‘to protect and preserve’ to the right of States ‘to exploit natural …” „… destruction of their habitats.’85 Thus, the obligation of Art. 192 ‘to protect and preserve’ refers to the …”

. Notification to the flag State and other States concerned S. 1558-1562

„… injury is established by clear and convincing evidence.’15 5. ‘recognized rights of the accused shall be …” „… the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.16 Article 231 Notification to the flag State …” „… ; Art. 14 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Also see Art. 10 (1)(b) Protocol to …”

. Right to fish on the high seas S. 792-804

„… fishing on the high seas subject to: (a) their treaty obligations; (b) the rights and duties as well as …” „… obligations; (b) the rights, duties and interests of coastal States in, inter alia, straddling, highly …” „… the rights and is bound by the obligations which the law of the State in question grants to or imposes …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution by dumping S. 1468-1475

„… development of the rights and obligations of the coastal State in areas beyond its territorial sea to the …” „… conformity with the terms of its contract and its obligations under the Convention. According to ITLOS, the …” „… Commentary: Supplementary Documents (2012), 227 et seq. 18 Responsibilities and Obligations of Sponsoring …”

. Duty to comply with certain conditions S. 1680-1691

„… researching States and competent international organizations to ensure the right of coastal States to …” „… , samples and research results, which are also connected to obligations under Art. 249. This information …” „… practicable, without payment of any remuneration to the scientists of the coastal State and without obligation …”

ANNEX III BASIC CONDITIONS OF PROSPECTING, EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION S. 2114-2276

„… the description of the process of a plan of work, and the rights and obligations of Contractors which …” „… (2015) Cases: ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring …” „… read as follows: ‘Rights in the Area and its resources 1. All rights in the resources of the Area are …”

. Rights of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States S. 1708-1714

„… the conditions required under Arts. 248 and 249. This is an obligation for coastal States which …” „… compulsory conciliation. 19Art. 253 (5) only refers to suspension and does not refer to the obligation of a …” „… Nordquist/Rosenne/Yankov (note 2), 579 (MN 253.13(e)). Rights of neighbouring land-locked and geographically disadvantaged …”

. Duty of States to adopt with respect to their nationals measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas S. 804-818

„… nationals to engage in fishing on the high seas subject to their treaty obligations and to the rights …” „… , interests and duties of coastal States. Art. 117 articulates the correlative obligation to this right …” „… . 117 obligations and, arguably, will therefore forfeit the right for their vessels to fish (or to fish …”

. Duty to provide information to the coastal State S. 1674-1680

„… corresponding obligation of coastal States within the context of the balance of rights and obligations between …” „… right to receive information regarding the ‘nature and objectives, geographical areas and proposed dates …” „… ‘explicit consent’ of the coastal State and included the obligation to disclose the nature and objectives of …”

. Responsibility and liability S. 1586-1592

„… . 161 Ted L. McDorman, A Note on the Potential Conflicting Treaty Rights and Obligations between the …” „… international obligations concerning the protection and preservation of the marine environment. They shall be …” „… and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …”

. Enforcement by flag States S. 1475-1488

„… State ‘may request the assistance’ of other States, entails a right and not an obligation for the flag …” „… , Marine Pollution in International Law: Material Obligations and Jurisdiction (1981); Thomas A. Mensah …” „… Assertions of a Right to Non-Flag State Enforcement in the High Seas Fisheries and Disarmament Contexts …”

. Suspension or cessation of marine scientific research activities S. 1701-1708

„… Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ocean Space and on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States in the Area …” „… performance of outstanding obligations and to wait until the situation is rectified. Article 253 Suspension or …” „… . Paragraphs 1 to 3 provide for the right of coastal States with respect to MSR in their EEZs and on their …”

. Participation of developing States in activities in the Area S. 1047-1053

„… .’50 14 In the end, it is true that the normative content of Art. 148 and its obligations (and rights …” „… : http://www.un.org/depts/los/doalos_publications/publicationstexts/msr_guide%202010_final.pdf Cases: ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States …” „… and they deduced from the principle of common heritage of mankind preferential rights in the …”

. Protection of human life S. 1029-1036

„… increasingly accept the primary damage caused by seabed mining activities and resort to an obligation of …” „… Künzli, The Law of International Human Rights Protection (2010); Filippo Lorenzon, Safety and Compliance …” „… (2016), 175–187; Nicola Wenzel, Human Rights, Treaties, Extraterritorial Application and Effects, MPEPIL …”

. Measures to avoid or eliminate delays or other difficulties of a technical nature in traffic in transit S. 928-930

„… , serving to strengthen the possibility of realising the right of access to and from the sea for land-locked …” „… Art. 130 (1) creates an obligation on transit States10 to avoid delays and other difficulties …” „… definite obligation and should be compared in this respect to other articles in Part X: Art. 128 lays out …”

. Pollution from vessels S. 1420-1444

„… internal waters and the corresponding obligations of the flag State and confirms the right of innocent …” „… foreign vessels, including vessels exercising the right of innocent passage. Such laws and regulations …” „… International Law: Material Obligations and Jurisdiction (1981); George C. Kasoulides, Port State Control and …”

. Responsibility and liability S. 1750-1758

„… Sea, vol. I (1991); Constantin Economides, Content of the Obligation: Obligations of Means and …” „… Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. Responsibility and Liability for Infringements of the Right to Conduct Marine Scientific …”

. Pollution by dumping S. 1408-1420

„… , regulations and procedures’ 15The second sentence of Art. 209 (2) qualifies the States’ obligation to …” „… six paragraphs and lays down prescriptive obligations for national and international law-making with …” „… regard to the States’ obligations under Arts. 192, 194 (1), (2) and specifically (3)(a), to take …”

. Limitation on jurisdiction with regard to decisions of the Authority S. 1267-1272

„… Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect …” „… the rights and interests of those parties who engaged in mining of the deep sea bed received adequate …” „… implementation of this part of the convention, and second, those dealing with the rights and duties of States …”

. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it S. 507-514

„… Law of the Sea (2011); Tore Henriksen, Revisiting the Freedom of Fishing and Legal Obligations of …” „… should do so in good faith and should exercise their rights in a manner which would not constitute an …” „… nationals and third State vessels individually.19 Thus, coastal States retain their rights under Arts. 56 …”

. Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment S. 1296-1316

„… carried out by other States in the exercise of their rights and in pursuance of their duties in conformity …” „… ), 280; ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and …” „… concretized and transformed into specific obligations of States. Art. 194 encompasses five paragraphs. Art …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from or through the atmosphere S. 1522-1528

„… has two components. First, Art. 222 affirms States’ obligation to enforce their laws and regulations …” „… the obligation to adopt domestic laws and regulations and to take other measures necessary to …” „… recognized States’ ‘right to enforce laws and regulations adopted in accordance with the provisions of [the …”

. Sea-Bed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea S. 1251-1255

„… bound by Arts. 279–284, and particularly by the following rights and obligations: ‘1. to settle any …” „… its final formatting in 1982.1 Although Art. 185 deals with suspension of rights and privileges, its …” „… Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the …”

. Duty to avoid adverse consequences in the exercise of the powers of enforcement S. 1535-1538

„… . 107), and concerning the exercise of the rights of visit ( Art. 110 (5)) and hot pursuit ( Art. 111 …” „… Reports (2010), 14; ICJ, Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua …” „… Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect …”

. Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles S. 640-652

„… exercising their rights and performing their obligations ( Art. 300), the implementation of Art. 82 requires …” „… and 85 of the Convention in giving coastal States rights50 in relation to the artificial islands …” „… right of the coastal State to authorise and regulate. Article 82 Payments and contributions with respect …”

. Cooperation of States in the conservation and management of living resources S. 818-831

„… the United Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United States in the Bering’s Sea and …” „… of a duty to have due regard for the rights of other states and the needs of conservation for the …” „… Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United States in the Bering’s Sea and the Preservation …”

. Exhaustion of local remedies S. 1901-1905

„… right not to be subjected to the respondent’s customs and contraband laws in its exclusive economic zone …” „… of the violations of rights claimed … can be described as breaches of obligations concerning the …” „… treatment to be accorded to aliens. They are all direct violations of the rights of [Saint Vincent and the …”

. General principles for the conduct of marine scientific research S. 1618-1625

„… which collide with other rights and obligations, e. g. the obligation to preserve the marine environment …” „… to discussions on the balancing of rights, freedoms and obligations.18 12Prior proposals made …” „… with the Convention’s other regulations. As a consequence, the obligation to promote and facilitate the …”

. Sedentary species S. 541-544

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Rights and Obligations of the Coastal State in Relation to Sedentary Species. . . 6 I. Purpose …” „… rights and obligations possessed by the coastal State, as explained below. II. Historical Background 2 …” „… is still an important issue as it defines the particular rights and obligations of the coastal State …”

. Participation and appearance of sponsoring States Parties in proceedings S. 1272-1275

„… and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… sponsoring State shall be given notice thereof and shall have the right to participate …” „… given notice thereof, and shall have a right to intervene in the proceedings.’2 This truncated article …”

. Accommodation of activities in the Area and in the marine environment S. 1036-1047

„… further identifies the need to ‘establish what supplementary duties and obligations the Authority has as a …” „… (1974), 3; ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 a) Compliance with the sea-bed regime, obligation to give of due notice and adequate warning (lit …”

. Catadromous species S. 537-541

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Rights and Obligations of the Coastal State in Relation to Sedentary Species. . . 6 I. Purpose …” „… rights and obligations possessed by the coastal State, as explained below. II. Historical Background 2 …” „… requiring ‘a balance between the Parties’ rights and needs to use the river for economic and commercial …”

