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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica - English Law and Terminology

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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica

English Law and Terminology

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2023

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Chapter 14: European Union Law S. 135-147

„… European Union LawBackgroundThe project of European integration, which is today reflected by the …” „… of Justice of the European Union encompasses courts which are tasked with ensuring that EU law is …” „… for five different categories of acts.6.7.III.1.2.Chapter 14: European Union Law 1413823242526272829 …”

Index S. 153-163

„… Agreement 14 62Trade mark 15 11Trade union law 15 7Trade usage 3 4, 49Traineeship 6 17Training contract …” „… 42, 64 f.law reports 3 28law review 3 42Law Society 6 22lawyer 6 16Lay magistrate 4 4, 6 11LCJ …” „… Parliament 8 39Additional member system 8 38Administrative law 15 4Admiralty Court 4 18Admission 7 18ADR …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… of the Common LawIV. 21TerminologyV. 22Review and DiscussionVI. 23Sources of LawChapter 3: 25Minor …” „… Sources of LawI. 25Custom1. 25Law Merchant2. 26Canon Law3. 26Books of Authority4. 26Major Sources of LawII …” „… ) 30Law of the European UnionIII. 30TerminologyIV. 30Review and DiscussionV. 32The Court SystemChapter …”

Chapter 15: Other Areas of Law S. 148-152

„… Other Areas of LawClassifications of LawLaw can be classified in a number of ways. The differences …” „… classified as civil law.Other Areas of LawThe following is intended to provide a short overview of other …” „… distinguished from trade union law or labour relations law, which deals with the collective elements of …”

Chapter 3: Sources of Law S. 25-35

„… Sources of LawMinor Sources of LawSome sources that were very important during the development of …” „… 3268910111213Major Sources of LawLegislationStatute LawMost ‘new’ law is enacted in the form of statutes (also …” „… deliberation.Law of the European UnionThe complex relation between EU law and English law after Brexit will be …”

Chapter 8: Constitutional Law S. 69-80

„… this was seen was with regard to the law of the European Union. When the UK became a member of the …” „… Constitutional LawNature of the ConstitutionThe Unwritten ConstitutionMost countries recognise that …” „… document.Important Constitutional PrinciplesThe Rule of LawThe rule of law is perhaps the most difficult element of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748922995

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Claudina Richards, Viviana Mollica

English Law and Terminology

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2016

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Chapter 14: European Union Law S. 132-143

„… European Union Law Background The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC – this no longer exists …” „… legislation. The distinguishing 3. 4. 5. III. 1. Chapter 14: European Union Law14 134 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 …” „… primary sources of EU law are the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… . 128 TerminologyX. 129 Review and DiscussionXI. 129 European Union LawChapter 14: 132 BackgroundI. 132 …” „… LawChapter 15: 144 Classifications of LawI. 144 Other Areas of LawII. 144 TerminologyIII. 146 Index 149 …” „… The Common LawChapter 2: 17 IntroductionI. 17 The Historical Development of the Common LawII. 17 The …”

Index S. 149-159

„… council 78 tracing 87 trade mark 147 trade union 145 trade union law 145 trade usage 25 training contract …” „… law of nations 144 law officers 55 law report 15 law review 31 Law Society 54 lawyer 23 Index 154 lay …” „… administrative law 144 Admiralty Court 38 admission 62 ADR 44 adversarial system 45, 58 advocacy 53, 54 Advocate …”

Chapter 15: Other Areas of Law S. 144-148

„… distinguished from trade union law or labour relations law, which deals with the collective elements of …” „… employment, namely the internal and external workings of trade unions. Environmental law initially consisted …” „… (or conflict of laws, as it is also known). National law can be further divided into public law and …”

Chapter 3: Sources of Law S. 25-35

„… subsequently EU law (the law of the European Union) has become an increasingly important source of law. What …” „… confused with a code. A statute is an individual law, while a code is a systematic collection of laws …” „… Sources of Law Minor Sources of Law Some sources that were very important during the development of …”

Chapter 8: Constitutional Law S. 68-79

„… to the law of the European Union. When the UK became a member of the European Community, the European …” „… Constitutional Law Nature of the Constitution The Unwritten Constitution Most countries recognise …” „… that, in addition to the ‘ordinary’ law, there are fundamental principles according to which the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265179

Jean-François Flauss, Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas - Das soft law der europäischen Organisationen - The Soft Law of European Organisations - La soft law des organisations européennes

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Jean-François Flauss (ed.), Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas (ed.)

