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Thomas Demmelhuber - EU-Mittelmeerpolitik und der Reformprozess in Ägypten

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Thomas Demmelhuber

EU-Mittelmeerpolitik und der Reformprozess in Ägypten

Series: Schriften des Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI)

Volume 69 2009

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 308-343

„… ., »Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East«, in: Blank, S. J. (Hrsg.), Mediterranean Security into the …” „… , Internationale Organisationen, Leske + Budrich: Opladen 2003³. Roberson, B. A., The Middle East and Europe. The …” „… and Europe: How the Middle East Conflict and Iraq War Affect the EMP«, in: Euro-Mediterranean Study …”

Systemwandel S. 57-63

„… . Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, S. 188-191. 153 Einer der ersten …” „… Theory and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique«, in: Democratization, 3/2006. 59 zation, Cultural …” „… , Uncharted Journey. Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, S. 15ff.; Eva Bellin, »The Robustness of …”

Strategien S. 94-97

„… Mediterranean and the Middle East«, in: Euromed Report, 78/2004; The Council of the European Union (10679/2/04 …” „… zone of peace, prosperity and progress in the Mediterranean and the Middle East«319 zu fördern.320 …” „… ) die »Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative«, welche aus geopolitischer Sicht einen ähnlichen …”

Akteure des Reformprozesses: Quantität vs. Qualität S. 130-153

„… , Democratization and Development. New Political Strategies for the Middle East, S. 148. 451 Pratt, Democracy and …” „… Offizierskorps, cf. Hillel Frisch, »Guns and Butter in the Egyptian Army«, in: Middle East Review of …” „… Journal for Middle Eastern Studies, 3/2005, S. 382f.; Hossam el-Hamalawy, »Comrades and Brothers«, in …”

Transformationsprozesse S. 45-51

„… , Democracy and Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, S. 37; cf. dazu …” „… Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, The Johns Hopkins …” „… for the Middle East, S. 34; für eine optimistische Gegendarstellung von EU-Seite für das vorliegende …”

Demokratie vs. Stabilität als Referenzpunkt der Akteure S. 33-43

„… Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, Cambridge University Press …” „… ) wurde sie in »Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative« umbenannt; zur Einordnung des Begriffs …” „… Jones, Negotiating Change. The New Politics of the Middle East, I.B. Tauris: London u.a. 2006, S. 7. 65 …”

Reaktion auf Krisenpotenziale im Mittelmeerraum seit 1990 S. 29-33

„… ). 51 Cf. Diamond / Plattner / Brumberg, Islam and Democracy in the Middle East, The Johns Hopkins …” „… East: Dilemmas and Perspectives, Aarhus: Aarhus 2006; Bahgat Korany, Political Liberalization in the …” „… The Council of the European Union, A Secure Europe in a Better World - The European Security Strategy …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 11-15

„… Middle East Oil Refineries MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MoFA (Egyptian) Ministry of …” „… partnerships, the Barcelona Process stands out […].«1 »The Mediterranean is both Europe’s mirror and its …” „… Corporation EIDHR / EIDMR European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights / Europäische Initiative für …”

Ägypten S. 64-67

„… / Springborg, Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East, Cambridge University Press …” „… Cosmopolitan. Politics, Culture, and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East, AUC Press: Kairo 2006. 200 …” „… Pros and Cons: An Arab View, Universal Publishers: Boca Raton 2002; Amin / el-Kenz, Europe and the Arab …”

Schnittstelle Ägypten und EU S. 67-69

„… Middle East, AUC Press: Kairo 2006. 200 Jacobs / Mattes, Un-politische Reformen. Eine Bilanz politischer …” „… ’ and ‘common’ values is in turn reflected in the kind of Europe that is projected to the south: a model …” „… . NGOs, Economic Development, and the State in Cairo, Duke University Press: Durham, NC u.a. 2005. 199 …”

Der Blick nach vorne S. 306-307

„… the Core«, in: Carothers / Ottaway, Uncharted Journey. Democracy Promotion in the Middle East, S. 267 …” „… that law and legal considerations become part of the political process [T.D.] itself«.1117 Die …” „… International Rule of Law in Europe, Oxford University Press: Oxford u.a. 2001, S. 208. 1118 Commission of the …”

Asymmetrien der Perzeption im Mittelmeerraum als historisches Erbe S. 24-29

„… Höherwertigkeit, die nach Said »for the pattern of relative strength between the East and West, and the discourse …” „… Political Strategies for the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke u.a. 2006, S. 46. 36 Stefan …” „… von Individuen zu anderen, aufgrund der Gemeinsamkeit von Zielen, Werten und Erfahrungen, liegt hier …”

Zwischenfazit (I): Korrelation von politischen Reformen mit der EMP/ENP S. 175-182

„… : The Daily Star Egypt, 28. Januar 2008. 642 Abdel-Rahman Hussein, »Business as Usual as Europe and …” „… «, in: Carothers / Ottaway, Uncharted Journey. Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, S. 73. 650 Das …” „… democracy [T.D.] although a strong presidency and well-entrenched government party dominate politics.«639 …”