. Right of access to and from the sea and freedom of transit S. 899-912

„… specialis to the Convention and are governed by the rules in Art. 311.49 Article 125 Right of access to and …” „… from the sea and freedom of transit 1. Land-locked States shall have the right of access to and from …” „… take all measures necessary to ensure that the rights and facilities provided for in this Part for …”

. Duty to render assistance S. 726-731

„… Maritime Interdiction Operations and Human Rights Law’, Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of …” „… negotiated and no obligation to allow disembarkation was conceded. This constitutes clear State practice and …” „… international law, a right to enter port and be held immune from local law (though not where such entry would …”

. Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution S. 321-325

„… on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States in the Area Under Their Jurisdition, UN Doc. A/AC.138 …” „… H. Nordquist/Tommy T.B. Koh/John N. Moore (eds.), Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the 1982 Law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 I. Purpose and Function 1 The obligation not to impede transit passage is set forth in Art. 38 (1 …”

. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships S. 238-242

„… Kimbell, Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice (4th edn. 2011); Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent …” „… , generally concerns matters of contractual and non-contractual obligations, family law, employment law and …” „… the Sea (3rd edn. 1999), 98. 15 Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of …”

. System of exploration and exploitation S. 1081-1090

„… Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with …” „… contained the requirement of a plan of work, provided control by the Authority and its right to take …” „… Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to …”

. Suspension and restrictions on institution of proceedings S. 1548-1553

„… disregarded its obligation to enforce effectively the applicable international rules and standards in respect …” „… account the right of the coastal State to adopt laws and regulations relating to innocent passage …” „… , reduction and control of pollution,19 without prejudice to its duties of not hampering the right of innocent …”

. Enforcement by port States S. 1488-1497

„… ., inspection rights and the right to prevent a ship from sailing in the case of unseaworthiness, could be found …” „… wanted to retain exclusive jurisdiction with limited inspection rights for port States and coastal States …” „… enforcement jurisdiction is a right viz. an option for the port State, not an obligation.48 Given the novelty …”

. Right to conduct marine scientific research S. 1606-1615

„… can impose obligations upon and grant rights to third States is regulated by Arts. 34–38 of the Vienna …” „… , rights and obligations for third States cannot be established without their consent ( Art. 34 VCLT). As …” „… thin line between inherent limitations of the right which is granted and obligations imposed upon …”

. Cooperation in the construction and improvement of means of transport S. 925-928

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 129 serves to facilitate the realisation of the ‘right of access to …” „… right’ appears to strengthen the article, it is unclear whether the resulting obligation on transit …” „… clear obligation on them. Additionally, an express right for LLS to be able to improve or construct such …”

. Archaeological and historical objects found at sea S. 1951-1962

„… altered the already established balance between the rights and obligations granted to respectively the …” „… delicate balance embodied in the UNCLOS between the rights and obligations of the coastal State and those …” „… and regulations referred to in that article. 3. Nothing in this article affects the rights of …”

. Promotion of international cooperation S. 1631-1637

„… for peaceful purposes. 2. In this context, without prejudice to the rights and duties of States under …” „… . A. Soons, Marine Scientific Research and the Law of the Sea (1982); Yoshifumi Tanaka, Obligation to …” „… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …”

. Obligation to exchange views S. 1831-1839

„… in one such Note from the Netherlands that the parties ‘have diverging views on the rights and …” „… disputant. The obligation in this regard must be discharged in good faith, and it is the duty of the …” „… obligation was one of conduct, not of result, and the existence of the exchange of views would have to be …”

. Marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf S. 1650-1665

„… appropriate conditions to MSR projects due to obligations they have under the Convention and other relevant …” „… to fulfill their obligations under Part XII of the Convention on protection and preservation of the …” „… right of coastal States to ‘regulate’ MSR, and for this reason this clause has been referred to as being …”

. Safety zones S. 1741-1745

„… . This obligation is set against the right to deploy and use scientific research installations and …” „… Management Measure 2009-05 (2009) Cases: ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm the rule, consisting of the right to create safety zones and the …”

. Creation of favourable conditions S. 1637-1640

„… the reference to other ‘rights and duties’ under the Convention (e. g. Arts. 61 (5); 119 (2); 198; 200 …” „… , ICJ Reports (2010), para. 164; ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of …” „… . Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (note 40), para. 204; Responsibilities and Obligations …”

. Free zones and other customs facilities S. 921-925

„… encourage and facilitate agreements of this nature in order that the ‘right of access to and from the sea …” „… obligation to give LLS the possibility to establish free zones,7 and not to create an overarching obligation …” „… transit’ 8 The purpose of Art. 128 is to supplement the ‘right of access to and from the sea’ of LLS …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from seabed activities S. 1459-1464

„… . Purpose and Function 1Art. 214 establishes obligations for coastal States to use the jurisdiction over …” „… own national environmental policies, but also in accordance with its general obligation to protect and …” „… ‘States shall have the right to enforce laws and regulations […]’5, the Revised Single Negotiating Text …”

. Formal confirmation and accession S. 2523-2528

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 4 Extent of participation and rights and obligations 1 …” „… an undertaking to accept the rights and obligations of States under this Convention in respect of …” „… rights and perform the obligations which its member States which are Parties would otherwise have under …”

. Marine scientific research in the Area S. 1718-1726

„… rights and obligations of States with respect to MSR for each of the maritime areas under the Convention …” „… , irrespective of their geographical location, and competent international organizations have the right, in …” „… mm I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 256 provides the right of all States and competent international …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from land-based sources S. 1452-1459

„… obligations contained in Arts. 192 and 194.1 2 Art. 213 needs to be read together with Arts. 207 and 194 (3)(a …” „… Art. 22 of the ISNT read, ‘States shall have the right to enforce laws and regulations adopted in …” „… in the opening phrase, a State’s right of enforcement was transformed into an obligation to enforce …”

. Cooperation of States bordering enclosed or semi-enclosed seas S. 887-894

„… exercise of their rights and in the performance of their duties under this Convention. To this end they …” „… the implementation of their rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the …” „… Sea 1982: A Commentary, vol. III (1995); Mike Perry, Rights of Passage: Canadian Sovereignty and …”

. Utilization of the living resources S. 494-507

„… and Function 1Art. 62 provides complementary obligations concerning the exercise of coastal States …” „… mm 240.00mm which deal with the particular rights of land-locked and geographically disadvantaged …” „… access to fish stocks and the allocation of fishing rights developed alongside the general framework for …”

. Conservation of the living resources S. 481-494

„… Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with …” „… Convention confers sovereign rights to explore and exploit the living resources in the EEZ,2 such rights also …” „… generally recommended international minimum standards; and the obligation to contribute to and exchange …”

. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space S. 947-950

„… and air space Neither this Part nor any rights granted or exercised pursuant thereto shall affect the …” „… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… the distinction between seabed, waters and air. It provides that ‘the rights of the coastal State over …”

. Pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction S. 1392-1401

„… Marine Environment). It encompasses five paragraphs and stipulates prescriptive obligations to establish …” „… States’ obligations laid down in Arts. 192 and 194 (1) and (2) and particularly as specified in Art. 194 …” „… treaty.7 Art. 2(c) of the draft laid out an obligation on States: ‘To take and enforce all reasonable …”

. Responsibility and liability for damage S. 1962-1969

„… ; ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and …” „… rule and the content of the obligation it imposes, and another to determine whether that obligation has …” „… ) rights and duties of States, the Convention scantly elaborates on the ‘general conditions’12 under which …”

. Archaeological and historical objects S. 1053-1059

„… . 148 and its obligations (and rights) are vague,51 as there are uncertainties about the precise limits …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. ‘for the benefit of mankind as a whole’ and ‘preferential rights …” „… modalities for exercising theses rights and privileges are couched in very general terms […]”, Alexander …”

. Duties of States bordering straits S. 325-328

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 I. Purpose and Function 1 The obligation not to impede transit passage is set forth in Art. 38 (1 …” „… , Passage Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (2009), 357, 360, 363–367. 1 Bing Bing Jia, The …” „… prejudice the right and duties of Governments under international law or the legal regimes of straits used …”

Preamble S. 2-18

„… Charter, but the similarity ends when it comes to other agreements. Rights and obligations of States …” „… friendly relations among all nations in conformity with the principles of justice and equal rights and will …” „… binding. They do not create legal rights or obligations for the States Parties. Neither could they sustain …”

. Disclosure of information S. 1948-1951

„… 5. ‘the rights of identifiable owners, the law of salvage and other rules of admiralty, or laws and …” „… the use of force regulates the conduct of state officials and, in the event of a potentially unlawful …” „… the principles of international law contained in the Charter and is not subject to limitations in …”

. International character of the Secretariat S. 1199-1206

„… ) elaborates on this obligation by requiring that the Secretary-General and staff cannot have financial …” „… polymetallic sulphides also develop the confidentiality obligation further by stating: ‘Confidential data and …” „… reiterate the right of the party affected to take part in the proceedings and specify that the party has a …”

. Highly migratory species S. 514-520

„… rights of the coastal States to regulate and manage highly migratory species within its EEZ, Art. 64 …” „… to highly migratory species, and therefore ‘confirms the sovereign rights of coastal 5 Marion …” „… obligations are considered a shared responsibility among coastal States and States fishing highly migratory …”

. Marine scientific research in the territorial sea S. 1644-1650

„… sovereignty, have the exclusive right to regulate, authorize and conduct marine scientific research in their …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. ‘exclusive right to regulate, authorize and conduct marine scientific research’ . 4 2. ‘Marine …” „… territorial sea is subject to the sovereignty of coastal States, and provides specific rights concerning MSR …”

. Limitations on applicability of section 2 S. 1908-1920

„… comply with its obligations to ensure through proper conservation and management measures that the …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. ‘contravention of […] the freedoms and rights of navigation …” „… coastal States not to have their sovereign rights over their EEZs and continental shelves, recognised in …”

