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Aikaterini Titi - The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

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Aikaterini Titi

The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 10 2014

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‘Declaratory’ right to regulate S. 111-115

„… particular formulation.‘Declaratory’ right to regulateDespite the novelty of the term ‘right to regulate’ a …” „… articlesoften expressly entitled Right to regulate.Under the status quo, these articles appear not to embrace an …” „… regulate, on whichsee below, ‘Declaratory’ right to regulate.547 See also UNCTAD (2007b), op cit., p …”

The right to regulate and expropriation S. 148-155

„… incorporated in investment treaties, in a July 2012 ‘Right to regulate’roundtable organised by the Dutch …” „… The right to regulate and expropriationThe crucial dilemma affecting expropriation and the right to …” „… right to regulate and expropriation in generalIt is a rule of customary international law that states …”

The right to regulate and the preamble S. 115-122

„… narrowing of policy space rather than the opposite.The right to regulate and the preambleRepository of a …” „… . Accordingly, regulatory interestsin the preamble do not establish a veritable right to regulate …” „… . 116.575 Article 31(1) VCLT.576 Article 31(2) VCLT.C. The right to regulate and the preamble115of …”

The right to regulate and performance requirements S. 164-166

„… under the REIO.The right to regulate and performance requirementsPerformance requirements are …” „… .5 Draft CETA InvestmentText of 31 May 2013, op cit.VII. The right to regulate in IIAs164In the NAFTA …” „… ) Mexico-Peru FTA (2011).875 Article 18(1) Canadian Model BIT (2012).B. The right to regulate in the respective …”

The right to regulate: what’s in a name… S. 32-35

„… coincideswith a lato sensu right to regulate.II.60 Mann, H. (2003), The Right of States to Regulate and …” „… The right to regulate: general observationsThe capacity of a state to regulate is well-entrenched …” „… sees fit. International law and, more crucially for the right to regulate context, investment treaties …”

Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate harmful to regulatory freedom? S. 294-296

„… - or customary law-based right to regulate.In other words, no evidence confirms that host states may …” „… explicitly by means of concrete provisions in itsIIAs1601.Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate …” „… born from thelacuna occasioned when a right to regulate is inserted only in some treatiesor in respect …”

ILC defences and the right to regulate. Some further reflections S. 265-270

„… uncritically accepting the ILC defences as equivalent to an actual right to regulate.The section that follows …” „… right to regulate that is compensation induces considerable uncertainty as to whethercustomary law …” „… will scrutinise some remaining issues.ILC defences and the right to regulate. Some further …”

The right to regulate and the free transfer of capital S. 155-164

„… right to regulate, backedup by ECtHR jurisprudence.That said, notwithstanding the undisputable …” „… expropriation.The right to regulate and the free transfer of capitalA staple of investment protection803, transfer …” „… (2006).805 UNCTAD (2007b), op cit., p. xii.B. The right to regulate in the respective standards of treatment …”

The right to regulate and provisions on compensation for losses S. 166-169

„… discussion881.The right to regulate and provisions on compensation for lossesSome treaties contain specific …” „… . The right to regulate in the respective standards of treatment167divided between belonging …” „… grants, see Article 1105(3) NAFTA and Article 5(6)US Model BIT (2012).VII. The right to regulate in IIAs …”

Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and European investment agreements S. 62-66

„… chapter which ‘will protect the rights of the TPP countries to regulate in thepublic interest.’242 …” „… regulatory interests.Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and Europeaninvestment …” „… ), Außenwirtschaftsrechtliche Dimensionen der europäischen Wirtschaftsverfassung, inIII. The right to regulate in context62(and …”

The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an express treaty-based right to regulate S. 290-293

„… explicitly contain a right to regulate.The second approach to solving the abovementioned dilemma would …” „… UNCTAD (2009a), op cit., p. 119-120.XI. Arbitral jurisprudence on the right to regulate290into BITs that …” „… relypredominantly on an interpretation in good faith1591 in order to recognise animplicit right to regulate for the …”

The right to regulate and the contingent standards of treatment: most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment S. 126-143

„… for the list to be allinclusive.The sections that follow peruse the right to regulate with reference …” „… capital, performance requirements and clauses on compensation for losses.The right to regulate and the …” „… ., p. 20 and Newcombe, A. and Paradell, L.(2009), op cit., p. 189, 231.VII. The right to regulate in …”

The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment, the minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security S. 143-148

„… interests to betaken into account.The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment, the …” „… Investment Law, NY: CUP, p. 48et seq.B. The right to regulate in the respective standards of treatment143 …” „… exploresthe right to regulate with regard to the fair and equitable treatment, the minimum standard of …”

General regulatory clauses and the public interest (‘General exceptions’ modelled after Article XX GATT or the right to regulate by subject: the public interest) S. 173-188

„… regulateand the ‘in like circumstances’ formula.C. The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause187this …” „… Australia-Singapore FTA (SAFTA)919, the ASEAN2.i.912 See Chapter Chapter III, The right to regulate in context …” „… Article 21, Chapter 8 (Investment), of the September 2011 amended SAFTA text.C. The right to regulate as a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… . 66The rationale for inserting a right to regulateIV. 67Arbitration as a perceived threat to state …” „… Positive languageA. 104‘Declaratory’ right to regulateB. 111The right to regulate and the preambleC. 115 …” „… 09:19Aikaterini TitiThe Right to Regulate in International Investment LawNomosBUT_Titi_1062-1.indd 3 …”

