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Matthias Ruffert, Christian Walter

Institutionalised International Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

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§ 8 Membership S. 126-145

„… § 8MembershipLiterature:Czerwinski, Das Universalitätsprinzip und die Mitgliedschaft in …” „… succession also govern succession into membership.Becoming a MemberDepending on whether membership is …” „… country’slongtime membership in the organisation: “The very fact of Egypt's membershipII.1.41 Vedder in …”

Table of Abbreviated Citations S. 326-341

„… Minorities 556– Membership cf. ‘Membership’– Parliamentary Assembly 249,270, 318, 359Coup d’etat 422 …” „… 204– Self-Support 370– WTO Membership 337European Convention for the Prevention of Torture 541, 555 …” „… Federal Constitutional Court 562 ff– Membership cf. ‘Membership’– Scope of EU Human Rights 564Executive …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-15

„… ..................................................................................IV. 109§ 8 MembershipBecoming a Member …” „… Admission Procedure ................................................................c) 116Membership Status …” „… . 119Graduated Membership .................................................................2. 120 …”

§ 9 Organs and Decision Making S. 146-173

„… tothe United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership,the expulsion of members …” „… Decision Making136298299300Executive Organs of Limited Membership and Specialised OrgansMost International …” „… limited membership is applied to all organs which operate as a substitute in the period between the …”

§ 13 Economy and Development S. 282-305

„… membership.12From its inception on, the IMF has always been close to the United Nations.As a Specialised …” „… developmentsector.26 It is closely linked to the IMF, as IMF-Membership is a precondition23 Cf …” „… Organisations273622623624625for membership in the Bank (Article II para 1 World Bank).27 It is also a …”

§ 14 Environment S. 306-315

„… ) Legal Basis, Membership and Tasks. The central UN organisation for general environmental protection is …” „… membership in both UNEP andits respective successor organisation.35CSDFollowing the Rio Conference (UNCED) of …” „… ). Membership (53 members) and composition are thus laid out by the rules in force for ECOSOC. It convenes in …”

§ 2 History of International Organisations S. 32-41

„… over time virtually achieved universal membership. The “Food and Agricultural Organization of the …” „… of the UN family, was founded on 16 November 1945. With Palestine’sadmission to full membership in …” „… has today virtually reached universal membership with 193 Member States, the youngest member being the …”

§ 1 Concept and Theory of International Organisations S. 16-31

„… are created by States alone. Membership ofInternational Organisations in other International …” „… ) Anne Peters, ‘Membership in theGlobal Constitutional Community’, in: Klabbers/Peters/Ulfstein (eds …” „… Peace, 1955.48 The US stopped funding UNESCO after its vote to grant the Palestinians full membership in …”

§ 12 The Institutional Organisation of International Human Rights Protection S. 236-281

„… or regionalscope of a treaty has consequences on the range of membership. This may result in …” „… credible and reliable information pro-20 The Council’s Membership is based on an equitable geographical …” „… universal human rights treaties vary as far as membership is concerned. While the International Convention …”

§ 4 Treaty Basis, Creation, Extinction, and Succession S. 68-85

„… Organisations if their founding treaty allows for participation or membership and if the newly founded …” „… membership in the WTO which is founded on the EU’s power in Article 207 TFEU (formerly Article 113/133 ECT …” „… ) and secured in Article XI WTO.4Beyond that, the membership of International Organisations in other …”

§ 6 The Doctrine of Powers S. 106-115

„… . Examples include the EU’s membership in the WTO as well as theparallel claims to questions of environmental …” „… well as for Article 1 lit. c Council of Europe prohibiting interferenceby membership in the Council of …”

§ 7 Responsibility and Liability S. 116-125

„… these fundamental rights despite its membership in an International Organisationand the corresponding …”

§ 10 Finance and Personnel S. 174-193

„… Organisationshave entrusted their executive organ of limited membership (→ § 9 para 301 ff.)with the substantive …”

§ 3 International Organisations within the Constitution of the International Community S. 42-67

„… ) theinstitutional system of the United Nations, (3) rules on membership, (4) the hierarchy of norms established by …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258973

Ulrich von Alemann, Martin Morlok, Tim Spier - Parteien ohne Mitglieder?

