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Stephen Hess, James P. Pfiffner - Organizing the Presidency

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Stephen Hess, James P. Pfiffner

Organizing the Presidency

2020

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The Evolving Modern Presidency S. 1-7

„… 11The Evolving Modern PresidencyThe modern presidency began with Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his …” „… extraordinary period, we will trace the evolution of the presidency from the perspective of how FDR and his …” „… relations with the cabi-net. This is the fourth edition of Organizing the Presidency. The first edition …”

Notes S. 213-238

„… Hugh Heclo, “OMB and the Presidency—The Problem of ‘Neutral Competence,’ ” Public Interest, no. 38 …” „… Changing Presidential Office,” in The Managerial Presi-dency, edited by James P. Pfiffner (Texas A&M …” „… , 1952), p. 205.6. Quoted in Louis W. Koenig, The Invisible Presidency (Rinehart, 1960), p. 308.7 …”

Preface

„… PresidencyHESSPFIFFNERHess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_pb_9780815738411_Cover.indd 1 9/4/20 8:33 AMOrganizing the …” „… PresidencyHess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 1 9/4/20 8:36 AMHess-Pfiffner_Organizing …” „… PresidencyFourth EditionStephen HessandJames P. PfiffnerBrookings Institution PressWashington …”

Richard M. Nixon: 1969-1974, Gerald R. Ford: 1974-1977 S. 88-121

„… about the way Nixon or-ganized his presidency and the people he picked to assist him— at least that is …” „… an assumption made by some in the wake of Watergate.Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed …” „… operate differently from President Johnson. Instead of Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed …”

John F. Kennedy: 1961-1963 S. 59-72

„… expected to produce a singularly personal presidency.For this kind of chief executive there of course …” „… mechanisms.Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 59 9/4/20 8:36 AMOrganizing the Presidency …” „… modern activist presidency, which was partly a product of his techniques and which Kennedy also found …”

George H. W. Bush: 1989-1993, William J. Clinton: 1993-2001 S. 149-168

„… presidency.A president has many more important things to do than “manage” the White House. Still, the White …” „… by his stepfather, Roger Clinton.Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi …” „… _1-250.indd 149 9/4/20 8:36 AMOrganizing the Presidency150Bush came to the presidency with …”

Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1933-1945 S. 8-24

„… 82Franklin D. Roosevelt1933–1945When Franklin Delano Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933 …” „… of the presidency, employing thirty- five persons; and ten cabinet de-partments.1 A number of …” „… frozen into office by act of Congress.”2Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi …”

Harry S. Truman: 1945-1953 S. 25-39

„… background in the Senate, that determined the way he would conduct the business of the presidency. In the …” „… successor.On assuming office after Roosevelt’s death in 1945, Truman in-Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency …” „… 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 25 9/4/20 8:36 AMOrganizing the Presidency26vited the …”

Dwight D. Eisenhower: 1953-1961 S. 40-58

„… presidency.Dwight D. Eisenhower, elected president in 1952, was a genial, shrewd, optimistic, confident, successful …” „… circumscribed.Eisenhower followed the pattern characteristic of the modern presidency by reacting to the style of the …” „… president who preceded Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 40 …”

Jimmy Carter: 1977-1981, Ronald W. Reagan: 1981-1989 S. 122-148

„… Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 122 9/4/20 8:36 AMJimmy Carter ■ Ronald W. Reagan 123 …” „… parade instead of riding in a limousine— Carter sought to project the image of a nonimperial presidency …” „… the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 123 9/4/20 8:36 AMOrganizing the Presidency124 …”

Lyndon B. Johnson: 1963-1969 S. 73-87

„… Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 73 9/4/20 8:36 AMOrganizing the Presidency …” „… House staffs, were technicians of no known convictions.Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed …” „… presi-dency (one suspects it always was an exaggeration and that presiden-tial friends were more often close …”