. Tunnelling S. 671-676

„… Secretary-General of the Authority is a special obligation which is not provided in Art. 75 concerning charts and …” „… drilling on the continental shelf and their rights in relation to tunnelling are not immediately apparent …” „… definition and delineation of the continental shelf (Art. 76), the rights and duties of the coastal State …”

. Responsibility to ensure compliance and liability for damage S. 969-977

„… ), 517–533; David Freestone, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with …” „… , Differentiating the Common? The Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Deep Seabed Mining …” „… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …”

. Sovereign immunity S. 1592-1597

„… to the rights and duties of States under the UNCLOS to protect the marine environment.3 The general …” „… service. The main environmental protection obligations that would otherwise be applicable to warships and …” „… obligations in Part XII and provisions found elsewhere in the UNCLOS. For example, Art. 211, which provides …”

. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone S. 445-459

„… Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ocean Space and on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States in the Area …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 58 Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic …” „… as they are not incompatible with this Part. 3. In exercising their rights and performing their …”

. Benefit of mankind S. 977-983

„… nondiscriminatory basis, in accordance with article 160, paragraph 2(f)(i). 57 Responsibilities and Obligations of …” „… Responsibilities and Obligations of Sponsoring States (note 1), para 202. 60 Cf. ECtHR, Waite and Kennedy v …” „… ); Rosemary Rayfuse, Differentiating the Common? The Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring …”

. General criteria and guidelines S. 1694-1697

„… while similar rights and obligations apply to States and international organizations in conducting MSR …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 251 creates an obligation for States to make efforts towards …” „… organizations.4 Read literally, however, the obligation is aimed at promotion and not establishment of the …”

. Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States S. 987-990

„… based on the provisions of Part XI.30 Article 142 Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States 1 …” „… jurisdiction, shall be conducted with due regard to the rights and legitimate interests of any coastal State …” „… , shall be maintained with the State concerned, with a view to avoiding infringement of such rights and …”

. Investigation of foreign vessels S. 1538-1545

„… achieved between States’ powers of enforcement and the rule of non-impediment of the right of passage and …” „… the event of undue delay, ships8 and flag States9 have the right to compensation. 2. physical …” „… into account flag State pre-emption ( Art. 94; Art. 211 (3)) and the right of States to adopt laws and …”

. Communications concerning marine scientific research projects S. 1691-1694

„… communications which entail legal consequences for rights and obligations concerning MSR.9 7 Several provisions …” „… (MSR) projects to be made through appropriate official channels, reflecting the fact that rights and …” „… obligations under UNCLOS concerning MSR belong to States (and competent international organizations) and not …”

. Suspension of the exercise of voting rights S. 1249-1250

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Subsection H Suspension of the exercise of rights and privileges of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I. Purpose and Function 1 One of the core obligations of International Seabed Authority (ISA …” „… underline regarding this norm. Article 185 Suspension of exercise of rights and privileges of membership 1 …”

. Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts S. 564-584

„… Comparative Law, Report on the Obligations of States under Articles 74 (3) and 83 of UNCLOS in Respect of …” „… sovereign rights over the seabed and subsoil of the EEZ are to be exercised in accordance with rules …” „… Parties, historic rights, security interests, navigation, environmental factors and traditional livelihood …”

. Implied consent S. 1697-1701

„… under Art. 252, the project is subject to the same rights and obligations as would apply to projects …” „… provided for under articles 248 and 249; or (d) outstanding obligations exist with respect to a previous …” „… consent, and the coastal State loses the right to enjoin the researching State or organization from …”

. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates S. 168-177

„… similar publicity and charting obligation in respect of certain issues relating to the territorial sea …” „… only baseline provisions where the publicity obligations under this provision arise; and the further …” „… obligations (headed ‘Deposit and Due Publicity’) says categorically that States ‘are required to deposit [with …”

. Measures to facilitate proceedings S. 1528-1532

„… rights and duties as may be provided under national laws and regulations or international law …” „… obligation to prevent pollution by the discharge of oil and dumping of radioactive waste. 6 At UNCLOS III …” „… Art. 192, UNCLOS recognizes the general obligation that all States have the obligation to protect and …”

. Publication and dissemination of information and knowledge S. 1640-1644

„… organisations, in particular when the latter provide specific rights and duties.23 7Even though no general …” „… would have the obligation to negotiate and agree on the text but not to ratify the ensuing treaty does …” „… and knowledge acquired through research activities. It contains two obligations, applicable to both …”

. Breadth of the territorial sea S. 35-42

„… obligation of the coastal State to comply with the Convention and other rules of international law. This view …” „… by a duty to act in good faith and to have due regard to Mauritius’ rights and interests (in respect …” „… Arbitration, where the Tribunal held that traditional fishing rights constitute a vested right, and that …”

. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage S. 394-405

„… Government Regulation No. 37 on the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Ships and Aircraft Exercising the Right …” „… No. 37 on the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Ships and Aircraft Exercising the Right of …” „… 1998. 53 Indonesian Government Regulation No. 37 on the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Ships and …”

ANNEX IV STATUTE OF THE ENTERPRISE S. 2276-2312

„… , without the right to vote, in the meetings of the Board and may participate, without the right to vote, in …” „… Director-General from any obligations relating to confidentiality and conflict of interest’, the term ‘staff’ in …” „… article 153, paragraph 2(a), as well as the transporting, processing and marketing of minerals recovered …”

. Declarations and Statements S. 2002-2010

„… shall not alter the rights and obligations of States Parties which arise from other agreements …” „… . ‘shall not alter the rights and obligations which arise from other agreements compatible with this …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 310 expressly recognises the right of parties to make declarations …”

. Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage S. 314-321

„… and regulations. 4. Foreign ships exercising the right of transit passage shall comply with such laws …” „… Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (2009), 339–355; Myron H. Nordquist/Satya N. Nandan/Shabtai …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4. The Obligation and Responsibility of Foreign States …”

. Declarations, notifications and communications S. 2533-2541

„… not been any situation or case where an alleged conflict between its obligations under UNCLOS and its …” „… where international organizations or Member States have competence helps clarify the rights and duties …” „… of the European Community and its Member States (2001), 15–18), why it never includes an obligation …”

. Right of the parties to agree upon a procedure S. 1934-1938

„… abuse of rights States Parties shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed under this Convention …” „… and shall exercise the rights, jurisdiction and freedoms recognized in this Convention in a manner …” „… Sea, vol. I (1991); Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, State Responsibility and the ‘Good Faith’ Obligation in …”

. Promotion of the development and transfer of marine technology S. 1765-1775

„… (1984), 121–153 Documents: GA, Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, GA Res. 3281 (XXIX) of …” „… Res. 3202 (S-VI) of 1 May 1974; GA, Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, GA Res. 3281 …” „… developed States.37 13The obligation to ‘cooperate […] to promote actively’ the development and transfer of …”

. Pollution from activities in the Area S. 1401-1408

„… activities in the Area. It details the obligation of States stipulated in Arts. 192, 194 (1), (2) and …” „… international seabed, the provision laid out the States’ obligation to establish rules, standards and …” „… international rules, regulations and procedures that are subject to the reexamination obligation are those …”

. Protection of the marine environment S. 1008-1029

„… Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area, AJIL 105 (2011 …” „… Reports (1999), 274; ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring …” „… establishes a general obligation of all States Parties to protect and preserve the marine environment.3 …”

. Finality and binding force of decisions S. 1905-1908

„… dealing with ‘Oceans and the law of the sea’, also noted the obligation on States to ensure prompt …” „… Convention in regard to the freedoms and rights of navigation, overflight or the laying of submarine cables …” „… rights under articles 246 and 253 in a manner compatible with this Convention shall be submitted, at the …”

. Marine scientific research S. 990-1003

„… legislation preventing pollution in the Area,16 and Art. 221, dealing with the right of a State to enforce …” „… , Obligation to Co-operate in Marine Scientific Research and the Conservation of Marine Living Resources …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5. Specific Rights and Duties of States Parties (para. 3 …”

. Measures to avoid pollution arising from maritime casualties S. 1513-1522

„… ’ right of intervention.2 States have the right and even the obligation, according to Arts. 192 and 194 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. ‘Nothing in this Part shall prejudice the right of States […] to take and enforce measures …” „… been linked to the right of self-protection or self-help1 and is also referred to as the coastal States …”

. Entry into force of amendments S. 2031-2034

„… performance of their obligations under this Convention’ . . . . . . . . . . 6 I. Purpose and Function 1Art …” „… rights or the performance of their obligations under this Convention’ 6Art. 316 (1) stresses that …” „… acceded to the amendments, of their rights or the performance of their obligations under UNCLOS.13 On the …”

. Provisional measures S. 1867-1879

„… jurisdiction arguing that: ‘[E]ven if […] the EC Treaty and the Euratom Treaty contain rights or obligations …” „… similar to or identical with the rights or obligations set out in the Convention, the rights and …” „… and an indication of the possible consequences for the rights of the parties or for the environment …”

. Exclusion of application of the most-favoured-nation clause S. 912-917

„… relating to the exercise of the right of access to and from the sea, establishing rights and facilities on …” „… 20.02.2017 18:08:21 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm 2. ‘establishing rights and facilities …” „… to the right of access to and from the sea. MFN clauses typically identify certain types of benefits …”

. Preferential treatment for developing States S. 1353-1357

„… meeting their obligations to protect and preserve the marine environment. II. Historical Background 2 …” „… are under an obligation to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment ‘from any …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. ‘consistent with the rights of other States’ and ‘as far as practicable …”

