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Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

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U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… ?this?subject.?An? examination?of ?U.?S.? democracy?promotion? from?different? angles? is …” „… ? the?U.?S …” „… .?should?promote?democracy?in?the?Middle?East.?Rather?than?re-ordering?the?facts?so?as?to?be?consistent?with?a?particular?theory,?this?study?uses?methods?and?approaches?from?various?fields?to?explain?the?complex?reality?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?implementation?and?its?repercussions?on?the?Arab?world.?As?a?result,?the?framework?is?practice-oriented?and?approachable?to?practitioners?and?academics?alike.Specifically,? the? goal? here? is? to? explain? how? post? 9/11? policies? were? conceptionalized?and? then …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… 135Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework …” „… ?‘idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy’;?‘competing?interests’?and? ‘contested?development?theories’?allow?for?a?comprehensive?analysis?of …” „… ?policy?in?the?region.?This?framework?also?permits?one?an?understanding?of ?the?various?nuances,?ambivalences?and?possible?misconceptions?that?guide?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?The?chapter?is?divided?according?to?the?three-part?conceptual?framework:?‘idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied141 …” „… ? to?how?to?react?to?these?attacks.?Idealists?were?content?because?the?‘Arab?exceptionalism’?argument?that?had?guided?prior?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?was?no?longer?valid,?and?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?received?more?attention?than?ever?before.?Further,? the …” „… ?the?state.?How?U.?S.?idealism?and?assumptions?then?applied?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: MoroccoU. S …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ? terrorism?emanating?from?the?Middle?East.?This?chapter’s?goal? is? to?give?an?indication?of ? the?debates? and? rationales? that?were?discussed? in?U.?S …” „… ?terrorism,?previous?U.?S.?policies?that?had?supported?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?were?re-considered.?These?discussions?led?to?the?seemingly?widely?accepted?opinion?that?U.?S …” „… .?policy?should?focus?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.?To?understand?why?and?how?these?rationales?came?to?drive?U.?S …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… ?the?recipient?country?and?the?possible?negative?repercussions?outsiders?could?have.Repercussions of U. S …” „… . policiesArab?state’s?ability?to?adapt?to?Western?pressure?and?U.?S.?democracy?promoters’?negative?repercussions? in? the? region?are?understudied.103?As?noted?earlier …” „… ,? the?Bush?administration?seems?to?have?been?so?optimistic?in?their?anticipated?results?that?it?underestimated?the?reactions?its?policies?would?trigger.?U.?S.?policies?forced?the?recipient?government?to?re-adjust?their?policies,?but?also?gave?them?the?opportunity?to?potentially?manipulate?U.?S …”

U. S. Idealism and competing interests S. 112-113

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality112then?around?4000?volunteers?have?served?in?a?variety?of …” „… ?development?capacities.?Other?than?some?differences?over?the?issue?of ?Western?Sahara,?U.?S …” „… ? life.?As?a?U.?S.?government?official?noted,?Moroccans?often?play?the? ‘tolerance? card’? and? make? sure? they? send? a? positive? signal? by? including? a …”

At the periphery of U. S. interests S. 111-112

„… 111Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in MoroccoThis?chapter?will? examine?how? the?different?U.?S …” „… .? initiatives?presented? in? the?previous?chapter? applied? to? Morocco.? It? will? thus? examine? U.?S.? programs? and …” „… ,? such?as?diplomatic?pressure,?MEPI,?BMENA,?bilateral?funding,?MCC?and?others?that?were?implemented?in?Morocco.?After?examining?the?different?U.?S.?initiatives?in?Morocco,?the?chapter?will?provide?a?brief ?overview?of ?the?Moroccan?domestic?reform?context.?This?overview? will? emphasize? how? reform …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied137 …” „… ? East?seemed?real,?but?were?often?guided?by?naivety?and?optimism.?The?assumption?that?once?people?were?free?to?choose?they?would?opt?for?a?value?system?similar?to?the?one?of ?the?U.?S.?deeply?influenced?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.When idealism and …” „… ?a?universally?accessible?and?normative?political? form.?Calls?deeply?embedded? in?U.?S.?history,?put?on?hold? for?decades …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied173 …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promoters.?As?described?earlier,?U.?S.?interests?and?expectations?shifted?from?2000?to?2008.?Morocco?was?at?first?at?the?periphery?of …” „… ?U.?S.?interests,?but?later?rose?to?become?a?major?partner?for?the?U.?S.?in?the?war?on?terror,?and?a?role?model?for?the?region.?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?must?also?be?seen?against?the?background?of:?real?limitations?set?by?the?Moroccan?regime,?U.?S.?competing?interests,?lack?of …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 154-156