Das soft law der europäischen Organisationen - The Soft Law of European Organisations - La soft law des organisations européennes

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 7 2012

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Jürgen Schwarze Soft Law im Recht der Europäischen Union S. 234-253

„… Soft Law im Recht der Europäischen Union Jürgen Schwarze* Einleitung Der Begriff des Soft Law1 …” „… Einsatz von Soft Law im Recht der Union als erlaubt erscheint (VI). Erscheinungsformen, Ziele und …” „… Funktionen von Soft Law Erscheinungsformen von Soft Law in der Europäischen Union Die wesentlichen Formen, in …”

Vassilios Christianos Soft Law in the European Union : Effectiveness and efficiency through the Court of Justice of the European Union – Statement – S. 326-331

„… Soft Law in the European Union : Effectiveness and efficiency through the Court of Justice of the …” „… must be drawn between contribution to the interpretation of EU law and law-making itself. 330 Vassilios …” „… European Union – Statement – Vassilios Christianos* Introduction In the framework of the present statement …”

François Lafarge Coopération administrative entre États membres et soft law horizontale dans le cadre de l’Union européenne S. 66-83

„… Coopération administrative entre États membres et soft law horizontale dans le cadre de l’Union …” „… soft law trouve son origine dans des institutions, organes ou organismes de l’Union qui, toutes choses …” „… . Cependant, ce schéma ne couvre toutefois pas toute la soft law existante au sein de l’Union européenne. Il …”

Mihalis Vilaras Réflexions sur la légitimité et la légitimation de la « soft law » en droit de l’Union européenne S. 402-413

„… Réflexions sur la légitimité et la légitimation de la « soft law » en droit de l’Union européenne …” „… l’Union; • une diversification de la soft law, eu égard aux instruments utilisés ainsi qu’à leur fonction …” „… la légitimation de la soft law dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union, certaines explications …”

Allan Rosas Soft Law and the European Court of Justice S. 304-325

„… The Court of Justice of the European Union La Cour de Justice de l’Union européenne Soft Law and the …” „… and the notion of general principles of law. While the general principles of Union law are part of …” „… Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union (hereinafter TEU). 5 See, A. ROSAS, “EU Primary Law as …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-25

„… und Legitimation des soft law im Recht der europäischen Union” die unter der Moderation von Constance …” „… légitimation de la soft law en droit de l’Union européenne », ont précédé la table ronde dirigée par Constance …” „… soft law horizontale dans le cadre de l’Union européenne François Lafarge 65 Le suivi du respect de la …”

Daniel Sarmiento European Soft Law and National Authorities: Incorporation, Enforcement and Interference S. 254-297

„… law has played a relevant role in the system of sources of Community and Union Law.3 Such relevance …” „… Institution, or to other Institutions. Internal soft law is part of the Union’s inter-institutional …” „… scope of a Recommendation in relation to national and Union law. The statement was, however, floating …”

Thomas Dubut La « soft law » de l’O.C.D.E. dans la jurisprudence fiscale de la C.J.U.E. – À la recherche des frontières entre normativité juridique et efficacité juridictionnelle S. 26-51

„… et M. VIDAL, « An International Lawyer’s Perspective on the ECJ’s Case Law Concerning the OECD Model …” „… – Chair – Présidence : Fabrice Larat La « soft law » de l’O.C.D.E. dans la jurisprudence fiscale de la …” „… permet même pas de saisir – et a fortiori de comprendre – le phénomène de la « soft law » car, tout …”

Matthias Knauff Legitimität und Legitimation des europäischen Soft Law – Grundfragen und Lösungsansätze – S. 370-401

„… enge Zusammenhang zwischen ihnen in Frage gestellt werden soll. Soft Law in der Europäischen Union In …” „… European Ombudsman: a novel source of soft law in the European Union“, European Law Review 25 (2000), S. 39 …” „… governance in the European Union“, European Law Review 28 (2003), S. 814 (824). Unter dem „Sammelbegriff“ (T …”

