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Daniele Amoroso - Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Law

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Daniele Amoroso

Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Law

2020

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A Legality “Test” for Autonomous Weapons Systems. The (In)compatibility of Autonomous Targeting with International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law S. 31-120

„… . - 3.3. Distinction and Autonomous Weapons Systems: The Problem of Situation Awareness. - 3.3.1 …” „… Human Rights Law. - 4.3. Autonomous Weapons Systems, Proportionality, and Balancing: Lost in Translation …” „… “imitation game”).1 In Chapter II A Legality “Test” for Autonomous Weapons Systems The (In)compatibility of …”

The “Accountability Gap” Problem. Who is to Blame for Autonomous Weapons Systems’ Misdoings? S. 121-160

„… Implications for the Legality of Autonomous Weapons Systems. 1. Introduction In the ever-growing scholarly and …” „… diplomatic debate on the ethical and legal implications of autonomous weapons systems (AWS), a prominent …” „… Who is to Blame for Autonomous Weapons Systems’ Misdoings? 1 See above Chapter II, Section 6. 2 See …”

Challenging Autonomous Weapons Systems as a Malum in Se AWS, Human Dignity and the Martens Clause between Ethics and Law S. 161-216

„… Challenging Autonomous Weapons Systems as a Malum in Se AWS, Human Dignity and the Martens Clause between …” „… identical terms in relation to Autonomous Weapons Systems some forty years later, when it became clear that …” „… indeed argued, autonomous targeting by weapons systems should always be regarded as an inherent wrong, a …”

Bibliography S. 267-291

„… ), Discovering the Nanoscale, Amsterdam, 2004, p. 269 f. Altmann J. and Sauer F., Autonomous Weapon Systems and …” „… Autonomous Weapon Systems. Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can, in Jean Perkins Task Force on …” „… National Security and Law Essay Series, 2013 Anderson K. and Waxman M., Debating Autonomous Weapon Systems …”

Introduction S. 5-30

„… Summary: 1. A (Brief) History of the Debate on Autonomous Weapons Systems. - 1.1. “Taking the Human …” „… Robots to the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. – 2. What Counts as …” „… Foreseeable Autonomous Weapons Systems. - 2.2. Normative Implications of a Functional Approach to Autonomy in …”

A Normative Model of Meaningful Human Control over Weapons Systems S. 217-260

„… diplomatic debates about autonomous weapon systems, a watchword has rapidly gained ground across the opinion …” „… spectrum: all weapon systems, including autonomous ones, should remain under human control. While …” „… 2012, p. 2, para. 4(a) (“Autonomous and semi-autonomous weapon systems shall be designed to allow …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Editorial Board NOMOS ISBN 978-3-7489-0953-8 Daniele Amoroso Autonomous Weapons Systems and International …” „… process. Daniele Amoroso Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Law A Study on Human-Machine …” „… . Amoroso, Daniele Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Law A Study on Human-Machine Interactions in …”

Epilogue S. 261-266

„… . Santoni de Sio and J. van den Hoven, Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical …” „… securing meaningful human control over autonomous systems.5 While employing a slightly different wording …” „… have therefore to be mapped. In this respect, our analysis on autonomous weapons systems brought to the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748909538

Eric Hilgendorf, Uwe Seidel - Robotics, Autonomics, and the Law

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Eric Hilgendorf (ed.), Uwe Seidel (ed.)

