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Dipayan Ghosh

Terms of Disservice

2020

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The Business Model: Data, Algorithms, and Platform Growth S. 23-64

„… 23ONEThe Business ModelData, Algorithms, and Platform GrowthCivilizations become tied to ideals. As …” „… generate a great deal of exhaust in the form of personal behav-ioral data as they use internet platforms …” „… platforms to understand who users are and to target ads to them.Without the collection of these data, such …”

Platform Growth: Capitalism Consuming the World S. 163-198

„… data it buys and which data brokers it engages.This combination of highly trafficked consumer platforms …” „… platforms, Amazon, Facebook, and Google transfer the attention and data that were collected at monopoly …” „… currency of data and attention that is only economically intelligible to the digital platform that …”

Algorithms: The Commercialization of Bias S. 127-162

„… commercial-ized in light of the combination of supercharged big- data technologies and platform power. That is to …” „… technologi-cal protocols to collect personal data, over their own platforms as well as through web cookies and …” „… . Sometimes, the advertiser might inject its own data into Google’s advertising platform, encouraging Google …”

Index S. 277-0

„… contracts, 86; transaction data and, 106–108; Trump on, 34–35; as two-sided platforms, 168, 216; value …” „… , 160; attention-data currency and, 167, 168, 171; cross-platform texting on, 19; data and, 77–78, 158 …” „… , Mancur, 236, 237Onavo (Israeli web analytics firm), 111on-platform engagement data, 99–100. See also …”

Introduction S. 1-22

„… have each admitted that their platforms were systematically infiltrated by Russian disin-formation …” „… internet. The commercial regime behind consumer internet platforms— and the journey to comprehend it in its …” „… used to beat back the efforts of the industrialists under the false platform of advanc-ing the …”

Data: The Harvesting of All Knowledge S. 65-126

„… position over time.55On- Platform Engagement DataEvery time you open the Twitter app you are delivering …” „… data collection, privacy, and advertising.31 As certain platforms have become increasingly vital to …” „… consumersʼ data and attention carries high commercial value to the monopoly platform, which anonymizes and …”

A New Social Contract S. 199-248

„… raw personal information, such as data associated with your on- platform engagement with Facebook’s …” „… platforms accessible for free off the shelf are capable of learning a behavioral pro-file, given the data …” „… — whether it is the raw data a customer has provided the platform through engage-ment and interaction or the …”

Preface

„… , Algorithms, and Platform GrowthTWO Data 65The Harvesting of All KnowledgeTHREE Algorithms 127The …” „… authors.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Ghosh, Dipayan, author. Title: Terms of …” „… Platforms and Democracy initiative at the Harvard Kennedy School. A computer scientist by training, he has …”

Notes S. 253-276

„… example, Solon Barocas and Andrew Selbst, “Big Data’s Disparate Impact,” California Law Review vol. 104 …” „… President, May 2016).45. Pauline T. Kim, “Data-Driven Discrimination at Work,” William & Mary Law Review vol …” „… Non-Discrimination in Data-Driven Systems,” arXiv, July 25, 2017.13744Ghosh_Terms of Disservice_a,b, i-xviii_1-295 …”

The Case for Radical Reform S. 249-252

„… platforms have struck with baleful force in recent years as the disinformation problem, the spread of …” „… transparency for the individual consumer; privacy protections from unfair data collection, processing, and use …” „… internet sector. Some of the sector’s activities, such as its data analysis and sharing programs, have …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815737667

Noby Thomas Cyriac - Big Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms

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Noby Thomas Cyriac

Big Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms

Series: Schriftenreihe des EUROPA-KOLLEGS HAMBURG zur Integrationsforschung

Volume 85 2022

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CONCLUSION S. 279-288

„… exclusive access to data-markets and assess market-tipping possibilities raised by emergent platforms. With …” „… data collected guarantees online platforms a competitive edge over competitors. The competitive …” „… ’ and ‘subsequent action’ on online platforms generate a considerable amount of data. This has led to an …”

CHAPTER IV. ESTABLISHING DOMINANCE S. 137-185

„… data-rich undertakings through their multi-sided platforms is enthralling. As seen in the previous Chapter …” „… needs to be tested with regard to data-rich platforms.Therefore, this part of the Chapter shall first …” „… data-rich platform necessarily requires a detailed study of the interdependence of the underlying data …”

CHAPTER III. LEGAL BASIS FOR THE CONTROL OF ABUSE OF DOMINANT UNDERTAKINGS S. 89-136

„… data-related services. Unlike in multi-sided platforms, the existence of supply and demand for data is apparent …” „… relevant market definition for data.Market Definition for Data in Multi-Sided PlatformsIt is cumbersome to …” „… . However, from the breakdown of different datasets in online platforms, a continuous supply of data …”

INTRODUCTION S. 17-25

„… volumes of data generated, and the application of analytical tools upon the datasets provides the platform …” „… controlling the access to Big Data.The growing apprehensions concerning multi-sided platforms and digital …” „… generation of data through almost every interaction on the platform.4 The platforms accumulate the vast …”