Sandrine Turgis Les communications interprétatives de la Commission européenne S. 52-65

„… introduire et identifier des instruments de soft law au sein de l’Union européenne au regard des spécificités …” „… d'instrument juridique non contraignant (soft law), qui est fondée sur la pratique courante, est ambiguë et …” „… « implications juridiques et institutionnelles du recours aux instruments juridiques non contraignants (soft law …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Das Soft Law der Europäischen Organisationen: Einführung S. 138-159

„… Law-in-Action Analysis of NAFTA´s Environmental Side Agreement, 6 UCLA J.Int´l L. & Foreign Aff. 425. 8 M …” „… besondere Aufmerksamkeit der "Soft Law"-Literatur in drei Verhältnissen: zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten der …” „… Das Soft Law der Europäischen Organisationen The Soft Law of European Organisations La Soft Law des …”

Frédéric Edel Susciter et accompagner des politiques d’égalité : Les apports des instruments européens de soft law à la lutte contre les inégalités entre hommes et femmes S. 104-137

„… law à la lutte contre les inégalités entre hommes et femmes Frédéric Edel* Il existe une masse …” „… considérable d’instruments européens de soft law dédiés à la lutte contre les inégalités entre les hommes et …” „… les femmes au sein du Conseil de l’Europe et de l’Union européenne. Il s’agit principalement, pour ce …”

Jean-François Flauss L’effectivité et l’efficacité de la soft law européenne dans la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme S. 332-363

„… celle de l’Union européenne;16 la prédominance de la soft law du Conseil de l’Europe apparaît logique …” „… européenne des droits de l’homme L’effectivité et l’efficacité de la soft law européenne dans la …” „… savaient depuis longtemps que la soft law en général et la soft law européenne au premier chef jouaient un …”

Enzo Cannizzaro, Emanuele Rebasti Soft law in the EU legal order S. 208-233

„… law-making and the function of law-enforcing and inverts the logic upon which the entire process of …” „… reference to the conceptual difference between law-making and law-enforcing is hardly necessary. One thing …” „… the lawmaking function is mainly based on the consent of the subjects to which the law ultimately …”

Statuts de la Societas Iuris Publici Europaei S. 424-428

„… scientifiques de questions relevant du droit public de l’Union européenne et des Etats membres y compris leur …” „… Bauer (eds.): Die Neue Europäische Union – The New European Union – La nouvelle Union européenne …” „… Bauer (eds.): Rechtsstaat, Freiheit und Sicherheit in Europa – Rule of Law, Freedom and Security in …”

Jörg Polakiewicz Finalités et fonctions de la soft law européenne L’expérience du Conseil de l'Europe S. 160-197

„… . Ziele und Funktionen des Europäischen Soft Law Goals and Functions of European Soft Law Finalités et …” „… Fonctions de la Soft Law Européenne Die Erfahrungen des Europarates The Council of Europe Experience …” „… L’expérience du Conseil de l’Europe Finalités et fonctions de la soft law européenne L’expérience du Conseil …”

Guenter Schirmer Goals and Functions of European Soft Law – Statement – S. 198-207

„… Goals and Functions of European Soft Law – Statement – Guenter Schirmer* My short contribution is …” „… not in fact intended as a reply to the impressive reminder by Jörg Polakiewicz of the soft law aspects …” „… arguable examples of soft law produced by the Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly. A brief overview …”

Mihaela Ailincai Le suivi du respect de la soft law au sein du Conseil de l’Europe S. 84-103

„… Le suivi du respect de la soft law au sein du Conseil de l’Europe Mihaela Ailincai* Le Conseil de …” „… d’une myriade de normes dépourvues de force juridique obligatoire qui relèvent de ce fait de la soft law …” „… qui est applicable aussi bien aux normes de soft law qu’aux normes de hard law, s’exerce de façon …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845235851

Anca Daniela Chirita - The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

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Anca Daniela Chirita

The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 82 2011

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The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law S. 361-370