Euro-Mediterrane Partnerschaft (EMP) S. 70-82

„… Middle East: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer transatlantischen Strategie«, in: Ehrhart / Johannsen …” „… Außenbeziehung und Europäische Nachbarschaftspolitik) und das Projektmanagement (Generaldirektion EuropeAid …” „… Commission of the European Communities, Euromed Information Notes: Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and MEDA …”

Analyse für den politischen Reformprozess Ägyptens relevanter Räume der Kooperation im Rahmen der EMP/ENP S. 153-175

„… Political Strategies for the Middle East, S. 93; ähnlich argumentiert Strohmayer, cf. Strohmayer, Stabilität …” „… themenbezogenen Subkomitees) auf der Rechtsgrundlage des AA aufbauen. 154 GD EuropeAid, GD Außenbeziehungen und GD …” „… European Communities and Their Member States, of the One Part, and the Arab Republic of Egypt of the Other …”

Gesellschaftspolitische Reformagenda seit 1995 S. 233-250

„… : Orientalist Myths and Recent Views«, in: British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 1/1994, S. 3-18. 879 …” „… , and Middle East Politics Today, Columbia University Press: New York 2006, S. 33ff.). Das ägyptische …” „… participants in development.« (Bayat, »Activism and Social Development in the Middle East«, S. 16f.); passend …”

Reformgradualismus von 1995 bis 2004: Reaktion und Prävention S. 100-118

„… Ideo-logical Reversal«, in: The Middle East Research Institute, Inquiry and Analysis Series, 309/2006. 336 Für …” „… . International Crisis Group, »Egypt’s Sinai Question«, in: Middle East/North Africa Report, 61/2007 …” „… Präsidentenamt, cf. Daniel Sobelman, »Gamal Mubarak, President of Egypt«, in: Middle East Quarterly, Frühjahr …”

Reformen als Strategie zur langfristigen Herrschaftssicherung S. 118-130

„… Contemporary Egypt«, in: Jung, Democratization and Development. New Political Strategies for the Middle East, S …” „… . Michael Collins Dunn, »The Coming Era of Leadership Change in the Arab World«, in: Middle East Policy …” „… the way toward peace in the Middle East, can now show the way toward democracy in the Middle East«.407 …”

Wirtschaftliche Reformagenda seit den 1990er Jahren S. 182-200

„… Egyptian-Israeli QIZ Trade Agreement«, in: Middle East Review of International Affairs, 1/2007. 722 Die Variablen …” „… »Middle East Oil Refineries« (MIDOR), die als ägyptisch-israelisches Joint Venture begann …” „… Report Egypt, May 2007, S. 6. 730 Rachid Mohamed Rachid, »Joining the Med club«, in: MEED - Middle East …”

Zwischenfazit (II): Korrelation von ökonomischen Reformen mit der EMP/ENP S. 227-233

„… Ebd. 861 Will Hadfield, »Booming Confidence«, in: MEED - Middle East Economic Digest, 27/2007, S. 4f …” „… Daily Star Egypt, 26. November 2006. 868 Tom Gara, »The India of the Middle East?«, in: Business Today …” „… verdoppeln, cf. Commission of the European Communities (MEMO/06/139), Trade and the Barcelona Process …”

Konzeptualisierung der normativen Agenda: »Is the price still too high«? S. 297-303

„… , Uncharted Journey. Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, S. 16. 1100 Autoreninterview, EU-Ministerrat. Es …” „… , »The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective«, S …” „… im EU-Ministerrat gegenüber dem Autor bekundete: »The price is still too high«.1100 In anderen Worten …”

Reformierung: Privatisierung vs. Liberalisierung S. 200-209

„… «, in: The Middle East, Juli 2007. 743 Alissa, »The Political Economy of Reform in Egypt: Understanding …” „… gewonnen und die Privatisierung von Staatsbetrieben wurde 742 Maria Golia, »Egypt and the New Digital Age …” „… als »informal practices by which loyalties are kept in place and networks between patrons and clients …”

Analyse für den ökonomischen Reformprozess Ägyptens relevanter Räume der Kooperation im Rahmen der EMP/ENP S. 209-227

„… State in Cairo, S. 213ff.; Asef Bayat, »Cairo’s Poor: Dilemmas of Survival and Solidarity«, in: Middle …” „… , Evaluation of Economic Co-operation between the European Commission and Mediterranean Countries. Final Report …” „… ), Evaluation of Economic Co-operation between the European Commission and Mediterranean Countries. Final Report …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845217468

Ebru Turhan - The European Council Decisions Related to Turkey's Accession to the EU

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Ebru Turhan

The European Council Decisions Related to Turkey's Accession to the EU

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 7 2012

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„… sequential dissolution of the Socialist regimes of Eastern Europe and the breakdown of the Soviet Union - the …” „… less developed countries of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Caucasus, the Middle East as well Asia to the …” „… to Middle East, the emergence of newly independent States in Central Asia and Caucasus as well as the …”