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality154Bureaucrats, incentives and structuresThe? different? agencies …” „… domestic constituencies”.43The? reports? on? U.?S.? support? of ? human? rights? issued? by? the? State …” „… age?used?seems?to?reflect?the?U.?S.-Moroccan?rapprochement?at?that?time?rather?than?a?real?improvement?in?Morocco’s?human?rights?records.Other? instances? indicate? that? praise? attributed? to? Morocco? by? the? White? House …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… 183ConclusionThis? study?has?demonstrated? that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion? in? the?Middle?East? is …” „… ? a?complex?issue.?The?analysis?here?has?sought?to?examine?U.?S.?policies?in?a?Middle?Eastern? context? beyond? simplistic? condemnations? of ? the? Bush? administration’s …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Analyzing?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?has?also?exemplified?the?various?challenges?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?faces?in?Arab?countries.All?in?all,?this?study?has?attempted?to?answer?the?following?key?research?questions:?Was?there?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality34though?Bush?Sr.?had?called?for?a …” „… ? ‘new?world?order’,?this?had?not?materialized.?Instead,?the?U.?S …” „… .?witnessed?the?rise?of ?China,?civil?wars?in?the?Balkans,?and?humanitarian?disasters?in?Somalia?and?Rwanda.?Later,?the?Clinton?administration?sought?to?‘engage’?rather?than?pursue?U.?S.?national?interests.?This?was?because?there?was?confusion?about?the?role?the?U.?S.?should?play?and?a?refusal?to?take?on?global?leadership.?In?short,?the?claim?was?thus:?momentum?had?been …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality156“You never know if there is someone in the embassy, trying to …” „… ? impact?and?scope?U.?S.?non-government?democracy?promoters?could?actually?have.?First,?they?had?to?operate?within?the?red?lines,?clearly?determined?by?the?Moroccan?regime.?Second,?they?were?also?restricted?because?of ?their?dependence?on?U.?S …” „… ?Many?differing?conspiracy?theories?ensued,?but?the?majority?of ?Moroccans?agreed?the?U.?S.?was?guilty?of ?interference?in?internal?affairs.52 …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality142The?9/11 …” „… ?U.?S.?political?agenda?in?Morocco.?At?the?U.?S …” „… ?MEPI?funding?and?additional?military?support?led?to?increased?activity?at?the?U.?S.?embassy.?After?the?terrorist?attacks?in?May?2003 …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… esis?three?(fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy)?offers?the?more?accurate?explanation,?and?indeed,?there?was?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.At?first,?in?2000,?there?was?very?little?indication?that?the?incoming?Bus …” „… ,?it?seemed?that?the?Bush?administration?truly?believed?that?bringing?freedom?and?democracy?to?the?Middle?East?meant?that?U.?S.? idealism?and …” „… ?and?the?war?on?terror,?which?complicated?and?discredited?democracy?promotion.?The?Bush?administration?also?faced?resistance?to?U.?S …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality36became? an? even? stronger? advocate? for? defending? and? spreading …” „… ? and?principles?abroad?than?his?predecessor.?From?that?point?onwards,?the?Bush?administration?argued?that?democracy?was?a?universal?right?and?that?prior?support?of ?authoritarian?states? for? the? sake? of ? primary? U.?S.? national? security? interests? had …” „… ? U.?S.?security.?It?could?be?claimed?that?President?George?W.?Bush?was?following?the?logic?of ?Woodrow?Wilson?by?advocating?wholesale?changes? in? international?processes?so?as …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… QuestionThis?study?is?about?complexity.?More?succinctly,?this?work?focuses?on?a?complexity?of ?assumptions?and?rationales? in?U.?S …” „… .?foreign?policy?and?how?they?translate? into?practice?through?a?bureaucracy?driven?by?competing?interests.?The?study?also?explores?the?challenges?of ?U.?S.?democracy?assistance,? in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?To?reconstruct …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality160derives?his?legitimacy?on?the?basis?of …” „… ?society?as?legitimate?based?on?a?religious?and?moral?grounds.Some?U.?S.?democracy?promoters? started? thus?with?good? intentions?of …” „… ?not?naive?in?their?anticipated?goals.?Some?U.?S …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality158Near?East?where,?as?U.?S.?embassy?staff ?noted,?Americans?can …” „… ? running?into?major?logistical?problems.?In?addition,?according?to?U.?S.?government?officials?most?Americans?are?charmed?by?Morocco’s?tourist?attractions?and?welcome?opportunities?to?travel?and?work?there.56?In?short,?Morocco?is?often?chosen?as?a?place?for …” „… ?U.?S.?activities?because?it?is?practical.Overall,? U.?S.? activities? in? Morocco? need? to? be? seen? in? the? context? of ? competing …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… ? in?U.?S.?policy? towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …” „… ? in?how?the?U.?S.?viewed?the?region.?Until?now,?there?seems?to?be?no?way?back?to?former?unquestioned?support?of ?Arab?authoritarian?regimes?due?to?a)?long-term?U.?S.?security? interests …” „… ? in?the?region?and?b)?the?domestic?necessity?for?reform?within?the?region.?At?the?same?time,?the?implementation?of ?this?change?in?U.?S.?policy?was?not?always?steady?and?linear.No change–short-term security …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ? and?the?U.?S.Fifth,?other?analysts?perceive?terrorism?a?direct?result?of ?U.?S …” „… .?policies?in?the?region.?Proponents?of ?this?theory?argue?that?U.?S.?foreign?policy?and?more?recently,?the?intervention?in?Iraq,?acts?as?key?drivers?and?motivation?for?terrorist?activities.?The?9/11?Commission?report?of ?July?2004?for?instance?states?that?perceptions?of …” „… ?the?U.?S.?foreign?policies?as?anti-Arab,?anti-Muslim,?and?pro-Israel?have?contributed?to?the?rise?in?extremist?rhetoric?against? the? United? States.55? According? to? this? view,? U.?S.? policies? have? aggravated …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco115Diplomatic …” „… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S …” „… .?Moroccan?relations,?most?of ?those?interviewed?replied?that?the?U.?S.?did?not?confront?the?Moroccan?regime?publicly?in?order?not?to?expose?the?regime.10?Compared?to?relations?prior?to?9/11 …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… ?3000-4000?U.?S.?troops?in?Afghan?territory?and?the?Taliban?defeated,?the? future?of ? the? country? and?U.?S …” „… ?or?the?democratic?peace?theory)?have?played?prominent?roles?in?shaping?the?debates?around?the?U.?S.?administration’s?new?approach?towards?the?Middle?East.?Several?of ?these?arguments?and?factors?will?now?be?explored.Self-reflection-why do they hate us?The? attacks …” „… 15:32:50 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality80 …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied143perhaps?as?a?second?stage …” „… ,?there?was?a?major?emphasis?on?Morocco?in?U.?S.?policy.?During?this?time,?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations?intensified,?Morocco?seemed?like?a?good?role?model?for?the?region?it?could?absorb?funding?and?thus?became?a?doable?place? to? support?prior? reform?efforts.?However,?by?mid?2005,?U.?S …” „… ?a?u-turn:?some?U.?S.?government?agencies?concluded?that?Morocco?was?doing?well?enough?and?that?the?U.?S.?should?focus?on?other?countries?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?that?had?shown?less?progress?in?reform?than?Morocco.?This?u-turn?proved?only? temporary?however,?after?2006,?when?the?U.?S …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… b)?President?George?W.?Bush:?›Remarks?by?the?President?in?Address?to?the?United?Nations?General?Assembly?New?York‹?(September?12,?2002).2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 199 06.09.2010 15:38:10 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality …” „… ?the?Spokesman.U.?S.?Agency?for?International?Development?(1999-2007)?U.?S.?Overseas?Loans?and?Grants?(Greenbook).U.?S …” „… .?Agency?for?International?Development?(2000-2008)?Morocco:?Program?Activity?&?Budget?Information?In?East,?Asia?and?the?Near.U.?S.? Agency? for …”