Introduction S. 19-31

„… regulateendeavours to address.The book seeks to explore the right to regulate within the realm of international …” „… essentialsecurity interests exception, effectively deny the treaty-based right to regulate.I. Introduction27the …” „… concomitant problématique of the existenceof an implicit right to regulate.Naturally, the book draws on …”

Limiting the scope of investment protection S. 35-40

„… predictable sphere of regulatory freedom.… and what’s not in the nameIn addressing the right to regulate, it …” „… state regulatoryfreedom, without for all that granting the state its right to regulate. Thepresent …” „… regulate proper.Limiting the scope of investment protectionA line needs to be drawn between the right to …”

Conclusion S. 298-304

„… apparent when oneconsiders the ambivalent function of the ‘declaratory’ right to regulate.In the main, the …” „… hoststate legitimate interests in the absence of a concrete legal right to regulate,this solicitude is …” „… ConclusionThe thrust of the debate on the right to regulate is aptly captured in a statement made …”

Deference afforded at tribunal discretion S. 40-42

„… freedom offered a state in arbitraljurisprudence absent an explicit right to regulate.Clarifications and …” „… broader theme of investment legality rather than tothe discussion on the right to regulate102.In sum …” „… tribunal discretionA distinction needs to be drawn between a right to regulate and deferenceoffered a state …”

General observations S. 275-276

„… to regulatein pursuit of public policy objectives1505.Since the right to regulate under IIAs and …” „… Arbitral jurisprudence on the right to regulate (beyond IIAsand general international law) and the …” „… provisions and customary internationallaw allow host states to exercise their right to regulate to a certain …”

Concluding remarks S. 296-297

„… concrete treaty- or customary law-based right to regulate.In other words, no evidence confirms that host …” „… threatof harming it with the incorporation of an express right to regulate may infact not be as significant …” „… as it may at first appear.Concluding remarksChapter XI has queried into the right to regulate in …”

Positive language S. 104-111

„… tool approximating a genuine right to regulate.Positive languagePositive language is language on …” „… formulation.‘Declaratory’ right to regulateDespite the novelty of the term ‘right to regulate’ a provision at least …” „… articlesoften expressly entitled Right to regulate.Under the status quo, these articles appear not to embrace an …”

Legal nature and effects of upholding a defence under the ILC Articles S. 258-265

„… uncritically accepting the ILC defences as equivalent to an actual right to regulate.The section that follows …” „… Article 73 VCLT.A. The right to regulate under customary international law as reflected in the ILC …” „… (emphasis added).X. The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international law260and whether such a …”

Concluding remarks S. 288-290

„… ‘legitimate right […] to regulate’concluded that the respondent’s conduct fell below the international minimum …” „… essential security interests in the absence of an expresstreaty-based right to regulateSo what is the …” „… referenced the state’s ‘legitimate’1568 or ‘reasonable’1569 right to regulate, apparently signalling that it …”

Exceptions versus reservations S. 50-52

„… betweenthe absence of an umbrella clause and the right to regulate.Exceptions versus reservations‘Exceptions …” „… .II. The right to regulate: general observations50the significance of exceptions for the right to …” „… remarksThe right to regulate in international investment law is a legal right thatpermits a departure from …”

Policy space as a remedy to a systemic imbalance S. 72-75

„… imbalance and the need to tackleit and, so, to introduce the right to regulate. This is its veritable ratio …” „… . (2009), op cit. and Sornarajah, M. (2012), op cit.IV. The rationale for inserting a right to regulate72 …” „… infavour of an express right to regulate and examined arbitration as a perceivedmenace to state regulatory …”

Clarifications and interpretative statements S. 42-45

„… explicit right to regulate.Clarifications and interpretative statementsClarifications and interpretative …” „… . Nevertheless, they do not generally offer an actual right to regulate. The present section discusses first …” „… , help demarcate the scope of a state’s right to regulate119.This form of interpretive guidance serves …”

Arbitration as a perceived threat to state regulatory freedom S. 67-72

„… The rationale for inserting a right to regulateIn order to better understand the role that the …” „… right to regulate is called toplay in the international edifice of investment protection, the present …” „… chapteraddresses the issue of whether there exists an overriding rationale in favourof an express right to regulate …”

Cultural exception, exception for cultural policy and the investment law context S. 224-233

„… limited mentions of culture to a‘declaratory’ right to regulate-like provision proposed by the EU, while …” „… promote cultural and linguisticdiversity’.IX. The right to regulate by subject224France and ‘the framework …” „… and the criteria for its successful invocation.IX. The right to regulate by subject228holds a …”

Elimination of the umbrella clause S. 48-50

„… the right to regulate.Exceptions versus reservations‘Exceptions’ and ‘reservations’ are two terms …” „… exist and the state does not have a right to regulate in derogation of them; in other words, if the …” „… added).II. The right to regulate: general observations48and Canadian Model BITs. Canada, in particular …”

Concluding remarks S. 273-274

„… discussed here significantly affects the right to regulate.Concluding remarksThis chapter considered the …” „… offer states a right to regulate at all. Thequestionable suitability of applying the ILC Articles to …” „… discussion it doesnot appear that general international law provides a right to regulate in abstracto.X. The …”

