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Alan C. Klaas - In Search of the Unchurched

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Alan C. Klaas

In Search of the Unchurched

1996

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APPENDIX: Church Membership Initiative Study Summaries S. 109-130

„… APPENDIX Church Membership Initiative Study Summaries The Church Membership Initiative (CMI …” „… establishing new congregations as the most effective way to increase membership. Some people suggest new church …” „… for membership decreases was the clining "value of church to people." The clergy explained that …”

Preface

„… Chapter 11. Great Commission Outreach 103 Appendix. Church Membership Initiative Study Summaries 109 Notes …” „… 65 Chapter 9. Seven Words Say It All 69 Chapter 10. The Changed Society: How It Affects the Church 76 …” „… church. Their detennination to discover true solutions resulted in a successful effort. Beth Ann Gaede …”

CHAPTER 2: The Problem S. 13-15

„… members of the "thirteenth generation" from the ranks of church membership. Researchers identify trends …” „… baptized mem.bership of all Lutheran congregations was about eight million people. The church bodies …” „… about trends in churches, denominational membership, worship participation, and receipts continued to …”

CHAPTER 8: Ideas That Do Not Automatically Work S. 65-68

„… CHAPTERS Ideas That Do Not Automatically Work Some solutions to membership problems turned out to …” „… 's life. The school's relationship to congregational membership falls into three general categories. 1 …” „… . Some congregations experience membership gains from the school, as well as gains from other sources …”

CHAPTER 5: Ministry beyond Members S. 34-49

„… ministry beyond their current membership. These congregations continue to meet the needs of current members …” „… beyond their current membership have a few common characteristics. Interestingly, these unifying …” „… mission beyond current membership. The strongest common characteristic of these congregations is their …”

CHAPTER 3: The Source of Solutions: Congregations S. 16-20

„… , and growing congregations. Solutions to membership and mission problems in the church and in society …” „… profoundly affected every part of the church from top to bottom. In fact, even the definition of which part …” „… of the church is "top" and which is "bottom" has been a matter of intense discussion. Some …”

CHAPTER 6: The Unchurched: Who Are They? S. 50-56

„… unchurched people chose not to join the church, churched people simply assumed these folks had hardened their …” „… churched society. It simply describes the church's treatment of unchurched people. In Search of the …” „… effectively unchurched people do not claim membership in any congregation, and some claim membership in a …”

CHAPTER 10: The Changed Society: How It Affects the Church S. 76-102

„… CHAPTER 10 The Changed Society: How It Affects the Church Differences of opinion abound about how …” „… the church relates to society. Most differences stem from the fact that our society has changed-from …” „… membership. In the churched society, congregations were predominantly made up of people who had been members …”

CHAPTER 1: Things Were Going So Well! S. 1-12

„… . Communication with individual members of congregations passed through official church structures. Membership …” „… seven transitions described in this ch~pter have an overarching impact on almost everything the church …” „… . Concentrate on your specific church work. This chapter is unusual in two fundamental ways. First, three kinds …”

CHAPTER 11: Great Commission Outreach S. 103-108

„… investigations of this magnitude and complexity lead in several directions. Such was not the case with the Church …” „… Membership Initiative. In fact, an outside researcher would be suspicious that so much work by so many …” „… are problems in organized religion. Data about membership growth and retention, Great Commission …”

CHAPTER 9: Seven Words Say It All S. 69-75

„… information intended to find solutions to the problem of declining membership. All the research, time, and …” „… resources led to a simple idea. Solutions to most church problems lie within individual, motivated …” „… their individual congregations. Membership problems in denominations will only be solved when large …”

CHAPTER 4: Ministry to Members Only S. 21-33

„… of membership and attendance problems is the attitude of congregational leaders about the purpose of …” „… people. The work of Arlin Rothauge confirms this limit for a "pastoral church."1 By this criterion …” „… . Congregations with declining membership have identifiable characteristics. Most congregations that focus on …”

CHAPTER 7: Worship Style: A Lightning-Rod Issue S. 57-64

„… to a Sunday afternoon presentation about declining church membership. The presenter asked the …” „… usually called "traditional." For most mainline Protestant denominations and the Catholic church …” „… meaningful. Two facts are important. First, the 30 million boomers who did not return to church, plus their …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781566995603

Federal Constitutional Court - Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht - Federal Constitutional Court - Federal Republic of Germa

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Federal Constitutional Court (ed.)

Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht - Federal Constitutional Court - Federal Republic of Germa

2007

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BVerfGE 44, 59 Order of the First Senate of 8 February 1977 – 1 BvL 7/71 “Church tax after resignation of church membership case” (in supplement to BVerfGE 44, 37) Levying church tax on a person who resigned church membership until expiry of the calendar month following the declaration of resignation of church membership. S. 162-169

„… membership case” (in supplement to BVerfGE 44, 37) HEADNOTE: Levying church tax on a person who has resigned …” „… church membership until expiry of the calendar month following the declaration of resignation of church …” „… end on resigning church membership until expiry of the calendar month following the declaration of …”

BVerfGE 44, 37 Order of the First Senate of 8 February 1977 – 1 BvR 329/71, 217, 2237/73 and 199, 217/74 “Church tax after resignation of church membership case” Statutory period (“consideration period”) for the effectiveness of a declaration of resignation of church membership; “subsequent taxation” of a person who has resigned church membership. S. 147-161

„… tax after resignation of church membership case” HEADNOTES: 1. A statutory period (“consideration …” „… period”) on the basis of which resignation of church membership does not become legally effective until …” „… one month after receipt of the declaration of resignation of church membership by the competent …”

BVerfGE 12, 1 Order of the First Senate of 8 November 1960 – 1 BvR 59/56 “Solicitation for resignation of church membership case” Anyone promising tobacco to fellow inmates in order to induce them to resign church membership does not enjoy therefor protection of freedom of faith (Articles 4 and 5 of the Basic Law). S. 23-26

„… of 1933, he resigned membership of the 2Evangelical Church. He then joined the SS because of its …” „… fellow inmates to resign church membership; he also promised tobacco to individuals inmates if they …” „… resigned church membership. Because of these events, the Federal Court of Justice rejected by order of 28 …”

BVerfGE 30, 415 Order of the First Senate of 31 March 1971 – 1 BvR 744/67 “Church tax liability case” Linking liability to pay church tax to baptism and place of residence. S. 76-83

„… : Linking liability to pay church tax to internal church regulations making church membership dependent on …” „… deemed to be parish members unless they demonstrate their membership of another church belonging to the …” „… apply to acquisition and loss of church membership: Article 8 (1) Community membership shall be lost by …”

BVerfGE 70, 138 Order of the Second Senate of 4 June 1985 – 2 BvR 1703, 718/83 and 856/84 “Labour law in church hospital case” The effectiveness of notices of termination of employment given by church institutions to employees in their service for the violation of ecclesiastical obligations of loyalty. S. 248-268

„… against the termination without notice of February 1980, the plaintiff’s resignation of church membership …” „… appeal, resignation of church membership is neither cause for termination without notice nor a socially …” „… assumption that the plaintiff, by his resignation of church membership, committed a breach of his duty of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… Senate of 8 November 1960 – 1 BvR 59/56 “Solicitation for resignation of church membership case” Anyone …” „… promising tobacco to fellow inmates in order to induce them to resign church membership does not enjoy …” „… 329/71, 217, 2237/73 and 199, 217/74 “Church tax after resignation of church membership case” Statutory …”

Index S. 459-466

„… because of resignation of church membership 235 church finances 138 church flags, displaying of 49 church …” „… – expulsion from the community of the faithful 245 church membership – church membership 32-33, 38, 54-55 …” „… privileges 318 C care of the sick 150, 152-154, 158-159, 190-191, 194-196, 200-201, 208 Catholic Church …”

