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Bernd Kuzmits - Borders and Orders in Central Asia

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Bernd Kuzmits

Borders and Orders in Central Asia

Series: Weltregionen im Wandel

Volume 15 2013

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Between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 181-204

„… . Let’s demonstrate this by crossing the border at Uzun from Uzbekistan to Tajikistan, where ‘unfriendly …” „… Dushanbe as well as for central and southern Tajikistan. On my way from Termez to Denau, where I will make …” „… smuggled in from Tajikistan. But smuggling goes in the other direction as well. Rice and diesel oil in …”

Between GBAO (Tajikistan) and Badakhshan (Afghanistan) S. 212-220

„… . Many have contacts in the form of Afghan relatives and friends in Tajikistan and have been on the other …” „… Tajikistan from time to time. I swim across on a rubber tube, which is not too dangerous because I am a good …” „… border becomes even more permeable. We start this trip in Dushanbe again. Between GBAO (Tajikistan) and …”

… between Tajikistan and Afghanistan S. 309-311

„… some observers deem a ‘strategic uncertainty’ (Tolipov 2011). 6.4.3 … between Tajikistan and …” „… Afghanistan Tajikistan maintains its linguistic and cultural ties with a great part of Afghanistan’s …” „… end the war in Tajikistan, the Northern Alliance, and especially Ahmad Shah Massoud, played a crucial …”

… between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan S. 305-308

„… relations between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan on a bilateral level that will add to the …” „… . 6.4.1 … between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Bilateral relations between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan were …” „… formalised in an agreement on eternal friendship, signed on 15 June 2000. Between 1992 and 2004, Tajikistan …”

Between Kulob (Khatlon Province, Tajikistan) and Takhar (Afghanistan) S. 206-211

„… , safety and technical requirements can be onerous: for example, for goods entering Tajikistan, sixteen …” „… Kulob (Khatlon Province, Tajikistan) and Takhar (Afghanistan) I head on to Kulob from Qumsangir. I can’t …” „… projects will take a long while until realisation, although the U.S. ambassador to Tajikistan has signalled …”

From Sher Khan Bandar (Afghanistan) to Qumsangir (Tajikistan) S. 205

„… already done in Tajikistan. But let’s move back across the border to Tajikistan in order to head upstream …” „… along the Amu Darya/Pyanj and the border. From Sher Khan Bandar (Afghanistan) to Qumsangir (Tajikistan …”

State and Nation Building in Tajikistan S. 140-146

„… state and nation building in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 4.4.3. State and Nation Building in Tajikistan …” „… Tajikistan is one of the few post-conflict countries that have transitioned quickly from war to internal …” „… security practitioners also vary.140 Tajikistan has a basic infrastructure in place. However, this …”

Between Uzbekistan (Surkhondaryo) and Tajikistan (RRS and Dushanbe) S. 165-176

„… sharing my experiences of entering first from Afghanistan and later from Tajikistan. On this trip, I will …” „… steady cooperation with universities from Uzbekistan, but there is some academic exchange with Tajikistan …” „… based on formalised structures like the liaison offices of drug combat agencies that Tajikistan …”

From Shaartuz (Tajikistan) to Termez via the border post at Gulbakhor S. 176-180

„… us now enter Surkhondaryo from Tajikistan and have a closer look at interactions going on there. 5.2 …” „… . Between Uzbekistan (Surkhondaryo) and Tajikistan (RRS and Dushanbe) The border with Tajikistan was mined …” „… in 2000 after bomb attacks in Tashkent and the intrusion of IMU fighters from Tajikistan into …”

Summary: Drivers of and Constraints on Cross-Border Interactions S. 338-346

„… of Hairatan and Termez. In the borderlands of Tajikistan’s Khatlon province and the Afghan provinces …” „… . 339 The border between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan is not perceived of as a frontier but has quickly …” „… Tajikistan was an early catalyst of this development. As the Soviet Union’s southern frontier to a country at …”

Failed States and War Economies S. 120-125

„… the state borders between the PRC and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, respectively. Border …” „… Sukhrob Sharipov, Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies under the President of Tajikistan, China …” „… segments taken over by Tajikistan (at a length of 1,206 kilometres), Uzbekistan (137 kilometres) and …”