The clausula rebus sic stantibus and bribery S. 272-273

„… significantly affects the right to regulate.Concluding remarksThis chapter considered the customary …” „… right to regulate where state action is in contravention ofa mandatory norm.The clausula rebus sic …” „… (forthcoming).X. The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international law272bound by a treaty1500 and it …”

Essential security interests S. 206-211

„… safeguard of the state’s right to regulate,since it provides policy space in a field that affects the very …” „… The right to regulate by subjectGeneral exceptions modelled after Article XX GATT are not the only …” „… possible method of incorporating a right to regulate in a general regulatoryclause. Exceptions for national …”

Concluding remarks S. 75

„… of an express right to regulate and examined arbitration as a perceivedmenace to state regulatory …” „… that surrounds it, the right to regulate is not a revolutionary ideacoming to capsize the investment …” „… interests (but also between opposingpublic interests) needs to be tackled and a raison d’être of the right …”

The fair and equitable treatment S. 276-281

„… state(examination by standard)Does then the contention hold that in the absence of a concrete right to regulate …” „… into account a state’s legitimate right to regulate1509. However, the reality on the ground may be …” „… standard by itsB.1.1506 See Chapter VII, The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment …”

General observations S. 123-125

„… The right to regulate in IIAsGeneral observationsThe present chapter delves into exceptions couched …” „… express right to regulate in IIAs. Some methods are morepopular and some less so, but most of them present …” „… BIT (1986).621 See Chapter III, The right to regulate in context (Introduction).622 Burke-White, W. W …”

The pre-modern-investment-world regime S. 53-56

„… The right to regulate in contextWhile the concept of an express right to regulate as a remedy to …” „… which the right to regulate is situated, in order to better understand howpolicy space concerns in …” „… regimeIt is not inapposite to talk of a right to regulate in the era before bilateralinvestment treaties …”

General remarks S. 169-173

„… majorityof investment disputes.The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause (or generalexceptions …” „… applicable to the entire treaty)General remarksAnother way of incorporating an express right to regulate in …” „… to the right to regulate discussion, by combining the two types of provisions and epitomisingthe …”

Necessity S. 237-257

„… , the question of compensation. A final section offerssome further reflections on the right to regulate …” „… defences and the right to regulate. Some further reflections.1276 See below, Does customary international …” „… ILC (2001), op cit., Commentary on Article 25, para. 2.A. The right to regulate under customary …”

Some developments at the bilateral level S. 58-61

„… between them and how the right to regulate couldevolve or be interpreted within international investment …” „… the right to regulate is neither novelnor does it stand alone in international investment law …” „… because it sets the stage on which the right to regulate is called toact.The rhetoric of these model BIT …”

WTO law, EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights S. 56-58

„… Human RightsAlthough the advent of the right to regulate terminology is fundamentallyowed to …” „… GATS (‘Recognizing the right of Members to regulate, and to introduce new regulations […] in order to …” „… right’).194 See Chapter VII, The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause.195 Chapter VII …”

General remarks S. 125-126

„… The right to regulate in the respective standards of treatmentGeneral remarksIn the European treaty …” „… model, the most widespread method of inserting anexpress right to regulate to date has been to anchor …” „… thirdparagraph.634 See Markert, L. (2011), op cit., p. 160-161. But cf. below, The right to regulate …”

Are explicit treaty exceptions necessary to reserve policy space? S. 293-294

„… provisions in itsIIAs1601.Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate harmful to regulatoryfreedom?A final …” „… when a right to regulate is inserted only in some treatiesor in respect of some aspects of investment …” „… right to regulate and the ‘in like circumstances’ formula. See also Chapter VII, The right to regulate …”

General S. 235-237

„… The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international lawGeneral international law affords …” „… ) ILC Articles.235The right to regulate under customary international law as reflected inthe ILC …” „… cit., p. 24.X. The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international law236The ILC Articles …”

Developments at the plurilateral level: the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement S. 61-62

„… , ‘Declaratory’right to regulate.235 See Chapter VI, The right to regulate and the preamble.236 Article [11] Norwegian …” „… protect the rights of the TPP countries to regulate in thepublic interest.’242 The taking into account of …” „… interests.Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and Europeaninvestment agreementsDevelopments at …”

Expropriation S. 281-288

„… a concrete right to regulate. A subsequentsection will offer some concluding reflections on the …” „… regardless of2.1531 See Chapter VI, Positive language and Chapter VII, The right to regulate and thefair and …” „… jurisprudence on the right to regulate282expropriation1539, despite the absence of any relevant wording in the …”

Concluding remarks S. 52

„… etymological derivatives.Concluding remarksThe right to regulate in international investment law is a legal …” „… whichneed to be distinguished from a genuine right to regulate. Their use hingeson a variable geometry that …” „… , or relying on tribunal discretion for a state’s right to regulate, thusfostering legal uncertainty …”

Concluding remarks S. 66

„… stage,considerations of the right to regulate have undoubtedly emerged as a requisite of the EU investment policy and …” „… concept of the right to regulate hasnonetheless existed beyond the realm of investment treaty law, both …” „… modelfor drafting a right to regulate with respect to expropriation. Both are discussed later in the book …”

Doing away with investor-state dispute settlement S. 45-48

„… their IIAs.Doing away with investor-state dispute settlementAlthough not granting a right to regulate …” „… School Legal Studies ResearchPaper No. 11/32.II. The right to regulate: general observations46gotiations …” „… enforceable, continue to exist and the state does not have a right to regulate in derogation of them; in other …”

