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Isabel Emde - Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen

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Isabel Emde

Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen

Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen und vergleichenden öffentlichen Recht

Volume 33 2013

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Federal Election Campaign Act S. 54-56

„… Bundesstaaten eingeführt.139Federal Election Campaign ActIm Jahre 1971 wurden auf Bundesebene140 frühere …” „… Reformbestrebungenkonsolidiert und durch den Federal Election Campaign Act (im Folgenden FECA) ersetzt. Eine Reihe von …” „… enthalten.141 Kerr, 15 Comm. L. & Pol'y 311, 317 (2010).142 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 …”

Dominanz der privaten Finanzierungsquellen S. 29-49

„… /cantor_d.htm.30 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign …” „… „2008 Presidential Campaign Finance“ der Federal ElectionCommission, abrufbar unter …” „… Vgl. die Übersicht „2012 Presidential Campaign Finance“ der Federal ElectionCommission, abrufbar unter …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 231-238

„… Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act: Silencing nonprofit groups and stealth PACs in federal elections, 2006 U. Ill …” „… , Metonymy, and Corporate Money: Rhetorical Choicesin Supreme Court Decisions on Campaign Finance Regulation …” „… seduction of the law, Touchstone, New York 1991Briffault, Richard: Privacy, democracy, and elections: Two …”

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) S. 56-59

„… McCain-Feingold Act.153 Das Gesetz wurde im Jahre 2002 vom Kongress verabschiedetIII.149 Federal Election Campaign …” „… and the Federal Campaign Finance Law“ der Federal Election Commission, abrufbar unter …” „… tion with any election to any political office, or in connection with any primary election or …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 239-241

„… Elections Now Act 188Federal Election Commission 29,55, 71, 129Federal Election Campaign Act54 ff.Federal …” „… Commerce 67 f.Bill of Rights 90, 105Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act56 ff.Buckley v. Valeo 60 ff.Bundlers 32 …” „… , 171Business Judgment Rule 141Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 70 ff.Clean …”

Tillman Act und Taft-Hartley Act S. 53-54

„… wurden vergleichbare Regelungen in der Mehrzahl der Bundesstaaten eingeführt.139Federal Election Campaign …” „… Election Campaign Act (im Folgenden FECA) ersetzt. Eine Reihe von Ergänzungen folgten im Jahre 1974.141Die …” „… Comm. L. & Pol'y 311, 317 (2010).142 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443 …”

Kandidatenbezogene Wahlkämpfe S. 27-29

„… Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election …” „… Doherty, The rise of the president’s permanent campaign, S. 17).1. Kapitel: Überblick über das …” „… Jahre 2012 laut Berechnungen der amerikanischen Wahlaufsichtsbehörde, der Federal Election Commission …”

Verbesserung der gesellschaftsrechtlichen Publizitätspflichten S. 179-182

„… Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …” „… : http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-4790).645 Torres-Spelliscy, Corporate Campaign Spending: Giving Shareholders a Voice,S. 21.646 …” „… überWahlkampfausgaben zu erweitern.651 Vor diesem Hintergrund bleibt zu648 Vgl. den Political Parties, Elections and …”

Finanzierung von Wahlkampfspenden und Wahlwerbung aus Mitteln eines Political Action Committees S. 177-179

„… Election CampaignAct für die Spendenvergabe seitens PACs statuiert.640 Ferner ist es Unternehmen gestattet …” „… Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …”

Zwischenergebnis S. 51-52

„… akzeptieren (sogenannte Clean Elections-Gesetze).127 Indes ist der Trend auch infolge der aktuellen …” „… Rechtsprechung desSupreme Courts rückläufig. Das Gericht hat in den letzten Jahren einigeClean Elections …” „… /federal-campaign-funds-find-no-candidate-takers/?page=1.127 Siehe Frasco, 92 Cornell L. Rev. 733, 734-735, 745.128 So hat der Supreme Court in seiner …”

Problemaufriss S. 19-22

„… einebahnbrechende Entscheidung: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission3 erklärte gesetzliche Beschränkungen …” „… Urteils war § 203 des Bipartisan Campaign Reform Actaus dem Jahre 2002.6 Die Vorschrift untersagte es …” „… 2010.2 Im Folgenden: „Supreme Court“.3 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (im Folgenden: FEC …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 15-18

„… & Comp. L.Rev.Boston College International and Comparative Law ReviewBCRA Bipartisan Campaign Reform …” „… Columbiaders. Derselbedies. Dieselbeebd. ebendaf. folgendeFEC Federal Election CommissionFECA Federal Election …” „… Campaign Actff. fortfolgendeFn. FußnoteFS FestschriftF. Supp. Federal Supplementgem. gemäßGG GrundgesetzGeo …”

Untergeordnete Rolle der staatlichen Finanzierungsquellen S. 49-51

„… Election Commission, „Presidential spending limits for 2012“, abrufbar unter …” „… . ferner die Angaben auf der Website der FederalElection Commission, „Presidential spending limits for 2012 …” „… 20.6.2008, „Obama rejects public financing for general election“, abrufbar unter …”

Erweiterung der Stimmrechte der Gesellschafter S. 182-184

„… . So sieht derPolitical Parties, Elections and Referendums Act aus dem Jahre 2000 vor,dass …” „… , Elections and Referendums Act –im Untersuchungszeitraum zwischen 2001 und 2009 – keines der fraglichen …” „… Parties, Elections and Referendums Act ist veröffentlicht auf derWebsite des National Archives, des …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… . Kapitel:53Gesetzliche RegelungenA. 53Tillman Act und Taft-Hartley ActI. 53Federal Election Campaign ActII …” „… verfassungsrechtlicheDiskussion rund um das im selben Jahr ergangene Supreme Court-UrteilCitizens United v. Federal Election …” „… . 54Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)III. 56Entwicklung der Supreme Court-Rechtsprechung …”

Gefahr von Korruption S. 169-174

„… Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …” „… Federal Campaign Committee, 533 U.S. 431, 441 (2001).621 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78dd …” „… /obama-rewards-big-bundlers-jobs-commissions-stimulus-money-government-contracts-and.626 Der Spiegel, 25/2011, S. 83, „Erkaufte Posten“.627 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal Election …”

Verzerrung des Prozesses der freien politischen Willensbildung durch Ausnutzung einer wirtschaftlichen Machtstellung S. 159-164

„… Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbar unter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press …” „… : http://www.businessinsider.com/infographic-obama-romney-final-ad-spend-2012-11.592 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes …”

Bedeutung und Regelung der Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen S. 195-202

„… Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the …” „… 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbar unter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press2013/20130419_2012-24 …”

First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti S. 63-65

„… Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443, 88 Stat.1263 (codified as amended at 2 U.S.C …”

Die finanzielle Unterstützung von Wahlkämpfen als „Meinungsäußerung” im Sinne des First AmendmentDie finanzielle Unterstützung von Wahlkämpfen als "Meinungsäußerung" S. 94-96

„… can spend on politicalcommunication during a campaign necessarily reduces the quantity of expression …” „… on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Redevom 6. Mai 2010 an der University of Rochester …”

Buckley v. Valeo S. 59-63

„… Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443, 88 Stat.1263 (codified as amended at 2 U.S.C …”

Perspektive des Individuums S. 116-152

„… Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the …” „… , dass Wahlkampfausgabengegenüber der Federal Election Commission (im Folgenden: FEC) anzuzeigen sind …” „… 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbarunter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press2013/20130419_2012-24m-Summary.shtml …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845249995

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher - The Funding of Party Competition

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Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

The Funding of Party Competition

2009

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Election campaigns (campaign spending) S. 73-79

„… , the traditional Anglo-Saxon approach contrasts expenses for election campaigns to spending on …” „… : current opera tions, intra-party bodies and information,113 public relations and election campaigns.114 Ac …” „… cording to Paltiel, “parties require funds for three purposes: to ? ght election campaigns, to maintain a …”

Costs of medium sized democracies: Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden S. 101-105