. Conservation of the living resources of the high seas S. 831-851

„… absolves States of their individual and collective responsibility for breaches of their obligations to …” „… : Award between the United States and the United Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United …” „… generally recommended international minimum standards; and the obligation to contribute and exchange …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from activities in the Area S. 1464-1468

„… (2010), Annex Cases: ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States …” „… control.17 15 ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons …” „… States’ rights, respectively. See also both Reg. 3 (4)(d)(i) and Reg. (4)(d)(b.)(ii) ISA, Regulations on …”

. Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes S. 983-987

„… : ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and …” „… non-discriminatory aspect and the usage rights of all States suggests that the article as such is rather focused on …” „… ultimately State-centred regime of obligations, liability and sponsoring envisaged by Art. 139 and Art. 153 …”

. Cooperation among international organizations Article 278. Cooperation among international organizations S. 1808-1814

„… ’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 278, which mirrors the obligations provided for States under Art …” „… addresses, directly and solely, international organisations and provides obligations directly applicable to …” „… organisations, the rights and duties provided by the Convention are in principle res inter alios acta and cannot …”

. Institution of civil proceedings S. 1553-1555

„… Convention, and not those established under the legal regimes which determine the rights of sovereignty and …” „… obligations regarding the protection and preservation of the marine environment under international law in …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm with the duty to promptly inform the coastal State and provide …”

. Cooperation with international organizations and the Authority S. 1797-1798

„… Art. 272. An obligation to accord specific considerations to land-locked and geographically …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 273 provides for an almost identical obligation for States to the …” „… one set out in Art. 144 (2) and thus provides for no additional obligation. This duplication results …”

. Artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelf S. 629-635

„… exercising that right also has to pay due regard to further interests of other States and their …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 I. Purpose and Function 1 Through its application of Art. 60, Art. 80 sets out the exclusive right …” „… installations and structures, this right is exclusive to coastal States for the purposes of exploration and …”

. Exercise of powers of enforcement S. 1532-1535

„… account the rights of flag States and the general interests and obligations of all States regarding the …” „… representatives shall have rights and duties as provided by national laws and regulations. The current wording is …” „… representatives enjoyed rights instead of having rights, as well as mentioned legislation in place of laws and …”

. Marine mammals S. 520-528

„… Delimitation of Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ocean Space and on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States …” „… : Award between the United States and the United Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United …” „… the United States and the United Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United States in …”

. Duties of the flag State S. 708-715

„… , manning, communications, etc); and the obligation to conform to generally accepted international …” „… . ‘effectively exercise its jurisdiction and control’ 5 This paragraph sets out the obligation of each flag State …” „… in other treaties or non-binding instruments, and gives them the force of a treaty obligation under …”

. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone S. 419-438

„… on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States in the Area under Their Jurisdiction, UN Doc. A/AC …” „… own obligation to take account of the rights of other States, including the coastal State, and of the …” „… other States and the obligation to not exercise the rights, jurisdiction and freedoms recognized under …”

. Protection of legitimate interests S. 1775-1779

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm obligation with the objective of creating ‘favourable economic and …” „… principle provides for the exact same rights and duties for every party, as do most international agreements …” „… interests including, inter alia, the rights and duties of holders, suppliers and recipients of marine …”

. Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone S. 459-465

„… attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone In cases where this Convention does not …” „… (eds.), Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (2009), 205–225; Haiwen …” „… State and other States should be resolved in situations where the Convention attributes rights or …”

. Publication of reports S. 1365-1370

„… environmental and human rights treaties – commonly used to monitor compliance with treaty obligations, they are …” „… Integration (2008); Alexandre Kiss, Reporting Obligations and Assessment of Reports, in: Ulrich Beyerlin/Peter …” „… (Alexandre Kiss, Reporting Obligations and Assessment of Reports, in: Ulrich Beyerlin/Peter-Tobias …”

. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States S. 615-619

„… .’87 Article 78 Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of …” „… interference with navigation and other rights and freedoms of other States as provided for in this Convention …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4. ‘navigation and other rights and freedoms of other States as provided for in this Convention …”

. Transfer of technology S. 1003-1008

„… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect …” „… ) of the 1966 International Covenant of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.18 The general methods of …”

. Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf S. 601-615

„… over the continental shelf sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural …” „… Function 1Art. 77 defines the nature, extent and foundation of the rights of the coastal State over its …” „… continental shelf. The article sets out the general regime of rights relating to Part VI and the continental …”

. Advisory opinions S. 1275-1278

„… Reports (1975), 12; ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring …” „… ), 565, 569. 2 ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring …” „… contemplated in that paragraph. Further, Art. 185, which deals with the suspension of the rights and privileges …”

. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates S. 667-671

„… obligation on the coastal State: (i) to show the outer limits of the continental shelf and the delimitation …” „… ascertaining their position. The same or a similar obligation is provided in Arts. 16 (1), 47 (8), and 75 (1 …” „… ), and 76 (9). Furthermore, the obligations to give due publicity are provided in Art. 21 (3), 22 (4), 41 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2257 Article 20. Transfer of rights and obligations …” „… .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2522 Article 4. Extent of participation and rights and obligations …” „… ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 379 Article 51. Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables …”

. Applicable law S. 1894-1897

„… ; ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and …” „… , the M/V Saiga prompt release case and Responsibilities and Obligations of States opinion are the most …” „… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …”

. Customs duties, taxes and other charges S. 917-921

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 127 of the UNCLOS aims to assist in the application of the right of …” „… imply the right to enter a State, but only to cross its territory,5 and suggested further that although …” „… abuse this right and apply excessively high charges in an effort to recover lost customs duties, and the …”

. Right of land-locked States S. 544-549

„… on Biological Diversity are under a legal obligation to promote the conservation and sustainable use …” „… DiegoLRev 14 (1977) 637–655; Shunmugam Jayakumar, The Issue of the Rights of Landlocked and Geographically …” „… , Land-Locked States and the UNCLOS Regime (1983); Surya P. Subedi, The Marine Fishery Rights of Land-locked …”

. Liability of States arising from enforcement measures S. 1562-1564

„… in Arts. 229 and 235 is that, while these provisions safeguard, respectively, the right to institute …” „… international obligations concerning the protection and preservation of the marine environment; Art. 232 …” „… , Text and Commentaries (2005); Myron H. Nordquist/Shabtai Rosenne/Alexander Yankov (eds.), United …”

. Assessment of potential effects of activities S. 1370-1379

„… embellished as a qualifier to an obligation addressed to UNCLOS State parties and not as a direct obligation …” „… the Common? The Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Deep Seabed Mining Activities in …” „… Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities With Respect To Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion …”

. Drilling on the Continental Shelf S. 635-640

„… have the exclusive right to authorize and regulate drilling on the continental shelf for all purposes …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. ‘shall have the exclusive right to authorize and regulate …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 81 sets out the exclusive right of the coastal State to authorise …”

. Indemnity for loss incurred in avoiding injury to a submarine cable or pipeline S. 789-792

„… fishing on the high seas subject to: (a) their treaty obligations; (b) the rights and duties as well as …” „… , and would likely be that of the applicable municipal law system into which the obligation of Art. 115 …” „… appeared first in Art. 4 of the 1884 Cable Convention, was elaborated during the course of UNCLOS I,14 and …”

. Duties of the coastal State S. 218-223

„… on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States in the Area under Their Jurisdiction, UN Doc. A/AC …” „… Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the International Law of the Sea (1990); Myron …” „… balance is struck between the coastal State’s legislative competency and the maintenance of the right of …”

. Optional exceptions to applicability of section 2 S. 1920-1934

„… should exclude the determination of any claim to sovereignty or other rights over land territory, and the …” „… rights and maritime zones, which were all the more keenly felt in relation to land territory. While in …” „… , jurisdiction and navigational rights under the Convention – the position paper contends that the legality of …”

. Peaceful uses of the seas S. 1944-1948

„… Japan, making specific reference to Art. 300 and relying on the definition of abuse of rights provided …” „… of a right and hence in breach of the principle of good faith without that act being illegal. Article …” „… 301 Peaceful uses of the seas In exercising their rights and performing their duties under this …”

. Composition, procedure and voting S. 1123-1133

„… , 1990 (1991), 213–235 Cases: ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States …” „… object and purpose of the additional procedural rights of the majority of the members of the Authority …” „… advisory opinion, which then triggers an obligation of the Assembly to adopt the request and to defer …”

. Obligations under general, regional or bilateral agreements S. 1826-1831

„… rights and obligations similar or even identical to those of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, these …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 282 Obligations under general, regional or bilateral agreements …” „… Settlement and the Law of the Sea Convention: Problems of Fragmentation and Jurisdiction, ICLQ 46 (1997 …”

. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage S. 301-306

„… . Ships and aircraft, while exercising the right of transit passage, shall: (a) proceed without delay …” „… to whether the obligation to refrain from activities referred to under Art. 39 (1)(b) and (c) plays a …” „… Commentary, vol. IV (1991); Raul (Pete) Pedrozo, Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms: The Right to …”

. Organs of the Authority S. 1116-1123

„… the Legal and Technical Commission on the right of the States Parties to nominate candidates ( Art …” „… work of the Authority ( Art. 182) and the rights of certain organs of the Authority and of the States …” „… the Enterprise’s separate legal capacity is that it is not liable for the acts and obligations of the …”

. Signature S. 1969-1980

„… Global Obligations at the Regional Level (2007); Johannes Føns Buhl, The European Economic Community and …” „… , available at: http://www.mpepil.com; Paul V. McDade, The Interim Obligation between Signature and …” „… ; Paolo Palchetti, Article 18 of the 1969 Vienna Convention: A Vague and Ineffective Obligation or a …”

. Roadsteads S. 129-132

„… coastal State should be able to exercise special supervisory and police rights in such roadsteads. 19 See …” „… , unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer …” „… . IV (1965); Rüdiger Wolfrum, Germany and the Law of the Sea, in: Tullio Treves (ed.), The Law of the …”