Contested development theories S. 113-114

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco113 …” „… forms??The?new?U.?S.?rationale?demanded?greater?political?reforms?challenging?current?power?structures?in?Morocco.?But,?close?co-operation?with?the?Moroccan?regime?and?its?security?institutions?was?needed?in?order?to?pre-empt?future?terrorist?attacks.The? potential? consequences? of ? these? trade-offs? led? to? several? debates? and …” „… ? the?U.?S.?interest,?stability?or?tackling?the?so-called?root?causes?of ?terrorism??If …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality188 …” „… ?democracy?was?also?again?put?into?question.Despite?these?obstacles,?skepticisms?and?setbacks,?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policies?did?take?place?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?At?the?macro?level,?diplomatic?and?military?policies? remained? to? a? large? extent?hostage? to?overriding? security? imperatives.?U.?S.?policy? in …” „… ? assistance?programs?in?the?Middle?East?increased?tremendously?after?9/11.?Initiatives?in?Morocco?for? instance?demonstrate? that?U.?S …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality172Contested development theories: MoroccoExpectation of the role of …” „… ?The?country?was?simply?not?considered?important?enough?to?U.?S.?interests,?and?crucially,?opinions?and?objectives?in?the?U.?S …” „… ?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?can?be?drawn.To?begin?with,?Morocco?is?in?comparison?to?its?neighbors?and?from?a?practical?perspective? an? easy? country? to? carry? out? democracy? promotion? programs.? Domestic …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality114 …” „… ?civil?society?the?answer?to?diffusing?political?power??Should?the?U.S?help?by?modernizing?state?institutions??What?are?the?limits?of ? external? interventions??And? finally,? given? that? security? imperatives? remained?and? that …” „… ?Several?U.?S.?programs?that?tentatively?supported?relatively?non-political?development?issues?were?already?in?place?prior?to?9/11.?The? terrorist? attacks? gave? further? impetus? to? the?need? for?political? reforms? in …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ? from?Saudi?Arabia? and?Egypt,? two?U.?S.? allies,? also? affected? the …” „… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?U.?S …” „… ? principles?depending?on?U.?S.?security?and?economic?concerns.?As?Condoleezza?Rice?in?her?Foreign?Affairs?article?noted,?human?rights?and?democracy?are?American?values?and?should?be?pursued?in?foreign?policy,?but?she?also?argued?that?they?were?subordinate?to?U.?S.?primary?national?interests.36 …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality20Interviews?also?represent?a?crucial?part?of …” „… ?in?the?U.?S.?However,?interviews?also?face?methodological?challenges,?and?a?few?will?be?noted?here.?First,?availability,? timing?and?opportunity?dictate?the?choice?of …” „… ? thus?limited?to?three?agencies?most?affected?by?democracy?promotion?activities:?U.?S …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 119-120

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco119Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)“Morocco has been a …” „… Discussions?about?the?FTA?with?Morocco?began?in?April?2002.?They?came?to?many?as?a?surprise?since?U.?S …” „… .-Moroccan?business?ties?were?marginal?in?terms?of ?trade?flow.?Morocco?was?not?a?major?trade?partner?but?according?to?U.?S.?Trade?Representative?Zoellick,?Morocco?was?chosen?for? the?FTA?since?“Morocco?has?been?a?strong?ally?on …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives91In?addition,?Secretary?of …” „… for our shared future”.4U.?S.?pressure? inspired?a? lot?of …” „… ?discussions?and?arguably?accelerated?ongoing?domestic?calls?for?reform?in?Egypt.?U.?S …”

Additional measures & bilateral relations S. 121-123

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco121 …” „… ?the?few?places?that?could?absorb?the?funding?available,?but?over?the?years,?NGOs?established?in?other?Arab?countries?and?quickly?learnt?how?to?work?the?funding?system?in?the?U.?S.32Additional measures & bilateral relationsBesides? MEPI,? MEFTA,? MCC? and? bilateral? funding …” „… ,? the? U.?S.? demonstrated? its? newfound?support?of ?Morocco?by?granting?it?in?June?2004?the?status?of …”