Regulation in the public interest S. 99-103

„… is the public interest, aconcept that appears to be closely associated with the right to regulate …” „… regulate and a right to regulate in the public interest485 – and with general exceptions clauses modelled …” „… Chapter VII, The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause.487 Typically in expropriation …”

Ius cogens S. 270-272

„… ILCArticles’ defences1483. However, it is argued that the impact of ius cogenson the right to regulate is only …” „… , UNCTAD/WEB/DIAE/IA/2009/7,IIA Monitor No. 2 (2009), NY & Geneva: UN, p. 13.X. The right to regulate beyond IIAs in …” „… ILC Articles astate may claim a right to regulate where state action is in contravention ofa mandatory …”

Introduction S. 216-219

„… sphere of public policy where states generally reserve their right to regulate. This becomes clear so …” „… Burke-White, W. W. and Staden, A. von (2008), op cit.IX. The right to regulate by subject216‘Je tiens en …” „… ConventionIX. The right to regulate by subject218The discourse that follows examines the right to regulate with …”

Taxation S. 211-216

„… contain provisions that do not directly relate to investment.IX. The right to regulate by subject212(f) to …” „… See Chapter II, Limiting the scope of investment protection.IX. The right to regulate by subject214 …” „… sphere of public policy where states generally reserve their right to regulate. This becomes clear so …”

Concluding remarks S. 188-189

„… practice.Concluding remarksChapter VII examined the right to regulate under the status quo of IIAs, withparticular …” „… ’ – Self-Judgingclauses.VII. The right to regulate in IIAs188lysis considered, inter alia, the REIO clause and its …” „… and, an important element in the discourseon the right to regulate, the ‘in like circumstances …”

Concluding remarks S. 233-234

„… general international law to examine whether a right to regulate may be vouchsafed beyondinvestment …” „… treaties by virtue of customary law defences.IX. The right to regulate by subject234 …” „… regulate in respect of this interest. The last part of the chapter was dedicated to exceptions relating to …”

Force majeure and distress S. 257-258

„… Award, op cit., paras214-218, Sempra Award, op cit., paras 243-246.A. The right to regulate under …” „… . Szurek, S. (2010b), op cit., p. 483-484.X. The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international law …” „… non-observance of its obligation, but has no impact on the state’s will to regulate. Thedefence of force majeure …”

Considerations for cultural policy outside the stricto sensu investment context S. 222-224

„… Richieri Hanania, L. (2009), op cit., p. 109-110.IX. The right to regulate by subject222to include the …” „… linguisticdiversity’.IX. The right to regulate by subject224 …” „… agreement shall be construed to prevent any Contracting Partyto take any measure to regulate investment of …”

The exception for cultural diversity S. 219-222

„… The discourse that follows examines the right to regulate with respect tothis often neglected …” „… these percentages concern 1,168 EU feature films vis-à-vis 677USIX. The right to regulate by subject220 …” „… . 109-110.IX. The right to regulate by subject222 …”

Concluding remarks S. 122

„… that it creates no concreteor legally enforceable right to regulate but a mere interpretative device618 …” „… significantly, positive languagein the preamble comes close in its effect to a genuine right to regulate. Thisis …” „… of the IIA617 while granting regulatory interests an interpretative scope thatextends to the entire …”

Public order (ordre public) S. 94-99

„… associated with the right to regulate, ingeneral, – the two are often invoked in tandem and no distinction is …” „… madebetween a generic right to regulate and a right to regulate in the public interest485 – and with general …” „… Circumstances of extreme emergencyThe final security exception to be surveyed is circumstances of …”

The nexus requirement S. 190-195

„… review. It begins by focusingon two structural components of the right to regulate1011: the nexus …” „… aim constitutes a salient aspect of the right to regulate, in that it determines whethera given …” „… Court of Human Rights or, as did the ContinentalCasualty Tribunal, to WTO law1036, systems that have …”

Bibliography S. 305-330

„… ), Regulation or Expropriation? Current Legal Problems 55 (1)Mann, H. (2003), The Right of States to Regulate …” „… : Balancing Investor Rights and the Right to Regulate – The Issue of National Security, in Sauvant,K. P. (ed …” „… “Right to Regulate” in InternationalInvestment Law, Working Papers on International Investment, No …”

Index S. 375-376

„… , 116-118,272-273Cultural diversity 30, 60, 64-66,89, 102, 116, 134-136, 186, 216et seq.Declaratory right to …” „… regulate111-115Deference 40-42, 202-203, 205,249, 253, 277, 287-288, 294,296-297, 301-302Distress 258 …” „… HumanRights 57-58, 152-155, 188Expropriation 148 et seq., 180 etseq., 281 et seq.Extreme emergency …”

Concluding remarks S. 103

„… chapter, thedefinition of these terms is crucial for the right to regulate, in that the latter’sscope …” „… the European Union as public goods that need to besafeguarded.By way of a concluding remark, public …” „… regulatory interests that most commonly arefound in IIAs with a view to demonstrating the interpretive …”

General observations S. 76-78

„… these interests is of paramount importance,since the scope of the right to regulate often hinges on …” „… Types of regulatory interestsGeneral observationsThe discussion now turns to the types of …” „… context314. The varietyof possible interpretations to which some of these terms may lend themselveshas …”