„… in Australia: reported campaign expenses for federal elections and annual reports by registered …” „… parties. For the election years 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1996 Australian parties had to report their campaign …” „… spending on a federal campaign, total cam paign spending on one election cycle would be close to AUD 70 …”

Costs of major democracies: Italy, Britain, France, Spain, Poland S. 96-101

„… parties are unusually low. For the 1996 election campaign Italian parties spent about ITL 52 billion, i.e …” „… in Italy will have to pay more attention to personalised campaigns. In recent elections, expenditures …” „… expenses of some ITL 50 billion annually for any of the election campaigns for the national parliament, the …”

Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland S. 105-109

„… frequently, because the parties run everyday politics as well as election campaigns. The annual reports ? led …” „… for both campaigns.The estimate does not include the costs of nominations by internal party primaries …” „… the expense total for a complete election cycle at SEK 3.7 to 3.9 billion.4. Costs of small …”

Intensified competition S. 164-167

„… tition is at its most ? erce, i.e. during the election year. Campaign expenses add extra outlays to …” „… campaigns).165which election year belongs to which group. Among the ? ve parliamentary democracies studied …” „… election. The difference is a close approximation to extra campaign spending.36 This type of campaign may …”

Bibliography S. 407-450

„… ): The Cost of Election Campaigns in Brazil. In: Alexander, Herbert E./ Shirato ri, Rei (eds.), 1994a, pp …” „… Spending? A Study of Campaign Spending and Broadcast Advertising Prices in US House Elections the 1990s and …” „… ): Effects of Campaign Spending on Local Elections. In: American Politics Quarterly, 12 (1984) 1, pp. 117-127 …”

Costs of the biggest democracies: USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico S. 87-96

„… methodology. How can levels of spending for organisation maintenance (party routine) and election campaigns …” „… $700 million. The extra cost for state election campaigns (all state of? ces including governors and …” „… , campaign and routine spending by most Japanese parties is more evenly split between election and …”

Subsidies-in-kind S. 296-300

„… signi? cant impact on the election campaign process.” In general, high hopes concerning the impact of …” „… channels allocate free broadcasting time to parties both for campaign periods and between elections. The …” „… for the 1984 election campaign.50 Other means of public in-kind support to parties and candidates are …”

More comprehensive data S. 162-164

„… . elections Alexander distinguished two sets of causes for an extraor dinary level of campaign costs. One …” „… when political compe tition is at its most ? erce, i.e. during the election year. Campaign expenses add …” „… election years (which is mostly campaign spending) has been more consistent in Canada than it was in the …”

(Campaign) Spending by individual candidates S. 335-341

„… in campaigns, which is leading to a commercial style of campaigning, the hypothesis that money wins …” „… of researchers has frequently been on the role of money in campaigns. That is, can you spend your way …” „… matters in political competition.1. (Campaign) Spending by individual candidatesFairness in political …”

Other goods and services S. 71-73

„… strict election laws, previously to the of? cial campaign period must be seen as part of this strategy …” „… expenses for election campaigns to spending on organisation routine.112 German le gislation (1984 to 1993 …” „… public relations and election campaigns.114 Ac cording to Paltiel, “parties require funds for three …”

Paid TV advertising S. 167-172

„… competitive situation of each election campaign may differ in many respects from previous years, portions of …” „… the broadcasters. In their general election campaigns the Republican nominee 58 Pinto-Duschinsky 1981 …” „… Canada Elections Act (Bill C-24) an annual grant of almost CAD 24 million was adedd to a campaign …”

Cost push or demand pull? S. 183-192

„… incomes have increased faster than the cost of living. Since party organisation and election campaigning …” „… for an extremely campaign-oriented country (the U.S.) to an extremely party organisation centred …” „… campaign technology, central of? ce spending on campaigns is not a cause of increas ed party spending. Each …”

Publicity S. 68-71

„… are inevitably lead to election campaigns. In general, the idea of „permanent campaigning” suggests …” „… , “campaign” is de? ned as the aggregate of all activities to in? uence the outcome of an election,93 and …” „… campaigns) accounted for about one sixth of total election expenses in 1997, one ? fth in 2000 and 2006 …”

Organisation maintenance S. 79-84

„… entirely to organise and execute election campaigns. Virtually ever ything parties do in both countries “is …” „… some campaigns for state and municipal elections) of all German parties in a non-election year (i.e. a …” „… organisation than on campaigns.Between 1973 and 1992, Mendilow assumes a relative decline of current expenses …”

Party organisations S. 304-306

„… public purse subsidises not only the presidential election but also parliamentary campaigns. In …” „… subsidies for election campaigns (and ballot issues). In spite of devolution to a federal system, Belgium …” „… presidential candidates in France are entitled to a campaign subsidy. However, candidates have to win more than …”

New technology S. 172-177

„… Until the 1950s, election campaigns relied on local activity and voluntary action. Party sup porters …” „… intensive than modern campaigning. Parties increasingly substitute those techniques, and “good campaign …” „… an explo sion in the costs of political campaigns.”75 Modern campaign technology is helping parties …”

Earmarked funds S. 300-302

„… minimum of votes.57 In France campaign reimbursements are provided for elections of parliaments …” „… presidential election. Each of the sub-grants for primaries, party conventions and general election campaigns …” „… , presidential candidates who claim a ? at grant for their general election campaign have to refrain from raising …”

Candidates (for parliament or the presidency) S. 303-304

„… , or a semi-presidential-system, like France and Poland, the presidential election is the most …” „… candidates, not to their par ties, and this happens to be the only campaign sponsored by federal funds …” „… . Whereas both ma jor party candidates automatically qualify for a general election grant, pre-nomination …”

Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) S. 378-387

„… campaign expenditures are even more modest, stressing the importance of Dutch parties as inter-election …” „… election campaign strategies now than they did in the past.Many PACs can easily be linked to political …” „… activities are almost completely geared to campaigning in the period before the elections, and the importance …”

National, regional and local tiers (levels of party organisation) S. 47-54

„… ) election campaigns, (2) organisation maintenance, (3) policy development (research and training).Readers …” „… , nomination contest, election campaign).1. National, regional and local tiers (levels of party …” „… a continuously increasing number of reports on campaign funds and/ or annual balances regarding …”

Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performance S. 109-115

„… 109increased this aggregate amount to IEP 23 million for the 1993-97 election cycle. Judging by the …” „… development of campaign expenses, this estimate may be too generous. A more conservative approach would set …” „… campaign and IEP 5.3 million for the 1997 parliamentary campaign. We must add to this the 1997 campaign …”

Parties and their candidates S. 374-378

„… congressional elections), but they are signi? cant for the campaigns of challengers and in open-seats. While …” „… Candidates lose independence from their party whenever they rely on a party list for an election, party funds …” „… to pay for their campaign or party assistance in staff and expertise to make their campaign a success …”

Capital-intensive campaigning vs. labour-intensive party apparatus S. 132-135

„… scope of election campaigns. Both former countries elect a variety of public of? cers all on the same …” „… , Switzerland and the U.S.), central of? ces, frequent campaigns and a variety of election days (Denmark …” „… causes of spending), we have assigned democracies of our sample to three groups: campaign-centred party …”

Institutional fundraising S. 244-254

„… traditionally support the N.D.P.’s federal election campaign. They pro vide one third of all cash income in …” „… of its campaign expenditure with this support. Income data for 1959 (non-election year) and 1961 …” „… of funds into party or campaign coffers can be analysed by the democratic sovereign, the voter, at …”

Donations by wealthy individuals (contributions from personal wealth) S. 254-260

„… parts of federal election campaigns with unregulated funds, soft money is a more important way to funnel …” „… funds on a Senate campaign than in a House election. They are more likely to spend such funds in primary …” „… 254well as their partisan orientation is well known to the general public, the 2000 election …”

Professional politics S. 177-183

„… . Since party organisation and election campaigning are labour-intensive activities” the relevant index to …” „… depend more on the competitive situation in individual countries and election years than on the …” „… campaign technology options are legal re strictions (as perceived by the competing parties), party leaders …”