Support for NGOs S. 120-121

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality120a?certain? level?of ? trust?and?reinforced?the?strength?of …” „… ? the?U.?S.-Moroccan?partnership?publicly.?Those?interviewed?noted?that?it?was?a?further?indication?of ?the?U.?S.?new-found?interest?in?Morocco,?considered?by?the?U.?S …” „… ,?Morocco?became?eligible?to?compete?for?the?Millennium?Challenge?Account?funds.?Given?tensions?between?the?U.?S.?and?the?Arab?world,?the?administration?did?not?want? to?exclude?Arab?countries? from? this? initiative.?Several? analysts …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… 89Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S …” „… . initiativesHaving?now?explored?the?different?ideas?and?assumptions?and?possible?changes?in?U.?S.?policy? towards? the?Middle?East,? this? chapter?will? focus?on?how? this? policy …” „… ? to?democracy?promotion?significantly?changed?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?As?highlighted?in?the?conceptual?framework?(in?the?section?on?competing?interests?and?contested?development?theories),?practical? implementation?of ?the?new?post?9/11 …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality106 …” „… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …” „… orientation: U. S. initiatives107Many?argue?that?if …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality82 …” „… ?supporting?authoritarian?states?had?turned?against?the?U.?S.?started?to?gain?new?ground.?From?within?and?around?the?administration,?people?started?to?question?the?value?of ?America’s?support?of ?repressive?Arab?regimes.?As?cheering?Arabs?post?9/11 …” „… ?had?demonstrated,?U.?S.?support?for?the?regimes?in?place?was?a?source?of ?resentment.?In?the?past,?these?regimes?might?have?appeared?to?safeguard?the?U.?S …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied181 …” „… From?the?U.?S.?side,?there?was?no?reason?to?antagonize?the?king.?It?seems?the?U.?S.?anticipated?goals?in?the?reform?realm?were?very?similar?to?those?of …” „… ?the?king.?From?the?Moroccan?side,?the?monarchy?was?comfortable?with?liberalization?as?long?as?it?did?not?go?to?the?core.?At?the?government?level,?U.?S.?government?programs,?such?as?MEPI?were?largely?welcomed?in?Morocco.132?There?existed?very?clear?red?lines?and?a?lot?of …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied145of ? the?key?drivers?of …” „… ?many?U.?S.?government?officials?were?simply?not?convinced?of ?the?need?for?the?new?rationale?in?U.?S …” „… ? Interviews?with?U.?S.?government?officials?and?policy?makers?in?Washington,?D.C.,?September?2007-March?2008?and?Rabat,?April?2008?(see?Annex).2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 145 06.09.2010 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Mißfelder2010_DGAP_Gesellschaftsseite 2012 2 13.8.2010 10:42:30 UhrZoé NautréU.S. Idealism Meets RealityDemocracy Promotion in the …” „… assumptions in U. S. foreign policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27U. S. exceptionalism …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Confirmation of U. S. values: Idealism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 A …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives101 …” „… ? became?humbler?and?were?couched?in?a? language?that?suggested?the?U.?S …” „… .?perceived?itself ?as?a?player?in?the?region,?but?that?in?principle?reform?had?to?come?from?within.?Rather?than?exporting?democracy?to?the?Middle?East,? the?U.?S …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 115

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco115Diplomatic …” „… ,? the?Bush?administration’s?tone?gave?an?overall?impression?that?its?tolerance?for?authoritarian?regimes?had?elapsed?and?a?major?policy?shift?towards?the?Near?and?Middle?East?was?about?to?take?place.?When?asked?if ?this?overall?aggressive?rhetoric?had?any?impact?on?U.?S …” „… .?Moroccan?relations,?most?of ?those?interviewed?replied?that?the?U.?S.?did?not?confront?the?Moroccan?regime?publicly?in?order?not?to?expose?the?regime.10?Compared?to?relations?prior?to?9/11 …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 118-119

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality118In?comparison?to?earlier?years,?the?Budget?Request?of ?2008 …” „… ?illustrates?the?intensification?of ?the?U.?S.-Moroccan?relationship?since?now?Morocco?is?“vital?to?U.?S.?interests”:“Morocco remains …” „… the pursuit of Middle East peace, partnership with Morocco is vital to U. S. interests in the Middle …”