. Exemption from taxes and customs duties S. 1247-1249

„… size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Subsection H Suspension of the exercise of rights and privileges of members …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I. Purpose and Function 1 One of the core obligations of International Seabed Authority (ISA …” „… made evident that the Agreement Between the International Seabed Authority and the Government of …”

. Grant of greater transit facilities S. 934-937

„… I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 132 is essentially a preservation of rights clause, whereby greater …” „… relevant for agreements negotiated under Art. 125 (2) concerning the terms and modalities of the right of …” „… Part X are also relevant.1 Art. 132 serves to strengthen the right of access and freedom of transit …”

. Research and survey activities S. 306-308

„… rd edn. 1999); Erik Franckx, American and Chinese Views on Navigational Rights of Warships, Chinese …” „… ) Pedrozo, Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms: The Right to Conduct Military Activities in China’s …” „… , Passage Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (2009) Contents I. Purpose and Function …”

ANNEX VI STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA S. 2335-2466

„… exercises civil and political rights. 2. There shall be no fewer than three members from each geographical …” „… , is that of the State in which he or she ordinarily exercises civil and political rights.4 Art. 3 (1 …” „… Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to …”

. Breaking or injury of a submarine cable or pipeline S. 783-786

„… jurisdiction, and limits itself to placing upon States an obligation to implement the rule in question in …” „… Every State shall adopt the laws and regulations necessary to provide that the breaking or injury by a …” „… obstruct telegraphic or telephonic communications, and similarly the breaking or injury of a submarine …”

. Monetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the accused S. 1555-1558

„… foreign vessel, recognized rights of the accused shall be observed.3 4This provision was redrafted and the …” „… III. See Molenaar (note 1), 467. Monetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the …” „… Universal Declaration of Human Rights or the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.16 Article …”

. Non-interference with shipping routes S. 1745-1747

„… . This obligation is set against the right to deploy and use scientific research installations and …” „… ensured by compliance with the obligation to provide due notice and to remove installations, provided by …” „… by fishing vessels with floats and other objects, including fishing on buoys, vandalism and theft of …”

. General conduct of States in relation to the Area S. 965-969

„… Nations, and other rules of international law. As the modus operandi in fulfilling these legal obligations …” „… ), 517–533; David Freestone, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm law not only hinders the claim of rights to the deep seabed,51 but also …”

. Right to lay submarine cables and pipelines S. 780-783

„… to recognize the right of the pursuing vessel to seize a ship on the high seas and escort it to port …” „… territorial sea’.50 Article 112 Right to lay submarine cables and pipelines 1. All States are entitled to lay …” „… 65/37 of 7 December 2010, preamble and para. 121 (adopted by 123 votes to 1 with 2 abstentions). Right …”

. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil S. 28-35

„… this Convention and to other rules of international law. Bibliography: Richard Barnes, Property Rights …” „… ); Award between the United States and the United Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United …” „… authority over the territorial sea, principally through the assertion of exclusive fishing rights and the …”

. Objectives of the Authority S. 1798-1802

„… Implementation Agreement 3Originally, States’ obligations and the Authority’s activities concerning the transfer …” „… Objectives of the Authority Subject to all legitimate interests including, inter alia, the rights and duties …” „… ’ obligations and the Authority’s activities concerning the transfer of marine technology were supposed to be …”

. Application of this section to disputes submitted pursuant to Part XI S. 1842-1845

„… an advisory option in lieu of an adversarial determination of their rights and obligations, and Art …” „… Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm arbitration, and the degrees of formality in the procedure vary …”

. Non-discrimination with respect to foreign vessels S. 1545-1548

„… is responsible and subject to the obligation to adopt all measures necessary to ensure its …” „… foreign vessels In exercising their rights and performing their duties under this Part, States shall not …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. ‘exercising their rights and performing their duties …”

. Depositary S. 2040-2045

„… were considered to go beyond the core of depositary obligations (Art. 319 (2)(c), (d) and (e)). III …” „… are international in character and the depositary is under an obligation to act impartially in their …” „… May 1951, ICJ Reports (1951), 15, 27; and further ICJ, Case Concerning Right of Passage over Indian …”

. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone S. 465-481

„… purposes; (c) installations and structures which may interfere with the exercise of the rights of the …” „… regard to fishing, the protection of the marine environment and the rights and duties of other States …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. ‘exclusive right to construct and to authorize and regulate the construction, operation and use …”

. Procedure where no settlement has been reached by the parties S. 1821-1826

„… Bluefin Tuna Arbitral Tribunal Did Get It Right: A Commentary and Reply to the Article by David A. Colson …” „… Japan was in breach of the latter’s obligations under Arts. 64 and 116–119 of the Convention and of …” „… Barbara Kwiatkowska, The Southern Bluefin Tuna Arbitral Tribunal Did Get It Right: A Commentary and Reply …”

. Right of geographically disadvantaged States S. 549-553

„… obligations through a regional arrangement and some authors have suggested that this may be one of the best …” „… this is only an option and no coastal State is under an obligation to enter into such an arrangement …” „… . 71 and 72 which impose limitations on the exercise of the rights under Art. 70. II. Historical …”

. Duty not to transfer damage or hazards or transform one type of pollution into another S. 1316-1320

„… of the obligations contained in this article and other general provisions7 of Part XII that Art. 235 …” „… . Furthermore, the scope of the required measures and the respective obligations of States was expanded, they …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm between regional and global organisations.114 As the regional …”

. Safeguards with respect to straits used for international navigation S. 1564-1567

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 I. Purpose and Function 1 Art. 233 safeguards the right of transit passage in straits used for …” „… , reduction and control of pollution ( Art. 42 (1)(a),(b)). 2 This provision reconciles the right of transit …” „… Sea and Contiguous Zone, recognizes the right of innocent passage (which cannot be suspended) in …”

. Marine mammals S. 851-859

„… cooperation and consideration of the rights and interest of all States fishing on the high seas is required …” „… compliance and enforcement. While States are free (consistent with their other international obligations) to …” „… ) Cases: Award between the United States and the United Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of …”

. Innocent passage S. 328-335

„… the obligations for the State bordering the strait not to impede ( Art. 38 (1)), and not to hamper …” „… Legislation on the Territorial Sea, the Right of Innocent Passage and the Contiguous Zone (1995); US Naval War …” „… affect the legal status of waters forming straits and shall include certain obligations with regard to …”

. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances S. 214-218

„… international community. Art. 23 confirms the right of innocent passage of nuclear powered ships and ships …” „… general right to require this exists. Notably, both the United States and Germany sought to arrange …” „… Vessel Source Pollution (1998); Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the …”

. Privileges and immunities of certain persons connected with the Authority S. 1245-1247

„… registration requirements and national service obligations, the same facilities as regards exchange …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 182 Privileges and immunities of certain persons connected with …” „… organs of the Assembly or the Council, and the Secretary-General and staff of the Authority, shall enjoy …”

. The Enterprise S. 1211-1217

„… there shall be no obligation on States Parties to finance any of the operations of the Enterprise and …” „… the Enterprise and the Authority and that all obligations applicable to the contractors shall apply to …” „… Council meetings, without the right to vote, ‘upon the invitation of the Council, on questions affecting …”

. Ratification and formal confirmation S. 1980-1984

„… extent of participation and rights and obligations of the international organization concerned. Indeed …” „… right of States and international organisations to agree on the need for consent to be expressed by …” „… the creation of the interim obligation referred to by Art. 18 VCLT and Art. 18 VCLTIO. 15 ICJ, North …”

. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship S. 230-238

„… rights within the framework of the general obligation of foreign vessels to pay charges to the coastal …” „… Ships (1967); Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the International Law …” „… .228.M.115.1930.V. 9 Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the …”

. Freedom of the high seas S. 679-683

„… limited both by such obligations and by the freedoms of others. 1 Myron H. Nordquist/Satya N …” „… of navigation and rights of fishing (‘inclusive’ interests).17 States may also have a range of …” „… best, unclear. 3. ‘freedom of navigation’ and ‘freedom of overflight’ 10The right of freedom of …”

. Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means S. 1814-1818

„… concerning its interpretation and application. Under Art. 279, the basic obligation is to settle disputes by …” „… Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means States Parties shall settle any dispute between them …” „… 2, paragraph 3, of the Charter of the United Nations and, to this end, shall seek a solution by the …”

. Jurisdiction of the Seabed Disputes Chamber S. 1255-1262

„… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… systems of the world and equitable geographical distribution (Annex VI Art. 35 (2)). The Chamber elects …”

. Right of visit S. 768-773

„… authorized … [and] clearly … identifiable as being on government service’ may exercise such a right of visit …” „… Both the High Seas Convention and the ILC Articles contained a more limited statement of the right of …” „… Convention and UNCLOS is the right of visit in the case suspected of offences against the International …”

. Signature S. 2518-2523

„… the organization will need to take on the rights and duties provided for States under UNCLOS in …” „… and the obligation to update this declaration when a shift of competences occurs. 12It was not easy …” „… transferred to that organization by its member States which are signatories, and the nature and extent of that …”

. Use of technologies or introduction of alien or new species S. 1320-1329

„… ), 1–120; Gerhard Hafner/Isabelle Buffard, Obligations of Prevention and the Precautionary Principle, in …” „… the obligation of States to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment resulting …” „… Art. 194 and may be normative or executive implementations of the obligation of States deriving from …”

. Consultation and cooperation with international and non-governmental organizations S. 1206-1211

„… States and competent international organisations.3 Examples are the obligations to cooperate in …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 169 Consultation and cooperation with international and …” „… , make suitable arrangements, with the approval of the Council, for consultation and cooperation with …”