Robotics, Autonomics, and the Law

Series: Robotik, Künstliche Intelligenz und Recht

Volume 14 2017

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Amedeo Santosuosso, Barbara Bottalico Autonomous Systems and the Law: Why Intelligence Matters S. 27-58

„… Autonomous Systems and the Law: Why Intelligence Matters A European Perspective Amedeo Santosuosso …” „… toward technology is stressed. From Robotics to Autonomous Systems: The Meaning of a Terminological …” „… :// www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/EVCO_a_00172. Autonomous Systems and the Law: Why Intelligence Matters 29 Robots in …”

Susanne Beck Google Cars, Software Agents, Autonomous Weapons Systems – New Challenges for Criminal Law? S. 227-252

„… Google Cars, Software Agents, Autonomous Weapons Systems – New Challenges for Criminal Law? Susanne …” „… . Google Cars, Software Agents, Autonomous Weapons Systems 229 lowing general targets of profit …” „… what foods are better and worse in this situation. And autonomous weapons systems could tell one …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… 4.0 are closely linked to legal issues regarding autonomous systems and, in some cases, go far beyond …” „… "AUTONOMICS – autonomous and simulation- 5 based systems for medium-sized businesses" and "AUTONOMICS for …” „… international experts analysed the legal situation of autonomous systems and robotics in Germany, and Europe as …”

Eric Hilgendorf Automated Driving and the Law S. 171-194

„… "piloted driving” reminds us of parallels to air transport, where, of course, autonomous systems have been …” „… convergence of technologies corresponds to a convergence of themes: the debate on autonomous systems and …” „… increased use of autonomous systems in cars would probably reduce the number of fatalities per year by a …”

Minkyu Kim New Legislation and the Reform of the Rules on Robots in Korea S. 129-150

„… particular, autonomous systems can be used directly in public spaces, so that they may endanger the safety of …” „… manufacturers to install black box-like event data recorders into autonomous systems and to supply consumers …” „… confidence in their safety: only 46.7% of those surveyed trusted robot systems.7 Regarding the intellectual …”

Uwe Seidel Industry 4.0 and Law – Experiences from AUTONOMICS S. 11-26

„… by the use of products that come out of digital production workflows. Autonomous Systems in …” „… substantial impact on the equipment they use. Areas of Law that Relate to Autonomous Systems German law …” „… developers and manufacturers of defective autonomous systems, as well as on the part of programmers and …”

Takayuki Matsuo The Current Status of Japanese Robotics Law: Focusing on Automated Vehicles S. 151-170

„… robotics law is international public law, especially on the topic of autonomous lethal weapons. There are a …” „… Towards Development of an International Legal Framework to Regulate Lethal Autonomous Robotics (LARs …” „… Other Countries”, 161 CISTEC Journal 82 (2016). 21 Heigo SATO, “Lethal Autonomous Robotic Weapons”, 62(2 …”

Jochen Feldle Delicate Decisions: Legally Compliant Emergency Algorithms for Autonomous Cars S. 195-204

„… University of Würzburg. His research focuses on the legal problems of autonomous systems. 2 Cf. the statement …” „… Delicate Decisions: Legally Compliant Emergency Algorithms for Autonomous Cars Jochen Feldle,1 …” „… be exposed to a “lose-lose situation”. This could happen as follows: an autonomous car is travelling …”

Ryan Calo Robots in American Law S. 59-108

„… direction of a remote pilot, but autonomous systems that explore the sea on their own.135 Navy pilotless …” „… . Many of these incidental cases are quite interesting. In Robotic Vision Systems, Inc. v. Cybo Systems …” „… Institute (SRI) had developed the famous robot Shakey, capable of basic autonomous actions such as mapping a …”

Berthold Haustein Data Law in Business and Industry – A First Glance at a Problematic Relationship S. 253-267

„… declarations of intent by autonomous systems, see: O. Sosnitza, “Das Internet der Dinge – Herausforderung oder …” „… & Outlook Digitization, autonomous systems and Industrie 4.0 are not the first highly disruptive phenomena …” „… of autonomous technology, particularly in business and industry. It is thus closely associated with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845284651

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer - Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things

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Sebastian Lohsse (ed.), Reiner Schulze (ed.), Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.)