General S. 195-201

„… right to regulate discourse, since these clauses allow1080 This appears to be the case of the US-Russia …” „… as flying in the face of investment protection1048, a self-judgingclause authorises the state to bear …” „… , thedistinction between a clause deemed to be self-judging and another clausedevoid of such character, rests on …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845251783

Dominic Beckers-Schwarz - Der Investitionsschutz durch die Inländer(gleich)behandlung des WTO-Rechts

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Dominic Beckers-Schwarz

Der Investitionsschutz durch die Inländer(gleich)behandlung des WTO-Rechts

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 14 2014

Results in this title

6. Kapitel : Ausnahmen von der Inländer(gleich)behandlung („right to regulate“ und „legitimate reasons“) S. 307-380

„… Ausnahmen von der Inländer(gleich)behandlung(„right to regulate“ und „legitimate reasons“)Im …” „… Mittel, „a need to maintain a balanceof rights and obligations“ zwischen den Ausnahmerechten der …” „… . 389; Rausch, Responsibility to Protect, S. 198ff; zum Völkergewohnheitsrecht vgl. etwa …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-24

„… [...] to like domestic products“ in Art. III:2 S. 1 GATTa)194Verbot von „charges of any kind in excess of …” „… thoseapplied directly or indirectly to like domesticproducts“ in Art. III:2 S. 1 GATTb)195Die …” „… Besonderheiten der Vergleichssystematik derBesteuerungen in Art. III:2 S. 2 GATT –insbesondere: „so as to afford …”

2. Kapitel : Telos der Inländer(gleich)behandlung im WTO- und IIA-Recht S. 69-80

„… GeneralAgreement does not prevent Canada from exercising its sovereign right to regulateforeign direct investments …” „… . Earlier NAFTA decisions [...] seemedto assume that the relevant jurisprudence was indeed suitable to guide …” „… NAFTAtribunals. Meanwhile, the tide seems to have turned against considering WTOA.213 Vgl. Bjorklund in: Reinisch …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845256061

Michael Lysander Fremuth, Jörn Griebel, Robert Heinsch - Natural Resources and International Law – Developments and Challenges

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Michael Lysander Fremuth (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Robert Heinsch (ed.)

Natural Resources and International Law – Developments and Challenges

2021

Results in this title

August Reinisch Resources and Investment – Understanding and Misunderstanding the Friction between the Right to Regulate and Investor Protection S. 273-290

„… right to regulate the natural resources industry this implies that states normally enjoy much discretion …” „… “public welfare objectives”. Overview IntroductionI. 274 The right to regulate resource investments and …” „… non-discrimination clauses1. 277 Admission in accordance with host state law clauses2. 278 The right to regulate …”

Michael Lysander Fremuth Resource Mining and Human Rights S. 145-196

„… /26/9 of 14 July 2014. 98 OEIGWG, Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate, in International Human Rights …” „… accessed: 9 April 2020). 99 OEIGWG, Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate, in International Human Rights …” „… dimensions: First, human rights can grant titles to undertake business activities such as the exploitation of …”

Steven Freeland Crimes against the Environment? The Deliberate Destruction of the Natural Environment and Natural Resources during War S. 197-220

„… Commissioner for Human Rights and Follow-Up to the World Conference on Human Rights: Situation of Human Rights …” „… fundamental right to freedom, equality, and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that …” „… , Defending the Right to a Healthy Environment: Toward a Crime of Genocide in International Law, in: Boston …”

Manjiao Chi Reforming International Investment Treaties for an Equitable Natural Resource-Related Investment Governance Regime S. 291-306

„… , there is an “investor-state imbalance”. IIAs in general fail to draw a proper balance between the rights …” „… . Second, there is an “investors’ right-obligation imbalance”. IIAs in general fail to draw a proper …” „… designed to regulate the relationships between foreign investors, host states and home states,24 while …”

Hans-Georg Dederer Resources and Trade Law S. 125-144

„… general exceptions clause of Article XX GATT,70 WTO members have retained their “right to regulate”, i.e …” „… 21, services22 and intellectual property rights23. V. 1. 20 Of course, FTAs are going to play an …” „… Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights). Resources and Trade Law 131 Specifically with regard to natural …”

Nico Schrijver Integrating Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources into International Mining Law S. 75-92

„… Selected chapters of international law pertinent to mineral resourcesV. 82 Human rights dimensions of …” „… to underpin the right of colonial peoples to the natural resources within their territory. In this …” „… covenants provide that all peoples have the right to freely dispose of their national resources and that …”

Marc Bungenberg Natural Resources and Investment Law, in particular Investor-State Contracts S. 257-272

„… specific content of stabilisation clauses – not to be in contradiction to the right to regulate – has …” „… (potential) impact on the right to regulate can be argued if the investor-state contract includes a …” „… constitutional and thereby sovereign right to regulate.26 Although a stabilisation clause might oblige the State …”

Irmgard Marboe Space Resources and Property Rights – Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches S. 231-256

„… have the right and – in view of Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty – even an obligation to regulate …” „… different options and show that innovative solutions are necessary to balance the right to the free use of …” „… , Statement by the IISL Board of Directors on claims to property rights regarding the Moon and other celestial …”

Christian J. Tams Authority over Natural Resources: No End of Geography S. 307-320

„… it enjoys jurisdiction to regulate crimes committed on its territory. In Max Huber’s time-honoured …” „… portion of the globe is the right to exercise therein, to the exclusion of any other State, the function …” „… exercise of the sovereign rights of the State, in the sense that it requires them to be exercised in a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… between the Right to Regulate and Investor Protection 273 August Reinisch Reforming International …” „… Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this …” „… other than private use a fee is payable to “Verwertungs gesellschaft Wort”, Munich. No responsibility …”