Marginalization S. 131-133

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco131MarginalizationMorocco? is? characterized?by? a? small …” „… ?global?politics?and?financial?markets.?Moroccans?and?U.?S.?policy?makers?alike?argue?that?many?Moroccans?do?not?believe? in? their?political?system?and?as?a?result?are?potentially?an?easy?prey?for?recruitment? into …” „… ? Interviews?conducted?with?U.?S.?policy?makers,?U.?S.?democracy?promoters?and?Moroccans;?see?Annex,?Rabat,?Morocco,?April-May?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 131 06.09.2010 15:35:12 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality132 …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality100 …” „… ?would?not?have?caused?the?U.?S.?embassy?to?risk?upsetting?good?relations?with?the?host?government,?but?post?9/11,?U.?S.?rationale?forced?them?to?intervene?more?forcefully?on?similar?issues?on?behalf ?of …” „… The?new?U.?S.?rationale?meant?that?from?now?on?democracy?promotion?would?not?only?be?conducted?for?benevolent?reasons,?but?also?for?U.?S.?national?security.?NGOs?working?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?suddenly?played?a?much?larger?role?than?before.?Post?9/11 …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality150 …” „… As?noted?earlier,?some?U.?S.?government?officials?opted?for?simply?waiting?out?this?‘crazy’?idea,?namely?of ?democratizing?the?Middle?East.?Others?opposed?the?idea,?and?some?had?no? interest? at? all …” „… ?actors?involved,?including?their?competing?incentives?and?interests.?How?competing?interests?apply?to?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?will?be?explored?in?the?next?section.Competing interests: MoroccoCompeting? interests? and?possible? trade-offs? are?part?of ?U.?S …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality94million?in?FY?05”.19?Some?of …” „… ? significant?changes?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?region.Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI)“Immediately after September 11, 2001 the President recognized …” „… .?It?was?funded?with?bipartisan?support?from?the?U.?S.? Congress? and? came? under? the? direction? of ? the? Bureau? of ? Near? Eastern? Affairs?at …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality96numbers?reveal?that?post?9/11?an?added?$480 …” „… ,? Trade?Representative?Robert?B.?Zoellick?stressed?the?need?to?improve?economic?conditions?in?the?Arab?world.?This?concern?then?culminated?in?the?creation?of ?MEFTA.?As?President?Bush?noted?in?May?9,?2003:“So I propose the establishment of a U. S …” „… According?to?Bolle,?U.?S.?trade?with?the?Middle?East?at?that?time?was?relatively?small,?U.?S.?exports? to? the? region? accounted? for? approximately? less? than?4?percent?of ? all?U.?S.? exports.28 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality152“As a result also an ever-expanding chasm between civil society and …” „… ? domestic?threat.?It?does?have?a?transnational?element?to?it,?but?does?not?affect?the?U.?S.?Terrorism?in?Morocco?thus?represents?more?a? threat …” „… participation in the Middle East?(Boulder:?Lynne?Rienner?Publishers,?2008),?197.37? Interview? U.?S …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… ? now?onwards?override?prior?security?rationales?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Thus,?overall,?post?9/11?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?became?part?of …” „… ?the?U.?S.?approach?to?the?region?and?an?essential?element?in?the?war?on?terrorism.?What?most?observers?define?in?this?respect?as?the?definite?turning?point?in?U.?S.?policy?is?the?speech?President?Bush?delivered?at?the?National?Endowment?for?Democracy?in?November?2003,?in?which?he?stated:“Sixty years of Western nations excusing and accommodating the …” „… U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?underwent?significant?reassessment?following?the?9/11 …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 120

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality120a?certain? level?of ? trust?and?reinforced?the?strength?of …” „… ? the?U.?S.-Moroccan?partnership?publicly.?Those?interviewed?noted?that?it?was?a?further?indication?of ?the?U.?S.?new-found?interest?in?Morocco,?considered?by?the?U.?S …” „… ,?Morocco?became?eligible?to?compete?for?the?Millennium?Challenge?Account?funds.?Given?tensions?between?the?U.?S.?and?the?Arab?world,?the?administration?did?not?want? to?exclude?Arab?countries? from? this? initiative.?Several? analysts …”

Introduction S. 11

„… QuestionThis?study?is?about?complexity.?More?succinctly,?this?work?focuses?on?a?complexity?of ?assumptions?and?rationales? in?U.?S …” „… .?foreign?policy?and?how?they?translate? into?practice?through?a?bureaucracy?driven?by?competing?interests.?The?study?also?explores?the?challenges?of ?U.?S.?democracy?assistance,? in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?To?reconstruct …” „… ?those?discussions?and?policy?changes?that?took?place?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?post?9/11.An? understanding? of ? how? U.?S.? policy? towards? the? Middle? East? evolved? post? 9/11 …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… that affect the implementation of U. S. democracy promotion activities. These also include two other …” „… components relevant to U. S. democracy promoters acting in a Middle Eastern context: civil society and …” „… later in the text, some U. S. Department of State officials argued that there is something inherently …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… ?several?arms?control?treaties?and?what?to?expect?from?North?Korea’s?nuclear?ambitions?was?also?a?current?theme?in?speeches?and?journals.?In?this?context,?it?was?also?debated?whether?the?U.?S.?should?be?prepared?to?go?to?war?in?North?Korea,?as?well?as?the?Persian?Gulf.7 …” „… ?preoccupation?with?issues?of ?a?secondary?nature?and?was?rarely?mentioned?during?the?Republican?presidential?campaign.?In?contrast,?reform?of ?the?U.?S.?forces?and?where?and?how?the?military? should? be? used? in? the? future? were? very …” „… ?eight?Republicans,?nicknamed?the?‘Vulcans’,?including?experts?who?had?served?in?one?way?or?another?in?previous?2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 61 06.09.2010 15:31:58 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality62 …”

Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 65-68

„… umble,?focused?and?less?interventionist?foreign?policy?guided?by?moral?clarity?and?U.?S.?national?interests.?The? Middle? East–with? the? exception? of ? Iraq,? where? the? majority? of ? Bush’s? foreign?policy …” „… ? in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?discourse.?The?Vulcans?mainly?expected?continuity? in? their? relationship?with?partners?in?the?Middle?East,?if …” „… ?Jordan?and?Morocco’s?new?leaders.?However,?several?changes?in?international?affairs?would?allow?for?U.?S.?idealism?and?neoconservative?ideas?to?flourish.?Ideas?such?as?Bush’s?preference? for?moral? clarity? and? resolve,? skepticism?of …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied149scope?and?impact?of …” „… challengesIn?theory,?an?organization?might?receive?government?funding?but?act?independently?in?the?way?it?spends?the?funds?in?question.?NGOs?working?in?the?Middle?East?often?claim?independence?from?U.?S …” „… .?policies,?but?most?of ?the?time?they?apply?for?U.?S.?government?funds,?which?are?often?appropriated?by?USAID,?the?State?Department?or?Congress?directly.?Because?U.?S.?government?funding?was?available,?NGOs?shifted?their?attention?to?the?region?where?they?could?carry?out?their?work.28?It?also?resulted?in?the?emergence?a?large?number?of …”