Liability for Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things

2019

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Herbert Zech Liability for Autonomous Systems: Tackling Specific Risks of Modern IT S. 185-200

„… New Approaches: Form of Liability Liability for Autonomous Systems: Tackling Specific Risks of …” „… to increasingly autonomous systems, showing the capability of self-learning. In addition …” „… -42251535> accessed 8 August 2018. 7 See below at V.3. Liability for Autonomous Systems: Tackling Specific …”

Georg Borges New Liability Concepts: the Potential of Insurance and Compensation Funds S. 145-164

„… * Introduction Autonomous systems and damage as an everyday occurrence Autonomous systems have become embedded in …” „… the daily lives of hu‐ mans. Autonomous cars, which are the autonomous systems currently at‐ tracting …” „… /> accessed 20 July 2018. 145 At the same time however, damage caused by autonomous systems ar‐ rive in daily …”

Gerhard Wagner Robot Liability S. 25-62

„… Concepts of Robots, Autonomous Systems and IoT-Devices Since the invention of the steam engine …” „… concepts of a ‘robot’ and of ‘autonomous systems’ will be used interchangeably. The characteristic shared …” „… classification of autonomous systems as products or rather as services.12 The Commission also distinguishes …”

Giovanni Comandé Multilayered (Accountable) Liability for Artificial Intelligence S. 165-184

„… between automated (Airports’ transfer trains, for in‐ stance) and autonomous systems (fully autonomous …” „… technologies. In relation to liability applicable to AI and autonomous systems, there is a frequent criticism …” „… pointing to the fact that the use of AI and autonomous systems could create responsibility gaps rendering …”

Jean-Sébastien Borghetti How can Artificial Intelligence be Defective? S. 63-76

„… accident is concerned. Those systems can readily accommodate accidents involving autonomous vehicles, since …” „… the use of, the IoT or AI? Depending on the circumstances and on the legal systems, different regimes …” „… covered by such a specific regime. For example, in many countries, if an autonomous car or vehicle is …”

Ernst Karner Liability for Robotics: Current Rules, Challenges, and the Need for Innovative Concepts S. 117-124

„… liability claims resulting from the activities of autonomous systems can already be resolved with …” „… various different autonomous systems. To prevent gaps in protection or value contradictions developing in …” „… autonomous systems certainly put existing liability regimes to the test. The current challenges do not …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Liability for Artificial Intelligence S. 9-24

„… are related to the autonomous nature of AI powered systems and the complexity of the IoT. Autonomous …” „… Market Strategy of 2015.2 The ac‐ tual discussion of liability for autonomous systems and in the IoT was …” „… of the AI in autonomous systems24 is supported by the fact that numerous risks are dependent on the …”

Eva Lux Consequences of Digitalization from the National Legislator’s Point of View – Report on a Working Group S. 229-234

„… , for example in regard to autonomous systems, the working group concluded nonetheless that there may be …” „… blockchain-tech‐ nology. Regarding liability for autonomous systems, the group focuses on two issues: autonomous …” „… driving and autonomous systems in a medical setting. Initially, experts illustrate the current state of …”

Bernhard A Koch Product Liability 2.0 – Mere Update or New Version? S. 97-116

„… ’ liability. 99 Traditional Bases of Liability Traditionally, of course, and in some legal systems still, the …” „… vehicles in traffic may ei‐ ther directly or indirectly communicate with the autonomous car that ulti …” „… ‐ mately triggered the harm, as will traffic information systems, providing further input such as GPS and …”

Gerald Spindler User Liability and Strict Liability in the Internet of Things and for Robots S. 125-144

„… realized than ever before, as hardware cannot be operated without a network connection. Autonomous systems …” „… operators of IoT-products, in particular autonomous systems, the same reasons as for producers apply …” „… of daily life that are constantly connected to services etc. on the Internet or of autonomous …”

Miquel Martín-Casals Causation and Scope of Liability in the Internet of Things (IoT) S. 201-228

„… (2015), 1339ff considers that au‐ topilot systems on airplanes provide the closest analogy to autonomous …” „… processing and exploitation of data (external systems).1 Most of the IoT projects identified by IoT Analytics …” „… ‘autonomous vehicles’ or ‘driverless cars’, which permit cars to oper‐ ate without human assistance and are …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Artificial Intelligence 165 Giovanni Comandé New Approaches: Form of Liability Liability for Autonomous …” „… Systems: Tackling Specific Risks of Modern IT 187 Herbert Zech Causation and Scope of Liability in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845294797

Eric Hilgendorf, Jochen Feldle - Digitization and the Law

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Eric Hilgendorf (ed.), Jochen Feldle (ed.)

