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Renate Pirstner-Ebner - European Energy Law

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Renate Pirstner-Ebner

European Energy Law

2022

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10 Renewable energy S. 110-126

„… Renewable energyThe transformation of the energy system to climate-compatible renewable energy …” „… renewable energy sources in the energy production system with the Renewable Electricity Production …” „… systems and concrete criteria for these systems.681The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 replaced the …”

12 Decentralisation S. 133-140

„… has found expression in the legislation. As a result of the increasing renewable energy sources in …” „… followed with the issuance of the Renewable Energy Directive in December 2018 and the Electricity Market …” „… customers are not bound to a specific energy source by producing electricity. Conversely, renewable …”

3 Overview of legislation S. 20-32

„… separate category of “renewable energyˮ. The EU recognised the need for energy saving and issued the Energy …” „… efficiency, renewable energies and the interconnection of energy networks (see (c), (d)). Additionally …” „… Electricity Market Regulation 2019 are to increase the share of renewable energy and establish fundamental …”

15 Energy system of the future S. 150-160

„… core criteria. These are the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Because of the …” „… except for two criteria – concretely, the integration of renewable energy sources and pro1515.1923 …” „… green smart grid are:– the use of renewable energy source– energy efficiency and energy saving …”

2 Fundamentals of Energy Law S. 17-19

„… , and some of them are renewable. Renewable energy sources are primary energy sources which – by human …” „… renewable energy sources biomass (wood), solar energy, geothermal energy, and waste (for example: from …” „… and natural gas and the renewable energy sources like wind, hydropower, tide and wave energy.14 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… book deal with the main criteria of a green energy system, such as renewable energies, energy …” „… management and gas supply contracts9.3.7107Renewable energy10 110Targets10.1 111Terminology10.2 112Support …” „… Obligations for active customers and renewable self-consumers12.1.5136Energy communities12.2 137Definition …”

4 Energy Union and governance S. 33-38

„… gas emission reductions and binding annual limits.140 Besides this, the use of renewable energy …” „… sources is an important instrument to reduce CO2 emissions. The enlargement of the renewable energy share …” „… determines that the Member States shall consider special criteria when defining the renewable energy and …”

1 Introduction S. 15-16

„… market, renewable energies, and energy efficiency4, and in 2021 the European Commission proposed …” „… others, new provisions for renewable energy, energy efficiency, renewable gases and hydrogen. The energy …” „… for our energy system of the future. These are the chapters renewable energies, energy efficiency …”

Register S. 161-162

„… Energy Infrastructure 26regulatory authority 81, 91, 99REMIT Regulation 27renewable energy 110renewable …” „… energy community 137renewable self-consumer 133, 135risk assessment 101Risk-Preparedness Electricity …” „… alternative policy measure 130ambient energy 112atomic energy 18binding guideline 60biofuel 118biogas 118 …”

5 Market System for electricity and gas S. 39-55

„… . security of supply, energy efficiency, energy from renewable sources)181 and in case of new infrastructures …” „… .188Obligation for system connectionThe Renewable Energy Directive 2018 and the Electricity Market …” „… operators. Article 17 Renewable Energy Directive 2018 states that distribution system operators are obliged …”

8 National regulatory authorities S. 81-87

„… , efficient and non-discriminatory systems, including energy efficiency and the integration of renewable …” „… and William-James Kettlewell (eds), EU Energy Law – The Internal Energy Market, vol I (claeys …” „… energy efficiency and a high level of consumer protection.493 Additionally, regulatory authorities shall …”

6 ACER S. 56-63

„… of the “Clean Energy for All Europeans Package” in 2019.257 In doing this, the “Agency for the …” „… Cooperation of Energy Regulators” was renamed as “European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy …” „… ACER-Regulation 2019/942/EU.261 Ernst Tremmel, ʻThe EU Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER)ʼ in …”

7 Coordination bodies on European Union level S. 64-80

„… decentralisation of electricity supply based on renewable energy sources. Due to this situation, it is appropriate …” „… integration of renewable sources, distributed generation, energy storage.434 Furthermore, it shall contribute …” „… competent for energy), the national regulatory authorities, the ACER and ENTSO for Electricity.323 Each …”