Conclusion S. 108-110

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality108mocracy?promotion.55 …” „… ?Co-operation?with?the?U.?S.?equaled?in?many?instances?to?a?‘death?kiss’,?undermining?the?credibility?the?recipients?of ?U.?S …” „… .?funding.?Because?of ?underlying?assumptions?and?the?negative?association?with?American?democracy?promotion?efforts,?it?was?very?difficult?for?NGOs?to?reach?out?to?civil?society?and?to?actors?with?any?potentially?meaningful?impact.ConclusionOverall,? the? Bush? administration? attempted? to? redirect? U.?S.? longstanding? support …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… .?It?will?analyze?the?prevalent?foreign?policy?discourse?dominating?the?run-up?to?the?U.?S.?presidential?elections? in?2000.?The?orientation?of ?and?activities?underway?in?U.?S …” „… ?will?also?be?explored.?Great?powers,?namely?India,?China,?and?Russia,?arms?control?and?the?role?and?reform?of ?the?U.?S.?military?dominated?the?foreign?policy?agenda.?Prior?to?9/11 …” „… ?the?Bush?presidency,?the?new?administration?was?struggling?to?define?its?foreign?policy.?The?need?to?use?U.?S.?power?to?promote?democracy?and?individual?liberty?was?discussed,?but?mainly?judged?to?be?of ?secondary?importance?to?other?issues?such?as?China,?Russia?or?the?reform?of ?the?military.Foreign …”

A war of values S. 72-74

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality72failure? to? respond? more? forcefully? to? prior? aggression? such …” „… s?had?according?to? some? neoconservatives,? assertive? realists? and? conservatives? distracted? the? U.?S …” „… ?the?American?model.?In?short,?had?the?U.?S.?reacted?more?forcefully?to?prior?attacks,?9/11?might?not?have?happened.?If …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… ,?so?called?neoconservatives?took?over? U.?S.? foreign? policy? and? were? able? to? implement? their? agenda.23? As? noted …” „… ? going?in?their?preferred?direction?on?foreign?policy.?Why?then?were?principles?laid?out?by?so?called?neoconservatives,?especially?those?focusing?on?democracy?promotion,?so?successful?following?9/11?Adhering?to?U.?S.?ideals?is?not?a?unique?character?trait?of …” „… ?neoconservatives.?As?discussed?earlier,?U.?S …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 119

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco119Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)“Morocco has been a …” „… Discussions?about?the?FTA?with?Morocco?began?in?April?2002.?They?came?to?many?as?a?surprise?since?U.?S …” „… .-Moroccan?business?ties?were?marginal?in?terms?of ?trade?flow.?Morocco?was?not?a?major?trade?partner?but?according?to?U.?S.?Trade?Representative?Zoellick,?Morocco?was?chosen?for? the?FTA?since?“Morocco?has?been?a?strong?ally?on …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco133ConclusionOverall,?the?brief ?overview?of …” „… ?the?Moroccan?political?landscape?presented?in?this?chapter?suggests?that?U.?S …” „… ? to?many?U.?S …”

Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality84Consequently,?as?early?as?December?2001 …” „… ,?democracy?promotion?was?depicted?as?essential?to?U.?S.?long-term?national?security.?Undersecretary?of ?State?for?Global?Affairs?Paula?Dobriansky?affirmed?in?a?speech?at?the?Heritage?Foundation:“The …” „… ?democracy?promotion?extensively?used?the?report?to?lend?support?to?the?idea?that?the?U.?S.?should?stop?supporting?Arab?authoritarian?states.?Indeed,?even?President?Bush?quoted?the?report?in?his?speech?at?the?National?Endowment?for?Democracy?in?2003,?stating:?“In?the?words?of ?a?recent?report?by?Arab?scholars,?the?global?wave?of …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… Chapter 1: Conceptual framework43USAID represents another key U. S. actor in democracy promotion …” „… political. The fact that democracy promotion was explicitly carried out for U. S. national security …” „… structures that motivate or discourage bureaucrats and their activities further complicate the different U. S …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ?understanding?between?individuals.?These?are?often?overlooked?factors?when?tracing?actual?policy?implementation.?U.?S.?government?officials,?especially?at?embassies,?constantly?shift?and?rotate?positions.?Career-wise?it?might?be?in?their?personal?interest?to?pour?considerable?energy?into?a?subject,?the?timing?of …” „… ?communication?channels?between?the?embassy?and?the?different?U.?S.?government?agencies?on?the?ground?and?the?different?agencies?in?Washington?D.C.,?which? leave?much? room?for?misunderstandings,?personal? ambitions,?personal …” „… ?In?addition,?U.?S.?government?officials?have?little?incentive?to?cooperate?since?“the?appraisal?process?does?not?attach?weight?to?external?contributions”.65?Overall …”

Conclusion S. 88

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality88 …” „… ? counter?perceptions?of ?U.?S …” „… l’?war?against?terrorism?and?reassert?American?interests?by?showing?that?the?U.?S.?was?willing?to?use?force?and?act?decisively?to?defend?American?values?abroad.?The?U.?S …”

Retaliation S. 74-76

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality74will’.11?Indeed,?a?large?section?of …” „… ?President?Bush?issued?an?ultimatum?to?the?Taliban?to?hand?over?Bin?Laden?or?the?regime?would?be?attacked.13?The?Afghanistan?ultimatum?elapsed?without?the?U.?S …” „… ?U.?S …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 97-98