Uzbek Interventions S. 125-128

„… independent Tajikistan. In this new constellation, Tajikistan became important to Russia for its support of …” „… the remaining anti-Taliban resistance in Afghanistan – the forces of Massoud. Tajikistan allowed …” „… . Ahmad Shah Massoud later enjoyed widespread respect in Tajikistan for his role in the negotiations on …”

Geographical Context S. 89-91

„… narrative of this chapter will stop at the turning point of 1991, when Tajikistan and Uzbekistan became …” „… Tajikistan. In the lowlands of the Amu Darya border region, there is a large hinterland, and accessibility to …” „… borderlands – with the exception of Tajikistan’s Khatlon province – are cut off from their respective state’s …”

Water and Energy Interdependence S. 264-270

„… Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in a water–energy nexus vital to their …” „… and thus predominantly in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Distribution shares favour the arid …” „… mismanagement, has led to a dramatic deadlock – especially between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan – and to harsh …”

Summary S. 222-238

„… : ‘The borders of our homeland are defended by the whole nation.’ Between Shughnon (GBAO, Tajikistan) and …” „… Tajikistan. If there were more transmitting lines, electricity could also be provided further away. Another …” „… Tajikistan. As of 2006, there were no students from Afghanistan in Khorog, but the AKF also invests in …”

Migration S. 128-130

„… 128 Kharshi-Khanabad to U.S. troops and Termez to a German contingent. Tajikistan provided air …” „… since 2001. However, the potential for intrusions through Tajikistan by insurgents allegedly from Hizb …” „… Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, as a series of incidents in 2005 and 2006 has shown. All in all …”

Borders as Markers of Sovereignty – the Power-related Narrative S. 319-326

„… borders between Afghanistan, southern Tajikistan and southern Uzbekistan. In doing so, I first presented …” „… , the Babatag mountain range between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan – or are located in high mountain regions …” „… significantly hinder cross-border interaction and communication. Between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, the parts …”

The Degree of Regionalisation: Higher in the Mountains S. 333-338

„… initiatives are consequently less pronounced in Tajikistan and least in Afghanistan due to the decision-makers …” „… degree of regionalism, i.e., the intensity of transnational interactions between Afghanistan, Tajikistan …” „… (independence of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) and 2001 (ousting of the Taliban regime) with likely future …”

Regional Players S. 247-257

„… between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 6.1.2. Regional Players 6.1.2.1. Iran Iran sees itself …” „… to gain access to China’s energy market via a pipeline traversing Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It also …” „… . Cultural commonalities link Iran closely to both Afghanistan and Tajikistan. At a July 2006 summit in the …”

Externally Induced Regional Initiatives S. 276-281

„… , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, which is supported by five other multilateral organisations.358 The ADB hosts the …” „… , Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and India also participate in the …” „… of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan signed the founding Tashkent …”

Borders as Markers of Identity S. 328-330

„… Afghanistan and Tajikistan. 7.1.3. Borders as Markers of Identity When asked about their perceptions of the …” „… Uzbekistan and Tajikistan hold a common bias against Afghans, that they lag a century behind in development …” „… Tajikistan’s Khatlon province. On the other side, though, many Afghans consider their neighbours infidels in …”

Summary: The Production of States and Borders S. 153-158

„… 2004). This regional conflict complex also included Tajikistan stumbling into a civil war after …” „… independence. As a consequence, the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan diminished and became porous to …” „… Uzbek politics were largely channelled through Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, as was the case with IMU …”

New States and New Borders S. 116-120

„… implementation is still pending. Border issues with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are more conflictive. After …” „… action only led to increased smuggling across the border. Uzbekistan’s border with Tajikistan stretches …” „… between the provinces of Surkhondaryo (Uzbekistan) and Khatlon (Tajikistan). During the Tajik civil war …”

Summary: The State of Regionalism in Greater Central Asia S. 311-318

„… 311 from the European Union and Central Asia in September 2008 that ‘for Tajikistan, stability in …” „… Afghanistan is the same thing as stability in our own country’.402 Therefore, Tajikistan actively seeks …” „… not driven cooperation yet, whereas in the energy sector, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have contributed …”