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Ulrich von Alemann (ed.), Martin Morlok (ed.), Tim Spier (ed.)

Parteien ohne Mitglieder?

Series: Schriften zum Parteienrecht und zur Parteienforschung

Volume 46 2013

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Karina Kosiara-Pedersen Party Membership in Denmark S. 205-221

„… , membership-based parties on both sides of the left-right ideological spectrum.8 Prior to the Second World War, the …” „… : own figure Membership-based party organisations flourished in Denmark as well as in the rest of …” „… 205 Party Membership in Denmark Prof. Dr. Karina Kosiara-Pedersen, Copenhagen 1. Introduction …”

Luciano Bardi Party Membership in Italy S. 221-229

„… membership/electorate ratios of all the big countries in Europe. The only countries that had higher rates were …” „… relatively small countries like Austria, Finland, Norway and Switzerland, but Italy’s membership/electorate …” „… period I was talking about, the membership/electorate ratio in Italy had only gone down to 9 percent …”

Paul Whiteley Party Membership in Great Britain S. 197-205

„… 197 Party Membership in Great Britain Prof. Dr. Paul Whiteley, Essex It is very nice to be …” „… British Election Study team and this party membership study was done under the auspices of that study …” „… . Those of you who have studied party membership know that it is very difficult to get funding agencies …”

Susan E. Scarrow Party Membership as Restriction and Resource for Parties S. 127-141

„… membership. At the same time, party memberships have tended to shrink, often reducing the absolute income …” „… 127 Party Membership as Restriction and Resource for Parties Prof. Dr. Susan E. Scarrow, Houston …” „… parties might choose? Throughout Europe there is a widespread trend towards shrinking party membership …”

Thomas Poguntke Dritte Diskussion S. 229-238

„… is based on electoral results, not on membership organisation. That is how it works. Paul …” „… constantly have people calling me and saying what is the Convervative Party membership, we cannot find out …” „… willing to share that. But at the moment, I think because party membership is falling, they are very …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Nachwuchskrise der Parteien Prof. Dr. Elmar Wiesendahl, Hamburg 79 Party Membership as Restriction and …” „… Perspektive Prof. Dr. Martin Morlok, Düsseldorf 183 Party Membership in Great Britain Prof. Dr. Paul …” „… Whiteley, Essex 197 Party Membership in Denmark Prof. Dr. Karina Kosiara-Pedersen, Copenhagen 205 …”

Elmar Wiesendahl Kein Frischblut mehr. Anmerkungen zur Erforschung der Nachwuchskrise der Parteien S. 79-127

„… , Decline of Party Membership (Anm. 3), S. 25. 23 Vgl. S.E. Scarrow/B. Gezgor, Declining Memberships …” „… Party Membership in Contemporary Europe, in: European Journal of Political Reseach, Bd. 51 (2012), H …” „… . 1, S. 24-56. 80 and grassroots party membership in Europe is now well documented, although it is …”

Martin Morlok Das Recht der Parteimitgliedschaft in vergleichender Perspektive S. 183-197

„… spannenden Gegenstand. 197 Party Membership in Great Britain Prof. Dr. Paul Whiteley, Essex It is …” „… members of the British Election Study team and this party membership study was done under the auspices of …” „… that study. Those of you who have studied party membership know that it is very difficult to get …”

Wilhelm Bürklin Die Potsdamer Parteimitgliederstudie 1998. Ein empirischer Test des Rational-Choice-Modells innerparteilicher Partizipation S. 29-45

„… Politics of Party Membership, London 1992; P. Seyd /P.F. Whiteley, British Party Members. An Overview, in …” „… Vgl. P. Whiteley/P. Seyd/J. Richardson, True Blues. The Politics of Conservative Party Membership …”