„… towards Middle East Kemal Kirisci (2004), “Between Europe and the Middle East: The Transformation of …” „… importance for Europe: the Balkans, Caucasus, Central Asia, Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean; its …” „… in advanced relations with the countries of the Middle East and the importance of Turkey’s portrayal …”

Bibliography S. 369-404

„… Conflict, (London: Frank Cass & Co) Kirisci, Kemal (2004), “Between Europe and the Middle East: The …” „… Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, (New York: Cornell University Press), pp. 29-50 Schirm, Stefan A …” „… and Regional Security: The Royaumont Process and the Stabilization of South-Eastern Europe”, OSCE …”

Implications for Future Research and Policy S. 365-368

„… “transregional” actor. In this respect, the recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa, which have …” „… “Arab spring”, series of civilian uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa, was born of people’s …” „… growing influence in the Middle East and North Africa. In recent years, Turkey’s AKP government under the …”

Turkey and the European Identity S. 290-301

„… Christianity…Both the boundary setting against Islamic civilization and the East-West asymmetry of Europe remain in …” „… . On the eve of EU’s Eastern enlargement in 2004 the official documents and speeches continuously …” „… finality of Europe’s re-unification through the Eastern Enlargement of the Union during a speech in April …”

Turkey’s Adherence to Community’s Moral Norms S. 104-110

„… Europe-wide debate on Turkey’s Europeanness and the rediscovery of its cultural, social and historical …” „… European Community in Turkish Politics: The Özal Years 1983-87”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, p …” „… Turkey, 1980-83: The Impact of European Diplomacy”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.32, No. 2, pp. 124-141 …”

EU Enlargement as a Response to Collective Norms S. 59-64

„… Schimmelfennig, “The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action and the Eastern Enlargement of the European …” „… , “The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union …” „… occupy the middle ground between rationalist and interpretative approaches to international relations …”

Turkey and the European Identity S. 166-178

„… strong sense of a shared European identity among the citizens of Western and Eastern Europe, the Member …” „… and Central and Eastern Europe that cause integration problems and increase the challenge of …” „… Cold War’s security parameters, the Central and Eastern Europe was regarded as an essential part of the …”

Economic Considerations S. 147-166

„… ; Paul Rivlin (2003), “Two Middle-Eastern Inflations: Israel and Turkey 1980-2001”, British Journal of …” „… Latin America and Eastern Europe, only $ 4.6 billion of aggregate earnings could be realized between …” „… East European Finance and Trade, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 6-30 415 MÜSIAD (1997), “The Turkish Economy …”

Frame Analysis of Government Statements on Turkey S. 328-347

„… Europe, rather than to other regions like the Middle East. In fact, some references to Turkey’s European …” „… Europe. While France, Germany and the UK looked at Turkey’s contribution to the European security …” „… “fundamentally a European nation and it needs to be in Europe”.1087 Likewise, German Foreign Affairs Minister …”

„… and Good Neighborliness in South-Eastern Europe”, also known as the “Royaumont Process”, which …” „… ) and South East Europe Cooperation Process (SEECP) as well as various relevant countries (Turkey, the …” „… critical parts of the world from the Balkans to Central Asia and the Middle East.370 Due to having strong …”

Turkey’s Adherence to Union’s Moral Norms: an Assessment in Light of the Copenhagen Political Criteria S. 178-195

„… Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond, pp. 585-589 …” „… /europe/turkey.html 581 Ümit Cizre (2001), “The Truth and Fiction about (Turkey’s) Human Rights Politics”, Human …” „… Democracy in Turkey”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 270 548 Ziya Önis (1997), “The Political …”

Economic Interests S. 89-99

„… countries of the Middle East. He believed that through the enhancement of economic relations and dialogue …” „… Shares Analysis”, Russian and East European Finance and Trade, Vol. 36, No. 4, p. 88 238 Vildan Serin …” „… reunification and the EEC membership prospective of Eastern Germany just one day before the declaration of …”

Economic Interests S. 268-290

„… diverse foreign markets such as non-EU Europe, the Near and the Middle East and Asia as well as Turkey’s …” „… regions such as Europe, the Middle East, 903 Commission of the European Communities, 2004 Regular Report …” „… security exporter and conflict mediator in Europe, since …the impression that Turkey and the Turkish …”

Frame Analysis of Government Statements on Turkey S. 210-237

„… ), “The Never-Ending Story: Turkey and the European Union”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, No. 4, p- 240 …” „… Pact for South Eastern Europe at a ministerial meeting on 10 June 1999 and the decision to complete the …” „… and urged their counterparts “to assure the anchoring of Turkey in Europe...to guarantee the evolution …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845241661

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

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Preventing an EU political role S. 239-243