Leopold von Carlowitz Extractives for Development: Orientation and Activities of German Development Cooperation in the Mining Sector S. 93-124

„… development cooperation. He also analyses the most relevant human rights due diligence instruments relating to …” „… environmental damage and incur serious violations of labor and human rights. A weak state is unable to protect …” „… people are discriminated against and lack the ability to claim their rights to preserve their culture …”

Heike Krieger, Jonas Püschmann Securing of Resources as a Valid Reason for Using Force? A Pre-Emptive Defence of the Prohibition on the Use of Force S. 27-56

„… .5 Pertinent cases concern efforts to establish a broad interpretation of the right of self-defence …” „… condition, thus claiming a right to use whatever means are necessary to block a threatening development”.38 …” „… ., Mori, Origins of the Right of Self-Defense in International Law: From the Caroline Incident to the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748929765

Julian Scheu, Rainer Hofmann, Stephan W. Schill, Christian J. Tams - Investment Protection, Human Rights, and International Arbitration in Extraordinary Times

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Julian Scheu (ed.), Rainer Hofmann (ed.), Stephan W. Schill (ed.), Christian J. Tams (ed.)

Investment Protection, Human Rights, and International Arbitration in Extraordinary Times

Series: Schriften zur Europäischen Integration und Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung

Volume 61 2022

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Tomasz Milej Chapter 10: Reclaiming African Agency: The Right to Regulate, Investor-State Dispute Settlement, and the ‘Africanisation’ of International Investment Law S. 337-368

„… African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).16 The Role of the Right to RegulateThe right to regulate is …” „… Reclaiming African Agency: The Right to Regulate, Investor-State Dispute Settlement, and the …” „… ‘Africanisation’ of International Investment LawTomasz Milej*IntroductionThe right to regulate has been discussed …”

Edward Guntrip Chapter 6: Domestic Human Rights Frameworks as a Means to Regulate Investments in Land, Food, and Water: A Case Study of Cambodia S. 181-216

„… (last visited on 20 July 2022), at 17.Chapter 6: Domestic Human Rights Frameworks as a Means to Regulate …” „… Rights Frameworks as a Means to Regulate Investments189The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business …” „… and Human RightsThe UNGPs are the latest in a series of attempts to regulate the effects of business …”

Tillmann Rudolf Braun Chapter 11: State Responsibility and Investment Protection in the Time of Pandemic S. 371-404

„… necessity have determined that such State has exceeded its reasonable right to regulate’.Chapter 11: State …” „… referred to as the ‘right to regulate’) has been borrowed from US constitutional law and jurisprudence25 …” „… right to regulate foreign investments in their territory, even if this regulation affects the property …”

Peter-Tobias Stoll, Malte Gutt Chapter 5: The EU-China Investment Agreement – Investment Liberalization, Sustainable Development, and Human Rights S. 149-178

„… often contain provisions on the right to regulate, commitments to International Labour Organization …” „… the environment. Art. 1 stipulates the right to regulate with regard to sustainable development …” „… conventions 29 and 105 are among them.Furthermore, Art. 1 enshrines a right to regulate which reiterates the …”

Barnali Choudhury Chapter 3: Human Rights Provisions in International Investment Treaties and Investor-State Contracts S. 87-118

„… instance when a new human rights issue arises, Sates must decide whether to regulate the human rights issue …” „… equilibrium clauses add a cost for States to regulate human rights issues by requiring them to compensate the …” „… analysis in determining whether to regulate to protect human rights. Moreover, the presence of these types …”

Anne van Aaken Chapter 1: Investment Protection, Human Rights, and International Arbitration: Cross-Fertilization or Regime-Collision? S. 39-64

„… Instrument to Regulate, in International Human Rights Law, the Activities of Transnational Corporations and …” „… asymmetrical: they offer substantive rights to investors, which may be enforced against host States, and do …” „… Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (called BHRA or Hague Rules)6 help to improve the …”

Julian Scheu, Rainer Hofmann, Stephan W. Schill, Christian J. Tams Introduction: Investment Protection, Human Rights, and International Arbitration in Extraordinary Times S. 19-36

„… instruments. She distinguishes between provisions that generally reference the host State’s right to regulate …” „… Human Rights Frameworks as a Means to Regulate Investments in Land, Food, and Water: A Case Study of …” „… right to regulate, the interpretation of treaty standards by arbitral tribunals, and the lack of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… RightsPart 3:Domestic Human Rights Frameworks as a Means to Regulate Investments in Land, Food, and Water: A …” „… Investment LawChapter 9:291Anna Hankings-EvansReclaiming African Agency: The Right to Regulate …” „… Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication …”

Anna Hankings-Evans Chapter 9: Africa’s Human Rights and Development-Based Approaches to International Investment Law S. 291-336

„… emphasis on the host State’s right to regulate and the duty to oversee the activities of transnational …” „… PAIC, the CCIA Agreement regulates the right of investors to ISDS113, while also granting member States …” „… also codifies a rather generic right to regulate.131 In 2016, Amendments to Annex 1 to the Protocol on …”

Henner Gött Chapter 8: ILO Labour Standards in International Investment Law S. 253-288