Martin Morlok Einführung in den Gegenstand der Tagung S. 9-16

„… . Die Position der Parteien nimmt Susan Scarrow ein, die „Party Membership“ sowohl als „Restriction …”

Stefan Marschall Zweite Diskussion S. 159-174

„… solchen lockeren Honorationensystem übergehen würde als zu der card carrying membership, was ja …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845250038

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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Membership dues S. 199-215

„… membership.Sometimes membership ? gures as provided by the parties are blown up arti? cially, as is well known for the …” „… memberships served that purpose. A lot of parties are not willing to correct their ? les. Thus membership …” „… ), considerable funding is procured by way of members’ fees.1. Membership duesA speci? c type of political party …”

Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small donations S. 363-370

„… , solicit donations and provide additional contributions (membership fees plus other cash and non-cash …” „… . In countries where party income from membership dues is (relatively) high, i.e. Switzer land, Sweden …” „… membership dues and small donationsCritics expect that public subsidies will change these long established …”

Cornerstone of democracy or demand from never-land? S. 193-199

„… funds. In Europe private contributions are frequently divided into membership dues and donations. We …” „… than twothirds of their total revenue „from party sources, including membership dues and income from …” „… be divided into (1) membership dues, i.e. regular subscrip tions of party members; (2) small …”

Small donations S. 215-222

„… Britain a higher proportion of income from membership fees was reported during the 1990s (23-40%).114 …” „… membership income since the 1970s. The other data (see Table 6-5), when taken with a necessary pinch of salt …” „… , indicate that mass parties still exist, although the signi? cance of income from membership dues for their …”

Index S. 451-467

„… 49-50, 55-8, 308-10, 330, 341, 369, 371, 372, 373, 375, 385, 387-9 see also collective membershipAfrica …” „… membershipUnited Kingdom (U.K.) 33, 394, 395, 402– impacts of political money 339, 342-6, 347, 350, 355-6 …” „… 126-7, 149-52coalition government/ politics 128, 132, 325, 328-9, 356-7, 360, 362collective membership …”

Revenue sharing S. 234-238

„… federal treasury transfers a ? xed share of membership dues to the regional branches (Bezirke), which then …” „… , and transfers a share to lower level party organisations. By contrast, membership dues in Spain are …” „… revenue sharing. The amount of membership dues that is transferred to the central level is small for the …”

Stimulating contributors (tax add-on, tax deduction, and tax credit) S. 225-230

„… registered political parties, including membership fees, up to AUD100 (€65) 207 per ? scal year may be …” „… claimed as an income tax deduction.208 Pedersen and Bille report that membership dues are fully tax …” „… presidential candidates or parties (including membership fees) are deductible since 1995. The maximum …”

Association quotas S. 230-233

„… or tiers) of a party.D) Intra-party transfersMass membership parties traditionally maintain their …” „… collected more than two-thirds of their total income „from party sources, including membership dues and …” „… funding from membership dues with upward intra-party transfers can be easily identi-? ed as representing …”

Catch-all parties S. 398-402

„… money vs. regular dues from a mass membership). Looking at both types of parties in the 1960s …” „… parties” that Koole characterises by a small membership and a democratic organisation.14 The dominance of …” „… SPD). In 1970 both parties still were miles apart with respect to their share of membership funding …”

Equalisation transfers S. 233-234

„… membership dues. The bulk of income from this source is ad ministered by the leagues, which then transfer …” „… consequence just a small part of the total revenue from membership dues is handed over to state and federal …” „… federal treasury transfers a ? xed share of membership dues to the regional branches (Bezirke), which then …”

Measurement of and incentives for grass-roots linkage S. 372-374

„… Nassmacher 2001c, p. 109.43 Elzinga 1992, p. 359.373recently party membership ? gures or member-to-voter …” „… ratios have been better substitutes because party membership de? nitely means linkage to those who care …” „… given in small amounts) direct legitimacy as well. Membership dues, as pointed out above, are shrinking …”