„… in the Middle East on the one hand, and the place Israel should have in Europe on the other. 5.3.1 …” „… towards Europe in Middle Eastern a?airs has thus been to recruit the Europeans as facilitators of peace …” „… . Moreover, Israel has been at unease with Europe’s polyvocal approach to the Middle East. The EU’s Common …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… : Europe and the Middle East. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation. Beilin, Y. (1993, December 15). A vision …” „… . Del Sarto, R. (July 2003). ‘Wider Europe’, the Mediterranean, Israel, and the Middle East. Liverpool …” „… ). Common and conflicting interests of Israel and Europe in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. In E …”

Has Israel’s European Policy changed? S. 263-267

„… . If Europe sets out to improve economic and social conditions in the Middle East, Israel will react …” „… characteristic of Israel’s attitude to the European’s Middle Eastern activities. Once Israeli-PLO and …” „… given that Israel has been clearly more forthcoming to the EC/ EU and its activities in the Middle East …”

The EU as the facilitator of peace S. 243-247

„… repercussions. Israel’s central positive aim towards Europe in Middle Eastern a?airs has thus been to recruit …” „… Arabs. Europe’s record on Middle Eastern issues has been perceived in Israel as distinctly less than …” „… Middle East to stand a chance with the Israeli public – and for his and Rabin’s personal political …”

Perspective on integration S. 274-278

„… towards Europe have to a large degree been a function of the Middle East peace process and of Israel’s …” „… for peace, an end to violence and for development and integration of the Middle East has been, the …” „… integration with Europe had to be a second step after Israel first integrated into the Middle East, chiefly by …”

Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? S. 268-270

„… Partnership. In European eyes, Israel is a Middle Eastern country, and the Middle East is the region it should …” „… region it is geographically located in: the Middle East is perceived as underdeveloped, undemocratic and …” „… much more compatible with the EU’s. With Rabin’s peace politics and Peres’ New Middle East, the …”

Conflicting aims: contain Europe or embrace Europe? S. 267-268

„… and its willingness to accept a European political role in the Middle East? First of all, we have to …” „… policy specifically aimed at Europe. 6.2.2. Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? Israel …” „… wider Europe will be part of the Middle East. Denying participation does not go well with integration …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 251-253

„… integrated and preferably democratised Middle East. Whilst peace itself has not materialised, Israel’s wish …” „… Middle Eastern a?airs has by and large become reality, but it is hard to see how this could be credited …” „… commit itself to energetically fostering prosperity, security and good governance in the Middle East – or …”

Incompatible perspectives on appropriate foreign behaviour S. 272-274

„… with and its behaviour towards Europe have to a large degree been a function of the Middle East peace …” „… heritage. Israel is not un-European in this respect, but Europe’s worldview and understanding of what is a …” „… Middle East has been, the more the European Union has been willing to open its doors to Israel. The level …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… alternative to integration into Europe – which is not viable – and to full integration into the Middle East …” „… EMP as a tool of EU domestic and North-Africa policy, but not as genuinely geared at the Middle East …” „… of the countries of the Middle East and Maghreb, pointing to the fact that it is far more developed …”

Why has Israel been successful? S. 218-220

„… political vision that Rabin and Peres were pursuing under the name of the New Middle East made Israel’s and …” „… wants to be integrated into Europe, whilst the EU wants Israel to be integrated in the Middle East …” „… inappropriate it was to regard and treat it as one of the Middle Eastern countries and, that is, not as “a …”

Self-conception of Israel vis-à-vis Europe S. 226-228

„… , characteristics that Israel and Europe share, and which distinguish Israel from any other state in the Middle East …” „… Middle East, its de facto habitat. Tragically, whilst Israel is struggling to be an insider in Europe, it …” „… instructive to look at the plethora of di?erences over Middle Eastern politics between Israel and the EU from …”

Token role of the EU S. 259-261

„… on the international scene and particularly in the Middle Eastern political arena. Arguably, this has …” „… foot in the door of Middle Eastern politics, and as a substantial Israeli concession. To gain …” „… the West and Europe, as we have seen. The European Union, on the other hand, has a strong demand for …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… and European participation in such a venture. The idea of an international Middle East peace …” „… declared at the founding ceremony of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for East Europe …” „… and financial support for the region 78 – what Peres referred to as a “Middle East Marshall Plan”.159 …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… commitment to human rights, pluralism and democracy, a Middle East free from weapons of mass destruction and …” „… the Middle East peace process, including even the Balkans, and has launched its own – albeit …” „… EMP as a tool of EU domestic and North-Africa policy, but not as genuinely geared at the Middle East …”

The case studies S. 16-18

„… on common and conflicting interests that Israel and Europe have in the Middle East and the …” „… relations and the EU’s Middle East and Mediterranean policy, the upgrading of formal Israel-EU relations in …” „… number of other issues that are not directly related to a European role in the Middle East: not to supply …”