Excursion: Drug Traffic in Central Asia S. 281-288

„… . The decline in Tajikistan was first associated with the transitional arrangements following the …” „… transfer of border control to the Tajik authorities. Nonetheless, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan seized the …” „… increased from 2007 to 2010. Moreover, trafficking through Tajikistan, the most frequented route in the …”

Acknowledgements S. 5-10

„… Sohibov, my assistants Tamara Chorievna (Tajikistan) and Shamsullah (Afghanistan), Firdavs Fayzulloev …” „… Wars in Afghanistan and Tajikistan 120 4.3.1. Failed States and War Economies 122 4.3.2. Uzbek …” „… 4.4.3. State and Nation Building in Tajikistan 140 4.4.3.1. Digging Deeply into History for the …”

Bibliography S. 347-388

„… . Abdullayev, Kamoludin and Shahram Akbarzadeh. 2002. Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan. Asian/Oceanian …” „… of International Conference, 13-15 May 2003). Tashkent. Akiner, Shirin. 2001. Tajikistan …” „… Andersson, Per Ronnås and Örjan Sjöberg. 2007. Making Pro-poor Growth in Tajikistan. Sustainable SIDA …”

Why Study Borders? S. 15-21

„… Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), ‘Tajikistan/Afghanistan: Road Bridge Opens With Aim Of …” „… 15 1 Introduction On August 26, 2007, the presidents of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, Imomali Rahmon …” „… of Panj-e Payon (Nizhny Pyanj) and the Afghan port of Sher Khan Bandar. Afghanistan and Tajikistan …”

Study Outline S. 21-24

„… the border strips between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, and between Afghanistan and Tajikistan’s Khatlon …” „… province. In Badakhshan, east of the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, accessibility is hindered …” „… by mountain ranges. Excepting Tajikistan’s Khatlon province, all of the borderlands are cut off from …”

‘Who Are We – And If So, How Many?’ The Ethnic Ascriptions of the Population S. 113-116

„… emigration of Slavs from Tajikistan was more dramatic. Some 85% of the Russian population at independence …” „… ). According to recent estimates, around 50,000 Russians live in Tajikistan, which is less than 1% of the total …” „… million from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan each. Additionally, several tens of thousands of Uzbeks work in …”

Impediments to Enhanced Regional Trade? S. 290-305

„… exports mainly gold and electricity; Tajikistan electricity, cotton and aluminium; Turkmenistan cotton and …” „… , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan show a more diversified trade pattern within the region, with more reliance on …” „… Asian economies are dependent to a large degree on a small group of producers. In Tajikistan, for …”

Regional Interdependence and Regional Cooperation S. 330-333

„… an inherent part of integration. Accordingly, the authoritarian regimes in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan …” „… construction projects. Among the Central Asian Republics (CARs), Tajikistan is most vulnerable. Landlocked …” „… hydrological basin system notwithstanding, Tajikistan is more highly dependent on Uzbekistan than vice versa …”

Adapting to the Multiplicity of Actors S. 257-259

„… Afghanistan’, February 6, 2009. http://www.rferl.org/Content/ Tajikistan_Offers_To …” „… and Tajikistan. But the reluctance of Central Asian leaders to fully support the Russian policy of …” „… nutshell: ‘Our region does not want to decide which side to take.’328 Uzbekistan and Tajikistan will …”

Borders as Membranes – the Economic Narrative S. 326-328

„… out of 150 countries, Tajikistan at 146th and Afghanistan at the very bottom. Poor infrastructural …” „… lower in Tajikistan and by far lowest in Afghanistan. On the flip side, the tendency to privatise …” „… border-specific incomes, prevalent in all three countries, is much more extensive in the latter two. In Tajikistan …”

State and Nation Building in Central Asia S. 136-140

„… and nation building in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan requires some general remarks on the process in …” „… Tajikistan) Turkic identities. Nation building resorted more to the Soviet legacy of a territorial order …” „… . Kyrgyzstan topped this in 2000 with 3000 years of the city of Osh. And in 2006, Tajikistan dated the founding …”