Index of Statutes S. 467-471

„… Resignation of Membership of Religious Societies under Public Law: see Prussian Resignation of Church …” „… – § 8.1 no. 4 of the 5 Prussian Resignation of Church Membership Act – § 1 of the 128 – § 1.2 of the 127 …” „… of the 348, 351 B Baden Concordat – Article IV no. 4 of the 25 Baden Local Church Tax Act – Article …”

BVerfGE 46, 73 Order of the Second Senate of 11 October 1977 – 2 BvR 209/76 “Church institution and works constitution law case” Works council in a charitable Catholic hospital. S. 170-185

„… the foundation as a result of this. This membership may be an indication that it is a church …” „… merely mean a call for a formal outward correct membership in the church, which can be satisfied by …” „… 148 No. 15 BVerfGE 46, 73 of 11 October 1977 – 2 BvR 209/76 – “Church institution and works …”

BVerfGE 19, 226 Judgment of the First Senate of 14 December 1965 – 1 BvL 31, 32/62 “Mixed-marriage church tax case” An employee who is not a member of a church entitled to levy tax cannot be obliged by state law to pay church tax for his or her spouse who is a member of a church, or to be liable for the spouse’s church tax debt. S. 49-56

„… economically appropriate to and is the consequence of church membership, i.e. of a highly personal relationship …” „… therefore a tax is levied on the members of a church which is linked solely to the fact of church membership …” „… 27 No. 4 BVerfGE 19, 226 of 14 December 1965 – 1 BvL 31, 32/62 – “Mixed-marriage church tax case …”

BVerfGE 102, 370 Judgment of the Second Senate of 19 December 2000 – 2 BvR 1500/97 “Jehovah’s Witnesses case” S. 338-356

„… and of the state law on churches that are enshrined in the Basic Law. 2. The Basic Law does not demand …” „… . They may create their own law and through dedication 318 create church res publica. The parochial right …” „… gives the religious community the power to make the membership of a member in a parish dependent solely …”

BVerfGE 19, 1 Order of the First Senate of 28 April 1965 – 1 BvR 346/61 “Exemption from fees for religious communities case” Exemption of the New Apostolic Church from fees in accordance with § 8.1 no. 4 of the Prussian Court Costs Act. S. 27-36

„… membership of the New Apostolic Church in Germany was about 138,000. In 1964 it was estimated at over 600,000 …” „… memberships are at least close to half the total population, participate, by reason of that large membership …” „… Apostolic Church of the Land (state) North- Rhine/Westphalia, as a corporate body under public law, enjoys …”

BVerfGE 99, 100 Judgment of the Second Senate of 13 October 1998 – 2 BvR 1275/96 “Guarantee of church property (St. Salvator church (Salvatorkirche)) case” Surrender of the St. Salvator church in Munich (Church of the Transfiguration of the Saviour) to the Free State of Bavaria for transfer to the “Holy Metropolis of Germany”. S. 322-337

„… Article 138.2 of the Weimar Constitution relates to a specific constituted church, membership of …” „… church, membership of individual parishes within this church is thus initially defined in accordance with …” „… 300 No. 24 BVerfGE 99, 100 of 13 October 1998 – 2 BvR 1275/96 – “Guarantee of church property (St …”

BVerfGE 83, 341 Order of the Second Senate of 5 February 1991 – 2 BvR 263/86 “Bahá’í case” Consideration of freedom of religion in interpretation and application of provisions of the Civil Code regarding associations (registration of the Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís in the register of associations). S. 284-299

„… provision in conjunction with the relevant Church Articles of the Weimar Constitution (Weimarer …” „… nineperson National Spiritual Assembly is indirectly elected annually by the entire membership. The Assembly …” „… of membership I … II The members of the Spiritual Assembly shall be appointed for the duration of …”