List of tables and graphs S. 15-16

„… 6-2: Average membership dues by party family and country 207Table 6-3: Annual average of membership …” „… dues for German parties 208Table 6-4: Average party income from membership dues (in percent of total …” „… ) 210Table 6-5: Membership funding of party headquarters, averages 213Table 6-6: Association quotas as a …”

Institutional fundraising S. 244-254

„… in chronological order of their inception.a) Collective membership (af? liation fees)A close …” „… members. When Israeli parties were no longer able to function on membership dues only, they started party …” „… . 17. Although membership in Denmatk is direct (and local) considerable contributions go to the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… helpful as was my membership in the Presidential Commission on Party Financing appointed by President …” „… never-land? 194B) Roads to voluntary contributions (Soliciting money in small amounts) 1991. Membership dues …” „… per party member 206c) Revenue from membership dues (by party families and by countries) 2082. Small …”

Problems of public funding S. 292-294

„… decline of party membership and the drop in the number of full-time local party agents cannot be cured by …” „… and the ordinary members.”26 Emphasis on ordinary party members is misleading because membership can …” „… membership fee.27 All of these will simply not have the same kind of impact.Nonetheless the linkage of party …”

Means to increase the legitimacy of public subsidies S. 294-296

„… decline of party membership and the drop in the number of full-time local party agents cannot be cured by …” „… and the ordinary members.”26 Emphasis on ordinary party members is misleading because membership can …” „… membership fee.27 All of these will simply not have the same kind of impact.Nonetheless the linkage of party …”

Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) S. 378-387

„… absent and party membership is by no means a prerequisite for a job in the public sector.89 Thus there is …” „… generous public subsidies membership fees form a substantial share of party revenue in Sweden, Austria and …” „… local associations on the basis of votes or membership ... may even enhance labour intensity.”96 As …”

Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland S. 105-109

„… which provide for various pieces of relevant information: public subsidies, membership data, members …” „… , their share of membership dues plus voluntary contributions solicited locally as well as assessments of …” „… If her membership ? gures and her average contributions are multiplied, then the total annual income …”

Modes of party competition S. 135-141

„… , … running from leadership to rank-and-? le. … Those who controlled the membership controlled internal party …” „… , thus increasing party revenue after a long decline in party membership and income from that source.61 …” „… citizens (in Japan) or membership cards (and thereby delegates at national party congresses in Italy …”

Contribution to party revenue (Income situation of parties) S. 317-322

„… , this is quite in line with the contrast ing revenue shares of membership dues and interested money …” „… . Whereas left-of-centre parties relied on upward transfers of part of their membership dues …” „… membership dues) and in chapter VII, sub-section B1 (institutional fundraising) and B3 (corporate …”

Impacts of political funding S. 397-398

„… party organisation can be reported. Traditional sources of political revenue like membership dues and …” „… funds (campaign-centred donations from interested money vs. regular dues from a mass membership …”

Bibliography S. 407-450

„… S./ Mair, Peter (eds.), 1994, pp. 242-277.Bartolini, Stefano (1983): The Membership of Mass Parties …” „… , Richard S./ Mair, Peter (eds.), 1992, pp. 199-272.411Bille, Lars (1994): The Decline of the Membership …” „… Membership and Activity in the Canadian Reform Party. In: Party Politics, 6 (2000) 1, pp. 75-93.414Coignard …”

Cartel parties S. 402-406

„… depend on public funds have tried to revitalise their membership organisations.33 Strangely enough the …” „… See above in chapter X, sub-section A 1 (revenue from membership dues/ local fundraising).30 Katz …”

Level of the taxpayers’ contribution S. 322-324

„… membership dues. Even in Britain the extremely low share of grassroots funding (membership subscrip tions or …”

Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings S. 370-372

„… 370membership maintenance activities have increased via communication depending on full-time staff …” „… caused by reliance on membership as the major form of linkage, a lack of public incentives for party …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… ): Austria, Britain, Canada,Germany, Japan and USA.41than elsewhere) would look at membership dues and …” „… for speci? c parties in different countries is provided by membership dues and small donations from …”