Arrangements in the post-Soviet Realm S. 259-264

„… ’, February 6, 2009. http://www.rferl.org/Content/ Tajikistan_Offers_To_ Transit_NATO_Supplies_To_Afghanistan …” „… of migrant labourers from neighbouring states. 331 RFE/RL quoting U.S. Ambassador to Tajikistan …” „… . militaries will have two six-week joint training sessions this year for special forces in Tajikistan’s Regar …”

… between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan S. 308-309

„… , Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) solemnly reaffirmed ‘their commitment to …” „… contribu- 396 Conversation with Sukhrob Kaharov, BOMCA country director for Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 14 March …” „… some observers deem a ‘strategic uncertainty’ (Tolipov 2011). 6.4.3 … between Tajikistan and …”

Between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan S. 159-164

„… , through RRS and Khatlon to the GBAO in Tajikistan, then heading south to northeastern Afghanistan, namely …” „… Turkmenistan in the southwest, Afghanistan to the south and Tajikistan to the north and east. The province is …” „… neighbouring Khatlon (Tajikistan) fled, returning to their ancestors’ areas of origin. The Uzbek state …”

Research Objectives S. 25-26

„… Afghanistan to the south and Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to the north) and between southern Tajikistan and …” „… Darya region between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan since 1989/1991 marked by the withdrawal of …” „… the Soviet Army from Afghanistan and the independence of both Tajikistan and Uzbekistan? ? On drivers …”

Economic Initiatives with Central Asian Roots S. 270-272

„… Community (CAEC) when Tajikistan acceded in 1998. CAEC was meant as a forum for resolving disputes within …” „… the EU model.352 While the presidents of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan supported the union, it was …” „… . In 2003, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Turkey signed an ECO Trade Agreement (ECOTA …”

Abbreviations and Acronyms S. 11-14

„… (Tajikistan 1997-2000) CP Communist Party CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSATT Central and South …” „… Information Networks IRP Islamic Renaissance Party (of Tajikistan) ISAF International Security Assistance …” „… registracii) PFT People’s Front of Tajikistan PRC People’s Republic of China RFE/RL Radio Free Europe …”

State and Nation Building in Uzbekistan S. 146-153

„… Uzbek CP starting in 1989. Referring to the war and chaos in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, Karimov …” „… Tajikistan, the concept of ‘ethnic nationalism’ adopted by the government has bred controversy among the …” „… actors have formed to organise the transfer of goods from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and also Tajikistan to …”

State Building and the Fostering of the Soviet–Afghan Border S. 98-103

„… meant for Tajikistan had reached boiling point. This led to the creation of a special Commission for the …” „… Tajikistan’s status to a separate Tajik Socialist Soviet Republic (TSSR). Ultimately, the national delimitation …” „… contributed to the promotion of Tajikistan to the status of Soviet Republic in 1929. However, during this …”

New States: Soviet Union and Independent Afghanistan S. 97-98

„… meant for Tajikistan had reached boiling point. This led to the creation of a special Commission for the …” „… Tajikistan’s status to a separate Tajik Socialist Soviet Republic (TSSR). Ultimately, the national delimitation …”

Regional Organisations Exceeding the post-Soviet Space S. 272-276

„… . In 2003, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Turkey signed an ECO Trade Agreement (ECOTA …” „… Tajikistan that resulted in the group of the Shanghai Five with the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in …” „… August 2007 summit in Bishkek. Iran, backed by Tajikistan, even applied for full membership in March 2008 …”

The Bigger Players – USA, Russia and China S. 239-247

„… of bilateral transnational relations between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan followed by an …” „… under the Collective Security Treaty (CST) signed by Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in …” „… and exploitation of gas and uranium reserves in Tajikistan.304 Simultaneously, Prime Minister Putin …”

Summary S. 288-290

„… advantages. Iran can do saffron better and in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan is far ahead in cotton production …” „… consideration here, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, share joint membership. It is a somewhat permissive …” „… Afghanistan O X X X X A P X Tajikistan X X X X X X X X X X Uzbekistan X X ² X X X X X X X Kazakhstan X X …”