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives97cent?of …” „… ?all?U.?S.?imports.?Nevertheless,?19?percent?of ?imported?oil?in?the?U.?S.?comes?from?the?Middle?East.29 …” „… ?Although?the?U.?S.?has?historically?been?a?promoter?of ?free?trade,?and?discussions?about?strengthening?free?trade?agreements?took?place?prior?to?9/11 …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… ? elections.?Traditionally,?American?presidents?have?supported?Woodrow?Wilson’s?view?that?the?U.?S.?should?seek?to?promote?its?values?abroad,?and?Bush?was?no?exception?in?this?respect.?He?argued?in?November?1999?that?America?gains?the?most?when?democracy?is?promoted?abroad.15 …” „… ? the?Republican?election?campaign.?Both?Zoellick?and?Rice?however?noted?that?trends?such?as?democracy?and?individual?liberty?were?on?the?rise.?It?was?in?the?U.?S.?interest?to?further?these?trends?through?a?consistent?foreign?policy,?which?meant?in?practice?to? implement?practical? steps? to?move? the?world? towards?greater? freedom?and?human?rights.16 …” „… ?democracy?and?human?rights,?Rice?cautioned?“it?is?simply?not?possible?to?ignore?and?isolate?other?powerful?states?that?do?not?share?those?values”,?which?suggests?that?she?advocated?some?consistency?in?dealing?with?autocratic?states.17?She?mentioned?U.?S …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… the?U.?S.?regarding?Morocco’s?reform?might?not?have?helped?to?accelerate?the?reform’s …” „… ?actual?implementation.?Nevertheless,?the?framework?of ?discussion?in?the?U.?S.?on?Morocco,?as?with?many?other?Arab?countries,?has?changed.?New,?prior?untouched?issues?have?been?addressed?and?cooperation?even?in?sensitive?areas?has?intensified.MethodologyThe? four? key? sources? used? to?draw? the? above?mentioned? conclusion? include …” „… ?books?and?articles,?the?study?has?also?used?speeches?by?U.?S.?President?George?W.?Bush?before?his?elections?in?2000?and?during?his?presidency,?as?well?as?other?forms?of …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives99In? combination? with? the? large …” „… ?assistance?in?the?Middle?East?hence?matches?other?U.?S.?initiatives?to?improve?economic?and?political?performance?in?the?region?for?the?sake?of ?U.?S.?security.Support for …” „… ?sheer?survival.”?National?Endowment?for?Democracy,?Strategy?paper?2002.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 99 06.09.2010 15:33:46 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality100 …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… ? the?U.?S …” „… .?policy?maneuvering? room.?The?same?complexity?applies?to?development?theories?regarding?how?to?promote?democracy.?The?former?section?dealt?with?the?necessity?and?desirability?of ?democratic?results?in?the?Middle?East? from?a?U.?S.?perspective.?The?question?of ?“if …” „… ?history,?economic?development,?culture,?regional?integration?and?so?on.?Democracy?promoters?however?work?on?certain?assumptions?that?shape?and?influence?their?policy?implementation.?The?goal? is?here?to?outline?the?most?important?debates? that?affect?U.?S …”

Advocating a conventional foreign policy S. 64-65

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality64 …” „… The?statement?above?illustrates?the?tendency?to?believe?in?the?greater?application?of ?U.?S.?power? to?do?good.?But?during? the?election?campaign,? those?kind?of …” „… policyBush’s?advisor?Richard?Armitage?also?reinforced?Rice’s?and?Zoellick’s?statements?that?the?Bush?administration?expected?future?challenges?from?other?Great?Powers.?At?the?same?time,?Armitage?stressed?Bush’s?stated?‘humility’?in?world?politics?in?contrast?to?Clinton,?who? labeled? the?U.?S.? ‘the? indispensable?nation’.22?Armitage?highlighted? that …”

Appendices S. 193-198

„… ?the?interview?is?provided?in?brackets.?In?addition?to?the?interviews?listed?here?seven?additional?official?interviews?were?conducted?with?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?and?Middle?Eastern?affairs?at?USAID,?the?Pentagon?and?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State.?Policy?makers?at?each?of …” „… ?the?three?agencies–USAID,?the?Pentagon?and?State?Department–were?interviewed?in?Washington?D.C.?and?their?respective?counterparts?in?Morocco?were?also?interviewed?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?Morocco.?Some?of ?these?official?interviewees?remain?anonymous?given?the?ongoing?nature?of ?their?work?and?level?of …” „… 15:38:00 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality194Daoud? Stephen? Casewit,? Executive? Secretary …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality76The way foreign policy was conductedThe?events?of ?9/11 …” „… .? The?bill?won?unanimous?support?and?nearly?served?as?a?blank?check?for?President?Bush?to?determine?the?future?course?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?The?USA?PATRIOT?Act?passed?in?October?2001?further?exemplifies?how?9/11 …” „… ?9/11,?so?called?neoconservatives?took?over? U.?S.? foreign? policy? and? were? able? to? implement …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality58 …” „… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …” „… ?this?particular?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Arab?world.?First,?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?play?a?large?role,?since?many?assumptions?are?deeply?ingrained?in?U.?S.?history.?Second,?competing?interests?and?structural? challenges? also?matter?because? they?determine …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ?The?overview?presented?here?notes?regional?specification?with?regards?to?democratic?developments?in?the?Middle?East?in?particular?when?necessary,?but?not?at?all?times.?The?focus?here?is?on?the?assumptions?and?mindset?of ?U.?S …” „… ,? for?instance,?notes?that?the?U.?S.?spent?18?times?the?amount?spent?per?capita?in?the?first?five?72 …” „… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 49 06.09.2010 15:31:28 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality50years?following?the?end?of …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… ? administration?preserved?close?ties?with?autocratic?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?that?served?U.?S.?major?interests,?including?access?to?oil,?support?for?the?Arab-Israeli?peace?and?cracking?down?on?Islamic?fundamentalist?groups.?As?Carothers?notes:“…in the Middle East, the [Clinton] administration showed little proclivity to find a way to introduce …” „… a policy of real U. S. support for even gradual reform”.41 …” „… U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?from?November?2000 …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality68tages.?Once?again,?critics?protested?at?a?display?of …” „… ?Later?that?month,?Bush?broke?with?the?past?administration?in?its?approach?towards?Taiwan.?Two?days?after?announcing?the?sale?of ?eight?diesel?submarines?to?Taiwan,?Bush?abandoned?the?long-held?U.?S.?strategic? ambiguity? about …” „… ?Within?hours,?this?statement?was?taken?back,?emphasizing?that?the?U.?S.?had?not?changed?its? long-standing? policy? towards? the? one? China? policy.? According? to? Mann,? the …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives103 …” „… freedom?to?those?applying?for?U.?S.?funds.?Allegedly,?diplomatic?pressure?was,?also?due?to?competing?imperatives,?not?applied?sufficiently.?One?can?perhaps?conclude?that?the?Bush?administration,?through?its?new?focus?of ?integrating?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East,?simply?sought?to?‘normalize’,?in?terms?of …” „… ?institutional?resistance.Over?time,?MEPI?however?seems?to?have?been?increasingly?integrated?into?overall?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities.? It? allegedly? succeeded? in?building?a?network?of …”