Digitization and the Law

Series: Robotik, Künstliche Intelligenz und Recht

Volume 15 2018

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Eric Hilgendorf The dilemma of autonomous driving: Reflections on the moral and legal treatment of automatic collision avoidance systems S. 57-90

„… legal issue of liability for damage caused by automatic systems.The dilemma of autonomous driving89 …” „… collision avoidance systemsEric Hilgendorf*IntroductionThe fact that technological progress constantly …” „… here is a funda‐mental legal and ethical problem involving collision avoidance systems.How should the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… dilemma of autonomous driving: Reflections on the moral andlegal treatment of automatic collision …” „… avoidance systems 57Eric HilgendorfCriminalizing attacks against information systems in the EU and theimpact …”

Susanne Beck Robotics and Criminal Law. Negligence, Diffusion of Liability and Electronic Personhood S. 41-56

„… debating about the legality of Au‐tonomous Weapon Systems.In the following, I want to focus on the law …” „… , 2014, pp. 167 et seqq.11 Jain, Autonomous weapon systems: new frameworks for individual …” „… responsibility,in: Bhuta et al. (eds.), Autonomous Weapons Systems – Law, Ethics, Policy, 2016,pp. 303 et seqq.12 …”

Eric Hilgendorf Introduction: Digitization and the Law – a European Perspective S. 9-20

„… fineness, of data.Perhaps even more far-reaching are new forms of autonomous systems,i.e. technological …” „… Internet. Discussions are taking place in the civil law asto whether autonomous systems should be subjected …” „… law. Thus au‐tonomous systems used in stock market trading must, in principle, be in aposition to …”

Sara Sun Beale, Peter Berris Hacking the Internet of Things: Vulnerabilities, Dangers, and Legal Responses S. 21-40

„… , seats,wheels, navigation equipment, and entertainment systems,” many of which con‐nect to the internet and …” „… explained that “the statute... protects computers(and computerized communication systems) used in such …” „… worldthrough remote key systems, satellite radios, telematic control units, Blue‐tooth connections, dashboard …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845289304

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S&F Sicherheit und Frieden

Browse Volumes: S&F Sicherheit und Frieden

S+F Volume 36 (2018) Issue 3 ISSN Online: 0175-274x

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Christian Alwardt, Johanna Polle Internationale Rüstungskontrollbemühungen zu autonomen Waffensystemen: Definitionen, Technik und sicherheitspolitische Implikationen S. 133-139

„… kontro verser Diskurs zu letalen autonomen Waffensystemen (Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems, LAWS) statt …” „… autonomous weapon systems do not exist yet, the technology is steadily advancing. A growing number of …” „… international experts warn that lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) could have dangerous implications in the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Polle place international arms control efforts on autonomous weapons systems at the center of their …” „… analysis. Since fully autonomous weapon systems do not yet exist, their characterization and limitation is …” „… künstlicher Intelligenz basierende Systeme für den Einsatz von der Cyber Rüstungskontrolle erforscht werden …”

Tobias Burgers, David Ryland Scott Robinson Keep Dreaming: Cyber Arms Control is Not a Viable Policy Option S. 140-145

„… environment, where automation and autonomous systems have gained influence, the idea of automated and …” „… autonomous cyber security systems is one that deserves further research and should be explored. Such will …” „… and how this could influence policy decisions. Yet, cyber systems have additional unique and …”

doi.org/10.5771/0175-274X-2018-3

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