Empires in a Zone of Transition S. 91-93

„… Antiquities of Tajikistan in Dushanbe, was found in South Tajikistan, see also Barfield (2001). 68 The Arab …”

State and Nation Building in Afghanistan S. 130-136

„… Tajikistan agree on integration of refugees’, UNHCR news stories, by Galya Gubaeva …” „… and nation building in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan requires some general remarks on the process in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-4

„… .indd 2 25.03.13 10:33Transactions and Attitudes between Afghanistan, Tajikistan and …”

Summary S. 110-112

„… interest here, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 3.3. Summary This historical excursus has shown that the …”

Ruptures in the Sociocultural Structure of Soviet Central Asia S. 103-104

„… Tajikistan, a group of inhabitants from a mountainous region being transferred to the oblast’ (district) of …”

Hypotheses on Drivers for Cross-Border Transactions S. 26-28

„… between southern Tajikistan and the southern Uzbek province of Surkhondaryo. All of the assumptions share …”

Withdrawal from Afghanistan and Upheaval in Soviet Central Asia S. 107-110

„… Afghanistan and the Soviet successor states of interest here, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 3.3. Summary This …”

Effects on Border Management S. 82-88

„… sketches the state of state and nation building in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, which will allow …”

Cross-Border Interactions between Cooperation and Control S. 67-82

„… Tajikistan and Afghanistan suffering a history of wars. While the goal of facilitating interaction in order …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845245362

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Henning Riecke (ed.)

Partners for Stability

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2013

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Kamoludin Abdullaev Tajikistan facing the Drug Problem in Afghanistan S. 35-46

„… , Tajikistan.pdf> (7/26/2012). 18 Cf. Federal Drug Control Service …” „… 35 Tajikistan facing the Drug Problem in Afghanistan by Kamoludin Abdullaev Introduction Tajikistan …” „… Soviet Central Asian states, Tajikistan has by far the strongest vested interest in the outcome of the …”

Marco Overhaus NATO and Afghanistan’s Neighbors: Difficult Partners for Stabilization and Reconstruction S. 213-224

„… , Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China)2 is crucial in any endeavor to achieve these …” „… Central and South Asia. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), of which Russia, China, Tajikistan …” „… , water and energy issues. Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan all have territorial disputes and …”

Ahadhon Najmitdinov Central Asian States and Afghanistan’s Stabilization S. 177-190

„… , Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Each of these countries borders at least on two …” „… 11.2.2013 13:20 Partners for Stability 178 Turkmenistan: 744 km, and Tajikistan: 1206 km).1 Afghanistan …” „… shares a border with six countries: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in the north; Pakistan in …”

Egon Ramms A Country with Many Neighbors: Afghanistan and the Regional Approach S. 267-276

„… , Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China. Pakistan plays the most difficult and most …” „… . • Tajikistan (area: 143,100 sq km, population: app. 7.5m): Just like the other former Soviet republics …” „… , Tajikistan is a presidential republic. It fears the influence of Afghanistan alongside the 1,300 km long …”

Michael Renner Water as a Trans-border Problem of Afghanistan S. 151-166

„… 2,389 15 36 Iran 398 1,876 7 68 Kyrgyzstan 107 4,263 0 42 Pakistan 393 1,273 76 81 Tajikistan 99 2,338 …” „… - Tar nak Indus Murgab TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN PAKISTAN UZBEKISTAN INDIA INDIAAFGHANISTANIRAN CHINA …” „… , Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Harirud-Murghab 77.6 2.1 28 Iran, Turkmenistan Helmand …”

Victor Korgun The Afghan Problem in Light of Russian National Interests S. 81-88

„… of NATO forces to the military bases of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Russia also …” „… reaches Russia along several routes—through Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. And while …” „… extremists operating in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, including the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and Hezb …”

Enrico Fels The Role of the SCO in Afghanistan S. 235-250

„… of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan. 3 See for instance Bobo Lo …” „… states in Central Asia gained independence in late 1991: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan …” „… (the SCO’s predecessor joined by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.). This …”