CHAPTER V. ABUSE OF DOMINANCE S. 186-278

„… evaluates the potentially abusive practices of data-rich dominant platforms in digital markets. This will …” „… conduct of data-rich undertakings in digital markets is more exploitative of the platforms’ users than …” „… Conduct by Data-Rich Multi-Sided PlatformsConsidering the foregoing discussion about the abusive conduct …”

CHAPTER II. TRANSACTIONAL RELEVANCE OF BIG DATA S. 40-88

„… prefer.Mobile Applications and online platforms are also active in collecting data.116 Most of the Applications …” „… transactionally relevant data also includes business data.Business DataCollection: Tracking through AlgorithmsThis …” „… pricing data to study the application on Business Data.Application on Business DataExtracted business data …”

CHAPTER I. THE CONCEPT OF BIG DATA S. 26-39

„… data-advantage through mergers.86Online markets in the digital economy are powered by online platforms, which are …” „… platforms through insights derived from the data collected is practical as it is a data-driven business …” „… flooded with data every day. The search engine platform of Google records around 1.2 trillion searches per …”

BIBLIOGRAPHY S. 289-322

„… , DAF/COMP/WP3/WD(2006)30, 7 June 2006.32. European Commission, Study on Data in platform-To-business Relations …” „… . Graef I, ‘Market Definition and Market Power in Data: The Case of Online Platforms’, World Competition …” „… Platforms, Big Data, and a Little Antitrust Policy’, Review of Industrial Organization, 2019, Vol. 54, 700 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Data-Rich Multi-Sided PlatformsPart 2 220Information Asymmetry in Digital Markets2.1 220Types of Abusive …” „… Big Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms Noby Thomas CyriacAn Analysis of Art …” „… CyriacBig Data and the Abuse of Dominance by Multi-Sided Platforms An Analysis of Art. 102 TFEUNomosThe …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748934714

Hendrik Schulze - Exploring the Uncharted Waters of European Competition Law 4.0

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Hendrik Schulze

Exploring the Uncharted Waters of European Competition Law 4.0

Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Volume 81 2021

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H. The immanence of data processing by online platforms – an extension of the so-called “Immanenztheorie” to Art. 102 TFEU S. 129-133

„… competence and means to regulate dominant data-driven undertakings in the digital (platform) economy. In the …” „… The immanence of data processing by online platforms – an extension of the so-called …” „… that an extensive processing of data is immanent in most online platforms. A way by which this thought …”

F. The interplay between big data and data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to regulate “platform power” – the Bundeskartellamt`s Facebook case in the context of European competiti... S. 86-121

„… digital (platform) economy, personal data presents itself as a key input for many of the data-driven …” „… regard to two-sided online platforms in the digital economy like Facebook or Google. Their data-driven …” „… emergence of new data-driven business strategies in the digital (platform) economy, identifying abusive …”

B. Big data and the digital economy S. 20-40

„… data-driven nature, which is characteristic of companies in the digital platform economy. According to Hartman …” „… service. Besides the data-driven nature of such companies in the digital (platform) economy and the …” „… to the data-driven nature. Personal data as consideration in the digital platform economy As outlined …”

I. The classification of online platforms like Facebook as a natural monopoly sui generis and the problems arising from it S. 134-152

„… products and due to the efficiency gains data-driven platforms enjoy by collecting a variety of user data …” „… this work, data is a crucial resource in the digital platform economy, which makes access to data a …” „… that online platforms like Facebook might require the user to provide even more data in return for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… platform”1. 23 Characteristics of the digital platform economy2. 25 Personal data as consideration in the …” „… digital platform economy III. 29 Classification of contract typology1. 31 Data as subject of performance2 …” „… data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to regulate “platform power” – the …”

A. Introduction S. 13-19

„… whether the data-related behaviour of online platforms such as Facebook might even escape the application …” „… economy which present themselves as data-driven businesses. It is therefore the individual data-related …” „… competition neutral and the processing of vast amounts of data is immanent in these platforms (more under H …”

J. Final conclusion and future prospects S. 153-158

„… many companies and their data-driven business models but it also functions, de facto, as a method of …” „… of users regarding the way companies handle their data has increased.555 Hence, data and data-related …” „… more precisely Art. 102 TFEU faces new challenges due to the data-driven business models in the digital …”

E. The Facebook case of the Bundeskartellamt S. 70-85

„… Germany, do not use the platform at all.274 Caspar, the Data Protection Officer of Hamburg, criticizes the …” „… like Facebook are data-driven products and where access to data plays such a vital role for the market …” „… proceedings was likely. Predominantly, the court order is based on the view that Facebook`s data-related …”

Bibliography S. 159-178

„… personal data protection”, speech at the Privacy Platform event: Competition and Privacy in Markets of Data …” „… regulatory environment for platforms, online intermediaries, data and cloud computing and the collaborative …” „… , “Big Data for Big Business? A Taxonomy of Data-driven Business Models used by Start-up Firms”, March …”

