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Hans-Helmuth Gander, Walter Perron, Ralf Poscher, Gisela Riescher, Thomas Würtenberger - Resilienz in der offenen Gesellschaft

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Hans-Helmuth Gander (ed.), Walter Perron (ed.), Ralf Poscher (ed.), Gisela Riescher (ed.), Thomas Würtenberger (ed.)

Resilienz in der offenen Gesellschaft

Series: Sicherheit und Gesellschaft. Freiburger Studien des Centre for Security and Society

Volume 1 2012

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Patricia H. Longstaff Complexity and Resilience: Concepts for Community Security S. 259-281

„… 259 Complexity and Resilience: Concepts for Community Security Patricia H. Longstaff I …” „… : Complexity and Unpredictability The Law of Unintended Consequences is familiar to everyone who has tried to …” „… Complexity, New York: Oxford University Press (1995), pp. 55-58. 261 But just because some systems are …”

Stefan Kaufmann, Sabine Blum Governing (In)Security: The Rise of Resilience S. 233-259

„… 2008; Kaufmann 2011). In the light of uncertainty and perceived complexity of security challenges, the …” „… complexity thinking into tangible policies and action programs and to develop general principles of action …” „… , though, is probably the elaboration of resilience in systems ecology with its roots in complexity theory …”

Klaus Thoma, Tobias Leismann, Daniel Hiller The Concept of Resilience in the Context of Technical Sciences S. 321-341

„… aspects of life, share a common vulnerability to such new threats. The complexity of these …” „… face of the complexity of today’s security environment, the German government has embedded its security …” „… with unique challenges. Acknowledging the complexity of the member states’ diverging security concerns …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Complexity and Resilience: Concepts for Community Security 259 Wolf R. Dombrowski Resilience from a …”

Jean-Pierre Galland A critique of the notion of critical infrastructure S. 301-321

„… complexity to the equation and makes it “essential that the government and private sector work together to …” „… multiply and overlap, and as systems increase in complexity, the security of the whole in relation to a …” „… interconnection of almost all aspects of life, share a common vulnerability to such new threats. The complexity …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238098

Sabrina Weithmann - The Evolvement of Standards in China

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Sabrina Weithmann

The Evolvement of Standards in China

Series: China - Politics and Economics

Volume 1 2018

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3. Complexity Theory and Standardization S. 89-120

„… Complexity Theory and Standardization Standardization research has not yet developed a single or …” „… . Complexity science can contribute to narrow down this pertaining knowledge gap on transitioning standard …” „… limitations of such theories are also significantly criticised by Axelrod in his book ‘The Complexity of …”

References S. 359-382

„… Publishing Company. Arthur, B. (2015): Complexity and the Economy, New York, Oxford University Press …” „… . Axelrod, R. (1997): The complexity of cooperation: agent-based models of competition and collaboration …” „… , Princeton Studies in Complexity, Princeton University Press. Axelrod, R.; Cohen, D. (1999): Harnessing …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… international standards. Hence, complexity theory is applied to provide a novel perspective on China’s efforts …” „… Standardization2.5.2. 80 International Integration2.5.3. 84 Concluding Remarks2.6. 86 Complexity Theory and …” „… Standardization3. 89 Research Review3.1. 94 9 Complexity Economics3.2. 96 Complexity in Organization Studies3.3 …”

1. Research introduction S. 21-35

„… Complexity Theory (ch. 3), which is less an economic theory, but a framework that provides an alternative …” „… approach to conventional economic analysis. Complexity theory provides an approach beyond rational choice …” „… . These evolutionary trajectories may or may not lead to deviation. Moreover, complexity theory allows for …”

8. Conclusion S. 353-358

„… complexity theory and proposed that standards serve as a tool of reference to facilitate interaction. This …” „… conditions for agents to interact and encourage their engagement in standardization processes. Complexity …” „… power. This study is the first to apply the perspective of complexity theory to analyze standard system …”

7. Conceptual Approach to Deviation of Standards S. 338-352

„… country. Moreover, the perspective of complexity theory enabled to approach this topic in a novel way and …” „… for this study, this phase is furthermore divided in reference to the key concepts of complexity …” „… , instead of what developed countries think the ideal development should look like. Complexity theory helps …”

5. Standardization in the Chinese Electric Vehicle Sector S. 196-258

2. Standardization S. 36-88

doi.org/10.5771/9783845286235

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Ignasi Torrent

Entangled Peace

2021

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3 Rethinking Agency through Complexity S. 37-56

„… ENTANGLED COMPLEXITYIn vein with the aforementioned context, complexity-sensitive analysis enables an …” „… condi-tion of actors. Instead, it is suggested that a complexity-sensitive analysis of conflict-affected …” „… complexity-sensitive strategies in conflict-affected societies.In line with the abandoning of linear causality and …”