Parties and their candidates S. 374-378

„… happened after an impressive decline in party membership ? gures had occurred, possibly for the most part …” „… members have not increased membership dues as a percentage of total party revenue. Secondly, any informed …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… members. Even the traditional leftof-centre mass-membership parties (Social Democrats, Socialists …” „… revenue like membership dues and small donations are expected to provide linkage between parties …”

General grants S. 302-303

„… general predictions for membership or donor funding are inappropriate and fail reality by a wide margin …”

Communication S. 66-68

„… . Danish parties spend rising amounts on membership servi ces.90 This piece of information leads our …”

Fundraising events (social activities) S. 222-224

„… by means of lotteries. This is also an expansive form of voluntary membership ? nancing.165 …”

Returns on investment: dividends and interest (parties as entrepreneurs) S. 274-276

„… to the use of membership dues to hide foreign funds in the 1950s (Soukup 1963, pp. 743/744).211 …”

Earmarked funds S. 300-302

„… general predictions for membership or donor funding are inappropriate and fail reality by a wide margin …”

Summary of findings for party organisation S. 389-392

„… ently.Traditional sources of political revenue like membership dues and small donations are expect ed to provide …”

Capital-intensive campaigning vs. labour-intensive party apparatus S. 132-135

„… impact on the level of spending? The mass membership party of the late 19th and the early 20th century …”

Distribution of subsidies S. 314-317

„… individuals and membership fees lumped together per individual party. At ? rst glance the programme looks …”

Abuse of public resources S. 276-279

„… to the use of membership dues to hide foreign funds in the 1950s (Soukup 1963, pp. 743/744).211 …”

Desiderata of political finance research S. 26-30

„… detailed discussion of membership dues.65 In the 1960s Epstein was more elaborate in presenting a 55 Drysch …”

Paid labour S. 60-64

„… permanent organisation based on the interlocking resources of membership dues and paid party workers.73 …”

Access to public funding S. 310-314

„… tions by individuals and membership fees lumped together per individual party. At ? rst glance the …”

Skewed competition between individual parties S. 341-346

„… chapter X, A (linkage).342the deregulation of collective membership (e.g. in Sweden), restrictions for …”

Donations by wealthy individuals (contributions from personal wealth) S. 254-260

„… American parties do not collect sustaining amounts of membership dues, their revenue traditionally …”

Areas of interest: issues in political finance S. 19-26

„… granted by public policy are offered now and then. Party members sometimes buy membership cards to improve …”

Corporate contributions (money from the business community) S. 260-269

„… , membership dues and assessments of party of? ce-holders have gained importance. During the 1970s and 1980s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216515

Fawn Daphne Plessner - Doing Politics with Citizen Art

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Fawn Daphne Plessner

Doing Politics with Citizen Art

2022

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Chapter Six Expanding Membership S. 151-168

„… 151Chapter SixExpanding MembershipCitizen Artist News: KinshipChapter SixExpanding MembershipIn …” „… and performative dimension of belonging and membership.In Clouded Title, I went to some length to …” „… individual personhood6) suggests that membership—its perpetually incipient character—is formed through and …”

Chapter Five Altering the Facts on the Ground S. 121-150

„… , but it further shows how actual membership—of families and kin groups, including intermarriages or …” „… , belonging, and membership and is modeled on and justified in British imaginaries and rationales for claiming …” „… narratives of land claims that continue to reify settler-colonial perceptions of belonging and membership and …”

Chapter Two The Problem of Status and Cosmopolitan Citizenship and the Value of “Acts of Citizenship” for Understanding Citizen Art S. 35-60

„… and practices of membership.The intellectual architecture that informs citizenship obviously has a …” „… membership—including affiliations that are not contingent on the nation-state—and the implications of this for …” „… of membership.Fourth, the condition of citizenship as a legal status is further undercut by changes …”