Henning Riecke Partners for Stability: Afghanistan’s Neighbors and Regional Cooperation S. 9-22

„… analytica%20-%20Tajikistan.pdf>. 12 Cf. Vladimir Paramonov, Aleksej Strokov, The economic reconstruction of …” „… Pakistan fights harder against the Taliban bases on its soil, as the USA would like to see. • Tajikistan …” „… alliance are ethnic Tajiks. U. S. and French forces were deployed in Tajikistan during the Afghan war …”

Antonio Andrea Monari Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program: Involving Neighbors in Afghanistan Reconstruction S. 137-142

„… of the country, including links to Herat, Tajikistan, and Pakistan. Along with the physical …” „… , Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Hydro-power potential is vast in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Regional …” „… lines linking Afghanistan to Tajikistan. Furthermore, ADB is considering a 2 million dollars technical …”

Massoumeh Torfeh Iran in Afghanistan: Political Designs and Regional Games S. 111-124

„… Renaissance Party of Tajikistan) have links to the Wahhabi Muslims funded by Saudi Arabia. Iran, being …” „… to Afghanistan and Tajikistan with cooperation offers and economic incentives. There have been four …” „… Afghanistan. Iran argued this pact could endanger Iran’s security. 28 Cf. Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan’s …”

Vanda Felbab-Brown Still Knee-Deep In Poppy: The Evolution of Counter-Narcotics Policies in Afghanistan S. 55-72

„… . Many Afghan heroin laboratories have emerged on the border with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and …” „… emerged in many CIS countries.29 Already during the 1990s civil war in Tajikistan, the drug trade was …” „… , Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. 2012_Afghanistan_Riecke.indb 70 11.2.2013 13:20 …”

Authors S. 277-280

„… study and teaching modern history of Central Asia with focus on Tajikistan. Syed Mohammad Ali A …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Iranian Perspective 25 by Nasser Saghafi-Ameri Tajikistan facing the Drug …”

Wolfgang Danspeckgruber The Western Neighbor: The Role of Iran in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan S. 191-198

„… , Afghanistan, and Tajikistan) in August 2010 provided a forum for Iran to discuss possibilities of a regional …”

Nasser Saghafi-Ameri International Approaches and Solutions to the Afghan Drug Problem: An Iranian Perspective S. 23-34

„… activities of the anti-drug police services. Although Afghanistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Pakistan …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238777

Steve Schlegel - International Organizations and State Failure Prevention

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Steve Schlegel

International Organizations and State Failure Prevention

Series: International Politics: Perspectives from Philosophy and Political Science

Volume 2 2019

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5. The OSCE Operations in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan S. 221-310

„… 221 5. The OSCE Operations in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan To analyze the possible impact an …” „… operations in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan as case studies. Therefore, the first subchapter will introduce the …” „… role of the OSCE in Central Asia in general, as the field missions in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are …”

4. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan within the Model of Weak States S. 97-220

„… 97 4. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan within the Model of Weak States In the following chapter, the …” „… model developed in Chapter 3 will be applied to Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan respectively, aiming to …” „… , they will evaluate whether hypothesis 1, stating that both Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan can be seen as …”

Bibliography S. 329-366

„… /2017/12/11/tajikistan-independent-journalistdetained, July 10, 2018. Human Rights Watch (ed.), Where Is the …” „… Collection%20in%20Tajikistan-Eng.pdf, 08.11.2017. King, Gary/ Keohane, Robert O./ Verba, Sidney, Designing …” „… /tajikistan-votes-to-allow-president-emomali-rahmon-torule-indefinitely, November 27, 2017. Almukhtar, Sarah/ Yourish, Karen, More Than 14 Years After U.S. Invasion, the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Operations in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan 1998–2017 International Politics: Perspectives from Philosophy …” „… and State Failure Prevention The Dilemma of the OSCE Operations in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan …” „… States. The Cases of the OSCE Operations in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan 1998–2017” ISBN 978-3-8487-5612-4 …”