„… the host State’s right to regulate, oblige the host State not to lower its labour standards to attract …” „… protecting the host State’s right to regulate could be understood as comprising a right to fully implement …” „… ), at 670; Catherine Titi, The Right to Regulate In International Investment Law (2014); Eric De …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748914068

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch - CETA Investment Law

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Marc Bungenberg (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

CETA Investment Law

2022

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Stefanie Schacherer Article 8.9 Investment and regulatory measures S. 236-255

„… in relation to the right to regulateis not without implications. It adds to the right to regulate …” „… standards and the States’right to regulate.C. Drafting HistoryThe CETA was negotiated and concluded when …” „… the Right to RegulateArticle 8.9(1) CETA is first of all a reaffirmation of the right to regulate …”

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch An Overview of the CETA – Investment Chapter (Chapter 8) S. 1-42

„… path for re-form, enhancing the right to regulate and moving from current ad hoc arbitrationtowards an …” „… ‘level of protection of thepublic interest’, or in other words the right to regulate. The starting point …” „… underlined that the CETA standardsof protection respect state sovereignty and the right to regulate.64 It is …”

Armand de Mestral, Lukas Vanhonnaeker Article 8.4 Market access S. 159-174

„… the right of access of FDI to either juris-diction. These laws or policies explicitly regulate foreign …” „… entered into force 21 September 2017.2 While the right of admission relates to the investment’s right of …” „… ), 88). While market access combineselements of both admission and establishment, the right to market …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.15 Reservations and exceptions S. 374-394

„… Article 8.15 protects a Party’s right to regulate.A Party is able to reserve for itself any regulatory …” „… InstrumentThe link between Article 8.15 CETA and the right to regulate is made explicit inthe CETA’s Joint …” „… Chapter to its right to regulate. The JIIdoes not, nor was it intended by the Parties, to alter the …”

Ursula Kriebaum Article 8.12 Expropriation S. 297-336

„… the right to regulate of theState Parties to the CETA and to clarify when an indirect expropriation …” „… reaffirmthe States’ right to regulate in the context of indirect expropriation. For that purpose,it would …” „… improving investment protection rules:– Right to regulate: the EU agreements reaffirm the right of the …”

Güneş Ünüvar Article 8.38 Non-disputing Party S. 813-825

„… right to makeobservations on matters that go beyond the interpretative conflicts; however, they arenot …” „… right to stay properly informed about a dispute whereits nationals are claimants, it also gives the …” „… explicit right to a non-disputing Party,narrowly defined under CETA as the non-disputing Party to CETA, to …”

Richard Happ Article 8.35 Discontinuance S. 779-786

„… ) regulate conse-quences of default for specific failures of the Parties to act. However, default and …” „… inaction – as the requirement for discontinuance –would give the Investor the right to leave the respondent …” „… regulated in Article 8.23. According toArticle 8.23(7) CETA, the claim has been submitted when (a) the …”

Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika, Afolabi Adekemi Article 8.2 Scope S. 114-146

„… flows between the Parties, with thehost states’ right to regulate for legitimate public policy …” „… the right of States to regulate for legitimate publicpolicy objectives especially affects two of the …” „… these FTAs shall be:without prejudice to the right of the EU and the Member States to adopt and enforce …”

Marc Bungenberg, Afolabi Adekemi Article 8.18 CETA (Scope) S. 434-484

„… Investment:Concerns and Policy Reactions (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012); Catharine Titi, ‘The Right toRegulate …” „… arises is to what extentcan the Parties’ right to regulate impact on the ICS power to entertain …” „… the Contracting Parties (→ Art. 8.9 mn. 19).Nevertheless, the right to regulate is not unlimited and …”

Marc Bungenberg, Anna Holzer Article 8.41 Enforcement of awards S. 876-916

„… . State-to-state dispute settlement will be included, but will not interfere with the right ofinvestors to have …” „… CivilProcedure. §§ 1025 to 1066 regulate arbi-trations seated in Germany, without dis-tinguishing between …” „… when the Appellate Tribunal is functioning.Paragraph 3(a)(ii)Paragraph 3(a)(ii) is intended to regulate …”

Patricia Nacimiento Article 8.13 Transfers S. 337-359

„… Investment Treaties (3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2021); Catharine Titi, ‘TheRight to Regulate …” „… 2010, January 2011 and February 2012.73 See also, Titi, ‘The Right to Regulate’ in Mbengue and …” „… provisions.77 Theareas in which host States have the right to regulate vis-à-vis their obligations inrelation …”

Katia Fach Gómez Article 8.30 Ethics S. 654-703

„… reform.Enhancing the right to regulate and moving from current ad hoc arbitration towards an Investment Court, 5May …” „… the EU will strengthen the provisions on governments’ right to regulate; move to apermanent …” „… desire to regulate the ethical aspects ofadjudicators in the various IIAs that it is currently …”

Jens Benninghofen Article 8.21 Determination of the respondent for disputes with the European Union or its Member States S. 520-533

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53IV. Article 8.21 para. 5: Right to Submit a Claim Against the ProperRespondent …” „… . Determination of the Respondent by the European UnionBy default, the EU has the right to determine the …” „… day.Article 8.21 para. 1 only regulates that the notice shall be delivered to the ‘EuropeanUnion’ without …”

Lars Markert Article 8.25 Consent to the settlement of the dispute by the Tribunal S. 566-583