Index S. 147-155

„… complexity-sensitive peacebuilding, 38–45; components of, 74; Deleuze on, 30, 60–61; of external peace missions, 38–45 …” „… , 46–47complexity-sensitive peacebuilding: assemblages in, 38–45; conception of, 37; entangled peace and …” „… complexity, agency in, 50–56entangled peace: agency in, 50–56; assembling of, 64–73; complexity-sensitive …”

Notes S. 105-130

„… Torrent, ‘Reframing Agency in Complexity-Sensitive Peacebuilding’.35 Lewis, ‘The Myopic Foucauldian Gaze …” „… Agency in Complexity-Sensitive Peacebuilding’. 2 UN General Assembly, ‘2005 World Summit Outcome’, art …” „… World Bank, the OCDE and the EU are also gradually shifting towards non-linear, complexity-sensitive …”

Bibliography S. 131-146

„… ): 1351–70.Randazzo, Elisa, and Ignasi Torrent. ‘Reframing Agency in Complexity-Sensitive Peacebuilding …” „… , 2015.Brusset, Emery, Cedric de Coning, and Bryn Hughes, eds. Complexity Thinking for Peacebuilding …” „… , and Rika Preiser, eds. Complexity, Difference and Identity. London & New York: Springer, 2010 …”

4 Entangled Peace and Its Limits S. 57-78

„… between living beings and objects. Thus, complexity-sensitive thinking unveils an emergent, dynamic and …” „… doing, complexity-sensitive thinking has the potential to Entangled Peace and Its Limits 73unpack the …” „… multiplicity of actors, who are in constant clash and negotiation with the UN, the book draws on complexity …”

Conclusion S. 95-102

„… failed in internalising and realising complexity-sensitive field strategies, thus neglecting the effect …” „… text has underlined the critical implications of complexity-thinking, which profoundly transform the …” „… analysing the unprecedented complexity of war-wrecked scenarios invaded by a plethora of peacebuilding …”

Preface

„… Problematising System-wide Coherence and Linearity 193 Rethinking Agency through Complexity 374 Entangled Peace …” „… UN began to flirt with a gradual acknowledge-ment of the overwhelming complexity of peacebuilding …” „… report ostensibly sensitises with the complexity, fragmentation and intractability of conflicts.29 …”

5 Peacebuilding distories and the Ethical Quandary S. 79-94

„… interconnected complexity of world challenges more generally. Notwithstanding the limits of positionality of a …” „… are profoundly reconfigured. Finally, entangled peace has expounded how the growing knotty complexity …” „… distories and the Ethical Quandary 83intends to totalise the complexity of the host society so that it fits …”

2 Problematising System-wide Coherence and Linearity S. 19-36

„… integration, is that it seeks to be system-wide, hence the apparent significant complexity of the process. The …” „… increasing complexity and interconnectedness of challenges in conflict-affected scenarios as well as in the …” „… approach as a mechanism to surpass linearity and the more and more evident growing complexity of …”

1 Failing to Engage ‘the Locals’ S. 1-18

„… renders, first, UN static categorisations ineffectual to capture the complexity of local civil society …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538150771

Peter G. Kirchschlaeger - Digital Transformation and Ethics

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Peter G. Kirchschlaeger

Digital Transformation and Ethics

2021

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5 The Complexity of Ethics S. 111-116

„… The Complexity of Ethics Ethics Is Not Democracy In the process of examining, analyzing, evaluating …” „… decisions and perform ethically legitimate actions as a machine.369 In order to do justice to the complexity …” „… beyond principles, norms, and rules. In order to do justice to the complexity of ethics,377 mathematical …”

4 Critical Review of Terms S. 97-110

„… negative will happen. The “black-box-problem” consists not just in the technological complexity and the …” „… chapter 5 The Complexity of Ethics. Even if everything is explainable353 and interpretable, the process of …” „… relevant and ethically irrelevant aspects as well – representing a part of the complexity of ethics …”

1 Introduction S. 31-48

„… long before it is written? Is the variety and complexity of technology-based achievements, phenomena …” „… – warns: “AI is far more dangerous than nukes [nuclear warheads]. Far.”15 Ethics with its own complexity …” „… , see Kim 2017. 1 Introduction 44 an ethical standpoint (fourth part). The complexity of ethics will be …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-28

„… the complexity of the questions and the associated challenges to ethical thinking in such a …” „… growing complexity, which is in its cultural dimension accompanied by an era of confusion, nothing is more …” „… Transformation4.5 106 Machine Ethics – Roboethics4.6 108 The Complexity of Ethics5 111 Ethics Is Not Democracy5.1 …”