„… competition. For practical reasons it is governed by private international law. 5. The Union’s Present Unfair …” „… Treaty’s provision gives the Union the competence to enforce unfair competition law and it does not …” „… Competition Case Law Professor Glöckner argued in favour of a new understanding of the EU case law on unfair …”

Overview of Major Policy Objectives S. 27-46

„… recognises the «freedom to conduct a business in accordance with Union law and national laws and practices …” „… Bieber/Epiney/Haag, Die Europäische Union, Nomos, 2006, 502-515; P. Mathijsen, A Guide to European Union Law, Sweet …” „… , supra n 32, 2. 105 Chalmers/Hadjiemmanuil/Monti/Tomkins, European Union Law, CUP, 2006, 662-3. 106 I …”

The Comparative Understanding of Undistorted Competition within the Union’s Internal Market S. 205-208

„… , Pollard/Parpworth/Hugues, Constitutional andAdministrative Law, OUP, 2007, 305. Any question as to whether the Union has …” „… ChiriY<, supra n 297. 820 Sauter/Schepel, State and Market in European Union Law, CUP, 2009, 10. 821 …” „… Undistorted Competition within the Union’s Internal Market The system of undistorted competition is a wider …”

Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 203-205

„… , Pollard/Parpworth/Hugues, Constitutional andAdministrative Law, OUP, 2007, 305. Any question as to whether the Union has …” „… 102 remains unchanged, as the Commission’s Guidance is without prejudice to the existent case law …” „… . Therefore, the Guidance may prove insufficient before the courts, as it is settled in case law that Article …”

Final Remarks for EU Competition Law S. 381-382

„… and efficiencies welcomes another understanding of the Union’s broad 382 competition law and policy …” „… should look at the Union’s competition law of its Member States.Finally, it does not mean that the …” „… approach to the Union’s competition law, economics and policy helps to avoid preconceptions with regard to …”

Concluding Remarks S. 220-222

„… n 297. 221 Commission were to enforce EU unfair competition law, there should be a Union act to …” „… clarify its competence for enforcing a stricter, even criminal, law. This happens as long as the Union …” „… 220 rule-of-law argument prevents narrow consideration being given to the final consumer whilst …”

Concluding Remarks on the Final Balancing of Policy Objectives, their Enforcement and Future Challenges S. 46-49

„… for both the Union’s competition and the unfair competition laws. So far, there is an insufficient …” „… undertakings’ commercial interests. Under German unfair competition law, the policy objective of undistorted …” „… Union’s policy objective of undistorted competition, which is very similar to that of EU unfair …”

The Control of Unfair Competition Acts: A Dynamic Interpretation S. 370-372

„… conclusion is that during this process of approximation, the Union should not be prohibited from enforcing …” „… consequence of recognising the primary Treaty’s provision gives the Union the competence to enforce unfair …” „… competition law and it does not preclude the Commission from controlling certain unfair anti-competitive …”

Final Remarks and Policy Recommendations for Romania S. 376-379

„… EU competition law. Before its accession to the Union, Romania’s law on the abuse of dominance tried …” „… to competition law. As has already been noted, even before its Union’s accession, Romania’s challenge …” „… Abuse of Dominance This final part aims to offer an overall critical evaluation of the competition law …”

Final Remarks for Germany S. 379-381

„… Romania made to its competition laws and policies in order to join the Union should be continued in the …” „… also increasingly pressuring the CC to consider the established EU case law and to guide its decisions …” „… comparable standard of economic expertise. The current competition law and policy emphasizes, however, the …”

The Teleological Interpretation of Article 12 to Article 102 S. 217-220

„… , Constitutional Law of the European Union, Longman, 2002, 209, 212; J. Raitio, The principle of legal certainty in …” „… considerations of unfair competition law. The practical example is the German distinction between laws and the …” „… of EU law. According to former judges Pescatore and Lecourt, «the function of the ECJ is not to …”

The Competition Policy after Lisbon and the Interpretation of Article 102 S. 208-209

„… cannot itself be an objective for competition law, as the Treaty confers «shared» competence on the Union …” „… considerations should be pursued under the Union’s broad competition, namely, unfair competition, or consumer law …” „… » competence on the Union for establishing the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal …”