. Use of Terms S. 894-899

„… clarity about terms used here so that the scope of the rights and obligations is unambiguous. 2 Art. 124 …” „… emphasises that the right of access to the sea triggers rights and obligations involving at least two States …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm PART X RIGHT OF ACCESS OF LAND-LOCKED STATES TO AND FROM THE SEA AND …”

. Reservation of the high seas for peaceful purposes S. 683-688

„… , Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms: The Right to Conduct Military Activities in China’s Exclusive …” „… ’ (emphasis added), provides: ‘[i]n exercising their rights and performing their duties under this Convention …” „… Test Ban Treaty) and could scarcely be considered compatible with the obligation to protect and …”

. Ships and aircraft which are entitled to seize on account of piracy S. 756-760

„… damage’ arising from improper exercise of the lesser right of visit and inspection ( Art. 110). This …” „… : Francesco Francioni/Natalino Ronzitti (eds.), War by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law, and Private …” „… by Contract: Human Rights, Humanitarian Law, and Private Contractors (2011), 37, 42. Cf. ILC Law of …”

. Privileges and immunities S. 1233-1237

„… accorded to diplomatic envoys; inviolability for all papers and documents; the right to use codes and to …” „… diplomatic missions to the Governments concerned; have the right to import free of duty their furniture and …” „… communications with the Authority, the right to use codes and to receive papers or correspondence by courier or …”

. Definition S. 882-887

„… Jenisch, Sovereign Rights in the Arctic, Maritime Policies and Practices after UNCLOS III, GYIL 28 (1985 …” „… Russian Submission, States’ Rights, Boundary Delimitation and Arctic Regional Cooperation, IJMCL 24 (2009 …” „… the exercise of their rights and duties under the Convention (cf. Art. 123). In this respect, Arts …”

. Prompt release of vessels and crews S. 1882-1894

„… Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect …” „… disputes submitted under the Convention and those ‘submitted pursuant to any other agreement which confers …” „… ), as they refer to ‘any other agreement’ and not to ‘an international agreement’, it has been held in …”

. Powers and functions S. 1133-1149

„… rights and privileges does not involve the suspension of obligations arising out of membership.152 As far …” „… exercise of rights and privileges of membership pursuant to article 185; (n) to discuss any question or …” „… […]’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 m) ‘[…] to suspend the exercise of rights and privileges of membership pursuant to article 185 …”

. Suspension of exercise of rights and privileges of membership S. 1250-1251

„… underline regarding this norm. Article 185 Suspension of exercise of rights and privileges of membership 1 …” „… suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the Assembly upon the …” „… Part XI through a procedure of suspension of rights and privileges. 2Art. 185 provides for the …”

. Establishment of the Authority S. 1098-1108

„… function in accordance with [Part XI]’ is declaratory. The obligation of the Authority and its organs to …” „… international organizations in the Authority may not entail and increase of (voting) rights of members of such …” „… scope of this right is further concretized by ‘rules, regulations and procedures’ of the Authority, in …”

. Marine scientific research in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zone S. 1726-1732

„… jurisdiction, and recognizes this right for ‘competent international organizations.’19 Statement by Guinea …” „… to conduct MSR ( Art. 238).25 The right to conduct MSR is not an unfettered right, and must be …” „… exercise of the freedom of the high seas, and with due regard for the rights under this Convention with …”

. Legal status of the Area and its resources S. 958-965

„… and its resources2 for sovereign as well as private property rights. It bans all national and private …” „… , individuals and legal entities may claim, acquire and exercise rights over such minerals in conformity with …” „… rights over the Area to all of mankind: Not only does it prohibit all public and private occupation other …”

. Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State S. 557-564

„… to the rights of LLGDS provided for in Arts. 69 and 70 and ‘not to other States benefiting under the …” „… sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the living resources in the exclusive economic …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 I. Purpose and Function 1UNCLOS confers significant rights on coastal States to manage the living …”

. Archipelagic baselines S. 353-375

„… ), 4; and in the latest Indonesian Government Regulation on the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Ships …” „… State, existing rights and all other legitimate interests which the latter State has traditionally …” „… exercised in such waters and all rights stipulated by agreement between those States shall continue and be …”

. Application of procedures under this section S. 1845-1850

„… the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (2005); Bernard H. Oxman, The Rule of Law and the United …” „… and the Settlement of Disputes, in: Erik. Franckx/ Philippe Gautier (eds.), La zone économique …” „… pratique des Etats/The Exclusive Economic Zone and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea …”

. Internal waters S. 85-97

„… provisions of international law limiting the rights of the State – particularly as regards ports and …” „… States thus have the right to regulate and enforce within their internal waters as on their land …” „… references to other authors in favor of and against a right of entry as well as elaboration on State practice …”

. Use of terms and scope S. 18-28

„… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …” „… this Convention and to other rules of international law. Bibliography: Richard Barnes, Property Rights …”

. Enforcement by coastal States S. 1506-1513

„… . Relationship with the right of innocent passage and the right of transit passage 14 3. ‘violation of [the] laws …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 I. Purpose and Function 1 As for pollution caused by vessels, the Convention sets forth rights and …” „… obligations of the coastal State (Arts. 216(1)(a) and 220), the flag State (Arts. 216(1)(b) and 217) and the …”

. Entry into force S. 1986-1993

„… which a treaty produces binding effects is crucial in order to assess the rights and obligations of a …” „… affect rights and obligations binding on a State or entity independently of the Convention – i. e. under …” „… that have not signed the Convention until 9 December 1984 could and can only become parties to the …”

. Non-applicability of articles 69 and 70 S. 553-555

„… own obligation to take account of the rights of other States, including the coastal State, and of the …” „… the Rights of Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States in the Living Resources of the …” „… rights of access for land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States should ‘avoid effects which …”

. Low-tide elevations S. 132-148

„… and other rights’ in relations to LTEs are determined ‘by the maritime zone in which they are located …” „… Churchill/Lowe (note 76), 53, on LTEs and charting obligations. 100 One may speculate why there seems to be a …” „… regimes.24 5. State Practice and International Jurisprudence 9There is very little State practice, and no …”

. Access S. 1879-1882

„… be given notice of the proceedings and shall have the right to participate in them. If such dispute …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm 11. Provisional Measures and the Settlement of Disputes 34 The …” „… contributed to the managing and eventual settlement of the dispute on the merits.71 This happened in the …”

. Meaning of innocent passage S. 187-197

„… Jurisdiction (2001), 303–322; Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the …” „… the rights and responsibilities therein. The uncertainty and debate sparked by this decision, and the …” „… . Koh/ John Norton Moore (eds.), Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention …”

. Liability for seizure without adequate grounds S. 754-756

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I. Purpose and Function 1Art. 106 places a condition of exercise on a State’s rights of …” „… deter abuse of the right, and is consistent with the duty to exercise rights under UNCLOS in good faith …” „… falling within the scope of Art. 300, on good faith and abuse of rights, and the general provisions on …”

. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf S. 619-629

„… they exercise their rights over the continental shelf, but serves to protect the rights and freedoms of …” „… other States by ensuring that any interference with these rights and freedoms must be justifiable.30 4 …” „… . ‘navigation and other rights and freedoms of other States as provided for in this Convention’ 13 The rights …”

. Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts S. 652-667

„… the Obligations of States under Articles 74 (3) and 83 of UNCLOS in Respect of Undelimited Maritime …” „… States) and peoples who have not yet attained independence or other self-governing status. The Authority …” „… is mandated to distribute benefits to State Parties and not to a sub-national entity. Identifying …”

. Legal status S. 1739-1741

„… deployment of research installations and equipment cannot create rights over areas of the high seas or of the …” „… the legal status of research installations and equipment, such as jurisdiction or property rights over …” „… rights over the scientific information collected by these objects and stored in them. 4 …”

. Charges which may be levied on foreign ships S. 227-230

„… Pacific State Practice, in: Donald R. Rothwell/Sam Bateman (eds.), Navigational Rights and Freedoms in the …” „… Nordquist/Nandan/Rosenne (note 7), 236. 12 Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the …” „… rights within the framework of the general obligation of foreign vessels to pay charges to the coastal …”

. Production policies S. 1067-1075

„… III, article 17, to implement this paragraph. 8. Rights and obligations relating to unfair economic …” „… have the right to participate in any commodity conference dealing with those commodities and in which …” „… , available at: http://www.mpepil.com; Yuna Huang, Rights of Land-locked and Geographically Disadvantaged …”

. Contiguous zone S. 255-273

„… Validity of the British Claim to a Right of Visitation and Search of American Vessels Suspected to be …” „… visit and search rights beyond the 3 mile limit under the National Prohibition Act: Wesley A. Sturges …” „… was argued that ‘the granting of such rights was not necessary. The enforcement of customs and …”

. Signature, ratification of, accession to and authentic texts of amendments S. 2029-2031

„… ) are maintained and the rights acquired under existing contracts are not affected. Article 315 …” „… States Parties of their rights or the performance of their obligations under this Convention. 2. An …” „… Council and the Assembly shall ensure that it does not prejudice the system of exploration for and …”

. Scope of this Part S. 944-947

„… : 160.00mm 240.00mm regimes of the sovereign rights over resources ( Art. 77) and of the common heritage …” „… superjacent waters and air space Neither this Part nor any rights granted or exercised pursuant thereto shall …” „… , Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area …”

. Experts S. 1864-1867

„… or tribunal, but without a right to vote. The experts must be ‘no fewer than two’ and must be chosen …” „… without the right to vote. Bibliography: David Anderson, Scientific Evidence in Cases under Part XV of the …” „… LOSC, in: Myron H. Nordquist/ Ronán Long/Tomas H. Heidar/John Norton Moore (eds.), Law, Science and …”