Donald J. Trump: 2017- S. 190-203

„… military job. His employment history would have consequences when trans-ferred to the presidency. Trump’s …” „… previous pres-Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 190 9/4/20 …” „… presidency. His poll rating, month by month, never moved more than a few percentage points from the 46 …”

George W. Bush: 2001-2009 S. 169-181

„… a role that no incoming president had ever Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed …” „… _9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 169 9/4/20 8:36 AMOrganizing the Presidency170turned over to his running mate …” „… were students at Phillips Academy, Andover. Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed …”

Index S. 239-0

„… , D.C.www.brookings.edu/bipress Organizing the PresidencyHESSPFIFFNERHess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_pb …” „… , 104, 113Busby, Horace, 74Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd …” „… ; and Ford administration, 120; Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250 …”

Conclusion: Fourteen Presidencies S. 204-210

„… Presidency.Franklin Roosevelt had relatively few staffers and he used them to fill his personal needs— as “chore- boys …” „… presidency.Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 209 9/4/20 8:36 AMHess-Pfiffner_Organizing …” „… 204ConclusionFourteen PresidenciesA presidency needs to be organized. There is no one best way …”

Barack H. Obama: 2009-2017 S. 182-189

„… together Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 182 9/4/20 8:36 …” „… . Following Carter’s efforts to seek diversity in Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411 …” „… _i-vi_1-250.indd 183 9/4/20 8:36 AMOrganizing the Presidency1841976, the “look- like- America …”

Acknowledgments S. 211-212

„… of Organizing the Presidency from its beginning and saw it through to publication: Janet Walker …” „… Beard, production manager.Hess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd …” „… 211 9/4/20 8:36 AMHess-Pfiffner_Organizing the Presidency 4th Ed_9780815738411_i-vi_1-250.indd 212 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815738428

Kai Ambos, Otto Triffterer - The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

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Kai Ambos (ed.), Otto Triffterer (ed.)

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2016

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Hirad Abtahi, Rebecca Young . The Presidency S. 1237-1247

„… . 38One specific area requiring the Presidency’s inter-organ involvement is public information. The …” „… 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Article 38 The Presidency 1. The President and the First …” „… Second Vice-Presidents, shall constitute the Presidency, which shall be responsible for: (a) The proper …”

Hirad Abtahi, Rebecca Young . Excusing and disqualification of judges S. 1259-1267

„… : 160.00mm 240.00mm Presidency’s decision on a request for excusal under paragraph 1. Regulation 12 deals …” „… . The Presidency may, at the request of a judge, excuse that judge from the exercise of a function under …” „… potentially available in diverse situations. The Presidency has, for example, acting pursuant to this …”

Hirad Abtahi, Rebecca Young . Chambers S. 1248-1253

„… strengthen the Presidency’s authority to oversee the administration of judges and minimize, to the extent …” „… Division to the Pre-Trial Division or vice versa, if the Presidency considers that the efficient management …” „… ); with, in both cases, experience in the practice of law.1 The Presidency has confirmed that the language …”

Odo Annette Ogwuma . Service of judges S. 1205-1216

„… ; thereby underlining the Presidency’s autonomy vis-a`-vis the ASP over the internal judicial functioning of …” „… commencement of their terms of office. 2. The judges composing the Presidency shall serve on a full-time basis …” „… as soon as they are elected. 3. The Presidency may, on the basis of the workload of the Court and in …”

Karim A. A. Khan . Organs of the Court S. 1198-1204

„… Article 34 Organs of the Court The Court shall be composed of the following organs: (a) The Presidency; (b …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. The Presidency …” „… Statute, article 5. 2 For example see: the US proposal that ‘Presidency’ be replaced by the term …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Change in designation of State of enforcement S. 2188-2190

„… will be the Presidency, whereas the Registry will maintain the executive authority of implementing said …” „… the Presidency. 3A variety of articles are dedicated to the change in designation of State of …” „… consists of three paragraphs. Paragraph 1 stipulates that either ‘[t]he Presidency, acting on its own …”