„… Annex 8-B (→ Art. 8.18 mn. 113). CETA’s Con-tracting Parties’ right to regulate is enshrined in Article …” „… guidanceto Tribunals assessing a breach, rather than as a carve-out of the right to regulate fromthe scope of …” „… preservationof the right to regulate by narrowing CETA’s scope of ISDS.18Where claims fall outside the scope of …”

Richard Happ Article 8.34 Interim measures S. 767-778

„… II. ‘To Preserve the Rights of a Disputing Party or to Ensure that theTribunal’s Jurisdiction is Made …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241. ‘To Preserve the Rights of a Disputing Party …” „… CETA-Tribunal.10 This follows from Article8.22(1)(g), which requires the investor to waive ‘its right to …”

Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika Article 8.1 Definitions S. 43-113

„… , rights in relation to protection of undisclosedinformation, and plant breeders' rights; and, if such …” „… property andrelated rights;(i) claims to money or claims to performance under a contract.For greater …” „… ’ on the date of their acts.25In the Hamester case, the tribunal determined that a duty ‘to regulate …”

Marc Bungenberg, Andrés E. Alvarado Garzón Article 8.17 Formal requirements S. 417-433

„… domestic and international courts, it enshrinesgovernments’ right to regulate and ensures transparency and …” „… restrictionson the most-favoured nation treatment, the recognition of the right to regulate, orthe reservations …” „… , which may be portrayedas ‘things the public has no right to know’,26 including information protected …”

Index S. 979-994

„… 8.12 95 ff.– regulation 8.12 73 ff.– right to regulate 8.12 13– severity 8.12 30, 41 ff., 86 ff …” „… to present its case– sharing of confidential or protectedinformation 8.37 4Right to regulate 8.9 1 …” „… IndexBold numbers refer to articles, normal ones to margin numbers.Abuse of rights 8.16 3, 9 …”

Panos Koutrakos Article 8.8 Senior management and boards of directors S. 231-235

„… have the sovereign power to regulate the movement ofpersons into their territory and to determine the …” „… 2004/38 on the rights of citizens of theUnion and their family members to move and reside freely within …” „… that Party, that is also a coveredinvestment, appoint to senior management or board of director …”

Patrick Dumberry Article 8.10 Treatment of investors and of covered investments S. 256-276

„… the (Invisible) EU Model BIT’ (2014) 15 JWIT, 454; YuliaLevashova, The Right of States to Regulate in …” „… to Regulate in International Investment Law: The Search for Balance Between PublicInterest and Fair …” „… 11 tribunals owe a State when it comes to assessing how to regulate andmanage its affairs’.81 Other …”

August Reinisch Article 8.7 Most-favoured-nation treatment S. 216-230

„… agreement (CETA), 1February 2016 on the right to regulate in CETA, available at …” „… sectors, safeguarding its ‘right to adopt or maintain any measure which accordsdifferential treatment to a …” „… Article 8.7Most-favoured-nation treatment1. Each Party shall accord to an investor of the other …”

Christina Binder Article 8.5 Performance requirements S. 175-193

„… to frustrate the right of establishment throughthe back door by allowing governments to impose …” „… relation to intellectual property rights, if this is permitted by the TRIPSagreement.33 Finally, the …” „… of the Parties to regulate inthe public interest within their territories; […]’ (emphasis added).Art …”

Julian Scheu Article 8.31 Applicable law and interpretation S. 704-737

„… reform.Enhancing the right to regulate and moving from current ad hoc arbitration towards an Investment Court”,5 …” „… Parties.2. The Tribunal shall not have jurisdiction to determine the legality of a measure,alleged to …” „… prevailinginterpretation given to the domestic law by the courts or authorities of that Partyand any meaning given to …”

Lukas Stifter Article 8.32 Claims manifestly without legal merit S. 738-756

„… the Tribunal's authority to addressother objections as a preliminary question or to the right of the …” „… schedule gives effect to the disputing Parties’ right to ‘present their observa-tions’ under Article 8.32(5 …” „… decisions do not, however, affect the respondent’s right to raise otherpreliminary objections pursuant to …”

Johannes Tropper Article 8.6 National treatment S. 194-215

„… of the right to regulate with respect to national treat-ment as tribunals might be inclined to …” „… Article 8.6National treatment1. Each Party shall accord to an investor of the other Party and to a …” „… coveredinvestment, treatment no less favourable than the treatment it accords, in likesituations to its own …”

Irmgard Marboe Article 8.39 Final award S. 826-855

„… that it is made without prejudice to a right that aperson, other than a person which has provided a …” „… prevented from enforcing their rights by the high costrisk. For the CJEU, the commitment to develop such …” „… made without prejudice to any right that any person may havein the relief under applicable domestic law …”

Herman Verbist Article 8.20 Mediation S. 485-519

„… bilateral agreements, putting stronger emphasis onthe right of the state to regulate, something which was …” „… . Recourse to mediation is without prejudice to the legal position or rights ofeither disputing party under …” „… Whilearbitration usually offers only the investor the right to commence a dispute, both aninvestor and State may …”

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch Article 8.29 Establishment of a multilateral investment tribunal and appellate mechanism S. 633-653

„… for reform, enhancing the right to regulate and moving fromcurrent ad hoc arbitration towards an …” „… . State-to-state dispute settlement will be included, but will not interfere with the right ofinvestors to have …” „… procedure and the Partiesshould have a right to an efficient and expedient procedure, which should be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748902133

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