Index S. 217-226

„… jus soli, 137Kant, Immanuel, 30n10, 37, 39–40, 52, 56n1, 57n5kinship. See membershipKosovo, NATO in …” „… , 22–23; civic responsibility in, 26; ethics of, 26–27; meaning and challenges of, 17–29; membership and …” „… status in, 42–43, 45; membership and, 42; for migrant Index 219children, 15n4; in miniature civil …”

Chapter One What Is Citizen Art? S. 17-34

„… of membership of a nation-state3 or to engage with issues of migration,4 inequality, social injustice …” „… ), and this has prompted questions about the paucity of the state signifiers of membership and belonging …” „… that explore alternative conceptions and enactments of membership and belonging. This has coincided …”

Introduction S. 1-16

„… considerable pressure in the shifting and increasingly fractious terrain of political membership within a …” „… predominate range from a normative notion of membership as a legal status contingent on the state (Calhoun …” „… turn, fostering political conditions that resist the hegemony of state-bounded notions of membership …”

Chapter Four Enacting New Modes of Citizenship S. 87-120

„… not belong even within its membership—that is, those who are neither equal (are subject to extensive …” „… normative understandings of citizenship by performing alternative methods and practices of membership. They …” „… 2004)—that is, the aesthetic methods—of their interventions, practices of member-ship are newly …”

Chapter Three Art Interventions as Tools for Doing Politics and Shaping New Terrain S. 61-86

„… seeing membership and belonging as flowing from a set of (theoreti-cal) rules and principles. Citizen art …” „… , indeed, devises inventive political strategies that counter normative practices of membership. New …” „… citizen art in-terventions that do more critical work in effecting new modes of membership primarily …”

Conclusion S. 169-186

„… for enacting new and nascent modes of membership.Citizen art interventions, including the examples of …” „… entitlement to (dubiously) treatied and unceded lands and (2) this also informs how political membership …” „… meaning to, the possibility for perform-ing one’s sense of belonging, membership, and identity as a …”

Bibliography S. 191-216

„… . The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University …” „… , 2018).Fort Nelson First Nation. 2004. “Fort Nelson First Nation Membership Code.” Fort Nelson First …” „… Identity: Band Membership, Citizenship and the Inherent Right.” Centre for First Nations Gov-ernance …”

Preface

„… 1216 Expanding Membership: Citizen Artist News: Kinship 151Conclusion 169Appendix A 187Appendix B 189 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538151488

Christopher Reynolds - Understanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy

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Christopher Reynolds

Understanding the Emergence of the European Security and Defence Policy

2010

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Membership Structures S. 174-175

„… institution can prove highly difficult to abolish. 3.4 Membership Structures As mentioned above, the WEU …” „… 's membership structures were highly pragmatic in character and allowed even those states classified simply as …” „… structures. Why then was such a membership structure not carried over to the ESDP? In fact, such a proposal …”

Overlapping Membership S. 214-215

„… increasingly overlapping with each other. 2.3 Overlapping Membership In the years since the ESDP was …” „… established, the degree of membership overlap between NATO and the EU has also increased. At the time of the …” „… this were to become more apparent later. In a sense, as we have already seen, this membership "problem …”

The WEU Parliamentary Assembly S. 173-174

„… Parliamentary Assembly and the WEU’s membership structures. 3.3 The WEU Parliamentary Assembly The WEU …” „… institution can prove highly difficult to abolish. 3.4 Membership Structures As mentioned above, the WEU …” „… 's membership structures were highly pragmatic in character and allowed even those states classified simply as …”

Overlapping Scale S. 213-214

„… Overlapping Membership In the years since the ESDP was established, the degree of membership overlap between …” „… later. In a sense, as we have already seen, this membership "problem" was of the EU's making, given the …” „… differential membership structures along the lines of the Eurozone or Schengen, even though this had been …”

Overlapping Competence S. 215-218

„… within the single institutional framework of the EU, with membership of the ESDP thus being commensurate …” „… Overlapping Competence While NATO has expanded its membership and its geographical remit in the years since …” „… , as has the degree of overlapping membership. At first glance, this stands in contrast to the notion …”