William A. Schabas . Limitation on the prosecution or punishment of other offences S. 2200-2205

„… intention to the Presidency and transmit to it a statement of the facts of the case and their legal …” „… to the Presidency with a protocol containing the views of the sentenced person obtained after …” „… informing the person sufficiently about the extradition request. The Presidency may in all cases request any …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Official and working languages S. 1324-1332

„… Rules also entrench the Presidency’s mandatory and discretionary powers in relation to language issues …” „… . The discretionary element of the Presidency’s role is a positive step; it provides an important and …” „… published in the official languages. The Presidency shall, in accordance with the criteria established by …”

Otto Triffterer, Till Zimmermann . Place of trial S. 1552-1563

„… meet elsewhere’. This formula clearly indicates that the Court and not the Presidency finally decides …” „… competence to decide the issue with the Presidency. This appears surprising, since the possibility of sitting …” „… substituted, for instance, the Presidency with the Assembly of States Parties, the Court with the Trial …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Escape S. 2213-2215

„… shall also immediately notify the Presidency ‘if the sentenced person has escaped’3, thereby creating a …” „… Austrian Agreement. Paragraph 2 stipulates that ‘Austria may, after consultation with the Presidency …” „… Presidency seek the person’s surrender, in accordance with Part 9 of the Rome Statute’6. If this procedure is …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Role of States in enforcement of sentences of imprisonment S. 2174-2187

„… enforce a sentence, the only method to be absolved of the enforcement is if the Presidency decides to …” „… Presidency promptly whether it is willing to accept the sentenced person with a view to measures of detention …” „… authorities, become impossible, Austria shall promptly inform the Presidency’16. 11 d) In the event as …”

Eleni Chaitidou . Referral of a situation by a State Party S. 704-725

„… Union of the Comoros, as annexed to the Presidency’s decision assigning the situation to PTC I, note 46 …” „… months later, he informed the Presidency that his office had ‘received a referral from the government of …” „… Internationale ont e´te´ commis’. Presidency dated 17 June 2004 as annexed to Situation in Uganda, ICC-02/04-1 …”

Odo Annette Ogwuma . Judicial vacancies S. 1227-1236

„… ineligible to take up their duties and be called by the Presidency of the Court6 to serve on a full-time …” „… within a Chamber by the Presidency, for example in cases of resignation, accepted excuse …” „… six months of his or her election.’ 6 Pursuant to article 34(a) of the Statute, the Presidency is an …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Staff S. 1290-1296

„… Registrar, with the agreement of the Presidency and the Prosecutor, shall propose Staff Regulations which …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. ‘agreement of the Presidency and the Prosecutor …” „… the Registrar with the agreement of the Presidency and the Prosecutor and subject to comment by the …”

GILBERT BITTI . Functions and powers of the Trial Chamber S. 1589-1621

„… Rules which states that the Presidency may either constitute a Trial Chamber and refer the case to it …” „… the Court, the Presidency constituted a Trial Chamber for each case after the confirmation of the …” „… the Republic of Kenya. The Presidency has up until October 2014 already constituted not less than …”

Hirad Abtahi, Christopher Staker, Rebecca Young . Independence of the judges S. 1254-1258

„… that the Presidency prepare such Code, to be adopted by a majority of judges in plenary session. Such …” „… the Statute and rule 33 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Presidency, 13 November 2009, ICC …” „… of assignment given to the Presidency by article 35 para. 3 (c). By virtue of the latter provision …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Removal from office S. 1300-1307

„… Prosecutor of the Court based on allegations of sexual misconduct. The Presidency, acting on the unanimous …” „… initially to the Presidency which will, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Regulations of the …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Presidency or States Parties. The two-stage procedure finally …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Disciplinary measures S. 1308-1310