Stricter National Abuse of Market Dominance Rules S. 22-24

„… with EU competition law,29 as national legislation that protects legitimate interests other than the …” „… EU law.30In particular, the Modernisation Regulation allows both German and Romanian competition …” „… , or because national law could not sanction undertakings for conduct that had already been subject to …”

Conclusions and Reasons to Enact an Unfair Competition Control Regulation Union-wide S. 372-375

„… law based on the intellectual or industrial property rights such as patents, trademarks, business …” „… Reasons to Enact an Unfair Competition Control Regulation Union-wide The shift of the Lisbon Reform …” „… ,1495 trademarks and so on. As a guardian of the Treaty, the Commission can rely on the EU case law …”

Preface S. 11-12

„… . In conclusion, the comparative perspective of the Union’s Member States shows that EU competition law …” „… to examine the similarities and distinctive features, in both law and practice, between the two …” „… classical economics into the language of law facilitates the understanding of such various concepts as …”

Brief Historical Overview of National Competition Laws S. 15-19

„… , remarkable changes have taken place in the competition law and policy of the European Union. On the surface …” „… . Therefore, the successful path towards a real modernisation of the Union’s competition law comes only by …” „… competitive law system was seen as a pre-requisite for Romania’s accession to the European Union. Despite its …”

Bibliography S. 383-395

„… Law Review. Arnull, Anthony: The European Union and its Court of Justice, Oxford, Oxford University …” „… . Chalmers, Damian, Hadjiemmanuil, Christos, Monti, Giorgio and Tomkins, Adam: European Union Law, Cambridge …” „… Guide to European Union Law, London, Sweet & Maxwell, 9th edn, 2007.McMahon, Kathryn: Interoperability …”

Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 209-211

„… considerations should be pursued under the Union’s broad competition, namely, unfair competition, or consumer law …” „… is the case under a private law society.829 Despite the traditional German philosophy and …” „… understanding of a private law society, which is restricted contractually to private autonomy, a systematic …”

The Evolution and Role of Consumers’ Interests S. 211-213

„… sensitively excluded from competition law as one of the «overriding» concerns.841 It is, however, appropriate …” „… purposes of competition law by narrowly limiting it to efficiency-enhancing considerations.842 Rejecting …” „… that should therefore not be applicable to competition law, or as consumer law integrated with …”

The Elements of Unfair Competition under Article 102 S. 359-361

„… historical and the current recognition of the Union’s unfair competition law, the Commission could also …” „… competition. For practical reasons it is governed by private international law. 5. The Union’s Present Unfair …” „… the consumers», which is also based on the meaning found in the law of contracts and economic torts …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Unfair Competition under Article 102 3595. The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law 3616. The …” „… Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform Efforts 245. National Competition …” „… Competition Law 68b) The Un(Fair) Competition under the German Act against Restraints 69c) The Balance of Fair …”

A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and Public Policy? S. 213-217

„… , 525-6; S. Douglas-Scott, Constitutional Law of the European Union, Longman, 2002, 209, 212; J. Raitio …” „… competition law, the effects on consumers are, inter alia, included only in the particular situation of …” „… competition law should refrain from affording them paramount consideration where these interests are the …”

Export Sales below Cost and Dumping Pricing S. 268-270

„… different level of development. Put simply, under EU trading law, the Union’s internal market based on free …” „… , the Romanian law governing the practice of selling below the cost of production is stricter than EU …” „… competition law. Article 6(2) (e) mentioned the practice of exporting at prices below the cost of production …”

The Dominant Position and the Concept of Abuse S. 82-104

„… recognised as EU unfair competition law, which raises the same question as under US antitrust statute laws …” „… 82 includes situations that in both the EU and the Romanian competition law produce an enforcement …” „… risk maintaining or strengthening the dominant position».262 Thus, the law intervenes when undertakings …”

Abuse of Economic Dependency: A Gap under Article 102 S. 322-325

„… administrative law which are invaluable for the proper standing of the Union’s unfair competition law. are …” „… law, one should be cautious in advancing a «gap» because Article 102 is addressed to «dominant …” „… «over»enforced Article 102 beyond the strict letter of the law, i.e. the jurisprudential definition of abuse as …”