The role of the US S. 253-254

„… spheres, 1992. For a comparison of US and EU Middle East policy, see e. g. Watzal, 1995. 254 left by the …” „… at Europe. Israel’s peace with the PLO and Jordan has not been part of Israel’s European policy …” „… : the US has intervened with the EU at times when European Middle Eastern activities were not to the …”

Conflicting visions S. 220-221

„… behaviour towards Europe but towards the Middle East. 4.9.3. Conflicting visions It has to be kept in mind …” „… in the Middle East – first and foremost, this is to say. As one of the South Mediterranean countries …” „… and how inappropriate it was to regard and treat it as one of the Middle Eastern countries and, that …”

Hibernation S. 258-259

„… and particularly in the Middle Eastern political arena. Arguably, this has been the Europeans’ central …” „… European Union in the Middle East. Israel’s openness can be presented as a considerable achievement to the …” „… European Union, which is keen on any opportunity to get its foot in the door of Middle Eastern politics …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… alternative to integration into Europe – which is not viable – and to full integration into the Middle East …” „… saying only Europe could help the Middle East whilst strongly criticising US Middle East policy. The …” „… East Jerusalem or of a UN observer and insisted that the conference be held in the Middle East – now …”

The politicians S. 121-123

„… accordingly also to European ventures in the Middle East. Rather, Europe has been venturing into a policy …” „… which role in determining Israel’s behaviour towards the EC/ EU in issues of European Middle East policy …” „… mechanism for sta?ng its European policy system with top politicians in issues of EU Middle East policy …”

The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East S. 98-104

„… prodding. Worse, a competitive poise of the Europeans in the Middle East peace process might cause the US …” „… East and that it made other, less desirable scenarios of European political activity in the region less …” „… participation.249 3.4. The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East In October 1996, the EU Council of Ministers …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… prefer to see Israel as part of the Middle East and not as an economic branch of Europe. 373 Ahlswede …” „… the Middle East. Ben Gurion, seeing no alternative and not expecting any reconciliation with the Arabs …” „… di?erent perspectives on Israeli-Arab relations and the Middle East peace process. The Kuwait crisis of …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… rejected the linkage of Middle East politics and EC-Israel economic relations. When Israel made peace with …” „… following their own ends in their policy towards the Middle East and Israel. 4.7.1.2.3. A policy change …” „… the Middle East. The launch of the EU’s New Mediterranean Policy had just manifested this interest in …”

Administrative units S. 123-124

„… to European ventures in the Middle East. Rather, Europe has been venturing into a policy field to …” „… sta?ng its European policy system with top politicians in issues of EU Middle East policy, however, is …” „… not fuelled by the ranking of Israel’s European policy but its Middle East policy. As such, Israel’s …”

Use the EU’s good services S. 247-250

„… essence they circumscribe an integrated, prosperous, secure and peaceful Middle East (and North Africa …” „… Israeli-American tensions.738 Finally, Israel’s attitude and behaviour towards the EC/ EU’s Middle Eastern policy …” „… left its mark on Israel’s attitude towards the EU and its Middle Eastern policy, too. To Israel, simply …”

The actors S. 97-98

„… seriously snubbed the EU in its claim for a political role in the Middle East: During their tour of Europe …” „… Peres’ a?nity to Europe and particularly France. This also explains his low-key rebu? of the French …” „… EU’s special envoy to the Middle East In October 1996, the EU Council of Ministers appointed a special …”

The ministerial officials S. 119-121

„… central in Israel-EC/ EU relations when it comes to European Middle East policy. Let us now take a look at …” „… Israel’s position on a European participation in a Middle East peace conference, the Foreign Ministry’s …” „… of European Middle East policy? The first candidate to look at, of course, is the Foreign Minister …”

Images – Israel’s self-perception S. 50-57

„… the exception of Turkey, Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East and the only state with a …” „… with no perspective to be overcome. Liberal Europe’s let-down has been utterly brutal and thus it is …” „… processors, the actors shaping the Israeli government’s behaviour towards Europe, have seen Israel and its …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… Programme for Research and Development as the only non-European country. 2.1.1.4.2.1. EC/ EU Middle East …” „… cooperation with Israel faded however. France turned to a pro-Arab policy in the Middle East and refused to …” „… economic relations in the seventies and eighties, the political influence of the EC in the Middle East …”

General outline S. 27-28

„… international system since the mid-eighties and of its changing position in the Middle Eastern system. The …” „… the EU’s special envoy to the Middle East; Israel’s attitude towards the Barcelona Process and finally …” „… role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East: the conflict with the European Parliament over …”

State of research S. 15-16

„… on common and conflicting interests that Israel and Europe have in the Middle East and the …” „… looked into much less often. EC/ EU Middle East and Mediterranean policy is relatively well covered …” „… Israel’s relations with Europe, its relations with the EC/ EU and with individual European states have been …”