. Immunity of warships on the high seas S. 715-717

„… jurisdiction. Thus, on the high seas, a warship may not be subject to any rights of visit and search 39 …” „… ships […]. to the same rules of liability and the same obligations as those applicable in the case of …” „… being on government service and authorized to that effect’ ( Art. 107). 2 Although given the rights and …”

. The staff of the Authority S. 1192-1199

„… the obligation of staff members to have no financial interests in activities in the Area and to not …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm mandate for such measures is derived from Arts. 162(2)(w) and 165(2)(k …” „… ) of the Convention, which confer the power to take and recommend emergency measures to the Council and …”

. Marine scientific research projects undertaken by or under the auspices of international organizations S. 1665-1674

„… ’ MSR and creates obligations only for those conducting MSR. The prevailing view seems to be to regard …” „… this asymmetry as reflecting the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of coastal States in their EEZs and …” „… conflicting uses, and the failure to do so may amount to an abuse of rights under the Convention ( Art. 300 …”

. Ice-covered areas S. 1567-1586

„… Note on the Potential Conflicting Treaty Rights and Obligations between the IMO’s Polar Code and …” „… . 161 Ted L. McDorman, A Note on the Potential Conflicting Treaty Rights and Obligations …” „… should have due regard to the balance between the right of passage and the damage or potential damage to …”

. Preliminary proceedings S. 1897-1901

„… take no further action in the case. The procedure to be followed and the rights of the original …” „… to the exercise of the sovereign rights of coastal States in the EEZ, and was placed under the …” „… also expressed the view that their sovereign rights and discretion could not be effectively exercised …”

. Rights of protection of the coastal State S. 223-227

„… Coastal State Jurisdiction (2001), 303–321; Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the …” „… : Donald R. Rothwell/Sam Bateman (eds.), Navigational Rights and Freedoms in the New Law of the Sea (2000 …” „… /3159 (1956), GAOR 11th Sess. Suppl. 9, 4, 6. 3 Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the …”

. Applicability of Part XVII S. 2551-2554

„… activities Annex III 9 26 – Enterprise’s right Annex III 9 8 et seq. and 26 – equality of treatment Annex III …” „… to make use of this possibility, depending on the subject-matter and on whether the parties involved …” „… purposes of applying article 316, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3; (iii) the instrument of formal confirmation or of …”

. Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation S. 273-277

„… overstate the reality as far as the rights and duties of the coastal State and flag State are concerned …” „… certain obligations with regard to security and the maintenance of order in the State bordering the strait …” „… subjacent seabed and subsoil, interference with the right of transit passage and the right of …”

. Settlement of disputes by any peaceful means chosen by the parties S. 1818-1821

„… Right: A Commentary and Reply to the Article by David A. Colson and Dr. Peggy Hoyle, ODIL 34 (2003 …” „… that Art. 279 did not create an obligation for States to settle their dispute either specifically …” „… adjacent States of Guyana and Suriname, an Annex VII arbitral tribunal upheld Guyana’s claim that the …”

. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State S. 245-249

„… Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of International Law of the Sea (1990); Myron …” „… Republic, Poland and USSR.3 Other proposals advanced the right of the coastal State to suspend the passage …” „… : Preliminary Draft Articles on the Delimitation of Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ocean Space and on the Rights …”

. Ships flying the flag of the United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency S. 705-708

„… argues that freedom of navigation on the high seas is a right of States and can only be enjoyed by …” „… flags and using them according to convenience ‘may be assimilated to a ship without nationality’. This …” „… ’.36 On this approach, in the absence of nationality there is no exclusive jurisdiction and ‘no state …”

. Meaning of passage S. 182-187

„… Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the International Law of the Sea (1990); Myron H …” „… Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the International Law of the Sea (1990), 38 et …” „… to the right of innocent passage. This pertains to the navigational aspect of passage, and is …”

. Status of ships S. 701-705

„… )) giving effect to its sovereign rights and jurisdiction in the EEZ.6 Thus, despite the prima facie …” „… equality and independence, no one State, or any of its subjects, has a right to assume or exercise …” „… authority over the subjects of another. No nation can exercise a right of visitation and search upon the …”

. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea S. 209-214

„… Jurisdiction in Ocean Space and on the Rights and Obligations of Costal States in the Area under their …” „… the Seas’ Right of Innocent Passage and Duty to the Marine Environment, Florida JIL 13 (2001), 361–378 …” „… coastal States acquired greater legal rights over coastal waters and demands for a wider territorial sea …”

. Basic objectives S. 1779-1784

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm The terms ‘rights’ and ‘duties’ encompass particularly those …” „… . 14 The juxtaposing of ‘rights’ and ‘duties’ on the one hand and ‘holders’, ‘suppliers’ and …” „… to supply technology. However, the correct interpretation is that the rights and duties referred to …”

. Illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances S. 760-764

„… piracy, slavery, unauthorised broadcasting and stateless vessels ( Art. 110) no right of visit over …” „… coastal State’s rights and interests ( Art 58 (3)).7 II. Historical Background 5Prior to UNCLOS State …” „… US a unilateral right of visit, inspection and arrest over UK vessels (subject to conditions).8 A …”

. Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes S. 251-255

„… Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ocean Space and on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States in the Area …” „… without adequate basis in law ( Art. 106), the unfounded exercise of right of visit ( Art. 110 (3)), and …” „… existence of a general right and subjects this to certain conventional exceptions. This aspect of Art. 32 …”

. Non-recognition of marine scientific research activities as the legal basis for claims S. 1625-1631

„… ( Art. 89) and the Area ( Art. 137 (1) and (3)) and the freedom of fishing on the high seas as a right …” „… jurisdictional rights in the EEZ (Art. 56) and on the continental shelf ( Art. 77), if all read together, have …” „… a protective notion concerning coastal States’ sovereign rights over territory and resources and a …”

. Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables S. 383-390

„… neighboring States under Arts. 47 (6) and 51 (1) explicitly have any guaranteed rights in such internal waters …” „… waters.19 Article 51 Existing agreements, traditional fishing rights and existing submarine cables 1 …” „… and shall recognize traditional fishing rights and other legitimate activities of the immediately …”

. Right of hot pursuit S. 773-780

„… jurisdiction of that flag State and may be visited under national law. Article 111 Right of hot pursuit 1. The …” „… waters or territorial sea and to arrest it on the high seas’.3 In general, the right of hot pursuit …” „… enters another State’s territorial sea. UNCLOS codifies that right, and extends its application to …”

. Duty to cooperate in the repression of piracy S. 734-738

„… the EEZ of another State, it must act with ‘due regard’ for the coastal State’s rights and interests …” „… effective measures to prevent and punish the transport of slaves’ aboard their flag vessels and ‘to prevent …” „… to this Convention and persons convicted thereof shall be liable to very severe penalties.’21 The …”

. Exercise of powers and functions by the Authority S. 1075-1081

„… : http://www.mpepil.com; Yuna Huang, Rights of Land-locked and Geographically Disadvantaged States in the Exclusive …” „… opposed to States bordering the open ocean. Yuna Huang, Rights of Land-locked and Geographically …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm the start of the interim period and hence seabed mining would not …”

. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits used for international navigation S. 308-314

„… ‘an obligation ancillary’ to the right of transit passage). 15 Myron H. Nordquist/Shabtai …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 I. Purpose and Function 1 The right of States bordering straits to establish traffic separation …” „… right of transit passage shall comply with such laws and regulations. 5. The flag State of a ship or the …”

. Composition, procedure and voting S. 1149-1158

„… the Authority and to decide as to which organ of the Authority shall deal with any such question or …” „… supremacy of the Assembly as the plenary organ in which all members of the Authority meet and discuss.159 26 …” „… acknowledges that there are (or at least may be) questions and matters within the competence of the Authority …”

. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage S. 200-209

„… publicity to all such laws and regulations. 4. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage …” „… . Rothwell/ Sam Bateman (eds.), Navigational Rights and Freedoms and the New Law of the Sea (2000), 230–262 …” „… activities, there is link between compliance with coastal State laws and enjoyment of the right of innocent …”

. Breadth of the exclusive economic zone S. 438-445

„… State has the exclusive right under Art. 81 to authorize and regulate drilling on the continental shelf …” „… ‘for all purposes’, and keeping in mind that Art. 85 emphasizes the coastal State’s right to exploit …” „… functional sovereign rights over the natural resources in a belt of water and sea-bed 200 miles seawards …”

. Common heritage of mankind S. 950-958

„… scramble for sovereign rights over the land underlying the world’s seas and oceans, surpassing in magnitude …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm overflight, to construct artificial islands and other installations …” „… permitted under international law, of fishing, and of scientific research, as governed by the relevant …”

. Delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts S. 150-168

„… Bangladesh had there argued that the 1974 ‘Agreed Minutes’ created rights and obligations for each State and …” „… the equal right of islands regardless of size and status, to generate baselines and maritime rights …” „… préparatoires seemed to comprise both ‘historic titles and historic rights’ within the whole phrase (as the word …”

. Policies relating to activities in the Area S. 1059-1067

„… exercise of rights and duties arising from other provisions of the Convention.2 The policies concern …” „… producers and consumers participate. The Authority shall have the right to become a party to any arrangement …” „… necessary preliminary research on the underwater cultural heritage and shall issue all necessary …”

. Lists of experts S. 2499-2503

„… distinct Chambers for the resolution of fisheries and marine environmental disputes respectively under Art …” „… was convened under Art. 15 (2) in respect of the Swordfish Case21 and, as observed above, the …” „… established and maintained in respect of each of the fields of (1) fisheries, (2) protection and preservation …”