BVerfGE 19, 268 Judgment of the First Senate of 14 December 1965 – 1 BvR 606/60 “Church tax for mixed-faith spouses case” The splitting principle enshrined in German church tax law (assessment of church tax in mixed-faith marriages in accordance with the combined income of both spouses) is unconstitutional. S. 57-66

„… resign church membership. The provision was alleged, finally, to breach the principle of protecting …” „… 35 No. 5 BVerfGE 19, 268 of 14 December 1965 – 1 BvR 606/60 – “Church tax for mixed-faith spouses …” „… case” HEADNOTES: 1. The splitting principle enshrined in German church tax law, in accordance with …”

Selected Provisions of the Weimar Constitution S. 455-458

„… membership of a religious society except to the extent that rights or duties depend thereon or that a …” „… church) (1) There shall be no state church. (2) The freedom to form religious societies shall be …” „… . Article 138 (Church property) (1) Rights of religious societies to state contributions on the basis of a …”

BVerfGE 19, 206 Judgment of the First Senate of 14 December 1965 – 1 BvR 413, 416/60 “Church construction tax case” Unconstitutionality of the Baden church construction tax. No transfer to a religious society of sovereign powers vis-à-vis persons who do not belong to any religious society. S. 37-48

„… non-membership of a church or religious society is manifestly incorrect. Political duties must be an element of …” „… 15 No. 3 BVerfGE 19, 206 of 14 December 1965 – 1 BvR 413, 416/60 “Church construction tax case …” „… ” HEADNOTES: 1. Charging church construction tax on the basis of the Baden Local Church Tax Act (Badisches …”

BVerfGE 42, 312 Order of the Second Senate of 21 September 1976 – 2 BvR 350/75 “Church officer as member of the Bundestag case” Granting leave of absence to ministers and church officers for the duration of a term of office as a member of parliament in the Bundestag or in the legislative bodies of a Land. S. 126-146

„… 104 No. 12 BVerfGE 42, 312 of 21 September 1976 – 2 BvR 350/75 – “Church officer as member of the …” „… ) from restricting the freedom of the churches to a greater extent than is permitted under federal …” „… a parliament. 4. § 1 of the Bremen Church Act (Bremer Kirchengesetz – BremKG) provides for an …”

BVerfGE 52, 223 Order of the First Senate of 16 October 1979 – 1 BvR 647/70 and 7/74 “School prayer in state schools case” Voluntary interdenominational school prayer in interdenominational schools outside religious instruction. S. 186-203

„… which it is no longer an exception for people to resign church membership, in accordance with which many …” „… Hesse in the name of the three Hesse Ordinariates and the Administration of the Land Church …” „… (Landeskirchenamt) of the Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck in the name of the Evangelical Land churches in …”

BVerfGE 33, 23 Order of the Second Senate of 11 April 1972 – 2 BvR 75/71 “Oath refusal case” Protection of the religious conviction which refuses to take the oath of a witness even without invoking God. S. 92-105

„… from the principle of the parity of the churches and creeds (BVerfGE 19, 1 (8); 24, 236 (246)) that the …” „… teachings of the churches and religious communities. The state may not privilege specific denominations …” „… conscience from the context of the Church Articles of the Weimar Constitution, and included them without any …”

BVerfGE 105, 279 Order of the First Senate of 26 June 2002 – 1 BvR 670/91 “Sect warning case” Fundamental right of the freedom of religion and ideology (Article 4.1 and 4.2 of the Basic Law as a barrier to the information activity of the Federal Government – Osho Movement). S. 377-396

„… Movement” was named in connection with the question concerning the membership structure of the “so-called …” „… Decisions in Church Law Matters since 1946, Entscheidungen in Kirchensachen seit 1946 – KirchE 29, p. 59 …” „… Movement and the groups belonging to it as destructive relates not to individual conclusions of membership …”

BVerfGE 108, 282 Judgment of the Second Senate of 24 September 2003 – 2 BvR 1436/02 “Headscarf case” Headscarf in class. S. 397-438

„… church and prohibits privileges for specific denominations or the exclusion of adherents of other beliefs …” „… separation of state and church, but as an open and comprehensive one, encouraging freedom of faith equally …” „… aptitude. A provision prohibiting teachers from continuously showing their membership in a particular …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205540

Annette Schnabel, Melanie Reddig, Heidemarie Winkel - Religion im Kontext | Religion in Context

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Annette Schnabel (ed.), Melanie Reddig (ed.), Heidemarie Winkel (ed.)