Scientific interest S. 13-15

„… looked into much less often. EC/ EU Middle East and Mediterranean policy is relatively well covered …” „… Israel’s relations with Europe, its relations with the EC/ EU and with individual European states have been …” „… 13 1. Introduction Relations between Israel and Europe have varied considerably over time. During …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… European Union 39 2.1.1.4.2.1. EC/ EU Middle East policy 40 2.1.1.4.2.2. EU Mediterranean policy 41 …” „… 6.2.2. Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? 268 6.2.3. Incompatible notions: European or …” „… environment 29 2.1.1.1. Global system 31 2.1.1.2. Subordinate systems 32 2.1.1.2.1. The Middle Eastern …”

The data basis S. 26-27

„… in the international system since the mid-eighties and of its changing position in the Middle Eastern …” „… around the question of the role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East: the conflict with the …” „… ” Agreement; Israel’s stance towards the EU’s special envoy to the Middle East; Israel’s attitude towards the …”

Levy’s perception of what was agreed upon with the EC in June S. 85-87

„… EC’s attitude and interests in Middle Eastern politics. It is di?cult, though, to establish what e?ect …” „… had strongly refused any linkage between Middle East politics and economic relations with the EC.203 …” „… upgrading relations – a significant role in the Middle East or anything else that the EC would not otherwise …”

Sanctions, threats and retaliation S. 193-195

„… imports away from Europe unless the EU was to upgrade relations soon and to Israel’s satisfaction. Israel …” „… to end its unbalanced purchases in Europe and demanded to promote imports from states like the US …” „… South Korea and Japan. Kaufman saw the promotion of trade with the Far East chiefly as part of a …”

Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… 11 Abbreviations BERD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development for East Europe CFSP Common …” „… (Köln: Deutsche Welle) MEDA Mesures d’Accompagnement MENA Middle East and North Africa MEPI Middle East …” „… Foreign and Security Policy CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe DGC Inter-Ministerial …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 89-97

„… Middle East policy making. For Israel, an EU stance on Lebanese a?airs and a plain French stance must …” „… new Middle East policy, and not as an EU 231 [Politische Stellen: Barak lehnte das französische …” „… in the Middle East and particularly in the EU’s Middle Eastern policy, traditionally taking the voice …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… in Israel, including the citizens of the East European states and possibly Turkey once they have …” „… determination to be seen as a country of the North, that is of Europe, and not to be addressed by the EC in the …” „… the EC recognise Israel’s Europeanness and unambiguously accept it to the European club. Secondly, in …”

Conclusion S. 76-77

„… worth looking at is the issue of a Middle East peace conference and European participation in such a …” „… venture. The idea of an international Middle East peace conference gained prominence in the mid-eighties …” „… major instrument Europe should use in this venture would be economic and financial support for the …”

Perception of the EU’s attitude S. 228-231

„… Middle East policy was motivated to a considerable part not only by Europe’s supposed pro-Arab leanings …” „… European behaviour, to optimally counter unfavourable moves of Europe and to optimally support favourable …” „… 228 economically and – most important in this respect – morally. The US lived up to Europe’s …”

Recognition of Europeanness S. 251

„… recognised as European as it had only been established as a state, and only outside of Europe, because Europe …” „… European, least of all by Europe itself. Having said this, Israel’s desire to have its Europeanness …” „… ? As a matter of fact, the EU still did not have much of a role in Middle Eastern politics at the end …”

Index S. 323-331

„… for Reconstruction and Development for East Europe 79 European Council 13, 59, 80, 99, 132, 143, 173 …” „… 328 Mexico 45 Middle East Development Bank 181, 245 Middle East Marshall Plan 78, 245 Middle East …” „… , 122, 163, 164, 174, 201, 220, 225, 246, 247, 270 Netherlands 34, 177 New Middle East 54, 110, 150 …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… from its Middle Eastern Neighbours – it was Western, democratic, and much more European in character …” „… an unfamiliar friendly Europe and a government sensitive to European issues. Israel tried to get a …” „… relations” with Europe, meaning – once again – that Israel was more European than its neighbours and …”

EEA status S. 250-251

„… Europeanness and should not be denied being treated as European, least of all by Europe itself. Having said …” „… state, and only outside of Europe, because Europe had excluded its Jewry from the enlightened European …” „… have much of a role in Middle Eastern politics at the end of the time frame investigated; it still …”

Sign or keep negotiating? S. 179-186

„… ], 1994. 585 Ahlswede, 1998x; Ahlswede, 1998t. 586 In our context e. g. the New Middle East, the programme …” „… to computerise the education systems of the Arab world or the Middle East Development Bank. 587 [Das …” „… the time – Israel’s declared advocate and champion in the European Union. Foreign Minister Peres …”

Virtual implementation S. 257-258

„… the Middle East was used by Israel to simulate interest in progress in the peace process when it had …” „… Israel to achieve an aim vis-à-vis Europe – usually in integration policy – Israel will bide its time and …” „… Israel and the EU. Israel is in no position to nudge the European Union into granting Israel something it …”