6. Field Operations as a Means of Structural Conflict Prevention: Generalizing the Findings S. 311-324

„… OSCE’s role in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, to the theoretical framework laid out in Chapter 3 in order to …” „… Tajikistan with the goal of deducting more general conclusions on the possibilities and limitations of field …” „… can indeed be observed in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, as has been confirmed in Chapter 4. Therefore …”

7. Conclusion and Outlook S. 325-328

„… and Tajikistan have been analyzed, structured according to four hypotheses: 1. If the central …” „… . Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both weak states in the sense of the model developed in this work. 2. If a …” „… . Regarding the first hypothesis, it has been shown that Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are indeed weak states in …”

2. Research Design S. 21-40

„… state Duration OSCE Mission to Tajikistan OSCE Tajikistan 1994-2003 OSCE Centre in Dushanbe OSCE …” „… Tajikistan 2003-2008 OSCE Office in Tajikistan OSCE Tajikistan 2008-2017 OSCE Programme Office in …” „… Dushanbe OSCE Tajikistan 2017- OSCE Centre in Ashgabat OSCE Turkmenistan 1998- OSCE Mission to …”

1. Introduction: Weak States as a Challenge for International Security S. 15-20

„… Tajikistan will be analyzed using the method of focused, structured comparison by George/ Bennett. There are …” „… , Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, can be seen as ideal types of so-called weak states, as will be shown in Chapter …” „… missions in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan can currently ____________________ 11 Cf. Schneckener 2006, p. 16 …”

Appendix: Cartographic material of the region S. 367-369

„… of the region 369 Figure 23: Map of Tajikistan …”

3. Theorizing Fragile Statehood S. 41-96

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297873

Ryan Shaffer - The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures

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Ryan Shaffer (ed.)

The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures

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25 Tajikistan: Post-Soviet Intelligence Culture in a Fractured State S. 339-354

„… , “China Con-ducts Another Military Exercise in Tajikistan—Should the World Care?” Cas-pian Policy Center …” „… 339Tajikistan is the smallest, poorest, and most fractured post- Soviet state in Central Asia.1 …” „… Consequently, intelligence plays an important role in the country’s national security to protect Tajikistan’s …”

Index S. 419-450

„… . See Islamic Renaissance Party of TajikistanISA. See Internal Security ActISAFP. See Intelligence …” „… , 8–10, 256–57, 263; Tajikistan and, 344Afghan National Army (ANA), 4–5, 7Afghan National Police (ANP …” „… Harapan), in Malaysia, 177, 179Almatov, Zokir, 400Alpha Squad, in Tajikistan, 340, 344Amin, Hafizullah, 3 …”

11 Kyrgyzstan: Seeking Stability in a Complex Region S. 143-156

„… Valley—a parcel of land spanning territory included in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. During the …” „… sharing and objectives to streamline interagency cooperation with Tajikistan have happened as well.35 It …” „… China and Russia along with the Central Asian repub-lics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan in a …”

Preface

„… Tajikistan: Post- Soviet Intelligence Culture in a Fractured State 339 by Michael Yerushalmi26 Thailand …” „… Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor- Leste, Turkmeni-stan …”

29 Uzbekistan: Political Economy of the Intelligence Services S. 395-406

„… , Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.21. Stéphane Lefebvre and Roger N. McDermott …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538160008

Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH - OSCE Yearbook 2011

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Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (ed.)

OSCE Yearbook 2011

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Payam Foroughi Politics and Human Rights in Tajikistan: Squandered Opportunities, Uncertain Future S. 107-122

„… 107 Payam Foroughi Politics and Human Rights in Tajikistan: Squandered Opportunities, Uncertain …” „… Future Background A black hole in Eurasia. That’s how Tajikistan, a post-Soviet Central Asian …” „… . The deficiency in global awareness of Tajikistan has at least three causes: One is its lack of easily …”

Arne C. Seifert The Political Process in Central Asia and the System Question S. 181-199

„… can be said of Uzbekistan. “In Tajikistan, contrary to the constitution, the subordination of the …” „… Tajikistane) [The Thorny Path of Independence (The Transformation Process in Contemporary Tajikistan)], in …” „… sub-systems, which may be regional, such as Kulob or Danghara in Tajikistan, or north and south, as in …”