Religion im Kontext | Religion in Context

2018

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Jere Kyyrö Fluctuations between Folk Church, Nation-State and Citizenship: Contextualizing Civil Religion in Finland S. 193-208

„… Finnish Orthodox Church away from the influence of Moscow. The membership of the OCF was highest in 1940 …” „… without any official religious membership, as church membership is also less and less important among …” „… church membership and belief in God are declining, Lutheranism still holds a place as a cultural …”

Christel Gärtner Change in Religious Ways of Life in the Dynamics of Generational Transfer S. 355-369

„… faith as being dispensable, even while maintaining formal church membership (Hölscher 1990; Liedhegener …” „… the type of the cultural Protestant, despite formal church membership, turned to entirely nonchurch …” „… , about 98% of the population belonged to one of the two main Christian churches, instances of people …”

Jens Köhrsen The Economy of Prosperity Gospel: Hybrid or Distinctive Social Worlds? S. 159-172

„… pursue membership growth and effectively market their faiths to potential followers, churches adopt …” „… traditional Pentecostal churches tended to turn away from this world and its pleasures, prosperity gospel …” „… diversification of the movement into numerous, mostly unrelated churches. The following analysis will focus on …”

Felipe Gaytán Alcalá Laicity in Latin America: A Distinct and Distant Concept of Europe S. 173-192

„… increasing the membership of their churches in the regions where they choose to live. Such an increase …” „… at the margin of the Catholic Church as it is done for example around the Virgin Mary and other …” „… members of the Catholic Church is declining. In this panorama, the number of churches has multiplied and …”

Register S. 373-378

„… church 269, 275 373 Evangelikal/evangelical 51, 52, 140, 159, 175, 185 Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche …” „… Finnlands/Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church 193 Existenz/existence 24, 30, 32, 53, 54, 56, 62, 72–74, 76, 103–105 …” „… , 295 Sachregister 374 Kaste/caste 226, 325, 326, 328–331 Katholische Kirche/Catholic Church 51, 61, 124 …”

Olayinka Akanle, Gbenga S. Adejare Contextualizing Pentecostal Gatherings in Southwestern Nigeria: Social Drivers and Significance S. 145-158

„… world class pastors and churches that attract not only membership but also patronage from all corners of …” „… , its social structures, politics and economy within selected churches in Nigeria. Olayinka Akanle and …” „… Gbenga S. Adejare 146 Nigerian Pentecostalism, National Development, the Church and Globalisation Slight …”

James A. Kapaló Domestic Religion in Soviet and post-Soviet Moldova S. 305-322

„… separating Church and state. The Separation Decree of 1918 seemed to level the religious field by granting …” „… followed by moves to reduce the economic power of the Orthodox Church and its control over education. By …” „… more difficult than the Orthodox Church; following the Thirteenth Party Congress in 1924 antireligious …”

Bryan S. Turner Religion and ‘the Turn of the Body’ S. 43-58

„… developments: the competition between churches for membership, globalization, immigration, pluralism and the …” „… systems and churches as institutions and too little on the actual practice of religion, especially in …” „… Martino 1988). Although the Church in its attempts to modernize itself after Vatican II opposed these …”

Vladimir Kmec Religion in the Context of Migration and Youth in Europe S. 253-268

„… which extended age limits for their membership. For example, the Ecumenical Youth Council of Europe and …” „… the Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organisations make their membership available for …” „… . (1975). The Immigrant Church: New York’s Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins …”

Marc Breuer Religious Milieus and their Striving towards Segmented Differentiation S. 269-286

„… , Free Church congregations comprising of Russian Germans and Christian communities formed by labour …” „… the milieu steadily lost coherence – to increase their social participation. Ethnic churches may also …” „… the State and the Church, thirdly between urban-industrial and ruralagricultural modes of production …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276649

Monika Wohlrab-Sahr, Levent Tezcan - Islam in Europa

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Monika Wohlrab-Sahr (ed.), Levent Tezcan (ed.)