„… requests made by the presiding judge or by the Presidency in the exercise of their lawful authority; or, 3 …” „… must transmitted initially to the Presidency which will, in accordance with the procedures set out in …” „… procedure in the event of a request for disciplinary measures. Under this rule, the Presidency is …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Privileges and immunities S. 1311-1319

„… ; (b) The Registrar may be waived by the Presidency; (c) The Deputy Prosecutors and staff of the Office …” „… material49. The Presidency of the Court has found that counsel and persons assisting them in accordance …” „… Presidency those of the Registrar; the Prosecutor those of the Deputy Prosecutor and the staff of the …”

Roger S. Clark . Amendments to provisions of an institutional nature S. 2306-2308

„… procedure to be instituted by the Presidency, on behalf of the Court, that would lead to an increase in the …” „… Presidency of the Court. Article 122 does not specify who can recommend appropriate amendments to provisions …” „… , – article 37, judicial vacancies, – article 38, the Presidency of the Court, – article 39 para. 1 (first two …”

William A. Schabas . Enforcement of fines and forfeiture measures S. 2206-2210

„… and Evidence. According to Rule 217, the Presidency is ‘to seek cooperation and measures for …” „… the victim has such connection’. The Presidency shall also inform the State of any third-party claims …” „… Presidency is to inform the national authorities that the orders may not be modified. Under Rule 222, the …”

Alejandro Kiss, Otto Triffterer . Requirements for the decision S. 1827-1853

„… Rule 39 tends to confirm this purpose.41 Proposals to admit the Presidency’s designation of ‘substitute …” „… deliberations. The Presidency may, on a case-by-case basis, designate, as available, one or more alternate …” „… alone may hold a hearing and Recommendations to the Presidency on whether an alternate judge should be …”

Dov Jacobs, Christopher Staker . Regulations of the Court S. 1353-1365

„… counsel (rule 8). The Regulations further provide for the adoption by the Presidency of a Code of Judicial …” „… . Regulation 6 para. 2 provides that in urgent cases, the Presidency may submit proposals for amendments to the …” „… on behalf of the Presidency, the Prosecutor and the Registrar34. The role of the Coordination Council …”

Magda Karagiannakis . The Registry S. 1279-1289

„… has approved the Presidency’s shortlist and recommended that it take into account a list of elements …” „… of the Prosecutor and stressed that ‘neither the Presidency nor the Registry has any authority over …” „… , on the proposal of the Registrar, with the agreement of the Presidency and the Prosecutor’.21 In 2005 …”

Bruce Broomhall . Rules of Procedure and Evidence S. 1333-1352

„… confirmed by the Presidency six months thereafter unless a majority of States Parties objected (article 19 …” „… be ‘urgent’, and it will be for the judges and the Presidency to determine whether this requirement …” „… who ultimately accept or reject a proposed provisional Rule; the Presidency, because Regulation 5 para …”

Maarten Halff, David Tolbert, Renan Villacis . Funds of the Court and of the Assembly of States Parties S. 2254-2263

„… preparation and presentation to the President (as the nominal head of the Court) or the Presidency (as the …” „… 27.10.2015 11:04:07 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm article 38 para. 3 (a), the Presidency could …” „… , how has the administrative authority of the President and the Presidency (even though this does not …”

Morten Bergsmo, Frederik Harhoff, Jelena Pejic, Dan Zhu . The Office of the Prosecutor S. 1268-1278

„… . The Presidency may excuse the Prosecutor or a Deputy Prosecutor, at his or her request, from acting in …” „… below. VI. Paragraph 6: Excuse 23 This provision gives the Presidency of the Court a discretionary power …” „… must be ‘in writing to the Presidency, setting out the grounds upon which he or she should be excused …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1226 Article 38. The Presidency …” „… judges joining the ranks of the Judiciary. A new Presidency of the ICC has been elected earlier in 2015 …” „… resources in the most effective manner. Both the Chambers and Presidency are also undertaking initiatives to …”