Berlin Plus S. 223-229

„… policy within the Union and making participation in it 225 commensurate with EU membership, the non-EU …” „… membership rules of the WEU had meant that the non-EU NATO allies, as so-called "associate members," still …” „… member states – a differential ESDP membership structure similar to that which had prevailed in the WEU …”

The End of Civilian Power Europe? S. 47-50

„… opportunity in this regard, for example by establishing an open and more fluid membership structure more …” „… crisis management capacity the membership of which would be commensurate with that of the EU itself. 2.2 …” „… national political processes for EU decision-making, but increasingly on how membership of the EU and …”

The Problems with Berlin Plus S. 229-234

„… the causes of this problem were twofold. The "Membership" Problem We have already seen the …” „… the Union, however. It had been assumed that the country's EU membership would be conditional upon a …” „… membership had been secured. Unable to go back on its acceptance of Cyprus into the Union, the Union ended up …”

The European Union Military Staff (EUMS) S. 168

„… decision taken to equate membership of the ESDP with that of the EU itself. In this way, it was believed …” „… without the need for offering them full membership of the ESDP. …”

The "Normal" Approach to the Study of International Institutions S. 203-208

„… be possible, not least due to the high degree of overlapping membership between them, this has proven …” „… not to be the case and the relationship remains highly contested. Indeed, it is where membership …” „… membership and functional competences of one institution begins and the other ends. On paper, at least, both …”

The European Union Military Committee (EUMC) S. 167-168

„… procedures given the decision taken to equate membership of the ESDP with that of the EU itself. In this way …” „… decisionmaking structures without the need for offering them full membership of the ESDP. …”

Committee of Contributors S. 168-169

„… decision taken to equate membership of the ESDP with that of the EU itself. In this way, it was believed …” „… without the need for offering them full membership of the ESDP. 169 According to Reichard (2006, 155), the …”

Types of Interaction / Impact S. 209-210

„… according to the institution in question (due to differing membership structures or decision-making rules …” „… geographical competence as well as in membership? This is precisely what we see in the case of EU-NATO …”

Reconciling Institutional Overlap S. 210-211

„… organisation with a high degree of overlap in functional and geographical competence as well as in membership …” „… function, geographic competence, and membership can have a highly important degree of impact upon each …”

Consequences S. 234-235

„… membership of the two organisations may overlap to a significant extent, but it is where it does not that 235 …” „… the problems begin, even if it is not here that they end. The non-membership of Turkey in the EU, and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… " 172 3.3 The WEU Parliamentary Assembly 173 3.4 Membership Structures 174 4. NATO as a Model 175 4.1 …” „… Overlapping Membership 214 2.4 Overlapping Competence 215 2.5 Attempts at Reconciliation 218 2.6 NATO First …”

Increasing Overlap S. 211-213

„… , geographic competence, and membership can have a highly important degree of impact upon each other. In so …” „… previously these two organisations overlapped only in membership, the creation of the ESDP meant that so too …”

The Puzzle of EU-NATO Relations S. 24-26

„… dependence, as well as overlapping membership and indeed institutional isomorphism, it is perhaps puzzling …” „… both institutions. Thus understanding existing institutional rules on membership and decisionmaking is …”

Europeanisation: Impacts "up" and "down" S. 50-52

„… national political processes for EU decision-making, but increasingly on how membership of the EU and …” „… membership has been shown to be the empowerment of regional 51 and sub-national levels of government and the …”

Broader Changes S. 154-156

„… " membership structure and its Article V mutual defence clause would not have easily been merged into the …” „… single institutional framework of the EU, as we have seen. Overcoming the non-WEU membership of the …”

The Policy Shift S. 156-158

„… stood in the way. Both the WEU's "variable geometry" membership structure and its Article V mutual …” „… have seen. Overcoming the non-WEU membership of the non-aligned EU member states, as well as the fact …”