Introduction S. 346-349

„… relevance in favour of an established Union case law on unfair competition and hybrid enforcement outcomes …” „… unfairness is a distinctive feature of EU unfair competition law. This interpretation also receives support …” „… and of EU competition law. It is critical when the latter leaves unfairness as «exceptional …”

National Competition Authorities S. 25-27

„… , which has primacy and must follow the case law of the Court of Justice in interpreting the Union’s …” „… , based on the existent case law, it is for the Court of Justice or for the General Court to decide …” „… whether their jurisprudence is really in need of a change by overruling their earlier case law line and …”

The Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform Efforts S. 24-25

„… 24 4. The Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform EffortsPrevious …” „… competition law.37 Article 102, however, cannot be changed by legislation because such a possibility of …” „… International Antitrust Law and Policy, Fordham Corporate Law Institute, 23 October 2003.41 For an exhaustive …”

The Legal Background of the Abuse of a Dominant Position S. 19-22

„… application of national laws must occur in a manner consistent with EU competition law,29 as national …” „… 19 The first Romanian law to represent a transitional period of the country’s competition law …” „… development was Law no. 15/1990,12 which was identical to Article 102 (ex Article 86 of the Maastricht Treaty …”

Final Concluding Remarks S. 342-346

„… the approximation of laws gradually loses its relevance in favour of an established Union case law on …” „… underpinnings of EU competition law originate in the ordoliberal doctrine without any consideration of the Act …” „… really fit into current German competition law. In general, the concepts of competition on the merits …”

(Price) Discrimination S. 284-286

„… context of discrimination of customers is a recent case before the CA Bucharest. A law suit was introduced …” „… founded. Under EU case law, there are various types of price discrimination: «perfect» price …” „… segments amongst the Union’s customers.1163Recently, Vivendi brought an action for annulment of the …”

Discounts and Rebates S. 270-279

„… 270 by the exporting producers in the country/countries concerned; that the Union industry has …” „… that the imposition of measures is not against the Union interest. Therefore, even if this abusive …” „… fair price for the purpose of enforcement of competition law. Pittmann advanced possible methods to …”

An Empirical Classification of Abusive Practices and Future Challenges S. 230-235

„… gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen, Beck, 2001; Ritter/Braun, European Competition Law,Kluwer, 2004, 384 …” „… examination of the most frequent or recent case law amongst the two Member States. Furthermore, leading cases …” „… provide a broad understanding of the national public enforcement on the Union’s abuse of market dominance …”

Hindrance Abuse S. 286-290

„… 286 prices according to the quantity purchased or in different market segments amongst the Union’s …” „… lack of Union interest, and therefore, Vivendi complained against the excessive price for the local …” „… vertical integration to France Télécom. Under German competition law, Section 19(4) 3rd sentence prohibits …”

Technological Tying v Interoperability in the Software Industry S. 294-298

„… under EU competition law? How broad an interpretation can be applied to the concept of «interoperability …” „… » embedded in the secondary legislation of EU unfair competition law, and why should a directive’s …” „… property rights.1202 This may be a serious flaw in the area of EU unfair competition law because it shows …”

The Assessment of Market Dominance S. 112-127

„… to the Union, particularly the CC’s aim to comply with the EU case law line by observing its market …” „… is a form of dominance close to absolute dominance, as under EU competition law’s super-dominance. a …” „… 112 clarified that the relevant geographic market within the meaning of German competition law can …”

The German Economic Thinking in the Light of an Economic Constitution S. 49-55

„… , but has been misinterpreted especially in the English literature. For German competition law’s lack of …” „… their relevance for EU competition law, their specialism may require careful consideration of …” „… misleading advertisement leading to customers’ lock-in, which are the core subjects of unfair competition law …”

Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks S. 196-201

„… Rechtswissenschaft,Springer, 1995. Under German law, teleologically objective interpretations opt for the unity of laws by …” „… German competition law, there is a lack of any further explanations of how the latter concept will be …” „… protect the competitive process itself. This view is supported by EU case law, which states that Article …”

Consistency v Legal Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach S. 168-173