14 Storage S. 146-149

„… StorageThe increase in energy production from renewable energy sources leads to higher feed-in …” „… their ability to store large quantities of energy.TerminologyThe Electricity Market Directive 2019 …” „… electricity networks. As energy storage facilities can store the surplus electricity energy and rerelease it …”

11 Energy efficiency S. 127-132

„… ) Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU and a definition of this principle in Art 3 of the European …” „… energy industry themselves.TargetsThe EU determines energy-saving targets on the Union level and level of …” „… 2018/2002/EU (last amended by Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU).11.3 Energy-saving measures129Energy …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913627

Niclas Landmann - Legitimate Expectations and Fair-and-Equitable-Treatment under the Energy Charter Treaty

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Niclas Landmann

Legitimate Expectations and Fair-and-Equitable-Treatment under the Energy Charter Treaty

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 41 2022

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Chapter 3: The Renewable Energy Cases S. 136-186

„… The Renewable Energy Cases The previous Chapter demonstrated that the legitimate expectations are …” „… , technological, and factual backgrounds of the recent cases in the renewable energy sector need to be reviewed …” „… to renewable energy sources was marked by the signing of the Kyoto Protocol in 1992.626 The aims set …”

Introduction S. 23-47

„… power plants to investments in the renewable energy sector.8 Disputes regarding investments in the …” „… renewable energy sector, including but not limited to, actions taken by Spain, Italy and the Czech Republic …” „… the past decade.9 A comparison has been drawn between the impact of the renewable energy cases on the …”

Bibliography S. 353-370

„… Renewable Energy Policymaking’ (2017) 45(2) The Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 251. Diehl A …” „… Treaty: A Reader’s Guide (Energy Charter Secretariat 2002). Espa I, ‘Promoting Renewables in the Energy …” „… 1521. Frauenhofer, EEG, BBH, IASA, SEI, ‘Final Report on Renewable Energy Progress and Biofuels …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… Landmann A Comparative Analysis of the Renewable Energy Cases Studies in International Investment Law …” „… the Energy Charter Treaty A Comparative Analysis of the Renewable Energy Cases The Deutsche …” „… Fair-and-Equitable-Treatment under the Energy Charter Treaty A Comparative Analysis of the Renewable Energy Cases Niclas …”

Summary S. 345-352

„… of parties”.1710 From a political standpoint, it is noteworthy that the renewable energy transition …” „… the balancing test towards the investors of the renewable energy sector. Sustainable development, in …” „… particular in the renewable energy sector, is difficult to realise without foreign investment.1711 Thus …”

Chapter 4: Analysis of the Case Law Involving Legitimate Expectations S. 187-310

„… the renewable energy cases were able to rely on contractual or semi-contractual agreements, such as …” „… an administrative requirement to gain grid access and sell electricity from renewable energy sources …” „… promise already included in the legislative framework, which guaranteed that renewable energy plants duly …”

Chapter 5: Interpretation and Evaluation of Arbitral Jurisprudence S. 311-344

„… over states.1526 Nor has the analysis of recent cases in the renewable energy sector provided any …” „… ; BayWa r.e. Renewable Energy GmbH and BayWa r.e. Asset Holding GmbH v. Kingdom of Spain, Decision on …” „… February 2020 PCA Case No. 2012-14, para. 521. See also BayWa r.e. Renewable Energy GmbH and BayWa r.e …”

Chapter 2: Legitimate Expectations as the Core Element of Fair and Equitable Treatment S. 70-135

„… Obligation’’, p. 103; Garcia-Castrillon, ‘Spain and Investment Arbitration - The Renewable Energy Explosion …” „… recent renewable energy cases. 318 Levashova, The Right of States to Regulate in International Investment …” „… Renewables Support Policy and Investment Protection under the Energy Charter Treaty: Analysis of …”

Chapter 1: The Principle of Fair and Equitable Treatment S. 48-69

„… interpreting treaty standards.158 A major application of the good faith principle in the renewable energy cases …” „… : 136 Baltag, The Energy Charter Treaty, p. 25. 137 The definition was established by the Tribunal in …” „… Round of Codification (Springer 2017), p. 216, 217. 140 Energy Charter Secretariat, The Energy Charter …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748930259