Elena Kropatcheva Presidential Election in Belarus in 2010: The Winner Takes It All? S. 87-107

„… Activities, PC.DEL/986/03, 4 September 2003; Permanent Delegations of Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan …” „… Tajikistan: Squandered Opportunities, Uncertain Future Background A black hole in Eurasia. That’s …” „… how Tajikistan, a post-Soviet Central Asian state, could be described, given the almost total lack of …”

Abbreviations S. 505-511

„… Tajikistan IRU International Romani Union ISAF International Security Assistance Force JCG Joint …” „… former Human Rights Officer with the OSCE Office in Tajikistan; Bishkek …”

Snježana Bokulić, Assia Ivantcheva ODIHR and Civil Society: 20 Years of Promoting Human Rights in the OSCE Area S. 359-379

„… , Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Later, in March 1992 …” „… in remote regions of Armenia and Tajikistan, thereby strengthening available capacity outside of …” „… . For example, a number of graduates of the programme in Tajikistan became part of the National …”

Pavel Chacuk ODIHR’s Contribution to Human Rights Education in the OSCE Area S. 347-359

„… , Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, with the participation of a few representatives of relevant governmental offices …” „… civil initiatives in the regions of Armenia and Tajikistan to create strong, dedicated and sustainable …” „… ), Serbia (1), Slovakia (1), Slovenia (3), Spain (3), Sweden (2), Switzerland (1), Tajikistan (1), Turkey …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Rights in Tajikistan: Squandered Opportunities, Uncertain Future 107 6 II. Responsibilities …”

Contributors S. 511-513

„… in Tajikistan; Bishkek 512 Prof. Grigorii V. Golosov, Professor of Comparative Politics at the …”

Ian Cliff The Corfu Process – What Was It All About? S. 65-77

„… focus on the potential for OSCE border training in Turkmenistan and especially Tajikistan, both OSCE …” „… address water issues that were a source of tension in Central Asia, notably between Tajikistan and …”

Jos Boonstra, Natalia Shapovalova, Richard Youngs Reviving OSCE Democracy Support S. 409-422

„… Tajikistan, which in 2008 approved a strengthened mandate that has resulted in more funds, projects, and …” „… staff for the OSCE Office in Tajikistan. Overall, democratization activities in Central Asia are …”

Liane Adler National Human Rights Institutions in the OSCE Area: Taking Stock of an Innovative Concept S. 379-393

„… . Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are presently not members of either the …” „… Ombudsman (Tajikistan, Slovenia), Chancellor of Justice (Estonia), Human Rights Defender (Georgia, Armenia …”

Andreea Vesa, Kristin van der Leest Towards a Strategic Approach in Applying Gender-Sensitive Indicators: Guidance for OSCE Programming S. 331-347

„… Tajikistan, the State Committee on Women and Family Affairs, in conjunction with the gender NGO community …” „… advance women (via surveys or interviews). Follow-up programming in Tajikistan as a result of these …”

Ursel Schlichting Preface S. 13-18

„… Tajikistan and the role of the OSCE in their implementation. In the following section on responsibilities …”

The 56 OSCE Participating States – Facts and Figures S. 463-481

„… (rejected by referendum), Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. 50. Tajikistan Date of accession …”

Geert-Hinrich Ahrens Election Observation and Its Parliamentary Dimension: 15 Years of Co-operation S. 265-277

„… , Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Draft Decision on OSCE/ODIHR Observation of National …”

OSCE Selected Bibliography 2010/2011 S. 485-505

„… , Georgia, 19-20 November 2009, Vienna 2010. Kartas, Moncef, The Tajikistan Dialogue Project (TDP), Geneva …”

Pál Dunay Kazakhstan’s Unique OSCE Chairmanship in 2010 S. 49-65

„… Asia in the long run and is a neighbour of three OSCE participating States (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan …”

Marc Perrin de Brichambaut Six Years as OSCE Secretary General: An Analytical and Personal Retrospective S. 21-49

„… the immediate region of the border with Tajikistan, have not been launched to date, given the lack of …”

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