The North Atlantic Council (NAC) S. 175-177

„… want, which is to say an overly complicated, inefficient institutional system with fuzzy membership …” „… of the EU, not least given the very high degree of overlapping membership between the two: in 2000 …” „… structures, overlapping memberships and heavy chains of command. One of the core objectives of the ESDP was …”

1991-1997: The Common Foreign and Security Policy and Adapting the WEU S. 138-141

„… across the EU and WEU (Van Ham 1997, 310). The WEU also continued to adapt its membership structures so …” „… Article V guarantee (Cebeci 1999). Thus while the EU and WEU had a clearly overlapping membership6 and …”

The First Debates S. 43-47

„… this regard, for example by establishing an open and more fluid membership structure more similar to …” „… capacity the membership of which would be commensurate with that of the EU itself. 2.2 The End of Civilian …” „… , structures and memberships between the two organisations, this was not systematically considered in …”

Institutional Interdependence within the EU S. 80

„… series of networks, differing in structure and membership in different policy sectors, with each bound …”

Understanding the EU-NATO relationship S. 31-32

„… membership. This functional and geographical overlap has generated an element of competition, rendering the …” „… relations. Not only did their memberships fundamentally overlap, but so too – and increasingly – did their …”

Book Structure S. 37-38

„… proven highly problematic, not least since the degree of overlapping membership has not prevented weaker …”

Finding a Term S. 208-209

„… according to the institution in question (due to differing membership structures or decision-making rules …”

Specific Problems with the WEU "Model" S. 172-173

„… absence from this process of inclusion: the WEU Parliamentary Assembly and the WEU’s membership structures …”

Conclusions S. 158-160

„… of the EU and thus rendering membership thereof commensurate with that of the Union, thereby …”

Conclusions S. 239-240

„… membership is clearly not the case, but it fundamentally ignores the core principle underpinning the ESDP …”

Why EPC succeeded S. 126-128

„… improved prospect of British membership (it was to join in 1973) appeared to sweep away two apparent …”

Normative Isomorphism S. 182-184

„… Defence Ministry is highly pro-NATO and, unlike the general population, favours eventual NATO membership …”

NATO First Refusal? S. 219-221

„… non-membership and lack of representation in the EU and, by implication, ESDP. In the case of the UK, its …”

The Emergence of Informal Meetings S. 235-238

„… 235 the problems begin, even if it is not here that they end. The non-membership of Turkey in the …”

Prevailing Themes S. 32-35

„… of scale, competence and even membership. This functional and geographical overlap has generated an …” „… opened in EU-NATO relations. Not only did their memberships fundamentally overlap, but so too – and …”

Three Hypotheses on Institutional Design S. 161-164

„… the pressures for isomorphism will be greater depending on the degree of overlap in membership and …”

Institutions and the EU S. 77-80

„… practice, they form a series of networks, differing in structure and membership in different policy sectors …”

An Interdependent Polity in an Interdependent World S. 80-83

„… series of networks, differing in structure and membership in different policy sectors, with each bound …”

The European Defence Community (1950-54) S. 117-120

„… membership between the two organisations, something which continues to hold true in contemporary debates …”

The Early Years and Contemporary Parallels S. 111-117

„… full participant since membership of EPC was commensurate with that of the Community itself. The …”

Institutional and Functional Expansion S. 128-134

„… overlapping in membership, NATO and EPC were thus reconciled through what was essentially a hierarchical …”

The Fouchet Plans: 1960s S. 120-126

„… with the prospect of British EEC membership finally imminent. The two issues therefore did appear to be …”

New Institutionalism S. 26-27

„… suggest that the definition of what is rational may be affected by institutional memberships and loyalties …”

Key Points of Historical Institutionalism S. 27-28

„… definition of what is rational may be affected by institutional memberships and loyalties, while the range of …”

Understanding Institutions: Three New Institutionalisms S. 85-102

„… memberships and thus also (sometimes conflicting) allegiances that emerge as a consequence of an individual …” „… institutions co-exist and interact, and where memberships and competences are overlapping, and in so doing …”

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