Jörg Philipp Terhechte - OPEC und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht

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Jörg Philipp Terhechte

OPEC und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht

2008

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Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007 (Auszug) S. 159-160

„… Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007 159Anhang 5: Renewable …” „… Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007 (Auszug)Sec. 710. No Oil Producing and …”

Fazit S. 88-89

„… Bestandteil des umfassenden »Renewable Fuels, Cosumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007«.244 …” „… primarily, competition policy, but also defense policy, energy policy, foreign policy,and natural resources …”

Die NOPEC-Bill S. 87-88

„… »Renewable Fuels, Cosumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007«.244 Damithat ein …”

The NOPEC Legislation of 2007 S. 120-121

„… the Senate on June21, 2007 as part of the »Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency …”

Verzeichnis der Rechtsgrundlagen S. 19-22

„… Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007 …”

Previous Cases S. 118-120

„… Senate on June21, 2007 as part of the »Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Anhang 5: Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, and Energy Efficiency Act of 2007 (Auszug …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845207278

Jürgen Giegrich, Susanne Hartard, Axel Schaffer - Ressourceneffizienz im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte

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Jürgen Giegrich (ed.), Susanne Hartard (ed.), Axel Schaffer (ed.)

Ressourceneffizienz im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte

2008

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Wolfgang Schade – Impact on resource use and emissions of transport by using renewable energy and hydrogen as transport fuel S. 129-145

„… 10 Impact on resource use and emissions of transport by using renewable energy and hydrogen as …” „… Hydrogen Economy (http://www.iphe.net/). Impact using renewable energy and hydrogen as transport fuel …” „… renewable energy and hydrogen as transport fuel 133 POP MAC FOT REM TRA WEM ENV VFT …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… ? ...... 117 Wolfgang Schade 10 – Impact on resource use and emissions of transport by using renewable …” „… energy and hydrogen as transport fuel.......................................... 129 10 Inhalt …”

Kora Kristof – Was kann die Politik zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz beitragen? S. 117-129

„… : www.materialeffizienz.de/fachinformationen/vorbereitung-des-programms 10 Impact on resource use and emissions of transport by using renewable energy and hydrogen as …” „… outside Europe. 10.2 Introduction The use of hydrogen as energy carrier for the transport system has …” „… transport system on fossil fuels of more than 97 %, which raises the issue of the security of energy supply …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845207841

Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski, Monika Sus - The Transformative Power of Europe

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Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski (ed.), Monika Sus (ed.)

The Transformative Power of Europe

Series: German and European Studies of the Willy Brandt Center at the Wroclaw University

Volume 4 2015

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Andrzej Ceglarz, Andrzej Ancygier Chapter 6: The Polish renewable energy and climate policies under the impact of the EU S. 137-168

„… Chapter 6: The Polish renewable energy and climate policies under the impact of the EU Andrzej …” „… that led to the development of renewable energy sources (RES) despite opposition from the coal industry …” „… Union that played a decisive role in shaping Polish renewable energy and climate policies. However …”

Notes on Contributors S. 251-254

„… with focus on renewable energy and energy efficiency. In his publications Ancygier has analysed the …” „… impact of the European energy and climate policies on Poland and the factors influencing energy …” „… transition in different countries. His recent publications are Energy democratization? Societal aspects of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… policies of the EU 111 Ireneusz P. Karolewski Chapter 6: The Polish renewable energy and climate policies …”

References S. 16-27

„… has slowed down the development of the EU’s renewable energy and climate policy. However, the recent …” „… of modern technologies. Regarding the Polish energy and climate policy, the impact of the EU seems to …” „… that the Europeanisation process of Polish energy and climate policy after joining the EU has been …”

Agnieszka K. Cianciara Chapter 3: Interest representation in Poland after EU accession: More regulated, professional and legitimate? S. 54-77

„… been very high. For example, 128 entities registered for the hearing on the draft law on the renewable …” „… energy resources in September 2014 (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, 2014). However, due to the small …” „… the banking, energy or railway sectors. On the other hand, some lobbyists stressed the unwillingness …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845261317

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