„… Union’s competition system where substantial provisions of unfair competition law are left to the Member …” „… , competition law should distinguish between long- and short-run perspectives for achieving economic efficiency …” „… Approach The EU case law on the abuse of dominance rejects any consumer-welfare standard.642 It is …”

Caveats S. 13

„… selective case law, and the analysis of the decisional practice. These sections conclude with a follow-up …” „… and the case law aims only to emphasize existing differences in how cases are handled and to highlight …” „… and criticism of competition law and policy based on the examination of EU competition law as an …”

Undistorted Competition and the Old Teleological Interpretation of Article 102 S. 202-203

„… competition, but also for a common framework of a Regulation on EU unfair competition or trading law …” „… concept of harm to consumers in general falls under unfair competition law. Therefore, if the Commission …” „… structure.798 Therefore, EU competition law focuses upon protecting market structures from artificial …”

Technical Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage S. 336-338

„… law with public policy. In light of the above, based on its private free competition system, the Union …” „… may be in line with the German case law line where a refusal to supply or to grant access is deemed …” „… has extended its competence over unfair, undistorted, and effective EU public competition law. This …”

The Present Relevance of the Historical Interpretation of Article 102 S. 356-359

„… laws or case law. In fact the early attempts of the Ordoliberal School of Freiburg to define «good …” „… chapter argues that, the general framework of EU unfair competition law also requires an administrative …” „… business or consumers is based on the common civil and commercial law system, it appears normal that these …”

The Balancing Test: The Public Interest and Effective Competition S. 333-336

„… accompanied by exceptional circumstances such as those hitherto envisaged in the case law that such a refusal …” „… Commission’s officials had already classified it as a mere duty to supply.1351 Based on the case law, it is …” „… competition law, the only provision that justifies opening up the markets is Article 119. The FCJ balanced …”

Brief Overview of Remedies, Penalties, and Judicial Review S. 222-229

„… affected may request an investigation by the CC, or the latter ex officio, and have the right to bring law …” „… suits against the undertaking concerned requesting the full recovery of the damage caused.889 The law …” „… Administrative Law no. 29/1990 (unjustified refusal by a competent public authority), especially being able to …”

The Historical Background of the EU Unfair Competition Rules S. 349-356

„… competition law is that, despite recourse to individual damage claims being a second best solution, an …” „… contracts relating to supplies from outside the Union in the situation where the Commission finds that the …” „… under international law».1403 An historical interpretation remains a supplementary means of confirming …”

The Methodological Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law S. 180-190

„… another hurdle. Such a hurdle is present only under German unfair competition law, which requires «direct …” „… » and «intentional» harm to consumers. German competition law, therefore, would need to adapt to the new …” „… Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law The balancing of efficiencies is expressly mentioned in Article 101(3 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230306

Olaf Deinert - International Labour Law under the Rome Conventions

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Olaf Deinert

International Labour Law under the Rome Conventions

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2017

Results in this title

3 Influences of European Union law S. 28-37

„… 3 Influences of European Union law I. Conflict-of-laws rules under Union law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 European Union law raises specific conflict-of-laws issues in regard to the law governing the …” „… European level such as company law or collective employment law. I. Conflict-of-laws rules under Union law …”

15 Industrial action S. 368-408

„… to international situations, substantive law is partly also formed by Union law (see paragraphs 27 …” „… jurisdictional law. Article 153 Section 5 TFEU precludes the Union from acquiring competence in regard to strikes …” „… will of the trade unions.117 The law requires observance of a 10 day notice period, prior notification …”

DIRECTIVE 2014/67/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Enforcement Directive) S. 455-484

„… competences and other rights of trade unions and other employee representatives under national law and/or …” „… national law and/or practice and in compliance with Union law. Such measures may include the introduction …” „… measures in accordance with the relevant national and Union law to investigate and prevent alleged breaches …”

COM(2016) 128 final S. 485-500

„… framework of the provision of services, OJ L 18, 21.1.97, p.1. 485 vices in the Union shall be prohibited …” „… Directive can only be achieved by adopting a new Directive. 2.3. Proportionality It is settled case law …” „… have also been the EU Trade Union of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW), the Dutch Trade Union …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… ...............................................3 28 Conflict-of-laws rules under Union law ..............................I. 28 Hierarchy of norms …” „… applicable employment law .......2 15 Influences of European Union law …” „… ........................III. 33 Mandatory public policy under Union law ..........................IV. 35 General doctrines of …”