List of tables and graphs S. 15-16

„… cost), 1997-2006 (reported as a percentage of total election expenses) 70Table 2-8: Campaign expenses …” „… of national campaigns, election years 1971-2000 (in million CAD, DEM, GBP, USD) 77Table 2-9 …” „… France (in percent of headquarters’ total expenses) 69Table 2-7: Election expenses in Canada (by type of …”

Index S. 451-467

„… expenditure 74-9, 184, 258, 292, 336-8, 242-3, 377, 380-2 see also election campaign(s)campaign ? nance …” „… campaign expenditure, election campaignsCanada 33, 394-5, 397– impacts of political money 349-51, 353 …” „… manifesto, campaign/election/party 84-5, 401Mapai (Mi? eget Poale Erez Jisrael) 137, 328-9, 359marketing …”

Distribution of subsidies S. 314-317

„… primaries and in some state elections.124 A modi? cation of this method (although not limited to small …” „… contributions) is used for campaign reimbursements to parties in Canada.125 New political groups in France …” „… in an election year only. For details see Gidlund/ Koole 2001, p. 122.132 Fromont 1992, pp. 176/177 …”

External influences (electorate and inflation) S. 155-162

„… activity and election campaigns seem to be exploding. “Each year the cost of campaigning rises …” „… progressively to fantastic heights.”1 The leading scholar on U.S. campaign funds observed that in four decades …” „… , Canada, Sweden, Austria and the U.K. “In absolute terms campaign expendit ures have sky-rocketed almost …”

General grants S. 302-303

„… allocated the same ? xed amount for their general election presidential campaigns, a third party’s candidate …” „… were increasingly claiming that all of their activity was campaign-oriented. With out needing much time …” „… grants for party activity in parliament and in the ? eld, during election periods and be yond. In most …”

Modes of party competition S. 135-141

„… of the 1949 election in Germany (“market economy”) is more obvious than that of the 1972 campaign …” „… excessive political spending. Neither highly sophisticated (capital-intensive) campaigns for national …” „… campaigns (as in Spain) and an abundance of ? eld of? ces (as in Sweden) are more likely to have this impact …”

Small donations S. 215-222

„… deteriorated so much that the P.C. was una ble to meet pre-campaign targets and ended up with a post-election …” „… , especially at election times. Like many other parties the National Party of New Zealand “has maintained a …” „… , combed areas where Dollars for Democrats programmes had carried on.126 After campaign ? nance reform in …”

Areas of interest: issues in political finance S. 19-26

„… election campaign. Moreover money may in-1 Weber 1925, p. 169.2 Paltiel 1966; Paltiel 1967; Paltiel 1970a …” „… Election Campaign Act” (1971, 1974), of? cial registration of political par ties and of? cial receipts for …” „… of political activity that may affect the outcome of elections. Spending large amounts of money in a …”

Party organisation and party penumbra S. 387-389

„… to have more in? uence on election campaign strategies now than they did in the past.Many PACs can …” „… campaign support. Although there is often no close connection between com mittees belonging to the same …” „… ? uence the selection of candidates at the national level and thus to have a say in campaign issues. The …”

Revenue sharing S. 234-238

„… treasurers. Some local treasurers are able to set aside bank accounts to be prepared for a campaign; others …” „… important for local parties, a bit less so (53 to 59 per cent of total income in a non-election year) for …” „… bank accounts due to fund-raising activities and campaign subsidies.253 In the 1980s most constituency …”

Corporate contributions (money from the business community) S. 260-269

„… election campaigns, relevance of party apparatus, intra-party innovations).137 Reli able time series data …” „… elections of mayors (since 1978). For all municipal campaigns between 1978 and 156 Gidlund 1994, p. 110 …” „… , dependence upon large donors had been reduced for three decades. Whereas most campaign funds came from this …”

Reimbursement of costs incurred S. 300

„… minimum of votes.57 In France campaign reimbursements are provided for elections of parliaments …” „… 50 percent of their declared election expenses up to the legal spending limit. In 2000 the Canadian …” „… government paid CAD 7,680,388 in election reimbursements.56 The amount of re imbursements received by parties …”

Access to public funding S. 310-314

„… are not entitled to a subsidy for campaign purposes or current operations. This may have serious …” „… election, an extremely small share of the popular vote (0.03 percent). In Germany access is more restricted …” „… : 0.5 percent of the vote in a federal or a Euro pean election or 1.0 percent of all votes cast in any …”

Communication S. 66-68

„… campaigns. In general, the idea of „permanent campaigning” suggests that there is no borderline between …” „… Total in million CAD 20.135 24.318 28.569 34.318 25.353 25.926 34.887Source: www.elections …” „… regular information on individual items of party spending by type of political cost. The Cana da Elections …”

Skewed competition between individual parties S. 341-346

„… sta bilising role in the ? nancing of election campaigns in those states that allocate the money to …” „… for small parties as well as for all parties running in a parliamentary election for the ? rst time.As …” „… the Democratic edge in non-cash contributions (e.g. labour-intensive campaign support) has offset the …”

Interaction of causal factors S. 149-154

„… countries in the sample. Nevertheless the most in? uential can be identi? ed. Neither campaign-centred and …” „… nomination of candidates by primary and campaign ? nance laws. Both have dismantled the countervailing power …” „… political ? nance analysis is the assumption that the most recent campaign “may well have been the most …”

Public funding as a result of government structure S. 326-332

„… addition to subsidies-in-kind for candidate campaigns and free election broadcasts. Consideration of public …” „… special tasks in election campaigns, most of them as subsidies-in-kind.1963. Public funding in …” „… ) simultaneously. They added more campaign grants in 1989 and 1996. The annual amount of direct cash subsidies to …”

Definition of the subject: political finance S. 30-34

„… campaigns at election times. A lot of things look different after crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The political …” „… substituted by campaign funds, i.e. money spent in order to in? uence the outcome of an election. In …” „… , emphasising the funding of inter-election routine activities. In Europe campaigns are run predominantly by …”

Contribution to party revenue (Income situation of parties) S. 317-322

„… , right-of-centre parties funded their party activity (headquarters’ organisation and election campaigns) from the …” „… 317In Israel subsidies are based on a “? nancing unit”. After each election, all eligible parties …” „… are entitled to a grant of one ? nancing unit for each MP to cover campaign expenses. In addition each …”

Means to increase the legitimacy of public subsidies S. 294-296

„… Presidential Election Campaign Fund. Over time 11 to 29 percent of the American taxpayers have participated in …” „… candidates, as in New Jersey and Michigan, pub lic funds have a signi? cant impact on the election campaign …” „… the latter device occurred in the United States.32 Public funding for presidential elections is based …”

Association quotas S. 230-233

„… on central fundraising. After Labour’s election victory in 1945, the Conservative party implemented …” „… early 1950s the quota supplied 16 to 21 percent of total income in non-election years for the …” „… percent in non-election years indicate an important source of funding. Due to higher revenue totals in …”

Moral hazard of democracy? S. 239-244

„… elections … has survived the property franchise.”3 Contri butions to a political war chest represent a …” „… ” (including impact on the outcome of an election) and “illegitimate or corrupt attempts to buy in? uence and …” „… a campaign, than to those who simply vote for the party or its candidate.11 As long as many people …”

Groups of party activists S. 54-56

„… . Another case in point is Canada, where the in? ux of public and private funds (caused by generous campaign …” „… organisation may aim at the general public, especially people entitled to vote. This applies to all campaigns …” „… the U.S.). A similar situation concerns the election agents of all constituency candidates in …”

Comparison of spending levels S. 115-120

„… election campaigns?” The ? rst was Alexander Heard who in his pioneering work presented the “cash costs of …” „… for their campaigns.The intermediate range of 0.4 to 1.6 can be divided up into an upper (0.8 to 1.6 …” „… 115Table 3-4: Averages of party and campaign expenses per eligible voter and year (Index of …”

Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding S. 34-37

„… policies among the citizens. This activity may increase during an election campaign.95 For practical …” „… , a complete aggregate of money in political competition “would include: (1) Election campaign funds …” „… politically potent in other ways than the funding of parties, candidates and election campaigns.”101 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… types of cost 72c) Residual costs 72C) Cost objects (purposes of spending) 731. Election campaigns …” „… (campaign spending) 742. Organisation maintenance 793. Policy development (research and training) 84CHAPTER …” „… . Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland 105B) Adjustment for election …”

Problems of public funding S. 292-294

„… that compete for power, nominate candidates for elections, campaign for speci? c elites and poli cies …” „… democracies the party, which ? elds a candidate will have to organise and to fund the campaign (nationally as …” „… campaign activity are a public service and hence should be supported by public funds. Perhaps this would …”

Income from foreign funds S. 272-274

„… between elections, and within seven days during a campaign period. (All of this ob viously does not apply …” „… early decades of statehood) it has „become axiomatic in Israeli politics that no election is possible …” „… contributing to indi vidual campaigns there is no evidence of continued interference. The same, in all …”

Sources of revenue S. 40-43

„… single democracy or even compare such trends for various democracies? In four decades (1956-96) campaign …” „… spending in the U.S. increased 27-fold.109 In the U.K. the 1997 campaign expenses were more than nine times …” „… professional politics and commercialised campaigns. Other scholars argue that the impacts of extended …”

Equalisation transfers S. 233-234

„… for election campaigns was quite fre quent. The U.K. Liberals (between 1910 and 1920) and the …” „… party’s share of total income from this source soared. Nevertheless constituency parties at election time …” „… and occasionally funds to support campaign efforts by weaker branches. This sort of subsidies-in-kind …”

Summary of findings for party competition S. 360-362

„… help them to run a successful campaign.Although ? ndings in this chapter concerning the in? uence of …” „… them to contest elections on an equal footing. Right-of-centre parties (big or small), which enjoyed a …” „… a lead among voters. More generally spoken, money does not win elections; although sometimes it may …”

Fundraising events (social activities) S. 222-224

„… committees through the four year election cycle”.172 In 1968 a minimum of $ 43.1 million, i.e. almost one …” „… funds)In order to provide an incentive for candidates, campaign workers, party activists and political …” „… application of the matching principle is the primary stage of U.S. presidential elections and gubernatorial …”

Developing a case for public funding S. 289-292

„… develop standards of competitive behaviour and thus to ensure free and fair elections. This type of …” „… if he or she decides to run for re-election. The challenger has to start from scratch, based on his …” „… to organise and to fund the campaign (nationally as well as locally) and its own dayto-day …”

Policy development (research and training) S. 84-86

„… election campaigns and the different patterns of organisation maintenan ce. Nevertheless all three …” „… . Shortly before an upcoming election the party leaders will set out general policy intentions, propagate …” „… , section D (returns on investment).86 Although most of these (a variety of campaigns, a party organisation …”

Routines of conflict resolution S. 128-132

„… and elections. This could possibly increase the costs of political competition. It can be anticipated …” „… ? nancing” (read: political ? nance regulation).34 Adding the campaign centred U.S., this would lead to an …” „… Anglo-Saxon view of political ? nance. If campaigns cause the problem, regulators will approach the issue from …”

Party caucuses (parliamentary groups) S. 306-308

„… participating successfully in local elections; the public purse provides pub lic funding for campaigns only, but …” „… 306municipal elections are available. In Israel there is a speci? c subsidy for each party list …” „… campaigns and national party organisa tions) in Austria each of the nine states (Länder) grants subsidies to …”

Measurement of and incentives for grass-roots linkage S. 372-374

„… political ? nance regime and funded the 2005 campaign through loans from wealthy backers, which (unlike …” „… underdeveloped. The value of direct mail campaigns as a tool for linkage with the grass-roots is very limited …” „… common in all political systems and does not change in relation to election results. However, union …”

List of abbreviations S. 17-18

„… Freisinnig-demokratische Partei (Switzerland)FEC Federal Election Commission (USA)FECA Federal Election Campaign Act …”

Paid labour S. 60-64

„… half the total outlay for their parent party organi sation in an average non-election year.68 In 2005 …” „… , about 50 percent of the aggregate amount spent by their parties’ central of? ces in 2004 (a non-election …” „… 1998, pp. 36, 37; Stanbury 1991, S. 461, 476; www.elections.ca (Registered Political Parties Fiscal …”

Public disincentives to discourage interested contributions S. 269-272

„… 269revenue in the 1991 parliament ary campaign, compared to about 87 percent of the annual proceeds …” „… additional provisions. In Britain donations must be reported quarterly between elections, and within seven …” „… days during a campaign period. (All of this ob viously does not apply to loans, which have become a …”

Energising fundraisers (matching funds) S. 224-225

„… , campaign workers, party activists and political fundraisers, public funds can be distributed in addition to …” „… principle is the primary stage of U.S. presidential elections and gubernatorial contests in some U.S. states …” „… and provincial) in Canada has a similar impact. If contestants qualify for state aid, their campaign …”

Graft from business sources S. 279-284

„… ’ bills, to obtain enough publicity to support their internal bid for re-election. In 1999-2003 “se veral …” „… campaigns in 1993, a „signi? cant number of the large donations were given by building contractors“, some of …” „… revenue. During election time the corporate sector is forced to pay “protection money” in cash or kind …”

Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? S. 346-352

„… slush fund) the CDU lost a few percent of the vote in two state elections (Schleswig-Holstein …” „… linkages ofcivil societyElection laws(detailed rules forelectoral systems)Party organisation,including …” „… subsidy, for example those in the U.S. (established in the 1970s for presidential campaigns), in the U.K …”

Party spending S. 37-40

„… the funding of parties, candidates and election campaigns.”101 Nevertheless the funding of party …” „… be campaign expenses, in others the emphasis is on the routine operation of party headquarters and …” „… ? eld organisations. A reasonable compari son has to inclu de both kinds of costs (routine and campaign …”

Impacts of funding S. 43-46

„… political competition, as it may be able to determine the outcome of an election. Frequently researchers …” „… focus on the role of money in campaigns. Whereas Heard argued that no “neat correlation is found between …” „… campaign expenditures and campaign results,”124 other studies claimed 122 For details see below in chapters …”

Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings S. 370-372

„… 1983 and 1987 elections, when Conservative Central Of? ce sent out thousands of letters soliciting …” „… donations and recruiting new members. Labour tried the device in the run-up to the 1987 campaign. The …” „… new political ? nance regime and funded the 2005 campaign through loans from wealthy backers, which …”

Stages of political and economic development S. 121-124

„… party’s routine and campaign expenditure. … In general election campaigns, the extra money for advertising …” „… the “challenge of Labour led the Conservative party managers to invest heavily in propaganda campaigns …” „… contention (mentioned above in this chapter) that rising expenses are due to modern campaign technology.13 …”

Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small donations S. 363-370

„… organisations to be important for stable election results.3 Because information about this inter-1 Panebianco …” „… possiblewaste of funds possiblewaste of funds most likelyscarcity of funds unlikely4. activity between elections …” „… . Its change fol lows some sort of negative experience (e.g. the shock of losing an election, or …”

Catch-all parties S. 398-402

„… party structure, based on the campaign practice of parties in elections. However, differences between …” „… vs. party bureaucracy) and a speci? c source of funds (campaign-centred donations from interested …” „… U.S. parties as campaign-oriented organisations and European parties, classi? ed as modern mass …”

Abuse of public resources S. 276-279

„… , state visits planned as campaign events are the more serious abuses of executive privilege.217 However …” „… partisan task of coordinating the preparation of Labour’s campaign effort for 2005.278Legislative privilege …” „… by parlia ment funds to cover expenses of party competition, such as sending campaign mail or travel …”

Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) S. 58-60

„… 58pre-campaign polls on voting behaviour,53 are more important for politics than others. Most of …” „… average non-election year.68 In 2005 the parliamentary groups of the federal par liament (Bundestag …” „… of? ces in 2004 (a non-election year).69 From 1995 to 2005 the ? ve caucuses in the federal …”

Revenue/ income S. 393-397

„… , especially the variety of election campaigns and different patterns of organisational maintenance. However …” „… the sample. Nevertheless the most in? uential can be identi? ed: Neither campaign-centred and …” „… political change rather than the unavoidable cause for ? nancial needs. Neither is new campaign tech nology …”

Returns on investment: dividends and interest (parties as entrepreneurs) S. 274-276

„… , printing shops produce newspapers, brochures, ? yers and posters, campaign funds are set aside in a bank …” „… non-campaign periods. Oversized ? nancial reserves or funds held in a “blind trust” may carry considerable …” „… of party revenue, the returns on investment are rather modest. During the 1999-2002 election cycle …”

Cartel parties S. 402-406

„… sionalised body has to stand its test during elections. “As politicians of all parties have become more …” „… large competitors to conduct campaigns geared to exchan ge width for depth of support.” Funded from the …” „… they pursue, the managerial skills they offer and the leadership they support.Between campaigns a …”

Public funding in (comparative) perspective: parties and other organisations S. 332-334

„… tasks in election campaigns, most of them as subsidies-in-kind.1963. Public funding in (comparative …”

Cornerstone of democracy or demand from never-land? S. 193-199

„… provide voluntary service and/ or funding for the election campaign (and the mainte nance of some sort of …” „… of reasons for making contributions … Many people donate money to political campaigns sim ply because …” „… general ideological invol vement decreases. Before the most recent (2008) campaign U.S. fundraising …”

Offices (rent of premises etc.) S. 64-66

„… ) are needed in Australia and for U.S. campaign activities as well, albeit mostly on a temporary basis …” „… election years 1970 and 1974, the British Labour Party spent between 10 and 16 percent of its total budget …” „… . Professional campaigning requires the service of pollsters, fundraisers, public relations managers and media …”

Summary of findings for party organisation S. 389-392

„… elections, the number of members or matching funds tied to small contributions or member ship dues) the …” „… parties concentrate their campaign efforts on marginal seats, in proportional systems the lower level is …”

Size of the electorate (economies of scale) S. 124-128

„… put up with the basic costs of running an election campaign and/or competing party organisations …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216515

Henning Hochstein, Frank Schale - Otto Kirchheimer - Gesammelte Schriften

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Henning Hochstein (ed.), Frank Schale (ed.)

Otto Kirchheimer - Gesammelte Schriften

Series: Otto Kirchheimer - Gesammmelte Schriften

Volume 6 2021

Results in this title

[18.] The West German Election Campaign[1953] S. 556-567

„… [18.] The West German Election Campaign* [1953] Abstract The results of the West German federal …” „… election law promulgated on July 162 has so far influenced the election campaign in two ways. Since the law …” „… New German Election Law«, July 1, 1953, restricted. [18.] The West German Election Campaign [1953 …”

[7.] A Constitution for the Fourth Republic[1947] S. 357-425

„… form of their future institutions. Therefore, when the circumstances allow for regular elections, the …” „… his administration. He announced that, in the intermediate period until the elections could take place …” „… of the government and the Constituent Assembly in the interim period between the election of such an …”

[14.] Communist Influence in Sensitive Positions in Western Europe[1952] S. 515-528

„… Union Congress has conducted an effective campaign to oust Communists from key positions in various …” „… Cabinet since May 1947. 2. In the elections of June 17, 1951 for the National Assembly, the Communist …” „… Communist representation is repeated in local and regional governments. In the cantonal elections of October …”

[9.] Communist Strength in the Trade-Union Organizations of Western Europe [1950] S. 443-456

„… subsequent elections, and in at least one of them a different electorate was consulted. Nor is the Communist …” „… polled only 31 percent of the votes in Italy’s last national election (April 1948). Correlation of …” „… election returns for June 26, 1949, and would appear to indicate that the party draws considerable support …”

[15.] Implications of Chancellor Adenauer’s Removal from the German Political Scene [1952] S. 529-533

„… the coalition partners in an attempt to improve their positions in the forthcoming election campaign …” „… ] Abstract If Chancellor Konrad Adenauer were to die before the Bundestag elections in June 1953, it would be …” „… between the CDU and the moderate rightist elements is likely to continue until the elections. Dr. Heinrich …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Constitutional Court Crisis [1952] [17.] 551 The West German Election Campaign [1953][18.] 556 5 Austria Attempts …” „… Independent Foreign Policy [1953][19.] 568 The West German Bundestag Elections of 1953 [1953][20.] 574 …”

[11.] The Status of Labor in East Germany, 1951[1951] S. 473-493

„… . The campaign advocating equal status for women and men is designed to enlist female workers in …” „… FDGB in May 1951. This transfer was accompanied by a Communist smear campaign blaming the former …” „… «, Die Arbeit, Nr. 7, July 1951. After emphasizing that the FDGB charter requires election of all …”

Einleitung zu diesem Band S. 7-154

[20.] The West German Bundestag Elections of 1953[1953] S. 574-598

„… [20.] The West German Bundestag Elections of 1953* [1953] Abstract The decisive factor in the 1953 …” „… Bundestag elections was the expansion of the West German electorate by about 4,000,000 voters, bringing the …” „… Protestant areas, or as a result of election arrangements with the minor Catholic parties. Its vote remained …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290027

Louis Perron - How to overcome the power of incumbency in election campaigns

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Louis Perron

How to overcome the power of incumbency in election campaigns

Series: Kommunikation in Politik und Wirtschaft

Volume 3 2010

Results in this title

The election campaign industry S. 121-122

„… and – among many other things - provideexpertise in the area of campaigns.The election campaign …” „… financing for election campaigns. Every party that polled0.5 % of the votes is entitled to a refund of 0.65 …” „… other European countries, where party staff planand implement the election campaigns. German politicians …”

OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING WORKS ABOUT ELECTION CAMPAIGNS S. 27-32

„… campaigns.Campaign managers who win high-profile elections often write a book or anarticle about their successful …” „… we focus on a special kind of election campaign,namely challenger contests, and are limited to four …” „… election campaigns, however, it is surprising that political scientists have only recentlystarted to be …”

The legal and regulation environment of election campaigns S. 119-121

„… of election campaignsThe way a campaign communicates with voters also depends on existing …” „… government and – among many other things - provideexpertise in the area of campaigns.The election campaign …” „… election campaign islimited. This influences free airtime, access to political television advertising …”

Phase 1 of an election campaign: The exploration of the political demand S. 45-47

„… WHAT IS AN ELECTION CAMPAIGN?“There are three simple steps to winning any campaign: 1) Decide what …” „… of an election is to get a candidate elected. Yet, what is the functionof an election campaign …” „… ? According to Hart (2000), an election campaign is a conversation between the politicians, the media and the …”

Phase 2 of an election campaign: The creation of the political offer S. 47-52

„… back to the model of an election campaign.The sloganThe slogan is what is written on billboards, on the …” „… : 9)emphasize the importance of seeing election campaigns as a dynamic process wherethe actions of the …” „… the likely competitiveness of the election campaign. As a result, theseearly polls shape the dynamics …”

The cases for the East Asian campaign styles: Philippine elections in 1998 and 2004 S. 82-84

„… having been the first strong president since the military regime (for the 1998 election campaign …” „… in 2002 (Nicolau 2004).The cases for the East Asian campaign styles: Philippine elections in 1998and …” „… time of the 2004election campaign. Her main opponent was Fernando Poe Jr., popularly known as83“FPJ” or …”

The cases for the American campaign style: The U.S. elections of 1992 and 2004 S. 76-81