The attitudinal prism S. 48-50

„… following.75 2.2.1.1. Israel’s European trauma In Europe, Zionism was born, the idea of a Jewish nation and …” „… image of Europe. The French Vichy regime’s as well as many French, Ukrainian, Bosnian and other European …” „… democracy and – originally – Socialism. Israel’s Zionist founding fathers, then, came from Europe too …”

The future of the EU’s contribution S. 278-280

„… can be expected that both will only be ready for a warm peace and for integration with the Middle East …” „… once they will see and acknowledge the su?erings of their enemies.774 This is where Europe could come …” „… , conflict resolution mechanisms and common institutions. Europe favours dispute resolution through laws …”

Motivation of the European Parliament S. 59-65

„… towards Europe is the 1987–1988 crisis around independent Palestinian exports and the European …” „… rejection in Europe and led to an unseen wave of criticism. It radicalised European positions and fuelled a …” „… role the EC/ EU ought to play in the Middle East. Chapter 4 will then turn to Israel’s policy regarding …”

Conclusion S. 88-89

„… association with Europe and, being generally pro-European, supported an EC participation in the peace process …” „… for the simple reason of France’s century-old involvement in the country and its weight in EU Middle …” „… East policy making. For Israel, an EU stance on Lebanese a?airs and a plain French stance must thus …”

The German channel S. 254-255

„… number of peculiarities in Israel’s dealings with Europe that di?er from behaviour one might expect and …” „… tells Bundestag delegates, 1991. 255 the EU’s advances in the Middle Eastern political arena, which …” „… envoy as a dummy and bu?er against an unwelcome renewed US peace e?ort. Israel’s policy towards the EU …”

Incompatible notions: European or special? S. 270-272

„… trust.766 Israel and Europe have drawn very di?erent and contradictory conclusions from European history …” „… un-European in this respect, but Europe’s worldview and understanding of what is a state’s appropriate …” „… of Zionist logic. The Jewish state was founded in dissociation from, and as an antipode to, Europe’s …”

The history of scientific cooperation with the EC S. 132-134

„… isolated in the Middle East359 and geographically as well as politically isolated from Europe – in terms of …” „… neither the Jewish state nor the EC existed. Scientific cooperation with Europe began in the twenties and …” „… Europe. These scientists kept and cultivated their contacts to their former colleagues at Europe’s …”

Portray behaviour as if caused by EU attitude: the issue of the deportees S. 255-257

„… 255 the EU’s advances in the Middle Eastern political arena, which were supported by the EU as a …” „… apart. Europe was covered by Peres, the United States by Rabin, and security without any doubt by Rabin …” „… directed at the EU, even though they do hinge on concrete aims and issues. Rather, their function appears …”

Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… pre-fabricated parts, Israeli textiles that underwent finishing in Eastern Europe, and products resulting from …” „… ’ vision of peace and a New Middle East postulated a warm peace with Israel’s neighbours, as opposed to …” „… Europe has come a step closer to recognising this, thanks to Israel’s outstanding, and quasi-European …”

Exploratory talks S. 144-146

„… Commission indeed was quick to react to the change of realities in the Middle East. 418 A fortnight after …” „… were touring Europe in an attempt to reap the fruit of their newly gained popularity. The European …” „… Arafat and Rabin had signed the Declaration of Principles on the White House lawn, the European …”

The research design: structured empiricism S. 21-26

„… , examples are ASEAN or the Middle East regional system, • influences can also have their origin in …” „… and competing elites – are involved in shaping behaviour towards Europe, • to establish how the system …” „… used widely for the study of decision making, particularly of decisions under stress and uncertainty …”

Internal operational environment S. 42-48

„… Beaumont & Urquhardt, 2003. 60 For details and a comparison with other Middle Eastern states, see Jane’s …” „… Middle East and the large gap in economic development between Israel and its neighbours caused Israel to …” „… the Middle East. In 2000, its arsenal included about 580 combat aeroplanes, 170 attack helicopters, an …”

Background of Israel’s position S. 65-66

„… issue. True, the principles of the EPC’s Middle East policy that were perceived as the motive to the …” „… Palestinian exports was a power struggle between the Foreign Ministry and the Ministry of Agriculture …” „… . Contrary to what many observers and analysts claimed, independent Palestinian exports were not a political …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219189

Oliver Schlumberger - Autoritarismus in der arabischen Welt

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Oliver Schlumberger

Autoritarismus in der arabischen Welt

Series: Entwicklungstheorie und Entwicklungspolitik

Volume 2 2008

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 213-244

„… Neighbours: The Political Economy of Relations between Europe and the Middle East/Nord Africa, Reading …” „… ‘Greater Middle East’ and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue, in: Middle East Policy 11 (3), Fall, 85–97 …” „… ): Resistance to Globalization and Limited Liberalization in the Middle East, in: Harald Barrios et al. (Hrsg …”

Die Gretchenfrage: Demokratisierung versus politische Stabilität als Zielkonflikt S. 180-183