Christopher K. Hall, Dov Jacobs . Rights of persons during an investigation S. 1395-1411

„… ) provides that the Presidency may authorize the use of an official language of the Court as working language …” „… that the Presidency can review this decision48. These Regulations have been further implemented by …” „… . Application may be made to the Presidency for review of: (a) A decision under regulation 70, sub-regulation 2 …”

Michael Bohlander . Qualifications, nomination and election of judges S. 1217-1226

„… Presidency, acting on behalf of the Court, may propose an increase in the number of judges specified in …” „… (b) and (c) (i), it shall be open to the Presidency at any time thereafter, if the workload of the …” „… had ever been applied for by the Presidency, despite several requests by individual judges to be …”

Index S. 2328-2353

„… mm Presidency’s oversight – oversight of ethics, professional conduct, privileges and immunities, see …” „… 38 20 et seq. – oversight of organisation and work of Chambers 38 21 et seq. – presidency 38 19 et …” „… seq. – chambers, see there – number of judges 36 1 – presidency, see there – Pre-Trial Division 34 6 …”

Volker Nerlich, Christopher Staker . Revision of conviction or sentence S. 1987-1998

„… Presidency) indicated that it was intended to prevent ‘frivolous applications’.60 In the provision as finally …” „… Chamber or to ‘constitute’ a new Trial Chamber the Presidency has a role to play. In that regard, it is …” „… recalled that it is usually the Presidency that constitutes Pre-Trial and Trial Chambers (see Regulation 46 …”

Eleni Chaitidou, Mohamed M. El Zeidy, William A. Schabas . Confirmation of the charges before trial S. 1485-1551

„… the charges have been confirmed in accordance with this article, the Presidency shall constitute a …”

Christopher K. Hall, Cedric Ryngaert . Arrest proceedings in the custodial State S. 1459-1472

„… , be it the Presidency, the Trial Chamber or the Indictment Chamber or Pre-Trial Chamber, should have …” „… form of the Presidency has the right to decide upon the release of the person arrested pursuant to an …” „… arrest warrant by the Court46. As alternatives to the Presidency, the representatives at the meetings of …”

ROLF EINAR FIFE . Applicable penalties S. 1878-1891

„… cases of continued wilful non-payment, the Presidency, on its own motion or at the request of the …” „… , whichever is less. In the determination of such period of extension, the Presidency shall take into account …” „… to determine whether to order an extension and the period involved, the Presidency shall sit in …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Review by the Court concerning reduction of sentence S. 2211-2212

„… , Austria shall communicate that fact to the Presidency, together with any relevant information or …”

Christoph Burchard, Otto Triffterer . Sanctions for misconduct before the Court S. 1761-1775

„… considers that a longer period of interdiction is appropriate, and then refers the matter to the Presidency …” „… from their exercising their functions before the Court. Pursuant to rule 171(3), the Presidency, where …” „… permanently, rests with the Presidency (rule 171(3)). – The person to be sanctioned shall be given an …”

Magda Karagiannakis . Salaries, allowances and expenses S. 1320-1323

„… full-time judges, with the proviso in article 35 that the Presidency will decide which judges will actually …”

Philipp Ambach, S. Rama Rao . Assembly of States Parties S. 2216-2247

„… ) Provide management oversight to the Presidency, the Prosecutor and the Registrar regarding the …” „… fundamental management responsibilities, namely the Presidency, the Prosecutor and the Registrar. The Assembly …” „… number of judges at the Court is 18. Article 36(2) stipulates that the Presidency may propose an increase …”

Karim A. A. Khan . Initial proceedings before the Court S. 1473-1484

„… Presidency of the ICC. 7 See Ad Hoc Committee Report, p. 32, para. 147. 8 Ibid., paras. 147–148. 9 1996 …” „… the leave of the Pre-Trial Chamber (or Presidency) on the Prosecutor establishing that he or she would …”