„… allowsholding a number of variables constant. They are all election campaigns at thenational level. Whenever …” „… existing works on election campaigns, there is only a very modest comparative literature about election …” „… style: The U.S. elections of 1992 and2004The USA is of course the prototype of the American campaign …”

The cases for the Western European campaign style: The German elections of 1994 and 1998 S. 84-85

„… Estrada, Poe decided to enter the campaign late,about five months before the election, but was at that …” „… notall players within the opposition were enthusiastic about Poe entering the campaign.A second …” „… administration. During the campaign there wereseveral attempts to close a deal between Poe and Lacson but they …”

BIBLIOGRAPHY S. 265-296

„… What's Not in PoliticalCampaigning, edited by P. S. Herrnson. Washington, D.C.: Campaigns & Elections …” „… Modern Election Campaigns.Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Noguera, Felipe. 1990. South Polls: What the …” „… Election Campaigns. Boston: Holbrook Press.Agranoff, Robert. 1976b. The New Style in Election Campaigns …”

Reservations of political science towards the study of campaigns S. 33-37

„… THE POLITICAL MARKETING APPROACHElections and election campaigns are complex social interactions …” „… of election campaigns as opposed tothe study of elections (Kinsey 1999). Formal models have often …” „… been applied to thestudy of elections but few efforts explicitly model campaign activities (Simon …”

The timing of the campaigns S. 189-192

„… no re-election campaign machinery in place (in Carvilleand Matalin 1994: 81). As a result, the …” „… re-election, Pat Buchanan entered the campaign andinstead of preparing for a general election, the Bush …” „… b). Thestrategic team of the re-election campaign was set up – it was basically the samepeople who …”

INTRODUCTION S. 15-26

„… author wrote this election campaign manual forhis famous brother Marcus Tullius Cicero, who campaigned …” „… overcome the power of incumbency in election campaigns.One of the basic assumptions of this study is that …” „… environmentcharacterized by these trends, election campaigns become more important. Or, expressed another way, even if …”

A strategy for vulnerable incumbents (with additional examples) S. 239-244

„… study about challengers and not incumbents,election campaigns always have to be seen in relation to the …” „… discussion of election campaign strategies, Faucheux (2002: 54) refers to the same idea as the relentless …” „… campaigns and elections rarely communicate. Both sidessomehow think that they have a monopoly on campaign …”

Hypothesis 4: Challenger campaign quality S. 70-74

„… Kerry to get even with Bush with respect to campaignresources.Finally, in every election campaign there …” „… elections that campaign activities and mobilization do have an impact.However, mobilization and intensity …” „… factors of a successful election campaign, Plasser (2002: 294) found thatthe importance of television is a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… produces practical and useful know-how about election campaigns.I could not have achieved that goal without …” „… when I entered “Brazil” and “election campaign” for the first time inJ-Store and Lexis Nexis. It was …” „… WORKS ABOUT ELECTION CAMPAIGNS2. 27THE POLITICAL MARKETING APPROACH3. 33Critiques of political marketing …”

The state and the consolidation of democracy S. 91-97

„… and its impact on an election campaignThe purpose of this chapter is to develop a framework to …” „… CONTEXT OF AN ELECTION CAMPAIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF THESELECTED COUNTRIESThe political environment …” „… comprehend cross-countrydifferences in election campaigns. In particular, we explore the aspects of a …”

Summary and conclusion S. 208-212

„… re-election campaigns in 2002 and 2005. In addition, this personal biography of the top candidate not only led …” „… points of campaign intensity between the two election cycles. Withonly very few exceptions, the …” „… mentioned an interesting point. In a certain way, the1998 election campaign was a boring one. During the …”

The cases of the USA S. 213-219

„… bothering them during the re-election campaign?Campaign skills of U.S. opposition candidates, Clinton and …” „… who met every weekend to discuss the election campaign(John F. Kennedy School of Government 2005: 102 …” „… Lieutenant Governor ofMassachusetts in 1982, the U.S. Senate in 1984 and his re-election campaign in1996 …”

Hypothesis 1: A coherent message that shows contrast and focuses on the call for change S. 60-66

„… to the struggle (p. 221). While social movements are differentfrom challenger election campaigns …” „… RonaldReagan in their respective re-election campaigns, had approval ratings in themid-50s half a year before …” „… economyplays a crucial role in an election campaign. For the example of U.S. Senate campaigns, Kahn and Kenney …”

Access to television and advertising S. 114-118

„… ofthe U.S. campaign style. During the 1998 congressional elections, 236,177 candidate ads were aired in …” „… world allperceive television as the most important medium in an election campaign. In fact,in his …” „… worldwide study of campaign professionals, Plasser (2002) concluded thatif election campaigns around the …”

Promotion of the political offer: Strategy and management dimension S. 54-56

„… over-representedon Election Day. For this, campaigns identify, motivate and turn out their supporters. Their …” „… question of how much attention and resources a campaign wants to focus on Election Day activities …” „… 2000).55Vote counting and vote protectionIn some cases, election campaigns are not over even after Election …”

The electoral system S. 105-108

„… the election campaigns: each state has electors in theElectoral College according to the delegation of …” „… election campaigns in the countrymore candidate-focused (Waisbord 1997). France is a good example in this …” „… heavily impacted by the personality-centered campaign style of thenational presidential election …”

The party system S. 108-114

„… planning an election campaign, parties must consider thatthe day after the election, they will have to find …” „… organizational strength and role of the partiesalso has an impact on election campaigns. In the United States …” „… distinguishing the latter by the role they playduring an election campaign. Programmatic parties, as they exist …”

Turnout culture S. 118-119

„… advertising campaign (Plasser 2002: 295).The legal and regulation environment of election campaignsThe way a …” „… , Mexico,Great Britain or Philippines, the time period of the official election campaign islimited. This …” „… that do not looklike campaign activities.Brazilian and Philippine election laws are quite detailed and …”

The strategies of the incumbents and how the challengers reacted to it S. 135-142

„… anddays of the campaign, the election was still too close to call. Trying to break thedeadlock, the Bush …” „… campaign and inframing the election as a referendum on who could keep America safe.In terms of showing …” „… Cleland’s re-election campaign for Senate in 2002 are two examples of whichKerry was very aware of since …”

The intensity of the campaigns S. 192-197

„… . Similarly,incumbents often don’t want to start planning the re-election campaign becausethey are tied up with the …” „… consultants (n=12)As already noted above, an important part of the Bush re-election campaign strategyinvolved …” „… determinedstrategic campaign well over two years before the election and we were still doingfundamental things like …”

The power of incumbency campaigns S. 57-60

„… , wehave further defined a general model of an election campaign (chapters 2 and 4).The purpose of this …” „… differencesin election campaigns? From the perspective of political marketing, what elementsof an election …” „… hypotheses on how that powercan be overcome in an election campaign.5.57The power of incumbency …”

The campaign of Gerhard Schröder in 1998 S. 161-163

„… strong and well-orchestrated campaignstart.During the actual campaign, the main slogan of the SPD was …” „… and Kerry is that the Scharping campaign was hesitant and/or unable to show clearcontrast with the …” „… swing-voters, which were the explicit targetof the 1994 campaign (Fuhr 1994: 9). Indeed, unlike in the previous …”

Promotion of the political offer: Communication dimension S. 52-54

„… campaign has beencrucial for the success of the Republican Party in the mid-term elections in 2002and …” „… during the 2004 general election (see also Baines 2002; Malchow 2003).Phase 3 of an election campaign …” „… ofan election campaign in two dimensions. The first dimension models the promotionof the political …”

The campaign of Bill Clinton in 1992 S. 127-132

„… regarding the strategy and themessage of the general election campaign, a document which was later known …” „… afford fourmore years of Bush (Whillock 1994: 297). Later, during the general election129campaign, the …” „… Clinton campaign had an interest in focusing on theeconomy instead of making the election about foreign …”

The cases for the Latin American style: Brazilian elections of 1998 and 2002 S. 81-82