2 The Correlation between Ethics and Technology S. 49-68

„… reality. Beyond that, the complexity of technological development and progress should not be …” „… Complexity cannot serve as an excuse to neglect legal or ethical obligations and responsibilities because …” „… ethical quality of these decisions (this point will be further explained below in chapter 5 The Complexity …”

7 Opportunities and Challenges from an Ethical Perspective S. 191-332

„… due to the high complexity of digital transformation and data-based systems, humans are impotent at …” „… the robot (and, based on the complexity of the programming of such systems, probably not the single …” „… (see above chapter 5 The Complexity of Ethics). Based on these normative pillars and while taking this …”

6 Instruments for the Ethical Assessment S. 117-190

„… complex reality. In addition, a utilitarian approach is not capable of dealing with the complexity of …” „… difficult societal grade of complexity”406. This complexity is composed of the confusing causation of human …” „… the entire financial crisis in all its complexity. Rather, in a so-called “risk society”, which is …”

3 Can Ethical Judgment Be Delegated to Technologies? S. 69-96

„… Can Ethical Judgment Be Delegated to Technologies?184 Introduction In view of the high complexity …” „… people. “Conscience is an active faculty that discovers and discerns the good within the complexity of …”

8 Outlook: How to Create a Future Ethically S. 333-422

References S. 427-537

„… ): Prediction, Judgment and Complexity: A Theory of Decision Making and Artificial Intelligence. Rotman School …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845285504

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer - Liability for AI

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Sebastian Lohsse (ed.), Reiner Schulze (ed.), Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.)

Liability for AI

2023

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Herbert Zech Liability for AI: Complexity problems S. 193-200

„… : Complexity problemsHerbert Zech1I. IntroductionFocusing on causality questions, Art. 4 AILD2 is a key feature …” „… offacilitating the proof of causality.II. Complexity, autonomy, opacityThe reason for introducing the AILD is …” „… characteristicsof AI, including complexity, autonomy, and opacity (the so-called ‘blackbox’ effect), may make it …”

Gerald Spindler Different approaches for liability of Artificial Intelligence – Pros and Cons S. 41-96

„… causality due to technical or scientific complexity.In this case, the presumption of defectiveness as well …” „… complexity,in particular whether the plaintiff has the burden of proof in this respect108;105 Criticized by …” „… test for defectiveness is slightly adapted tothe peculiarities of AI-systems, their complexity and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Commission proposals: Causality, Fault and theBurden of ProofHerbert ZechLiability for AI: Complexity …”

Eugenia Dacoronia Burden of proof – How to handle a possible need for facilitating the victim’s burden of proof for AI damage? S. 201-214

„… characteristics of AI, including complexity,autonomy and opacity (the so-called “black box” effect), may make it …” „… atunderstanding this question.15Complexity. Already modern-day hardware can be a composite of mul‐tiple parts …”

Frederico Oliveira da Silva EU AI liability proposal: An obstacle course for consumers S. 285-289

„… suffers damages from an AI system. Because ofthe special characteristics of AI, such as its complexity …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Liability for AI – Opening a new chapter of adapting European private law to the digital transition S. 7-24

„… proposalrevising the PLD refers to cases involving technical or scientific complexity is due tothe broader scope …” „… Zech, Liability for AI: Complexity problems, below, p. 193 et seq.Liability for AI19IV. Regress and …”

Karl Ortmann Comments of the German Insurance Association GDV on the European Commission’s proposals for a revised Product Liability Directive (PLD-P) and an Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive (AILD-P) S. 279-284

„… parties are exposed to "excessive difficulties" due to technical orscientific complexity, further, even …”

Miquel Martin-Casals Recourse among several liable persons - allocating the burden of liability. S. 217-244

„… NTF Expert Group recognised, the complexity and opacity of emergingdigital technology settings, which …” „… that despite complexity and opacity,it would be easier to identify two or several tortfeasors who form …”

Helmut Heiss Liability for Artificial Intelligence (AI): Solutions Provided by Insurance Law S. 245-272

„… specificcharacteristics (e.g. opacity, complexity, dependency on data, autonomous behaviour)can adversely affect a number …”

Georg Borges Liability of the Operator of AI Systems De Lege Ferenda S. 165-190

„… algorithm which is regularly not fully comprehensible due toits complexity.2. Implications for liability …”

Christiane Wendehorst Product Liability or Operator Liability for AI – What is the Best Way Forward? S. 99-128

„… still faces excessive difficulties,due to technical or scientific complexity, to prove the defectiveness …”

Jean-Sebastien Borghetti Adapting Product Liability to Digitalization: Trying Not to Put New Wine Into Old Wineskins S. 129-164

„… to technical or scientific complexity, to prove thedefectiveness of the product or the causal link …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748942030

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