Christopher K. Hall, Cedric Ryngaert . Issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber of a warrant of arrest or a summons to appear S. 1438-1458

„… original provision in the ILC Draft Statute dealt with arrest. It provided that the Presidency of the Court …” „… that the Presidency perform pre-trial functions, such as, for instance, the issuance of a warrant of …” „… Presidency should not be overburdened with pre-trial functions since it had numerous administrative duties …”

Fabricio Guariglia, Gudrun Hochmayr . Functions and powers of the Pre-Trial Chamber S. 1422-1437

„… Chamber.1 Rather, it generally designated the Presidency to carry out most pre-trial functions, with some …” „… the preparation of the Zutphen text in January 1998, most references to the Presidency as a body to …”

David Donat-Cattin . Protection of victims and witnesses and their participation in the proceedings S. 1682-1712

„… Presidency of the ICC made similarly positive reports in respect of other situations, with the notable …”

Philipp Ambach . Relationship of the Court with the United Nations S. 23-41

„… Presidency of the Court, shall be submitted to the General Assembly of the States Parties for approval. It …” „… Guatemala with a ‘concept note’ issued during the Guatemalan Presidency of the Security Council at the …”

Roger S. Clark . Settlement of disputes S. 2275-2283

„… Staff Regulations drafted by the Registrar with the agreement of the Presidency and the Prosecutor …”

Franziska Eckelmans, Christopher Staker . Proceedings on appeal S. 1966-1986

„… recent years, the Presidency often needed to temporarily attach a pre-trial or trial judge to the Appeals …” „… judge in the Appeals Chamber, Presidency, 11 October 2012 (available under …”

Fabricio Guariglia, Gudrun Hochmayr . Role of the Pre-Trial Chamber in relation to a unique investigative opportunity S. 1412-1421

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Presidency his or her intention to perform special investigative …”

Robert O. Harmsen, Gerard A. M. Strijards . Seat of the Court S. 42-103

„… such a transfer. It is, however, clear that it is for the Presidency to take this decision, acting …” „… and suspect or accused) must be considered to be competent to file a request with the Presidency to …”

Morten Bergsmo, Dan Zhu . Prosecutor S. 726-741

„… the Presidency of his intention to make a request under article 15, paragraph 3 of the Statute to open …”

Christopher K. Hall, Daniel D. Ntanda Nsereko, Manuel J. Ventura . Challenges to the jurisdiction of the Court or the admissibility of a case S. 850-899

Yvonne McDermott, William A. Schabas . Rights of the accused S. 1651-1681

Kai Ambos, Christopher K. Hall, Niamh Hayes, Larissa van den Herik, Joseph Powderly, Carsten Stahn . Crimes against humanity S. 145-295

Kai Ambos . Individual criminal responsibility S. 980-1030

„… his presidency in 1991 and 199281. The convictions of Fujimori as an indirect perpetrator are based on …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845263571

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Bruce Smith

The Last Gentleman

2022

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The 1964 Vice Presidency S. 196-206

„… 19613The 1964 Vice PresidencyTom Hughes was convinced that there had not been a second Tonkin …” „… , Bruce_Last Gentleman_pb_9780815738909_i-xii_1-370.indd 196 9/13/21 3:57 PMThe 1964 Vice Presidency 197 …” „… intentions for the vice presi-dency. Johnson had encouraged Hubert in January to make soundings and to begin …”

The Humphrey-Hughes Memo S. 207-227

„… episode, but it casts light on what went wrong in Vietnam and with the Johnson presidency.The delay in the …” „… T L E M A N224presented to the public. Each came to understand that his own path to the presidency …” „… could only be through the vice presidency. Vice presidents had to endure much as the price for the grand …”