„… Edwards his runningmate.The general election campaign was heavily contested and polarized the electorate …” „… American style: Brazilian elections of 1998 and2002Regarding the Latin American campaign style, we will …” „… focus our analysis onBrazilian election campaigns. Brazil is the largest and most populous country …”

The campaign of Rudolf Scharping in 1994 S. 158-161

„… were the explicit targetof the 1994 campaign (Fuhr 1994: 9). Indeed, unlike in the previous elections …” „… would be a historically difficult election for the big parties - especially Kohl’sChristian …” „… the election on whetherHelmut Kohl or Wolfgang Schäuble, the leader of the CDU in the parliament anda …”

Summary of the results and additional example S. 233-239

„… traditionally analyzed elections and not campaigns. From a comparative perspective, there are even less attempts …” „… the Philippines. While election campaigns in developing countries are less policy-oriented, both …” „… started immediately after his election to the U.S. Senate in 2004.It was an intense campaign with a …”

The vulnerability of the incumbent, Helmut Kohl S. 157-158

„… . During the 1990 election campaign, when East andWest Germany was newly reunified, Kohl promised that the …” „… president refocusedthe election as a choice on who would better perform in the future (as opposed toa …” „… campaign and is known to always back the expected winner. Inaddition to the bloc of votes of the members of …”

The cases of Brazil S. 219-222

„… who met every weekend to discuss the election campaign(John F. Kennedy School of Government 2005: 102 …” „… disciplining campaign staff never took place effectively during the general election campaign. As we will see …” „… explaining the outcome of thecampaign.The unquestioned chief of President Bush’s re-election campaign was …”

The campaigns of the incumbents and how the challengers reacted to it S. 152-157

„… duration of his incumbency (twelve years) as well asbroken campaign promises. During the 1990 election …” „… campaign sorties. Beyond those strategies during the actual campaign,it is important to note that Estrada’s …” „… ), long-term strategic planning was crucial to the Estrada campaign.The campaign not only used Estrada’s …”

Definition, evolution and advantage of the political marketing approach S. 39-44

„… of election campaigns. In the next section, we will finally define the political marketing approach …” „… becoming interested in election campaigns and it is timeto bridge the disciplinary divide in order to gain …” „… concept to politics, an election campaign then is the processof planning and executing activities in an …”

The strategies of the incumbent and how the challengers reacted to it S. 163-166

„… campaign.As for the 1998 election, the well-orchestrated campaign of the SPD with itsconcise message clearly …” „… economyas the main campaign issue but instead, banked everything on it. More than a yearbefore the election …” „… toleration of that coalition at the local level was the biggest strategic mistake of theSPD campaign.In …”

The methodology of the interviews S. 85-90

„… afunctionally equivalent role, namely carrying out a successful election campaign,no matter how different the …” „… election campaign is influential. In this approach, themain source of information consists of the …” „… crucial to include those individuals who reach the strategicdecisions in an election campaign …”

Future research S. 246-248

„… of election campaigns. While this shows a possible limitation of thepresent work, it is also …” „… cross-country analyses on campaignstrategies and provides a framework to model and analyze other election …” „… extremely important election campaignswhose outcomes affect the daily lives of millions of people. In fact …”

Ethical concerns regarding political marketing S. 37-39

„… opposition to all these critiques, Kahn and Kenney (1999: 9) argue that election campaigns are the “heart and …” „… covers more issues and ideological debates in intense election campaigns than in low-key races.The …” „… , we limit our focus for practical reasons to the analysis38of election campaigns. In the next section …”

Hypothesis 3: Timing and intensity strategies S. 67-70

„… political offer, timingand intensity strategies play an important role in election campaigns (Faucheux2002 …” „… previous paragraph, Lefkowitz (1999: 148) concluded in an analysis ofU.S. House elections that campaign …” „… : 55). We have previously noted the comment by Napolitan (1995a) that elections are like a one-day sale …”

Practical implications S. 244-246

„… those who research campaigns and elections rarely communicate. Both sidessomehow think that they have a …” „… election campaigns. For Poe Jr. and Scharping, lack of time was amajor problem and an important reason for …” „… campaigns. But the dynamics of an election campaign, wherevoters have to choose out of competing options on …”

The intensity of the campaigns S. 202-205

„… , also entered the national election campaign quite unprepared.Estrada, on the other hand, was the exact …” „… year beforeElection Day.The big difference between the two campaigns was the personal preparation …” „… Macapagal-Arroyo ultimately decided not to run.The intensity of the campaignsWith regard to the campaign intensity …”

Summary and conclusion S. 229-232

„… better campaignerthereafter. In fact, Bill Clinton lost his first re-election campaign as governor …” „… European elections. Among all campaigns, the comeback in 1994 is probably themost remarkable. Most …” „… within an election campaign. The key is to manage them ina way that they do not destroy the campaign. In …”

The political culture S. 97-102

„… for the election campaigns.Since half of the voters are below the age of 35, it is crucial for every …” „… sensitivities during an election campaign areattack ads, a U.S. campaign specialty. U.S. candidates regularly …” „… election campaigns. Similarly, television advertising is crucial in campaigns as Americans are among the …”

The vulnerability of the two incumbents: Bush Sr. and Bush Jr. S. 125-127

„… willpresent the results regarding the different aspects of the challenger campaigns,namely the campaign …” „… sentence.”Charlie Black, consultant Bush/Quayle campaign The purpose of this chapter is to present the results …” „… regarding the first hypothesis:H1: Successful challenger campaigns have a coherent message and frame …”

The cases of Germany S. 226-229

„… but also inhis difficult re-election campaigns in 2002 and 2005. Consultants described him asa fighter …” „… elections. Among all campaigns, the comeback in 1994 is probably themost remarkable. Most incumbents who …” „… 2002 campaign of Lula is equally seenas a masterpiece of communication and campaigning. Compared to …”

The campaign of John Kerry in 2004 S. 132-135

„… incumbent runningfor re-election. While the Kerry campaign may have even increased that vulnerability, it …” „… Bush 92 campaign.– “It’s hard to put it in short, because as the election progressed our …” „… The campaign of John Kerry in 2004Clearly (and as shown above), George Bush Jr. was a vulnerable …”

Summary and conclusion S. 166-170

„… campaigns(Lula ‘02), long before the campaign (Clinton, Schröder) or even throughout theirpolitical lives …” „… , wasvery important.Instead of making a re-run of the 1994 campaign, several consultants noted thatit would …” „… have been a better strategy for the CDU to bring new people into thegovernment and to campaign as a …”

APPENDIX I: INTERVIEW GUIDE POLITICAL CONSULTANTS S. 249-262

„… talking about the presidential election campaign of 1992. Thinking back, what was the main message that …” „… ] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Now, let’s talk about the 2004 presidential election campaign. What was the main message the …” „… ] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. In election campaigns, there is always a lot of talk about liberal/left and conservative. Imagine …”

The cases of the Philippines S. 222-226

„… pattern as for the other countries.As for the 1998 election, Estrada had better campaign qualities than de …” „… =7)An internal survey of the Estrada campaign confirms these ratings. A few weeksbefore the election …” „… , there was barely an incumbency advantage or challenger disadvantage during the 2004 election campaign as …”

The campaign of Lula in 1998 S. 143-144

„… campaign. There were some small changes in terms of policy moderationcompared to the previous election but …” „… things in an election campaign: substance and form. Lula changed both in a fundamental way between 1998 …” „… might beled to ask why he was not faring any better on Election Day? When the campaignsof Lula and …”

The limitations of the methods: How to decide if a campaign was successful or not? S. 75-76

„… perfect campaignbut still loses the election. The opposite might also happen: a candidate runs a …” „… this chapter is to meet that challenge. Elections and electioncampaigns are complex social interactions …” „… trajectories as the units of comparison. In ourcase, the units of analysis are the individual campaigns. In …”

The timing of the campaigns S. 205-206

„… year beforeElection Day.The big difference between the two campaigns was the personal preparation …” „… timing of the campaignsIn terms of timing, there are similarities but also important differences between …” „… campaigns.The situation was different for Schröder, who was, by 1998, a known politicalplayer at the national …”