Weak political opposition S. 128-131

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality128of …” „… ?22,?2008).2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 128 06.09.2010 15:35:04 UhrChapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco129 …” „… ? Transition?,”?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?Carnegie?Paper?No.?71,?October?2006.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 129 06.09.2010 15:35:07 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality104 …” „… ?budget?is?not?based?on?particular?countries,?avoiding?a?sense?of ?entitlement?from?its?Arab?partners.?It?does?not?want?the?change?in?funding?from?year?to?year?to?be?read?like?a?political?act.?This?has?caused?complications?with?regards?to?the?Fprocess,?which?has?attempted?to?reorganize?U.?S.?foreign?assistance?by?focusing?on?countries?rather?than?topics.?With?Liz?Cheney,?the?champion?of …” „… ? Interviews?U.?S.?non-government?democracy?promoters,?Washington?D.C.?and?Rabat,?Morocco,?September?2007-May?2008.45? Middle? East? Partnership? Inititiative,? U.?S.? Department? of ? State,? http …”

Legitimacy of the King S. 123-125

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco123basis?of ?the?new?rationale?post?9/11 …” „… ?U.?S.-Moroccan?relations? intensified?after?9/11.?In?order?to?fully?understand?the?implications?and?limitations?of …” „… ?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco,?the?following?section?will?attempt?to?provide?a?brief ?overview?of ?Morocco’s?domestic?reform? context? (some? of ? those? characteristics? are? shared …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives105 …” „… ?By?helping?elites?to?acquire?more?funds?to?‘appease’?their?population,?U.?S.?initiatives,?rather?than?helping?the?political?system?to?open?up,?are?possibly?helping?to?maintain?the?status?quo.48Furthermore,? the?concept?of ?rentier?states? that?are?mainly?dependent?on?their?oil …” „… ?it?were?not?for?the?U.?S.?Some?European?nations,?including?Italy?and?Spain,?were?supportive?of ?the?initiative.?However,?in?the?light?of ?the?10th?anniversary?of …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 98-99

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality98meeting?with?the?ministers?of …” „… ?that?instability?in?‘weak’?states?increasingly?represented?a?security?problem?for?the?U.?S.?At?the?Inter-American?Development?Bank?on?March?14,?2002?President?Bush?stated:“This growing divide between wealth and poverty, between …” „… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 98 06.09.2010 15:33:44 UhrChapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives99In …”

Monopoly over the reform discourse S. 125-127

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco125Given?the?importance?of …” „… ? King?Mohammed?VI?cited?in?Morocco–Annual?report,?Reporters?without?Borders,?2003.?2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 125 06.09.2010 15:34:55 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality126 …” „… _Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 126 06.09.2010 15:34:58 UhrChapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco127 …”

Conservatism and tolerance S. 127-128

„… Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco127 …” „… ?the?law?was?according?to?U.?S.?NGOs?active?in?Morocco?mainly?possible?because?the?king?insisted?on?it.?Further,?the?law?continues?to?face?many?challenges? in? implementation?as? local?courts?often? ignore?rights?of ?women?because …” „… ?Daba?vise?à?renforcer?la?participation?électorale?des?jeunes?et?des?femmes?au?Maroc,”?Magharebia,?September?26,?2006.52? Interviews? conducted? with? Moroccan? civil? society? actors? and? U.?S …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 106

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality106 …” „… ? in?this?analysis?since?it?also?represents?change?in?the?Bush?administration’s?policies.?It?recognizes?that?domestic?conditions?are?important?and?that?stability?cannot?be?guaranteed?when?relying?on?good?relations?with?the?ruling?party,?regardless?of ?internal?conditions.?It? thus? complements? other? U.?S.? measures? focusing? on? domestic …” „… ,?it?focuses?on?enhancing?state?capacity?rather?than?on?democratization?to?meet?its?demands.?Because?the?MCC?responds?to?government?demands,?and?the?programs?are?developed?by?the?recipient’s?Ministry?of ?Planning?or?Foreign?Affairs,? it …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227160