Carnegie: The House That Hughes Built S. 301-325

„… , Hughes surmised, boiled down to the same thing: the crisis of the Nixon presidency.The topic was …” „… problems, thereby in due course producing world peace. When Hughes took over the presidency of the Carnegie …” „… Endow-ment as preparation for a new phase of their careers. As with all aspects of his presidency, however …”

Student Federalist S. 22-33

„… Canadian students. Tom’s presidency lasted from April 1944 to the end of August 1945. His term as president …” „… traditional interest group. The high point of Tom’s presidency probably came in October–Novem-ber 1944 at a …” „… tried unsuccessfully to recruit him for the college’s presidency. On February 8, 1946, in Concord, New …”

The Most Turbulent Year S. 262-285

„… consideration for the vice presidency.The group supporting the plan agreed on secrecy before the convention. The …” „… the peace process in the last two months of LBJ’s presidency.For Humphrey, the prospects of victory …” „… his party for the presidency in 1968 shocked the nation. Listening to the president’s speech while …”

The New Frontier S. 78-97

„… .” For Kennedy, foreign policy was the really important job of the presidency. “After all,” as Kennedy …” „… purposes did not automatically come with the presidency, to be turned off and on like water from the faucet …” „… presidency was perhaps not exactly what he had in mind. Smith, Bruce_Last Gentleman_pb_9780815738909_i-xii …”

London S. 286-300

„… for someone interested in the Carnegie presidency.At their first meeting, David Rockefeller began the …” „… Bundy and offered him the presidency of the council. Bundy politely turned down the offer, saying that …”

Preface

„… Gulf of Tonkin Crisis 175 13 The 1964 Vice Presidency 196 14 The Humphrey- Hughes Memo 207Smith …”

Index S. 357-0

„… ; objectives of, 302–03, 308; policy advocacy by, 311; presidency of TLH at, 4–5, 102, 301–02, 305–21, 329; and …” „… presidency, 172–73; and Cuban Missile Crisis, 145; at DNC kick-off dinner, 61; and Dominican crisis, 242–44 …”

Epilogue S. 326-334

„… the election of Salvador Allende to Chile’s presidency. Helms was rewarded for his pains by being …”

Speaking Out S. 247-261

„… the presidency and Helms’s own responsibilities, face- to- face interactions between Johnson and Helms …”

The 1960 Presidential Election S. 59-77

„… past. The Dem-ocrats, by winning both the Congress and the presidency, would usher in a new era of …”

The Gulf of Tonkin Crisis S. 175-195

„… attorney general out of consideration for the vice presidency. The Kennedy forces had waged a campaign for …”

The Overthrow of Diem S. 151-174

„… was the vice presidency. This was a looming question for every Washington insider. For Tom, the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815738916

Herbert Y. Schandler - America in Vietnam

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Herbert Y. Schandler

America in Vietnam

2009

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Chapter 10. The Nixon Presidency S. 141-154

„… presidency with three fundamental premises regarding Vietnam.First, I would have to prepare public opinion …” „… NLF at the Paris talks.8During the first months of his presidency and as a signal to both Hanoi …” „… theThe Nixon Presidency 139Johnson administration. But he indicated to Nixon that intelligence had …”

Chapter 11. Conclusion S. 155-176

„… continued throughout Johnson’s presidency.Fundamental differences between military and civilians at the …” „… discussions of strategy and objec-tives in the early years of the Johnson presidency, these almost always …” „… the presidency in order to re-move that issue from political contention.This is the situation that …”

Bibliography S. 195-204

„… York:Norton, 1982.Bernstein, Irving. Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Ox-ford …” „… & Littlefield, 2006.Johnson, Lyndon Baines. The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency,1963–1969. New …”

Preface

„… Economy: Guns and Butter? 13310 The Nixon Presidency 13711 Conclusion 151Epilogue 173Notes 179Bibliography …”

Chapter 08. The Tet Offensive S. 125-136

„… , several days before the election that broughtRichard M. Nixon to the presidency.To the North Vietnamese …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742566996