„… the ills that the same Western governments are deploring in the Arab world and the Middle East: the …” „… Beobachtern freien und fairen Wahl gab. Zwar wäre es übertrieben, diese Erfahrung mit anderen historischen …” „… regimes and regime elites do exactly what they have placed at the top of their agenda – modernize their …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205960

Christina Forsbach - Externe Demokratieförderung in Tunesien

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Christina Forsbach

Externe Demokratieförderung in Tunesien

Series: Demokratiestudien. Demokratie und Demokratisierung in Theorie und Empirie

Volume 10 2022

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9. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis S. 455-550

„… , & Youngs, Richard. (2015). Report on Democracy Assistance from the European Union to the Middle East and …” „… /remarks-president-middle-east-and-north-africa; 27.09.2020._______, Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Essebsi After Bilateral Meeting …” „… , Middle East and North Africa, https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/31167.pdf; 26.08.2019 …”

3. Externe Akteure USA und EU: historische Pfadabhängigkeiten und institutionelle Vorbedingungen S. 143-215

„… („Sixty years of Western nations excusing and accommodating the lack of freedom in the Middle East did …” „… Demokratienorm 3.2147 Vgl. Sharp, The Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative, 2005, S. 2, FN 3.148 Vgl …” „… in Central and Eastern Europe, 2005, S. 75–76.209 Vgl. Kneuer, a.a.O., 2007, S. 90, S. 96.210 Art. J …”

1. Einleitung S. 17-40

„… on Democracy Assistance from the European Union to the Middle East and North Africa, 2015, S. 3; für …” „… ; Schimmelfennig/Sedelmeier, The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, 2005; Schimmelfennig/Engert/Knobel …” „… Middle East and North Africa, 2008, S. 48.22 Vgl. Prodi, Das größere Europa – eine Politik der …”

7. Vergleich zwischen den Fällen S. 397-430

„… Mediterranean and the Middle East, S. 2: „Our geographical proximity is a longstanding reality underpinning our …” „… Beziehungen.10 Zwar ist mit der „Broader Middle East and North Africa“-Initiative (BMENA) der Anlauf erkennbar …” „… States, and Middle Eastern Democracy, 2009, S. 113. Hier wird der Abdruck im Sammelband von Magen/McFaul …”

Anhang S. 551-558

„… et al., Report on Democracy Assistance from the European Union to the Middle East and North Africa …” „… „Project on Middle East Democracy“ angegebenen Zahlen angegeben, für die diese auf die Regierungsdokumente …” „… AnhangTabelle 1: Ausgaben (Disbursements) im Bereich „Government and civil society, general, total …”

8. Conclusio S. 431-454

„… dieser Kritik siehe auch Wittes/Youngs, Europe, the United States, and Middle Eastern Democracy, 2009, S …” „… . 3.67 Vgl. Youngs, The European Union and Global Politics, 2021, S. 138.68 Vgl. Middle East Eye …” „… Imagination der EU-Institutionen“15 und die Vorstellung, „that America could remake the Middle East in its …”

2. „Unscrambling“ democracy promotion S. 41-142

„… ., Europe’s Uncertain Pursuit of Middle East Reform, 2004.151 Vgl. ebd., S. 13; ähnlich Burnell (a.a.O., 2005 …” „… , Transnational Networks and Democratic Transitions in Southern Europe, 1991), der die Rolle der Europäischen …” „… EmpirieYoungs (Europe’s Mediterranean and AsianPolicies, 2001, S. 14):– Politische-institutionelle Sphäre …”

6. EU-Demokratieförderung S. 317-396

„… Middle East and North Africa, 2015, S. 4.106 Vgl. Kausch/Youngs, a.a.O., 2009, S. 969.107 Vgl. Van Hüllen …” „… Neighbourhood Policy in the Wake of the Arab Spring, 2015, S. 20.175 Youngs, Europe in the New Middle East, 2014 …” „… Europe, when we were fighting for democracy – in Southern Europe, in Central and Eastern Europe, where …”

4. Von Ben Alis Reformkurs zum Hoffnungsträger des Arabischen Frühlings: Tunesiens Demokratisierungsprozess S. 216-256

„… . 10.16 Schumann, Revolution oder Revolte?, 2013, S. 23–24.17 Vgl. Powel/Sadiki, Europe and Tunisia, 2010 …” „… , von der sie sich erst später distanzierte (siehe Anderson, Politics in the Middle East, 1999, S. 4).26 …” „… Maghreb-Staaten, 2017, S. 75.31 Siehe z.B. Bellin (The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East, 2004 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… afrikanischen, karibischen und pazifischen StaatenBMENA Broader Middle East and North Africa InitiativeBTI …” „… (EU-Finanzierungsinstrument)MENA Middle East and North AfricaMEPI Middle East Partnership InitiativeMdEP Mitglied des Europäischen …” „… USAID)DRL Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and LaborEAD Europäischer Auswärtiger DienstEED European …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748935209

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