2 Sources of law for determining the applicable employment law S. 15-27

„… Regulation conflict-of-laws rules under Union law in relation to particular matters will take precedence over …” „… applicable European Union law is no more than declaratory in effect. For directly applicable Union law …” „… partakes of the primacy of application of Union law (on that point, see Section 3 paragraph 6). On the …”

REGULATION (EC) No 593/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Rome I) S. 417-438

„… paragraph 2, only the following laws may be chosen by the parties in accordance with Article 3: (a) the law …” „… may be proved by any mode of proof recognised by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred …” „… on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF …”

Register S. 501-504

„… 388 – consequences for the individual 400 – cross-border 391 – EU law 405 – excess 398 – lawfulness …” „… agreement 255 ancillary duties 265, 266, 284, 285 antidiscrimination law 294, 297–299 applicable employment …” „… law 6 applicable law 3 applicable-law theory 194 apprentices 53 Arblade case 185, 210, 214 autonomy of …”

6 Further questions under the General Part S. 70-78

„… trade union carrying out the action, in the case of a substantive-law referral that is immaterial: the …” „… sequence of laws, but a matter provided for by a law. Those are legal situations which are posited as …” „… regard both to the conflict rule and to application of the substantive law. The conflictof-laws question …”

10 Special connecting rules S. 177-250

„… is free, within the limits of Union law, to pursue its own policy in creating overriding mandatory …” „… laws of the place where the plant is established, irrespective of the law applicable to the employment …” „… connecting rule for overriding mandatory employee protection laws under the law otherwise objectively …”

13 Legal succession and termination of the employment relationship S. 319-361

„… construed as overriding mandatory law provided that: (1) the transfer of an entity within the European Union …” „… , Betriebsinhaberwechsel, p. 11 et seq.; for a comparative-law presentation of the English and French laws on the transfer …” „… taken of that fact in regard to the substantive law or the conflict of laws.36 In that connection, there …”

REGULATION (EU) No 1215/2012 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Brussels I bis) S. 441-444

„… matters (recast) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO- PEAN UNION, Having regard to the …” „… Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 67(4) and points (a), (c) and …” „… of a relationship deemed by the law applicable to such relationship to have comparable effects to …”

REGULATION (EC) No 864/2007 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Rome II) S. 439-440

„… on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE …” „… COUNCIL OF THE EURO- PEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in …” „… law applicable to a non-contractual obligation in respect of the liability of a person in the capacity …”

9 Law governing employment contracts S. 94-176

„… the law of obligations) by a trades union with a ship-owner which provided for the application of …” „… regard to the law of a non-Member State, the provisions of Union law remain applicable unless they are …” „… situation: mandatory Union law loses its value where, though the parties may not deviate from it, a …”

1 Subject-matter, Objectives and methods S. 1-14

„… according to the lex fori (Section 16 paragraphs 2 et seq.) Primacy of constitutional and Union law …” „… European Union (except Denmark) as a result of uniform European law in the guise of the Rome I Regulation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Conflict-of-laws issues and rules for determining the applicable law. . . 2 III …”

12 Contents of the employment relationship S. 261-318

„… Conflict of laws The obligation to perform the work follows accordingly from the law applicable to the …” „… under the conflict-of-laws rules in the USA.21 For Austrian law that is expressly provided for in …” „… Conflict of laws The employee’s ancillary duties are likewise determined by the law applicable to the …”

DIRECTIVE 96/71/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Posting Directive) S. 445-454

„… PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO- PEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European …” „… the law applicable to contractual obligations4, signed by 12 Member States, entered into force on 1 …” „… general rule, for the free choice of law made by the parties; whereas, in the absence of choice, the …”

4 Classification S. 38-59

„… conflict-of-laws point of view which will scarcely be the case in international employment law (see Section 6 …” „… contract for conflict-of-laws purposes may be different from what it is in substantive law. In that regard …” „… be legal institutes in foreign laws which have no comparable equivalent in the substantive law of the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845278605

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