. Reefs S. 61-66

„… Articles on the Delimitation of Coastal State Jurisdiction in Ocean Space and on the Rights and Obligations …” „… use of straight (archipelagic) baselines and a focus on the basepoints of the baselines.80 41 ‘Fixing …” „… ’ baselines legally and not physically is more controversial. In the context of Art. 5, this would only be …”

. Anadromous stocks S. 528-537

„… to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United States in the Bering’s Sea and the Preservation of Fur Seals …” „… United States and the United Kingdom, Relating to the Rights of Jurisdiction of United States in the …” „… . 116 (b) which makes freedom of fishing on the high seas subject to the rights, duties, and interests …”

. Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone S. 409-419

„… , subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of …” „… the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions …” „… 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm 3. ‘rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State …”

. Reservations and exceptions S. 1993-2002

„… recognising the right of parties to enter reservations against Arts. 15, 74, 83 and 121 (3).22 Venezuela then …” „… March 1995 and have since then guided the Assembly’s work.40 16 As regards the composition of the first …” „… Reservations and exceptions No reservations or exceptions may be made to this Convention unless expressly …”

. Immunity of ships used only on government non-commercial service S. 717-722

„… liability and the same obligations’ as private ships5 with the exception of ‘vessels owned or operated by a …” „… general prohibition on the threat or use of force found in customary international law and elucidated in …” „… State may waive the immunity of, and its exclusive jurisdiction over, its own warship and authorise …”

ANNEX II COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF S. 2068-2114

„… assisting the Authority to avoid granting exploration and exploitation rights over seabed areas properly …” „… the coastal States concerned, Sri Lanka and India, of sovereign rights over most of the spatial extent …” „… well as scientific data, and altered the timeframe so that the primary obligation became to make the …”

. Mouths of rivers S. 97-106

„… banks of a river which ‘form right angles with the shore of the open sea’, and where a direct line …” „… the extent of internal waters of rivers; and so for the status of the enclosed waters, with no rights …” „… yachts and boats.92 5. Status of Internal Waters Subject to Article 8 (2) 31 Internal waters subject to …”

. Bays S. 106-120

„… indentations may in their own right form bays, and so may be more landlocked even than the primary bay, where …” „… at any rate already contain internal waters in their own right;60 and additionally, how far up the …” „… infringement of navigation and freedom of communication with the high seas and other maritime rights; though …”

. Powers and functions S. 1158-1170

„… ; (t) make recommendations to the Assembly concerning suspension of the exercise of the rights and …” „… suspend the exercise of rights and privileges of a member of the Authority involved in gross and …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 162 Powers and functions 1. The Council is the executive organ …”

ANNEX V CONCILIATION S. 2312-2335

„… under Annex VII and special arbitration under Annex VIII. Article 10 Right of parties to modify …” „… . Contents I. Purpose and Function …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I. Purpose and Function 1Conciliation is one of the traditional methods of international dispute …”

. Regime of islands S. 859-882

„… Space and on the Rights and Obligations of Coastal States in the Area under their Jurisdiction, UN Doc …” „… States sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction over millions of square kilometres of ocean space …” „… Formations to Gain Legal Rights over the Oceans, Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258874

Hélène Ruiz Fabri, Valérie Rosoux, Alessandra Donati - Representing the Absent

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Hélène Ruiz Fabri (ed.), Valérie Rosoux (ed.), Alessandra Donati (ed.)

Representing the Absent

Series: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law

Volume 27 2023

Results in this title

Yumiko Nakanishi 10. The Rights of and Obligations towards Future Generations S. 237-264

„… 10. The Rights of and Obligations towards Future GenerationsYumiko Nakanishi*Abstract: In this …” „… chapter, the rights of future generations and obligations towards future generationsin particular in the …” „… willtreat future generations as the absent. I will address the rights of futuregenerations and obligations …”

Stipe Odak 1. Representing the Past Absent: Conceptual Starting Points S. 19-38

„… metaphysical elements.’7 Te Awa Tapua, the Bill establishes, is ‘a legalperson and has all the rights, powers …” „… , duties, and liabilities of a legalperson.’8 The rights, powers, duties, liabilities, and responsibilities …” „… .17In summary, the representation of the ‘future absent’ is first and foremostlinked to the obligation …”

Alessandra Donati 11. Future Generations Under EU Law S. 265-290

„… enjoyment of the rights of the Charter entails responsibilit‐ies and duties regarding other persons, the …” „… on the current generations and examinetheir obligation to protect future generations. On the other …” „… hand, one canconcentrate on future generations and analyse their right to be protected bycurrent …”

Elena Ivanova 14. Mechanisms Available under the Law of the Sea to Speak on Behalf of Future Generations S. 337-374

„… moregenerally and beyond the marine areas. Adherence to the above obligations,as interpreted, ensures a higher …” „… addressee of rights under treaty law – anovelty in international law – but it establishes an institution and …” „… enshrined in Part XIUNCLOS and the enforcement of the obligations therein. The discussionon the said dispute …”

Luis A. López Zamora 19. The Recognition of the Rights of Nature in Latin America – The Lost Linkage with the Rights of Future Generations S. 463-496

„… because naturecannot have nor make any obligation effective, and because it cannotenforce its rights …” „… 4.1 of Law 300 (Principles – Compatibility and Complemen‐tarity of Rights, Obligations, and Duties …” „… the implementation of the rights offuture generations faces theoretical and practical limitations. For …”

Alessandra Donati, Valérie Rosoux, Hélène Ruiz Fabri Introduction S. 9-18

„… , ‘OurRights and Obligations to Future Generations for the Environment’ (1990) 84 AJIL 198;Clara Sabbagh and …” „… , regional or national levels.In her chapter on ‘the rights of and obligations towards future genera‐tions …” „… fundamental rights and intergenerationalrights and compares them with the obligations to protect assumed by …”

Marta Torre-Schaub, Marcos de Armenteras Cabot 13. Building Climate Law Through Intergenerational Justice: An Empirical Assessment S. 309-336

„… duty for the State to takeclimate obligations more seriously and, to better ensure a right to a …” „… process, and how a broader interpretation of environmental law principlesand fundamental rights may be …” „… the Paris Agreement, which shifts States’ obligations fromtop-down to bottom-up and, in so doing …”

Luisa Cortat Simonetti Gonçalves 12. The Greening of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Environmental Protection Possibilities for Future Generations S. 291-308

„… ) – obligation torespect rights, 4(1) – right to life, and 5(1) – right to humane treatment/per‐sonal integrity …” „… obligations to respect and ensure the rights17 CIDH, Informe de n No 75/09, caso das comunidades indígenas …” „… chapter goesbeyond and justifies the possibility of including the protection of environmental rights of …”

Marcel Szabó 17. Representing the Interests of Present and Future Generations at the Same Time – A Case Study of the Hungarian Ombudsman for Future Generations S. 413-438

„… descendants. Section I of this chapter presentshow the Hungarian law protects the rights and interests of …” „… the common heritage of the nation; it shallbe the obligation of the State and everyone to protect and …” „… State and everyone’, including civil society and everycitizen.5 However, while this obligation only …”

Carlos J. Bichet Nicoletti 3. Exploring the Past and Future Dimensions of the Absent Victim in International Human Rights Adjudication S. 69-92

„… non-rep‐etition as an obligation for states and a right for victims.7Moreover, beyond the need for a general …” „… 3. Exploring the Past and Future Dimensions of the AbsentVictim in International Human Rights …” „… violation of fundamental rights recognised in their constitutive docu‐ments and rules of procedure. The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… . HarringtonThe Rights of and Obligations towards Future Generations10. 237Yumiko NakanishiFuture Generations …” „… Recognition of the ‘Rights ofNature’ to Represent Future Generations18.439Silvia Bagni and Michele CarducciThe …” „… Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory …”

Sandra M. Rios Oyola 5. Absence and the Victim of Enforced Disappearance S. 123-142

„… families of thedisappeared and other human rights associations were particularly active ininsisting on the …” „… human rights, and natural disasters, estimatesthat between 250 000 and one million Iraqis have been …” „… Actors Exercise Jurisdiction andThus Become Human Rights Duty Bearers?’ (2020) 20 Human Rights Law Review …”

Rudolf Schuessler, Fritz Gillerke 15. Voice and No Votes for Future Citizens S. 375-392

„… the still unborn, and who should be represented?What kinds of rights or entitlements should …” „… treatment. Ado‐lescent children, for instance, might be granted voting rights and thus canbe represented …” „… allocationhaving a right to vote, and others who assume such rights on the basis of a generouslyapplied ASP (see …”

Lily Martinet 6. Longing, Belonging and Owning: How to Untangle Competing Claims over Colonial Cultural Objects? S. 143-162

„… to occur from a legal framework grounded in ownership andproperty rights focusing on States and …” „… cultural objects as assets, to an ap‐proach integrating human rights and recognising communities as …” „… ‘objects’ underlineproperty rights. As Lyndel V. Prott and Patrick J. O’Keffe put it:The fundamental policy …”

Alexandra R. Harrington 9. Peace for the Future: The Incorporation of Future Generations in Peace Treaties and Reconciliation Institutions S. 211-236

„… noted that law can favour healing interms of fostering a system of rights and obligations to assist …” „… generationsinclude these constituencies as rights holders, victims and beneficiaries of justice and peace.1 …” „… institutions incorporate future generations as impacted parties,rights holders, victims, and holders of …”

Ludvig Beckman 16. Democratic Legitimacy, Institutions for Future Generations and the Problem of Constitutional Power S. 393-412

„… no right to interfere with or obstructthem.The normative consequences of democratic legitimacy and …” „… about policyand law, and to determine the rules structuring the political framework. Drawing a …” „… power’ to create constitutional frameworks, and the ‘constituted power’ to amend suchframeworks’ norms …”

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