Islam in Europa

2022

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Reinhard Schulze Muslim congregations in Western Europe as faith-based communal organisations S. 163-182

„… successful representation are membership and its conditi-ons, purpose, and internal hierarchy, and the fact …” „… churches has so far played the determining role. Howe-ver, it has frequently been suggested that the …” „… would membership in sucha religious community (have to) be determined? What sovereign rights would …”

Lisa Harms Zur Europäisierung muslimischer Anerkennungskämpfe: Effekte transnationaler Verrechtlichung S. 63-106

doi.org/10.5771/9783748931607

Sigrid Roßteutscher - Religion, Zivilgesellschaft, Demokratie

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Sigrid Roßteutscher

Religion, Zivilgesellschaft, Demokratie

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 12 2009

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Subvention und staatliche Regulierung: zwei Hemmnisse religiöser Vielfalt S. 94-99

„… eindeutigen Aussage: „The German clergy are better off with empty churches, which place little demand on their …” „… Institutionen findet Yeung (2004: 415) für die lutherische finnische Staatskirche bestätigt: „Membership of the …” „… large, Lutheran national church can provide a basis for shared national identity but seemingly not a …”

Zur Privatisierung von Religion: Motivationsschub oder Unsichtbarkeit der Religion? S. 115-118

„… attendance or church membership, it declined drastically” (Bruce 1999: 83). Interessanterweise nehmen die …” „… within its own boundaries and because, taken together, they were not the same church – that is, because …” „… Catholic and Lutheran churches respectively. In Britain and the USA it was largely created by the state …”

Henne oder Ei: Glaube oder soziales Netzwerk? S. 52-54

„… relevanter Verhaltensweisen: „Connectedness, not merely faith, is responsible for the beneficence of church …” „… politischen Engagement zugute kommen: „People do not leap straight from the church pew to the executive …” „… committee of the local football club, but they may find their way to that football club via church …”

Literatur S. 427-457

„… Church Membership: A Spatial Diffusion Model, American Sociological Review 56: 237-249. LaPorta …” „… . und Zsolt Enyedi (Hg.): Church and State in Contemporary Europe. The Chimera of Neutrality, London …” „… ): The Expansion of Religious Affiliation: An Explanation of the Growth in Church Participation in the …”

Freiwilligkeit des Beitritts S. 31-35

„… Johannes Paul II die zivilgesellschaftliche Verortung seiner Kirche: „The church does not belong to civil …” „… des Staat-Kirche-Konflikts noch heute sichtbar: „The Italian Church retains much of the heritage of …” „… membership to peripheral passivity, and back again, as they choose” (Walzer 2002: 35). Allerdings konzedieren …”

Die Erlernung zivilgesellschaftlicher Kompetenzen S. 37-41

„… Organisation die einzige Chance, politisch relevante Fähigkeiten zu erwerben. „In short, church activity can …” „… daher auch eher pessimistisch: „The combination of the dual-level income stratification in membership in …” „… church organizations and the individual level-income stratification in holding a leadership position in …”

Die Generierung Sozialen Vertrauens S. 46-48

„… create trust among church members and facilitate a common sense of what is good or desirable, as well as …” „… , and religiously heterogeneous the membership of an association is, the greater its capacity to …”

Der Vorteil brückenbildender Assoziationen S. 48-51

„… create trust among church members and facilitate a common sense of what is good or desirable, as well as …” „… , and religiously heterogeneous the membership of an association is, the greater its capacity to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845215907

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