C. Overview of the core legal framework S. 41-55

„… data of customers and/or platform-users will be the economic value resulting from the processing …” „… their data-related business practices within the EU, the legal framework of this work particularly …” „… two data-categories of IP addresses and pseudonymized data. Moreover, the word “processing” has a …”

D. The relation between data protection and competition law S. 56-69

„… Platform event: Competition and Privacy in Markets of Data, Brussels 26 November 2012, available on the …” „… law An approach to competition law assessments in the digital (platform) economy, by which data …” „… their data for the commercial interests of others.218 Buchner rightly sees users of online platforms …”

G. Competence and expertise of competition authorities to enforce compliance with data protection law through competition law sanctions S. 122-128

„… conclusion 127 both data protection and competition law in the digital platform economy would also be in the …” „… . Formal competence to sanction data-related behaviours via completion law By considering a certain …” „… , sanctioning a certain data-related behaviour with a fine according to Art. 23 (2) (a) of Council Regulation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748921370

Uwe Blaurock, Martin Schmidt-Kessel, Katharina Erler - Plattformen

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Uwe Blaurock (ed.), Martin Schmidt-Kessel (ed.), Katharina Erler (ed.)

Plattformen

Series: Schriften der Ernst von Caemmerer Stiftung

Volume 10 2018

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Giorgio Resta Digital platforms under Italian Law S. 97-118

„… , data protection, etc. Digital platforms have been defined either broadly or narrowly1. A broad …” „… consultation on the regulatory environment for platforms, online intermediaries, data and cloud computing and …” „… the law of data protection. (a) Access to many key-services of the platform economy – from the …”

Christian Twigg-Flesner Legal and Policy Responses to Online Platforms - A UK Perspective S. 139-164

„… Protection, particularly the ability of online platforms to collect and process vast amounts of data. In …” „… particular, the ability of a platform to collect and process huge amounts of data caused the Committee to …” „… noted that consumers rarely understand the extent to which they share their data with on-line platforms …”

Christoph Busch European Model Rules for Online Intermediary Platforms S. 37-58

„… data-driven verification system. At least in clear cases the platform operator could be required to change an …” „… platform would be prohibited from transferring the reputational data, this could create lock-in effects …” „… install data-driven governance structures and exercise control over production and distribution of goods …”

Juliette Sénéchal Online Platforms under French Law S. 119-138

„… 119 Online Platforms under French Law1 Juliette Sénéchal Like the «perennial gale” inherent in …” „… the first half of the 20th century,2 online platforms operating in two- or multi-sided markets have …” „… Platforms and the Digital Single Market, Opportunities and Challenges for Europe” 3 dated 25 May 2016 …”

Karin Sein Legal problems of electronic platform economy – Estonian perspective S. 79-96

„… 79 Legal problems of electronic platform economy – Estonian perspective1 Karin Sein I …” „… electronic platforms and whether a need for specific private law rules for platforms is felt necessary in …” „… platform service providers on the Estonian market started to rise after 2011. Some platform companies are …”

Alberto De Franceschi Mitteilung und Grünbuch der Europäischen Kommission zu Online Plattformen: eine kritische Würdigung S. 9-36

„… , http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/558777/EPRS_STU(2 016)558777_EN.pdf. 2 In fünf Schlüsselbranchen der kollaborativen …” „… 3 S. C. Busch, H. Schulte-Nölke, A. Wiewiórowska-Dogamalska und F. Zoll, The rise of the platform …” „… . Zeno- Zencovich, Online Platforms, Competition Rules, and Consumer Protection in Travel Industry, in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845292298

Monopolkommission - Sondergutachten 68: Wettbewerbspolitik: Herausforderung digitale Märkte

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Monopolkommission (ed.)

Sondergutachten 68: Wettbewerbspolitik: Herausforderung digitale Märkte

Series: Monopolkommission - Hauptgutachten/Sondergutachten

Volume 68 2015

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Summary S. 200-214

„… advertising-relevant data can potentially raise issues, particularly when platforms automatically buy and sell …” „… other dealers. Furthermore, the platform operator may accumulate additional data, for example to …” „… simply through the excessive collection and use of data. On platform markets, the dynamics of the market …”

Online-Werbemarkt S. 63-80

„… ), Demand-Side-Platforms (DSP) und Data-Management-Platforms (DMP) zu nennen. SSPs ermöglichen es Publishern bzw …” „… , sind hier insbesondere die in jüngerer Zeit entstandenen sogenannten Supply-Side-Platforms (SSP …” „… Werbeserver (DoubleClick), eine Werbebörse bzw. eine Supply-Side-Platform (DoubleClick Ad Exchange) und …”

Elektronischer Handel (E-Commerce) S. 124-155

„… . Vgl. Amazon.com, Inc., Form 10-K 2014, http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data …” „… ., Background Note, a. a. O., S. 24. 296 Siehe hierzu insbesondere Boik, A./Corts, K.S., The Effects of Platform …” „… Platforms: Does Apple's Agency Model Soften Competition?, CESifo Working Paper Series No. 4362, August 2013 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845270487

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