The political system S. 102-105

„… co-exist.Those political institutions have important effects on the election campaigns of acountry. In a …” „… an election campaign since politicians at the state level can be important political players. For …” „… the election campaigns: each state has electors in theElectoral College according to the delegation of …”

The intensity of the campaigns S. 206-208

„… election campaign was a boring one. During the last weeks of the campaign,there was not one survey which …” „… 1998 but also during Schröder’sdifficult re-election campaigns in 2002 and 2005. In addition, this …” „… Kohl campaigns. On the average,Kohl lost 1.7 points of campaign intensity between the two election …”

The vulnerability of the incumbents S. 147-149

„… seek re-election.The campaign of Joseph Estrada in 1998Drawing conclusions from the interviews with …” „… worried of what would happen to the countryif Lula became the president. The Serra campaign aired an ad …” „… , were to govern the country. Referring to Lula’s campaign slogan, Serra alsosaid that it takes more to …”

The vulnerability of the incumbents S. 142-143

„… campaign. There were some small changes in terms of policy moderationcompared to the previous election but …” „… might beled to ask why he was not faring any better on Election Day? When the campaignsof Lula and …” „… 2004,which focused on one theme, which was also the main issue of the election.The cases of Brazil …”

The timing of the campaigns S. 201-202

„… The cases of the PhilippinesThe timing of the campaignsFor the case of the Philippines, there is a …” „… – Estradastarted serious planning and de facto pre-campaigning years before the election.One of the surveyed …” „… of the campaignsWith regard to the campaign intensity, the results of our interviews amongPhilippine …”

The cases of Germany S. 182-185

„… social justice” expressedthis strategy very well. During the election campaign, Schröder and …” „… social democrat for many years prior to the campaign.The SPD campaign in 1998 has to be seen in relation …” „… campaignagainst the SPD in 1994, the “red socks” campaign, which we have mentioned inthe previous chapter. While …”

The campaign of Joseph Estrada in 1998 S. 149-151

„… seek re-election.The campaign of Joseph Estrada in 1998Drawing conclusions from the interviews with …” „… least satisfied with President Ramos. Using survey data oneyear before the election and performing a …” „… added to the desire of the masses for a political change.As for the 2004 elections, the surveys of the …”

Summary: A global typology of campaign styles S. 122-124

„… election campaigns. Throughout this chapter, we have usedthat framework to present the countries included …” „… style.Scholars and practitioners of election campaigns worldwide seem to be fascinated with the U.S. campaign …” „… , whichsignificantly changes the dynamics as well as the targeting and positioning strategies of an election campaign …”

The intensity of the campaigns S. 199-201

„… The intensity of the campaignsWith respect to the intensity of the campaigns, Samuels (2003: 4 …” „… 11:Table 12:200The cases of the PhilippinesThe timing of the campaignsFor the case of the Philippines …” „… – Estradastarted serious planning and de facto pre-campaigning years before the election.One of the surveyed …”

The strategies of the incumbents and how the challenger reacted to it S. 145-147

„… discuss this in more detail in the nextchapter, we note at this point that the campaign had a …” „… out to thebusiness community – something he had never done in previous campaigns. In thissense, one …” „… effort, TheSun, which had vigorously supported the Conservatives during the 1992 parliamentary election …”

The cases of the US S. 171-175

„… presidential election means you spend about one billion dollars ultimately to influence 500,000 white men, who …” „… survey among political consultants and campaign managersclearly indicate that Clinton had a more centrist …” „… image. Beyond his background, several consultants agreed that the entire campaign was one effort to …”

The campaign of Lula in 2002 S. 144-145

„… mainadvisor, Duda Mendoça maintained that there are two important things in an election campaign: substance …” „… consultants mentioned that this was the main mistake of Lula’s campaign in 1998.The campaign of Lula in 2002 …” „… same person in both studied elections. This allows us to hold manyfactors constant and focus on what …”

The timing of the campaigns S. 197-199

„… re-election by campaigning hard. During the primary season,Bush Jr. and the Republican Party campaigned …” „… persuaded and the pre-campaign was used strategically to achieve thatgoal.For the 2002 election, there was …” „… twelve years and there was a feeling of complacency pervading those campaigns.The cases of BrazilThe …”

The cases of Brazil S. 175-180

„… could identify with what they saw.As we said above, election campaigns are always relative to their …” „… conducted in order to find out what voters did not like about Lula in past campaigns.As a result of these …” „… days of the campaign, the economy and health care lost importance ascampaign issues. As the Kerry …”

FIGURES S. 11

„… FIGURESFigure 1: Phase 1 of an election campaign: exploration of the politicaldemand 46Figure 2 …” „… : Phase 2 of an election campaign: Definition of the politicaloffer 48Figure 3: Phase 3 of an election …” „… campaign: promotion of the offer 53Figure 4: Position on left-right scale of U.S. opposition candidates …”

Hypothesis 2: Creating the impression of representing mainstream values S. 66-67

„… strategies play an important role in election campaigns (Faucheux2002: 55). We have previously noted the …” „… comment by Napolitan (1995a) that elections are like a one-day sale. As a result, the entire strategy is …” „… aimed to culminatethat one day. While for some candidates a short campaign is in their interest …”

Summary and conclusion S. 185-188

„… CDU launched an aggressive negative campaignagainst the SPD in 1994, the “red socks” campaign, which …” „… discussion of the fourcases regarding the management and organization of campaigns. New campaignmanagers and …” „… discuss in the next two chapters (the campaign timing and intensities,as well as the campaigning quality …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226286

Tobias Debiel, Karl-Rudolf Korte, Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck - Governance and Legitimacy in a Globalized World

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Tobias Debiel (ed.), Karl-Rudolf Korte (ed.), Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck (ed.)

Governance and Legitimacy in a Globalized World

2008

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Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck Election Campaigns and Political Culture: Evidence from the 2005 German General Election S. 75-104

„… 4 Election Campaigns and Political Culture: Evidence from the 2005 German General Election 1 …” „… Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck 1. Introduction Election campaigns are fought by parties and their candidates in …” „… of political engagement may also be affected by election campaigns (Norris 2002). A recent analysis …”

Preface S. 5-8

„… Campaigns and Political Culture: Evidence from the 2005 German General Election 75 5 Manfred Mai On the …” „… Management at the State Level: The Case of North Rhine-Westphalia 59 4 Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck Election …”

Contributors S. 229-234

„… parties and elections, government and economic studies. Among his publications are Regieren in Nordrhein …” „… such as Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, Afriche e Orienti or Journal of African Elections …” „… . Among his recent books are Elections in Asia and the Pacific (2 vols., co-ed. with Dieter Nohlen and …”

Martin Florack, Timo Grunden, Karl-Rudolf Korte No Governance without Government. Political Management at the State Level: The Case of North Rhine-Westphalia S. 59-74

„… function as 'election campaign locomotive' he also receives a quasi-plebiscitary legitimacy which …” „… during the beginning of the incumbency. The respective party has previously worked out the campaign and …” „… obvious only in crisis situations. Their ostensible degeneration to an "election club" is instead an …”

Heinz-Jürgen Axt, Oliver Schwarz, Simon Wiegand Conflict Settlement through Europeanization? The Case of the Greek-Macedonian Name Dispute S. 143-170

„… elections in 2004, when the ethnic Macedonian political party 'Rainbow' raised 6.176 voices in Greece …” „… of the Greek government, elections were held and Andreas Papandreou, the leader of the socialist …” „… the electoral campaign in 1993 and therefore led to the win of the more hardliner orientated …”

John Humphrey, Dirk Messner China and India in the Global Governance Arena S. 187-206

„… Financial Times columnist Martin Wolf noted recently that, "The 'India Everywhere' campaign of the …” „… Africa after apartheid and Brazil (particularly since the election of Lula as president), as these …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845210193

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